applications in the martial arts - gbv
TRANSCRIPT
Biomechanics of Human Motion
Applications in the Martial Arts
Emeric flrus, PhD. Lester Ingber. PhD.. ScienNfic Consultant
@ CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an inform a business
Contents
Foreword, xxiii
Preface, xxv
Acknowledgments, xxix
Author, xxxi
Symbols, xxxiii
PART I The Anatomical Foundations of Biomechanics
CHAPTER 1 • Introduction 3
1.1 WHAT IS BIOMECHANICS? 3
1.2 IMPORTANCE OF BIOMECHANICS 4
1.3 BIOMECHANICS AND ITS DIVISION 5
1.3.1 Statics 5
1.3.2 Dynamics 5
CHAPTER 2 • The Anatomy of Human Motion 7
2.1 BONES (OSTEOLOGY) 7
2.1.1 Types of Bones 7
2.1.2 Composition and Structure of Bones 8
2.1.3 Growth of Bones 8
2.1.4 Bone Characteristics 9
2.2 JOINTS (ARTHROLOGY) 9
2.2.1 Terminology of Joint Movements 11
x • Contents
2.3 MUSCLES (MYOLOGY) 12
2.3.1 Muscle Types 12
2.3.1.1 Smooth Muscle 13
2.3.1.2 Striated Muscle (Skeletal Muscle) 13 T i l i Cnrilinr Musrlp 14
2.3.1.4 Composition and Shapes of Striated Muscle 13
2.3.1.5 Muscle Attachments 13
2.3.1.6 Muscle Insertions and Levers 14
2.3.2 Basic Structure of Striated Muscle 15
2.3.3 Muscle Fiber Function 17
2.3.3.1 Other Roles 17
2.3.3.2 Spurt and Shunt Muscles 18
2.3.3.3 Movement Types 18
CHAPTER 3 • Functional Anatomy and Biomechanics 21
3.1 THE HEAD 21
3.2 THE NECK 22
3.2.1 Lateral Region of Neck Muscles 23
3.2.2 Median Region of Neck Muscles 24
3.3 THE SHOULDER COMPLEX 24
3.4 THE MUSCLES OF THE ARM 31
3.5 THE ELBOW AND THE RADIOULNAR COMPLEX 33
3.6 THE WRIST AND THE HAND UNIT 38
3.7 THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND ITS REGION 40
3.7.1 Structure and Function 40
3.7.2 Articulations of the Vertebrae 42
3.7.3 Muscles Operating the Vertebral Column (Dorsal Part) 43
3.7.4 Muscles of the Back 46
3.8 THE THORACIC REGION 47
3.8.1 Upper Thoracic Region 48
3.8.2 The Axillary Region 49
3.8.3 Fasciae of the Antero-Lateral Region of the Thorax 50
Contents • xi
3.8.4 Muscles of the Thorax 50
3.8.5 Lower Thoracic Region (Muscles of the Abdomen) 51
3.9 THE HIP GIRDLE 53
3.9.1 Muscles of the Pelvis 55
3.9.2 Anterior Muscles of the Pelvis 56
3.9.3 Posterior Muscles of the Pelvis 57
3.9.4 Muscles of the Pelvis and Their Role 59
3.10 THE THIGH 60
3.10.1 Ventral Muscles of the Thigh (Extensors) 61
3.10.2 Observation about Quadriceps Femoris 62
3.10.3 Muscles of the Medial Region of the Thigh (Adductors) 62
3.10.4 Muscles of the Dorsal Region of the Thigh (Flexors) 64
3.11 THE KNEE AND THE LEG 66
3.11.1 Dor sal Ligaments 67
3.11.2 Biomechanics of the Knee 69
3.12 THE LEG 70
3.12.1 Ventral Muscles (Extensors) 71
3.12.2 Lateral Muscles 71
3.12.3 Dorsal Muscles (Flexors) 73
3.12.3.1 Superficial Layers 73
3.12.3.2 Deep Layers 74
3.12.4 TheNecessaryMusclesfor the Movement of the Leg 75
3.13 THE ANKLE AND THE FOOT 75
3.13.1 First Layer (Plantar) 76
3.13.2 Second Layer (Plantar) 76
3.13.3 Third Layer (Plantar) 78
3.13.4 Fourth Layer (Plantar) 78
3.13.5 Dorsal Region 78
3.13.6 The Plantar and the Transverse Arch of the Foot 80
3.13.7 The Movements of the Foot 81
3.13.8 Summary 82
xii • Contents
PART II The Biomechanical and Physiological Foundations of Human Motion
CHAPTER 4 • The Concept of Muscular Mechanics 85
4.1 LEVER SYSTEMS, CENTER OF GRAVITY (CoG), CENTER OF MASS (CoM), BASE OF SUPPORT (BoS) 85
4.1.1 Lever Systems 85
4.1.2 Center of Gravity and Center of Mass 91
4.1.3 Base of Support 92
4.2 KINEMATIC CHAIN 93
4.3 STATIC ACTIVITY 94
4.4 DYNAMIC ACTIVITY AND NEWTON'S LAW 94
4.4.1 Important Governing Factors 95
CHAPTER 5 • Movement Control (Muscular Physiology) 97
5.1 MUSCULAR CONTROL 97
5.1.1 Mechanics of Contraction (Sliding Filament Theory) 97
5.1.2 Action Potential 99
5.1.3 Excitation of Muscle Contraction 99
5.1.4 Contributory Factors in Muscle Contraction 100
5.2 NEUROLOGICAL CONTROL 100
5.2.1 Neuron 100
5.2.2 Classification of Neurons by Function 101
5.2.3 Cell and Its Function 101
5.2.4 Transmission of Nerve Impulses 102
5.2.5 Generation of Action Potential 102
5.2.6 Muscle Innervations 103
5.3 SUMMARY 106
PART III The Fundamentals of Biomechanics
CHAPTER 6 • Kinematics in Linear Motion 111
6.1 DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT 111
6.2 SPEED AND VELOCITY 112
6.3 ACCELERATION 113
Contents • xiii
6.4 MOTION WITH CONSTANT ACCELERATION 115
6.5 SCALARS AND VECTORS 118
6.6 MEASUREMENT OF THE VECTORS 120
6.7 METHODS OF SOLVING VECTOR COMPONENTS 120
6.8 TRIGONOMETRY BASICS 122
6.9 STUDY QUESTIONS 125
CHAPTER 7 • Kinematics in Angular Motion 127
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT
CIRCLES, QUADRANTS, AND THEIR ANGLES
SPEED, VELOCITY, AND ACCELERATION
STUDY QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 8 • Kinetics in Linear Motion
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
INERTIA, MASS, WEIGHT, AND FORCE
FORCES
8.2.1 Force of Gravity
8.2.2 Specification of Forces
8.2.3 Calculation of Different Forces
FRICTION
MOMENTUM
IMPULSIVE FORCES, COLLISIONS (IMPACT)
ENERGY, WORK, AND POWER
8.6.1 Energy
8.6.2 Work
8.6.2.1 Concept of Work Related to Force
8.6.3 Power and Strength
MUSCLE POWER
STUDY QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 9 • Kinetics in Angular Mot ion
128
129
131
132
133
133
133
134
134
137
138
143
143
147
147
149
149
151
152
156
159
9.1 FORCES 159
9.1.1 Couple and Eccentric Force 159
9.1.2 Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces 161
xiv • Contents
9.2 CENTER OF MASS 162
9.3 EQUILIBRIUM 164
9.4 TORQUE AND LEVER 165
9.5 MOMENT OF INERTIA 167
9.6 PARALLEL AXIS THEOREM 168
9.7 ANGULAR MOMENTUM 172
9.8 ANGULAR MOMENTUM, MOMENT OF INERTIA, IMPULSE, ENERGY, AND POWER RELATIONSHIP 173
9.9 STUDY QUESTIONS 176
9.10 SUMMARY 177
PART IV Martial Arts Biomechanics
CHAPTER 10 • The Biomechanics of Throwing Arts 183
10.1 JUDO: THROWING TECHNIQUES (NACE-WAZA) 184
10.1.1 Anatomophysiological Considerations 184
10.1.2 Objectives 184
10.1.3 Classification of Throwing Techniques 185
10.1.4 Biomechanical Principles in Judo 186
10.1.5 Judo Throwing Techniques Executions 188
10.1.6 Biomechanical Analysis of the Techniques 188
10.1.6.1 Break-Fall (Ukemi) 188
10.1.6.2 Observation of Physical Properties of the Break-Fall 191
10.1.6.3 Off-Balancing (Kuzushi) 191
10.1.6.4 Positioning (Tsukuri) 192
10.1.6.5 Arm Wheel (Te-guruma) 192
10.1.6.6 Execution of the Throw (Kake) 194
10.1.6.7 Observation of Physical Properties of the Te-guruma Technique 195
10.1.7 Springing Hip (Hane-goshi) 197
10.1.7.1 Off-Balancing (Kuzushi) 197
10.1.7.2 Positioning (Tsukuri) 198
Contents • xv
10.1.7.3 Execution of the Throw (Kake) 199
10.1.7.4 Observation of Physical Properties of the Hane-Goshi Technique 200
10.1.8 Lift-Pull Foot Sweep (Harai-tsuri-komi-ashi) 201
10.1.8.1 Off-Balancing (Kuzushi) 202
10.1.8.2 Execution of the Throw (Kake) 202
10.1.8.3 Observation of Physical Properties of the Harai-tsuri-komi-ashi Technique 204
10.1.9 Conclusion about the Judo Throwing Techniques (Nage-waza) 207
10.2 JUJUTSU AND SAMBO: THROWING (NAGE) AND TAKE-DOWN TECHNIQUES (HIKI-OTOSHI-WAZA) 209
10.2.1 Similarities and Differences between Judo, Jujutsu,
and Sambo 209
10.2.2 Objectives 210
10.2.3 Biomechanical Principles in Jujutsu and Sambo 211
10.2.4 Biomechanical Analysis of the Techniques 211
10.2.4.1 Take-Down 212
10.2.5 Arm Bar (Ude-gatame) as Arrest Technique 212
10.2.5.1 Observation of Physical Properties of the
Arm Bar Technique 216
10.2.6 Leg Locks (Ashi-garami) as Arrest Technique 217
10.2.6.1 Observation of Physical Properties of the
Leg Locks Technique 219
10.2.7 Defense against Grabbing 219
10.2.7.1 Observation of Physical Properties of the Defense against Grabbing 222
10.3 AMATEUR WRESTLING: TAKE-DOWN AND THROWING TECHNIQUES 224
10.3.1 Historical Background 224
10.3.2 Similarities and Differences between Judo, Jujutsu, Sambo, and Amateur Wrestling 224
10.3.3 Objectives 225
10.3.4 Biomechanical Principles in Amateur Wrestling 226
• Contents
10.3.5 Biomechanical Analysis of the Techniques 229
10.3.5.1 Take-Down Techniques and Equilibrium 230
10.3.5.2 First Take-Down Technique (Arm Pull, Head Wrap with Knee Drop) 231
10.3.5.3 Second Take-Down Technique, Grabbing (Body Scoop and Drop) 234
10.3.5.4 Third Take-Down Technique (Fireman's Carry) 236
10.3.5.5 Fourth Take-Down Technique (Variation of the Fireman's Carry) 238
10.3.5.6 Fifth Take-Down Technique (Outside Leg Hook with Bear Hug) 240
10.3.6 Conclusion about Wrestling Take-Down Techniques 241
10.4 GROUND TECHNIQUES (NE-WAZA): JUDO 242
10.4.1 Anatomophysiological Considerations 242
10.4.2 Objectives 243
10.4.3 Biomechanical Principles in Judo Ground Fighting 243
10.4.4 Biomechanical Analysis of the Techniques 245
10.4.4.1 Scarf Hold (Kesa-gatame) 245
10.4.4.2 Half-Cross Strangle (Kata-juji-jime) 248
10.4.4.3 Entangled Arm-Lock (Ude-garami) 252
10.4.4.4 Arm Bar (Ude-gatame) 254
10.5 GROUND TECHNIQUES (NE-WAZA): JUJUTSU
AND SAMBO 256
10.5.1 Anatomophysiological Considerations 256
10.5.2 Objectives 257 10.5.3 Biomechanical Principles in Ground Fighting of
Jujutsu and Sambo 257
10.5.4 Biomechanical Analysis of the Techniques 258
10.5.4.1 Leg-Entanglement (Ashi-garami) Nr.l 259
10.5.4.2 Leg-Entanglement (Ashi-garami) Nr.2 261
10.5.4.3 Rolling Strangulation (Kaiten-jime) 263
Contents • xvii
10.5.4.4 Attack with "Arm Wheel" (Te-guruma) and Immobilization with "Ankle Key" (Ashi-kubi-garami) 265
10.6 GROUND TECHNIQUES: WRESTLING 269
10.6.1 Anatomophysiological Considerations 269
10.6.2 Objectives 269
10.6.3 Biomechanical Principles in Ground Fighting of Wrestling 270
10.6.4 Biomechanical Analysis of the Techniques 270
10.6.4.1 Greco-Roman Nr.l Technique (Half Nelson with Body Rolling) 271
10.6.4.2 Free Style Nr.2 Technique (Half Nelson with Leg Grabbing) 272
10.6.4.3 Free Style Nr.3 Technique (Half Nelson with Arm Pulling) 274
10.7 AIKIDO AND AIKIJUJUTSU: THROWING AND IMMOBILIZATION TECHNIQUES 276
10.7.1 Classification of the Aikido Techniques 277
10.7.2 Anatomophysiological Considerations 277
10.7.3 Objectives 278
10.7.4 Biomechanical Principles in Aikido and Aikijujutsu 278
10.7.5 Biomechanical Analysis of the Techniques 279
10.7.5.1 Throwing Techniques (Nage-waza) 279
10.7.5.2 Entering Throw (Irimi-nage: Tenkan) or Negative Motion 280
10.7.5.3 Wrist Out-Turn Throw (Kote-gaeshi) 283
10.7.5.4 Rotary Throw (Kaiten-nage) 286
10.7.5.5 Four-Side Throw (Shiho-nage) 290
10.8 AIKIDO IMMOBILIZATION TECHNIQUES
(KATAME WAZA) 294
10.8.1 Arm Grabbing Liberation (Kokyu-ryoku) 295
10.8.2 Biomechanical Analysis of the Techniques 298
10.8.2.1 Arm Pin (Ude-osae) or Ikkyo 298
xviii • Contents
10.8.2.2 Wrist In-Turn (Kote-mawashi) or Nikyo 302 10.8.2.3 Wrist Twist (Kote-hineri) or Sankyo 302 10.8.2.4 Wrist Pin (Tekubi-osae) or Yonkyo 305
CHAPTER 11 • The Biomechanics of Striking, Kicking Arts 309 11.1 KARATE 309
11.1.1 General Description 310 11.1.2 Anatomophysiological Considerations 310 11.1.3 Objectives 311 11.1.4 Biomechanical and Technicotactical Principles in
Karate 311 11.1.4.1 General Principles 311
11.1.5 Hand-Arm Techniques (Те- Ude-waza) 313 11.1.6 Punching Techniques (Tsuki-waza) 313
11.1.6.1 Biomechanical Analysis of the Techniques 313 11.1.6.2 Reverse Punch (Gyaku-zuki) 314 11.1.6.3 Lunge Pushing Punch (Jun-zuki No
Tsukkomi) 316 11.1.6.4 Reverse Pushing Punch (Gyaku-zuki No
Tsukkomi) 317 11.1.6.5 Lunge or Stepping Punch (Jun-zuki or
Oi-zuki) 319 11.1.7 Striking Techniques (Uchi-waza) 320
11.1.7.1 Ridge Hand Strike (Haito-uchi) 321 11.1.8 Hand and Arm Blocking Techniques
(Te-Ude-Uke-waza) 322 11.1.8.1 Technical and General Characteristics 322 11.1.8.2 Biomechanical Characteristics 324 11.1.8.3 Rising Block (Jodan-age-uke) 325 11.1.8.4 Downward Block (Gedan-uke) 326 11.1.8.5 Downward Sweeping Block (Gedan-barai) 326
11.1.9 Leg Techniques (Ashi-waza), Kicking Techniques (Keri-waza) 328
Contents • xix
11.1.9.1 General and Technical Characteristics 328
11.1.9.2 Front Thrust Kick (Mae-geri-kekomi) 329
11.1.9.3 Back Roundhouse Kick (Ushiro-mawashi-geri) 333
11.1.10 Leg Sweeping Techniques (Ashi-harai-waza) 335
11.1.10.1 Attacking the Front Leg (from Inside) (Ko-uchi-harai) Using the Front or Rear Leg for Sweeping 336
11.1.10.2 Attacking the Front Leg from Outside (De-ashi-harai) 338
11.1.10.3 Examples of Different Leverage for Attacking the Front Leg (from Outside) (De-ashi-harai) Using the Attacker's (Tori) Front Leg 340
11.1.10.4 Sweeping in Defense (Tempo Sweeping) 344
11.1.11 Conclusion about Karate Techniques 346
11.2 BOXING 347
11.2.1 Anatomophysiological Considerations 347
11.2.2 Objectives 348
11.2.3 Biomechanical and Technicotactical Principles in Boxing 348
11.2.4 Styles and Techniques of Boxing 350
11.2.5 Biomechanical Analysis of the Techniques 352
11.2.5.1 Jab 352
11.2.5.2 Observation of Physical Properties 352
11.2.5.3 Cross (Reverse Punch) 355
11.2.5.4 Observation of Physical Properties 356
11.2.5.5 Hook 357
11.2.5.6 Observation of Physical Properties 358
11.2.5.7 Uppercut 358
11.2.5.8 Observation of Physical Properties 359
11.2.6 Biomechanical and Physiological Analysis of the Punching Technique Executed with the Boxing Glove and Bare Fist 360
xx • Contents
CHAPTER 12 • The Defense and Attack on Vital Points (Kyusho): Finger(s) Manipulation 365
12.1 BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TECHNIQUES 369
12.1.1 Defense against Two Hands Grabbing 369
12.1.1.1 Observation of Physical Properties 370
12.1.2 Defense against One Arm, Front Collar Grabbing 371
12.1.2.1 Observation of Physical Properties 372
12.1.3 Defense against Double Collar Grabbing 372
12.1.3.1 Observation of Physical Properties 375
12.1.4 Defense against Rear Choking 375
12.1.4.1 Observation of Physical Properties 376
CHAPTER 13 • The Biomechanics of the Sword Art 379
13.1 MODERN (OLYMPIC) FENCING 381
13.1.1 Anatomophysiological Considerations 381
13.1.1.1 Objectives 382
13.1.1.2 Biomechanical and Technicotactical Principles in Fencing 383
13.1.2 Biomechanical Analysis of Techniques 383
13.1.2.1 Weapons, Target of the Body, Weapon Positions, and Foot Movements (Distancing) 384
13.1.3 Biomechanical Analysis of the Attack and Defensive Techniques 390
13.1.4 Attack and Defensive Techniques in Foil and Epee: Biomechanical Characteristics 392
13.1.4.1 Particularities of Foil Fencing 392
13.1.4.2 Nr.l. Engagement, Attack, Parry, and Riposte 393
13.1.4.3 Nr.2. Engagement, Parry, and Coupe Riposte with Lunge 394
13.1.4.4 Nr.3. Engagement, Parry, and Riposte with Disengagement and Sliding 398
13.1.4.5 Nr.4. Engagement, Quarte Beat Attack, Prime Parry, and Riposte 401
Contents • xxi
13.1.4.6 Particularities ofEpee Fencing 403
13.1.4.7 Nr.l. Attack Direct on the Arm—Nr.2. Attack Direct on the Knee 404
13.1.5 Attack and Defensive Techniques in Saber:
Biomechanical Characteristics 405
13.1.5.1 Particularities of Saber Fencing 406
13.1.5.2 Nr.l. Quarte Beat and Head Cut 407
13.1.5.3 Nr.2. Back Edge Beat and Inside Cheek (Face) Cut 409
13.1.5.4 Nr.3. Attack Direct Head Cut, Flying
Parry, and Riposte 410
13.1.5.5 Nr.4. Quarte Beat-Arm Cut 413
13.1.5.6 Nr.5. Head Feint-Flank Cut 415
13.1.5.7 Nr.6. Direct Attack with Coupe Cut (Touch) 416
13.2 BIOMECHANICS OF THE KNIFE (TANTO) DEFENSE 419
13.2.1 Nr.l. Attack Direct into the Defender's Abdomen
and Its Defense 419
13.2.2 Observation of Physical Properties 422
13.2.3 Nr.2. Attack the Abdomen, Then the Neck or Face
and Its Defense 422
13.2.4 Observation of Physical Properties 424
13.2.5 Nr.3. Arrest Technique with Stabbing and Its Defense 425
13.2.6 Observation of Physical Properties 427
13.2.7 Nr.4. Slashing and Stabbing Attack, Defense with
Side Kick 427
13.2.8 Observation of Physical Properties 430
13.2.9 Summary 431
APPENDIX A, 433
A.1 MUSCULO-SKELETAL FIGURE REPRESENTING THE MOST IMPORTANT VITAL POINTS: FRONT PART OF THE BODY 433
A.2 BACK PART OF THE BODY 437
xxii • Contents
APPENDIX B, 441
B.1 KINEMATIC (MUSCULAR) CHAINS OF DIFFERENT TECHNICAL EXECUTIONS 441
APPENDIX C, 445
C.1 ESTABLISHING THE CENTER OF MASSES (CoM) OF TWO KARATEKA BEING IN THE POSITION OF SEMI-PERMANENT OR PERMANENT/CONTACT LINK, DESCRIBED IN THE SUMMARY OF PART IV 445
C.2 447
C.3 449
APPENDIX D, 451
D.1 STANDARD INTERNATIONAL (SI) UNITS, SYMBOLS, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, AND QUANTITIES 451
ANSWERS TO STUDY QUESTIONS, 453
CHAPTER 8 453
CHAPTER 9 455
GLOSSARY, 457
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 485
CONCLUSION, 489
ADDENDUM, 491
INDEX, 501