applied anatomy,physiology for dental implants
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APPLIED ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY FOR DENTAL IMPLANTS
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INNERVATION
BLOOD SUPPLY
MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS
ANATOMICAL LIMITS
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MYLOHYOID
GENIOGLOSSUS
MEDIAL PTERYGOID
LATERAL PTRYGOID
TEMPORALIS
MANDIBLE
LINGUAL ATTACHMENTS
MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS
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MYLOHYOID MUSCLE
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MEDIAL AND LATERAL PTERYGOID MUSCLE
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TEMPORALIS MUSCLE
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MENTALIS
BUCCINATOR
MASSETER
BUCCAL ATTACHMENTS
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MENTALIS
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MASSETER MUSCLE
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BUCCINATOR
LEVATOR LABI SUPERIORIS
LEVATOR ANGULI ORIS(CANINUS)
MAXILLA
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LOWER JAW UPPER JAW
INFERIOR ALVEOLAR
LINGUAL
NERVE TO MYLOHYOID
LONG BUCCAL NERVE
POST. SUP. ALVEOLAR
INFRAORBITAL
MIDDLE SUP.ALVEOLAR
ANT.SUP.ALVEOLAR
PALATINE
NASOPALATINE
INNERVATION OF JAWS
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TRIGEMINAL NERVE
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MAXILLARY AND INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVES
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INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE
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BLOOD SUPPLY
CIRCULATION
CENTRIFUGAL
CENTRIPETAL
PLEXUS
ENDOSTEAL
PERIOSTEAL
PERIODONTAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS
Maxillary and Mandibular blood supply
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ANATOMICAL LIMITS FOR IMPLANT
PLACEMENT
Maxillary anterior region Low quality and quantity
As bone height decreases
the remaining bone
narrows to close
approximation with nasal
cavity, maxillary sinus,
incisive canal.
It is limited to canine
eminence areas. www.asiandentalacademy.org
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CANINE EMINENCE AREA MUCH SUITABLE
FOR IMPLANT PLACEMENT IN MAXILLARY
ARCH
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MAXILLARY POSTERIOR REGION
Due to resorption pattern,
proximity of sinuses and
quality of bone implants are
rarely placed here.
Severe bone resorption and
low palatal vault creates a
difficult situation for implant
procedure.
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MANDIBULAR ANTERIOR REGION This region between mental
foramina has adequate bone
for 4-6 implants.
Minimum of 7 mm from
inferior border of mandible
to the crestal ridge is needed
In resorbed ridge mental
foramina located on top of
the ridge;care is necessary
to prevent damage to it and
possible paresthesia. www.asiandentalacademy.org
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MANDIBULAR POSTERIOR REGION
Implant placement is
difficult in this region
because of presence of
inferior alveolar nerve.
There should be minimum
1mm clearance between the
implant apex and the canal.
Pattern of bone resorption is
almost same on buccal and
lingual side. Pattern of
resorption in crestal region
creates variety of shapes
from sharp edge to flat and
wide. Shorter length
implants are necessary. www.asiandentalacademy.org
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MAXILLARY SINUS AND INFERIOR ALVEOLAR CANAL
ARE THE PRINCIPAL ANATOMICAL SITES LIMITING
THE IMPLANT PLACEMENT
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METABOLISM
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STRUCTURE
Bone is highly ordered composite of organic matrix and
inorganic mineral.
Osseous matrix (OSTEOID) is primarily collagen fibers
embedded in ground substance.
During mineralization, small crystals of hydroxyapatite are
densely packed in an ordered array according to collagen
fiber orientation.
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THE PRINCIPAL FACTORS DETERMINING THE
POTENTIAL OF BONE TO SUPPORT AN
IMPLANT
1) The metabolic status of the host.
2) Functional loading history of the implantation site.
3) Surgical trauma during implant placement.
4) Response to local cytokines and growth factors during
the healing phase.
5) Biomechanics during the functional phase.
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CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
WOVEN BONE
LAMELAR BONE
BUNDLE BONE
COMPOSITE BONE
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Dense connective tissue that is composed of lamellar
bone and composite bone.Overall cortical thickness is
dictated by the loading history.
Chronic bruxers, habitual clinsers and others with
high biting strength have relatively large jaws and
thick compacta.
Vascularity
Periostium is a vital connective tissue covering the
cortical bone. Minimum stripping of periostium is an
important part of implant dentistry.
CORTICAL BONE
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Mature trabeculae are composed of lammelar bone.
There is function related tendency for trabeculae to
align along lines of stress (Wolff’s Law).
To maximise the stability during the healing phase,
it is often desirable to engage the opposite cortex
with the apical threads of the implants.
TRABECULAR BONE
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BONE DENSITY CLASSIFICATION
D1.Dense compact
D2.Porous compact (Dense to
thick porous compact and
coarse trabecular)
D3.Coarse trabecular (Porous
compact and fine trabecular)
D4.Fine trabecular.
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Type D1 bone heals with a lamellar bone interface and
has the greatest percentage of bone at the implant body
contact region:about 80%
Type D2 bone heals with woven and lamellar bone,is
adequately mineralized by 4 months,and often has
approximately 70% of bone touching the implant body.
Type D3 bone has about 50%of bone at the implant
interface and benefits from HA on the implant body to
increase this percentage.An additional 2 months (total
6months) is used for initial bone healing to permit a
greater percentage of bone trabecular to form around the
implant in D3 bone.
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Type D4 bone density has the least amount of trabecular
at implant placement.However, an additional time period
for bone healing and incremental loading of bone will
improve the density and result in implant survival to that
of other bone densities.Subantral augmentation is often
required in addition to HA coating and modified surgical
approaches are used.
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PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION
Bone healing
Modeling It is a surface specific activity (Opposition or Resorption) that
produces a net change in the size
of a bone.
Remodeling -It is a turnover or internal
restructuring of previously existing
bone.It is a coupled tissue
phenomenon
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Activation (A)of osseous precursor cells results in
A sequence of active resorption (R),quiescence or
reversal(Q),and formation(F).the duration of the
A-R(Q)-F remodeling cycle, refer to as SIGMA,is
about 17 weeks in humans. www.asiandentalacademy.org
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BONE IMPLANT INTERFACE
Two basic theories-
1. Fibro-osseous integration by
Linkow, James and Weiss.
2. Osseointegration by Branemark.
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1.FIBRO-OSSEOUS INTEGRATION According to fibro-osseous integration theory
connective tissue, made of well organized collagen
fibers, present between bone and implant.
Collagen fibers functions similarly to Sharpey’s fibers
in natural dentition.
The fibers affect bone remodeling where tension is
created under optimal loading conditions.
Fibers are arranged irregularly,parallel to the implant
body. When forces are applied they are not transmitted
through the fibers therefore bone remodeling cannot be
expected to occur in Fibrointegration. www.asiandentalacademy.org
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Fibrous connective tissue is
interposed between the implant
and bone;the fibrous tissue does
not act as a shock absorber nor
resemble pdl ligament.This non-
mineralized connective tissue
results from local inflammation
with a tendency to proliferate,
gradually increasing implant
mobility.
BONE IMPLANT INTERFACE
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2.OSSEOINTEGRATION THEORY
According to this theory direct bone-implant interface is possible
when an implant is allowed to heal in bone undisturbed.
After direct bone-implant interface osseointegration is maintained by
bone remodeling and proper loading.
Other factor affecting successful osseointegration is implant oxide
layer and poor temperature control during drilling procedure.
1st month after implant placement is critical for initial healing. A
minimum 3 months healing in mandible and 6 months in the maxilla
is necessary before applying load.
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1. Woven callus is formed
during stage 1 (6
weeks).
2. Stage 2 (18weeks) is a
period of lamellar
compaction when the
callus matures and
achieves sufficient
strength for loading.
BONE IMPLANT INTERFACE
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.STAGE 3 (18 WEEKS)OF HEALING PHASE
AND INTERFACE DEVELOPMENT
BEGINS AT SAME TIME OF
LAMELLAR COMPACTION.THE
CALLUS STARTS TO RESORB,AND
REMODELING OF DEVITALIZED
INTERFACE BEGINS.
4. STAGE4(54 WEEKS)COMPACTA
MATURES BY SERIES OF
MODELING AND REMODELING.
Bone implant interface
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SUMMARY
Physiological principles govern all aspects of implant
healing and long term functions.
An understanding of fundamental physiology,
metabolism and biomechanics of bone is essential for
clinicians placing and restoring this devices. A
thorough physiologic assessment of the patient and the
implantation sites an important part of diagnostic
process.
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SUMMARY
Basic scientific information of healing mechanism of
bone in response to implantation is very essential tool.
A careful study is needed in which biomechanical
properties can be compared with the histological response
resulting from basic differences in implant designs.
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Courses offered:
Rotary Endodontics
Smile Designing
Fellowships
Implantology
Digital Smile Designing
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ABOUT ASIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
• #asian dental academy is one of the largest Advanced dental
education center in India.
• It is recognozed by DCI, Asian dental association
• It is acreditated by ISO 9001:2008
• It offres short term and long term courses of Endodontics,
Prosthodontics, and Cosmetics, Implants, Orthodontics,
endodontics, smile designing
• Weekend courses of Implants, Orthodontics, endodontics, Smile
designing, Lasers in Dentistry.
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ABOUT DIRECTOR
• Dr Anil Goud
• Director: Asian Dental Academy
• Vice principal: Nanded Dental College Nanded
• Mentor: GPS smile designing Las Vegas USA
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One of the visionery with clear vision to transform Indian
dentistry to whole new level, has started this finishing
schools since 2010. With vast experience of indian dental
education system. He has introduced on patient training
courses in India
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