Applications

OutlineName Service (DNS)Traditional Applications

Naming

OutlineTerminology Domain Naming SystemDistributed File Systems

Overview

• What do names do?– identify objects– help locate objects– define membership in a group – specify a role– convey knowledge of a secret

• Name space– defines set of possible names – consists of a set of name to value bindings

Properties

• Names versus addresses• Location transparent versus location-dependent • Flat (indvisible) versus hierarchical (Unix file

name)• Global versus local • Absolute versus relative • By architecture versus by convention • Unique versus ambiguous

DNS

• The domain name system (DNS) is the way that Internet domain names are located and translated into Internet Protocol addresses.

• A domain name is a meaningful and easy-to-remember "handle" for an Internet address.

• Because maintaining a central list of domain name/IP address correspondences would be impractical, the lists of domain names and IP addresses are distributed throughout the Internet in a hierarchy of authority.

Examples

• Hostskira.cs.twsu.edu 156.26.10.236

156.26.10.236 00:C0:F0:30:DC:8F

• Files/usr/llp/tmp/foo (server, fileid)

• Users Larry Peterson llp@cs.princeton.edu

Examples (cont)• Mailboxes

• Servicesnearby ps printer with short queue and 2MB

Nameserver

Mailprogram

User

TCP

IP

2cs.princeton.edu

192.12.69.53

user @ cs.princeton.edu1

192.12.69.5 4

192.12.69.5 5

Domain Naming System

• Hierarchy

• Namekira.cs.twsu.edu

edu com

princeton … mit

cs ee

ux01 ux04

physics

cisco … yahoo nasa … nsf arpa … navy acm … ieee

gov mil org net uk fr

Name Servers• Partition hierarchy into zones

edu com

princeton … mit

cs ee

ux01 ux04

physics

cisco … yahoo nasa … nsf arpa … navy acm … ieee

gov mil org net uk fr

Rootname server

Princetonname server

Cisconame server

CSname server

EEname server

…

…

• Each zone implemented by two or more name servers

Resource Records • Each name server maintains a collection of resource

records which consists of five components:(Name, Value, Type, Class, TTL)

– A Resource record starts with a domain name, usually a fully qualified domain name (A domain name that extends all the way back to root. gomer.gimboid.com. is an FQDN.)

– Second is the record value. It depends on record type. • IP addresses• If the record data includes a domain name that is not a Fully Qualified

Domain Name it goes through the same appending process as the domain name at the start of the record.

– Third is the record type: CNAME, PTR, A, etc.– Fourth is the Record class: Internet, Hesiod, or Chaos

• Hesiod is only used at M.I.T, and maybe not even there anymore.• Chaos is almost extinct.

– Fifth is the TTL, in seconds.– Many servers will permit comments as a sixth component.

Resource Records • Type

– NS: Value gives domain name for host running name server that knows how to resolve names within specified domain.

– CNAME: Value gives canonical name for particular host; used to define aliases.

– MX: Value gives domain name for host running mail server that accepts messages for specified domain.

– A: indicates the value is an IP address.

• Class: allow other entities to define types. Only widely Class is the one used by the Internet denoted as IN.

• TTL: Time To Live, the number of seconds remaining on a cached record before it is purged.

DNS

• A Canonical Name (CNAME) is a host's official name as opposed to an alias. – The official name is the first hostname listed for its

Internet address in the hostname database, /etc/hosts or the Network Information Service (NIS).

– Network Information Service (NIS) is Sun Microsystems' Yellow Pages (yp) client-server protocol for distributing system configuration data such as user and host names between computers on a network.

– You can find a host's canonical name using nslookup if you say

set querytype=CNAME

DNS • Address Record (A Record), assigns an IP address to a

domain name. When the domain name system was designed it was recommended that no two A records refer to the same IP address.

• Pointer Record. Also called a reverse record. A PTR record associates an IP address with a canonical name. – PTR records should point to a name that can be resolved back to the

IP address.

– The name of the pointer record is not the IP address itself, but is the IP address’ four IP octets in reverse order followed by IN-ADDR.ARPA.

– for Example:

192.168.0.1 becomes 1.0.168.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA.

Root Server

(princeton.edu, cit.princeton.edu, NS, IN)

(cit.princeton.edu, 128.196.128.233, A, IN)

(cisco.com, thumper.cisco.com, NS, IN)

(thumper.ciscoe.com, 128.96.32.20, A, IN)

…

Princeton Server

(cs.princeton.edu, optima.cs.princeton.edu, NS, IN)

(optima.cs.princeton.edu, 192.12.69.5, A, IN)

(ee.princeton.edu, helios.ee.princeton.edu, NS, IN)

(helios.ee.princeton.edu, 128.196.28.166, A, IN)

(jupiter.physics.princeton.edu, 128.196.4.1, A, IN)

(saturn.physics.princeton.edu, 128.196.4.2, A, IN)

(mars.physics.princeton.edu, 128.196.4.3, A, IN)

(venus.physics.princeton.edu, 128.196.4.4, A, IN)

CS Server

(cs.princeton.edu, optima.cs.princeton.edu, MX, IN)

(cheltenham.cs.princeton.edu, 192.12.69.60, A, IN)

(che.cs.princeton.edu, cheltenham.cs.princeton.edu, CNAME, IN)

(optima.cs.princeton.edu, 192.12.69.5, A, IN)

(opt.cs.princeton.edu, optima.cs.princeton.edu, CNAME, IN)

(baskerville.cs.princeton.edu, 192.12.69.35, A, IN)

(bas.cs.princeton.edu, baskerville.cs.princeton.edu, CNAME, IN)

Name Resolution

• Strategies – forward – iterative– recursive

• Local server – need to know root at only one

place (not each host) – site-wide cache

Rootnameserver

Princetonnameserver

CSnameserver

Localnameserver

Client

1cicada.cs.princeton.edu

192.12.69.608

cicada.cs.princeton.edu

princeton.edu, 128.196.128.233

cicada.cs.princeton.edu

cicada.cs.princeton.edu,

192.12.69.60

cicada.cs.princeton.edu

cs.princeton.edu, 192.12.69.5

2

3

4

5

6

7

Distributed File Systems

• Network File System (NFS)– Provides transparent file access for client applications.

– Built on top of Sun RPC.

– NFS is used predominately with UDP. The NFS server receives a clients request on port 2049.

– It is common to start multiple instances of the server (nfsd).

Distributed File Systems• No Transparency

Global AFS: /cs.princeton.edu/usr/llp/tmp/fooWindows: f:/usr/llp/tmp/foo

• Transparency by Convention– NFS: /usr/llp/tmp/foo– Or Not: /n/fs/fac5/llp/tmp/foo

• Transparency by Architecture – Sprite: /usr/llp/tmp/foo

• Private versus Shared– ASF: /usr/llp/tmp/foo versus /afs/shared

Applications

• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)– FTP uses two TCP connections to transfer a file.

– The control connection is established on port number 21.

– The data connection is established through port 20.

• SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is a TCP/IP protocol used in sending and receiving e-mail.

• The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the set of rules for exchanging files (text, graphic images, sound, video, and other multimedia files) on the World Wide Web.

• Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is the protocol governing network management and the monitoring of network devices and their functions.

RTP

• The Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) is an Internet protocol standard that specifies a way for programs to manage the real-time transmission of multimedia data over either unicast or multicast network services.

• RTP is commonly used in Internet telephony applications. RTP does not in itself guarantee real-time delivery of multimedia data.

• RTP combines its data transport with a control protocol (RTCP), which makes it possible to monitor data delivery for large multicast networks.

Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP)

• Monitoring allows the receiver to detect – A sequence number is used to detect lost packets.

– A timestamp detects different delay jitter.

• Control Packets is sent periodically.– Measure loss rate (fraction of packets received since

last report)

– measure jitter .

• RTP runs on top of the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), although it can use other transport protocols.

Session Control

• Video conferencing requires session control.

• The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standard protocol for initiating an interactive user session that involves multimedia elements such as video, voice, chat, gaming, and virtual reality.– SIP can establish multimedia sessions or Internet telephony calls,

and modify, or terminate them.

– SIP uses RTP.

• H.323 is a standard built on top of RTP and approved by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in 1996 to promote compatibility in videoconference transmissions over IP networks.