application of luminescence techniques to coastal studies at the

APPLICATION OF LUMINESCENCE TECHNIQUES TO COASTAL STUDIES AT

THE ST. JOSEPH PENINSULA, GULF COUNTY, FLORIDA

APPLICATION OF LUMINESCENCE TECHNIQUES TO COASTAL STUDIES AT

THE ST. JOSEPH PENINSULA, GULF COUNTY, FLORIDA

By

Beth M. Forrest, B.Sc.

A Thesis

Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree

Master's of Science

McMaster University

© Copyright by Beth M. Forrest, September, 2003

Master's of Science (2003) McMaster UniversityHamilton, Ontario

TITLE: Application of Luminescence Techniques to Coastal Studies at the St. JosephPeninsula, Gulf County, Florida

AUTHOR: Beth M. Forrest

SUPERVISOR: Dr. W.J. Rink

NUMBER OF PAGES: ix, 217

11

ABSTRACT

The main objectives of this study are to use optically stimulated luminescence

(OSL) to date quartz samples collected from dune ridges on the St. Joseph Peninsula, to

test the feasibility of dating quartz from heavy mineral layers as a solution to the

problems associated with the low luminescence signal inherent to young samples and to

use the natural residual thermoluminescence (NRTL) signal in littoral zone quartz to

study sediment transport in the nearshore zone.

All samples were collected from the St. Joseph Peninsula, part of a barrier island

chain that stretches across the northern Gulf of Mexico. Dune ridge samples and offshore

samples were collected from various locations along the length of the peninsula.

Frequency histograms, showing the distribution of equivalent doses (DE'S), were

plotted for each of the dune ridge samples. Several samples have large DE'S relative to

their DE distributions. There are two ways of obtaining grains with large doses and,

therefore, large DE'S. The first is by proximity to other grains that are delivering high

doses. The second is by incomplete zeroing. These possibilities are explored.

Based on the geometry of the ridges on the peninsula, the youngest dune ridges

should be closest to the gulf side of the peninsula and the oldest ridges should be on the

bay side. This is tested by obtaining OSL dates for a series of samples from the north end

of the peninsula.

Two samples from storm deposits of a known age were collected. Results show

that it is possible to date young samples by using quartz collected from heavy mineral

iii

layers. The high radiation dose delivered to the quartz by the heavy minerals makes it

possible to obtain accurate dates on "modem" deposits.

The natural residual thermoluminescence (NRTL) signal of the littoral samples

was analysed for trends related to grain size and sample position relative to longshore

drift. This study shows that NRTL is a useful tool in studies of sediment transport in the

nearshore and can be used as an alternative to other sediment tracing methods.

The results of this study are a significant contribution to both luminescence dating

and coastal geology.

IV

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would first like to thank my supervisor, Dr. W.J. Rink, for his guidance. I would

also like to thank Dr. J. Donoghue, from Florida State University, for providing useful

information and offering many useful suggestions over the course of this research.

Discussions with Tammy Rittenour from the University of Nebraska about collecting

samples from dune ridges using vibracoring techniques were very helpful. The

suggestions and advice offered by members of the luminescence dating community, too

numerous to mention, were also greatly appreciated.

Much of this work would not have been possible without the assistance of others.

Ann Harvey and Cyndy Emerich, Park manager and Assistant Park Manager, at the T.H.

Stone Memorial St. Joseph Peninsula State Park were patient with our many requests and

offered much needed logistical support. The rangers and staff at the state park were also

very accommodating and helpful. Thanks are also extended to Tom Watters and the

Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP) for providing maps, benchmark

locations and other data relevant to this research. The assistance provided by Jenn

Etherington in preparing the multitude oflittoral samples was appreciated. Karl Keizars'

help with the tedious task of editing was also much appreciated.

Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends for their unending support

and encouragement.

Financial support was provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research

Council of Canada (NSERC) in the form of a postgraduate scholarship.

v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract. iii-iv

Acknowledgements v

List of Figures vii-viii

List of Tables ix

Chapter 1- Introduction1.1 Purpose of Study 1-21.2 Significence of Study 2-31.3 Luminescence Dating 3-81.4 Previous studies

1.4.1 Optically stimulated luminescence studies 8-101.4.2 Thermoluminescence studies 11-12

Chapter 2- Location 13-22

Chapter 3- Methods3.1 Sample Collection

3.1.1 Dune Ridge Samples 23-273.1.2 Littoral Samples 27-28

3.2 Sample Preparation 28-303.3 Dosimetry 30-323.4 Luminescence Measurements

3.4.1 Optically stimulated luminescence measurements 32-383.4.2 Thermoluminescence measurements 38-40

Chapter 4- Results4.1 Optically stimulated luminescence analysis of dune ridge samples 41-484.2 Thermoluminescence analysis oflittoral sands 48-52

Chapter 5- Discussion5.1 Optically stimulated luminescence analysis of dune ridge samples..... 53-605.2 Thermoluminescence analysis of littoral sands 60-685.3 Future Study , " " " 68-69

Chapter 6- Conclusions 70-71

Chapter 7- Figures and Tables 72-163

References , , '",' ", 164-171

Appendices 172-217

VI

LIST OF FIGURES

FigureI2

345678910II

121314151617

18192021222324252627282930313233343536

Description............ Basis ofIuminescence dating ............. Conduction band model.. '" ............. The additive dose method ............. The regeneration dose method .............. St. Joseph Peninsula location map .............. Bathymetric map .· , Distribution of eroded sediment , .............. Critical erosion areas on the St. Joseph Peninsula ..· Beach ridge sets on the St. Joseph Peninsula .............. SJ042 location map ............. SJ048 location map ............. SJ298 location map ............. Location ofIittoral samples .· Littoral sample collection times and tide level.. , ............. Vibracoring procedure ............. Core extraction procedure .............. SJl4B sample location ............. Sample locations in core SJ252 ............. SJ042A sample location ............. SJ048 sample locations ............. Trench at SJ048 ............. Location of SJ298 bulk samples ............. Lateral extent of heavy mineral deposit at SJ298 ............. , Beach profile at 8J298 " .. , ............. Sampling technique for core samples ............. Preheat plateau tests for the dune ridge samples .............. Grain size distributions of the dune ridge samples ............. Moisture content of the dune ridge samples ............. SJl4B frequency histograms ............. SJ252A frequency histograms ............. SJ252B frequency histograms ............. SJ252C frequency histograms ............. SJ042A frequency histograms .· , SJ048A frequency histograms " " ............. SJ048B frequency histograms ............. SJ298-39 frequency histograms ,

Vll

Page72737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949597101104106111112113114115116117118

37 ..............38 ..............39 .. , ...........40 .. , ...........41 ..............42 ..............43 ..............44 ..............45 ..............

46 ...........•..47 ...........•..48 ..............49 ..............50 ..............51 ..............52 ..............53 ..............54 ..............55 .. -...........56 ..............57 ..............58 ..............59 ..............60 ..............61 ..............62 ..............63 .. , ...........64 ..............65 ..............66 ..............

SJ298-40 frequency histograms.................................. 119Modified regeneration cycle histograms........................... 122Summary of ages on the St. Joseph Peninsula.................... 125Effect ofaltering the heating rate on TL measurements.......... 129Effect ofaltering the maximum temperature....................... 130Effect of increasing the number ofdatapoints collected.......... 131Comparison ofpreheat vs. no preheat............................ 13224 hours between measurements.................................. 133Relationship between dominant peak and locationon the peninsula..................................................... 13490-150 micron NRTL............... 138150-212 micron NRTL............................................ 139212-250 micron NRTL.................................... ........ 14090-150 micron NRTL (sandbar samples excluded).............. 141150-212 micron NRTL (sandbar samples excluded)............ 142212-250 micron NRTL (sandbar samples excluded)............ 14390-150 micron data fitted with a polynomial trend............... 144150-212 micron data fitted with a polynomial trend.............. 145212-250 micron data fitted with a polynomial trend.............. 146Summary ofstandard deviations................................... 14890-150 micron NRTL with grain size distribution................ 149150-212 micron NRTL with grain size distribution.............. 150212-250 micron NRTL with grain size distribution............... 15190-150 micron NRTL with tide data............................. 152150-212 micron NRTL with tide data............................ 153212-250 micron NRTL with tide data............................ 154Disappearance of low temperature TL peak..................... 159Results ofsolar exposure experiments............................ 160Typical beach profile.............................................. 161Relationship between NRTL and littoral drift.................... 162Swash and backwash.............................................. 163

viii

LIST OF TABLES

TableI2345678910II121314151617181920212223

2425262728

DescriptionDune ridge sample depths ..Dosimetry for the dune ridge samples .

Protocol for~ estimation and feldspar contamination .

Test and regeneration doses ..SAR protocol. ..Systematic errors used in Anato!.. .Beta absorbed fractions ..Etching coefficients .Grain size statistical parameters ..Feidspar contamination in the dune ridge samples .

Additional feldspar contamination tests for the dune ridge samplfEquivalent dose estimates .Summary ofequivalent doses obtained ..48 aliquot measurements ..Modified regeneration cycle .Age calculations ..Summary ofages .Feldspar contamination results for littoral samples ..Feldspar contamination results for littoral samples ..Feldspar contamination results for littoral samples ..NRTL results for the 90-150 lID' fraction .NRTL results for the 150-212 lID' fraction ..NRTL results for the 212-250 lID' fraction ..

R2 values .Summary ofsamples collected at equivalent locations ..10 vs. 48 aliquot measurement comparison ..Dose variation near monazite and zircon grains .

Maximum~ accounted for by proximity to a heavy mineral .

ix

Page969899100102103103103105107

108109110120121123124126127128135136137

147155156157158

M.Sc. Thesis - Beth M. Forrest McMaster - Geography and Geology

CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION

1.1 Purpose of Study

The first objective of this study is to use optically stimulated luminescence (OSL)

techniques to obtain ages for quartz samples collected from dune ridges on the northern

half of the SI. Joseph peninsula, within the T.H. Stone Memorial St. Joseph Peninsula

State Park. Samples were collected using both trenching and vibracoring techniques.

The results of both sampling methods are compared to detennine whether the method of

sample collection has an effect on the results.

The second objective involves the dating ofyoung deposits. Dating these deposits

is often problematic because of the low OSL signal intensity that is characteristic of

young samples. There is, however, an exception to this. Quartz that has received a high

radiation dose during burial will have a high OSL signal relative to samples of the same

age that received lower doses. Samples that have received a high radiation dose include

those that are in close proximity to high radioactivity minerals (Le. heavy minerals).

Heavy mineral deposits are common in coastal environments and typically represent

high-energy events, such as storms. The second objective of this research is to improve

the accuracy of dating modem samples by using these heavy mineral deposits. OSL is

used to date samples collected from heavy mineral rich layers of a known age to assess

the feasibility of using quartz extracted from heavy mineral rich sands to date young

deposits.

The third objective ofthis research is to use the residual thermoluminescence (TL)

signal in littoral zone quartz to monitor the transport of sediment in the nearshore zone.

1


The natural residual thermoluminescence, or NRTL, is the part of the TL signal that is not

easily removed by exposure to sunlight. The magnitude of this residual is variable. It

depends on the position of the sample on the beach surface, the type of quartz and the

total transport history since the last burial of significant length. This project attempts to

use this residual to distinguish between native sands transported from the Gulf of Mexico

shoreline and the Apalachicola River Delta and sands obtained from beach nourishment

projects and dredging activities along the northwest coast of Florida. An attempt is also

made to characterize the relationship between the NRTL signal, grain size and the

location of the sample relative to longshore drift.

1.2 Significance of Study

The results of the OSL dating component of this project are applicable to the

reconstruction of the evolution of coastal environments. Approximately 50 % of the

global population lives within 60 Ian of the coast (Woodroffe, 2002). Understanding

coastal sand transport, the processes that shape the shoreline and changes that occur along

the coast is important. With so much of the world's population living along the shoreline,

it is important to be able to manage coastal resources.

This study is the first to use quartz grains extracted from heavy mineral lamina to

date young samples using single aliquot OSL techniques. The lower limit for OSL dating

is approximately 50 years (Berger, 1995). However, recent studies are promising (i.e.

Ballarini et al. (2003)), as they have obtained much younger ages with low associated

errors. There are many problems associated with dating "modem" samples. The results

of this study are a significant step towards lowering the minimum age obtainable by OSLo

2


This high precision dating of young samples used in conjunction with the standard OSL

dating of dune ridges is important in the reconstruction of the most recent part of the

study area and will be an asset in future studies.

The most common methods of measuring longshore sediment transport are

sediment tracers (Komar and Inman, 1970, Duane and James, 1980) and impoundment

(Johnson, 1957, Bruno and Goble, 1977). Sediment characteristics have also been used to

trace sediment transport and to distinguish between native and nourishment sands (Reed

and Wells, 2000). Currently, remote sensing techniques are being applied to sediment

transport studies in various locations. Kunte et al. (2003) used remote sensing techoiques

to study sediment transport in the Gulf of Kutch. Few studies have examined the

possibility of using NRTL in the bedload as an alternative to other sediment tracing

methods. This is the first study to analyse NRTL on a fme resolution. It is also the first

study to analyse the relationship between the residual TL signal, grain size and longshore

transport.

1.3 Luminescence Dating

Luminescence techniques can provide ages for deposits not datable by other

geochronometric methods (Berger, 1988). Figure 1 outlines the basis of luminescence.

At the time of sedimentation, the luminescence signal that was acquired in the past is set

to zero. This zeroing is a response to the daylight or sunlight exposure that occurs during

erosion and transport. Exposure to light releases electrons from traps and defects in the

crystal structure. After deposition, exposure to radiation repopulates the traps (Huntley

3


and Lian, 1999). This repopulation continues until the sediment is exposed to sunlight

during another sedimentation cycle.

Lwninescence is explained using the conduction band model (Figure 2). It is

based on the accwnulation of electrons in atomic lattice sites called defects or traps

(Aitken, 1998). These sites are associated with impurities or structural defects in the

crystal lattice that were incorporated during crystallization. In some cases, they are

associated with radiation damage (Hutt and Raukas, 1995). Ionizing radiation is

produced by the decay of radioactive nuclides including 4~, the uraniwn-series and the

thoriwn-series elements and cosmic ray muons (Aitken, 1998). As this radiation passes

through a mineral, it ionizes the mineral's binding electrons and excites them above their

ground states. As these electrons return to their ground states, some become trapped in

the defects and cannot be removed without an input of energy (Aitken, 1998). If the

defect is large enough electrons can be held for long periods of geological time. Over

time, defect sites accwnulate electrons. These electrons are released from the defects by

exposure to light or heat. Not all electron traps have an eqnal probability of being

emptied (Huntley, 1985). Such differences could be a result of attenuation of light while

passing through a mineral grain or a result of differences in the physical properties of the

traps (Huntley, 1985). The detrapping process produces light. The amount of light

emitted is proportional to the nwnber of trapped electrons, which in turn, is related to the

time lapsed since the sediment was last exposed to light (Aitken, 1998). If the detrapping

mechanism is light, the method is referred to as optically stimulated Iwninescence (OSL).

If heat is used, the method is called thermoluminescence (TL).

4


OSL was developed in 1985 (Huntley et al., 1985) as a method of determining

when sediments were last exposed to sunlight. The method involves exciting the trapped

electrons in sediment by shining light on grains isolated from a sample and measuring the

amount of light emitted in response. The intensity of the emitted light is a measure of the

nwnber of electrons trapped and, thus, the radiation dose accwnulated since the last

sunlight exposure (Huntley and Lian, 1999). To calculate OSL ages, the paleodose is

divided by the annual dose rate. The dose rate is the rate at which energy is absorbed

from the incoming flux of radiation (Aitken, 1998). It's three components are

environmental beta and cosmic radiation, external and internal beta radiation from K and

Rb in the crystal lattice and internal alpha radiation from U and Th embedded in the

grains (Mejdahl and Christiansen, 1994). There are also minor contributions to the dose

rate from gamma radiation. The dose rate is determined by measuring the radioactivity of

the sediment. The paleodose is the amount of radiation received since the traps were last

emptied during a bleaching event (Smith et al., 1986). The laboratory equivalent of the

paleodose is the equivalent dose (OE), which is the laboratory dose of radiation that is

needed to induce a luminescence signal equal to that acquired by the sample after the

most recent bleaching event (Aitken, 1998). The DE is evaluated using either the additive

dose method or the regenerative dose method. For the additive dose method, the aliquots

being measured are divided into several groups. One group is used to measure the natural

OSLo The remaining groups are given different radiation doses before being measured.

Dose is added with each cycle to build a response curve (Folz and Mercier, 1999). Figure

3 summarizes the additive dose method. Each point on the graph represents the average

5

M.sc. Thesis - Beth M. Forrest McMaster - Geography and Geology

OSL for a group ofa1iquots. The equivalent dose is estimated by extrapolating the line to

its point of intersection with the dose axis. In the regeneration method, all a1iquots are

bleached to near zero and then given a laboratory dose. The natural a1iquots are not given

a radiation dose. The natural OSL is then compared to the OSL resulting from aliquots

that received a dose. Figure 4 summarizes this method.

Luminescence dating has several advantages over other dating methods. The age

range for OSL is approximately 50 to 800,000 years B.P. (Berger, 1995). For some

samples, both quartz and feldspar have sufficient sensitivity to produce ages as young as

one year, but currently there are no reliable techniques for doing this (Huntley and Lian,

1999).

Carbon-14 is another commonly used geochronometric technique. It is based on

the beta decay of 14C atoms produced in the upper atmosphere (Bard, 1998). This method

has numerous disadvantages. It is not possible to measure the ratio between the parent

isotope, 14C, and the daughter product, 1"N (Bard, 1998). To be able to calculate a true

calendar age the initial 14CPC ratio of each sample must be known. A calibration is,

therefore, needed. This involves evaluating past variations of atmospheric 14C/12C. For

the Holocene period (the past 10,000 years) it is possible to find fossil pines and oaks and

compare J4C levels to tree ring counts (Bard, 1998). Beyond the Holocene, calibration

becomes difficult because there are few fossil trees. Other types of records are used to

continue the calibration method. These include the use of laminated sediment and corals

from tropical islands that can be cross-dated by spectrometric techniques. By combining

these techniques, it has been possible to obtain maximum ages of 45,000 years B.P.

6


However, OSL dating has a wider age range and does not require extensive calibration.

Another drawback of radiocarbon dating is that it can only be used to resolve differences

on the order ofa few hundred years (Stapor et al., 1991). Another advantage ofOSL over

radiocarbon is that it can be used in areas where quartz is more abundant than organic or

shell material.

OSL dating also has many advantages over TL dating. One of the main

disadvantages of TL is that the TL signal is only partially reset during light exposure

(Berger, 1990). OSL requires less sunlight exposure prior to burial to empty the traps

than TL. This means that at deposition the luminescence signal is smaller (Aitken, 1994).

Therefore, OSL does not have the large residual signal that TL has. Another advantage is

that in OSL, only the light sensitive traps that are easily emptied by sunlight are sampled

(Huntley and Lian, 1999). In TL, both light sensitive and non-light sensitive traps are

emptied (Aitken, 1994).

The second part of this project focuses on TL. TL is a property of crystals and

non-conductive materials, which emit light when heated if they have been previously

irradiated (Lalou and Valladas, 1989). The phenomenon of TL was recognized as early

as 1663 when Sir Robert Boyle described the emission of light by diamonds when heated

(Lalou and Valladas, 1989). In 1930, Urbach, who studied electron traps in crystals,

became the first to use TL and to interpret TL glow curves (Lalou and Valladas, 1989).

The TL method is applied to events where the TL signal is reduced to a non-zero level

(Berger, 1988). This non-zero level, which is also known as the natural residual TL

(NRTI), can be used to study coastal processes. UV radiation is filtered by seawater

7


(Spooner, 1987). Past studies have shown that the TL signal is most effectively depleted

by UV light (Spooner, 1987). Therefore, the residual signal is much larger when grains

are underwater, and shielded from UV light, than when they are onshore and exposed to

the full solar spectrum. Consequently, grains on a beach surface have a more efficient

reduction of TL than subaqueous grains (Rink, 1999). Grains sourced from distant

locations experience increasing solar radiation exposure with time. Therefore, the

residual TL decreases with increasing distance from the sediment source. This property

can be applied to the study of sediment transport in the nearshore zone.

1.4 Previous Studies

1.4.1 Optically stimulated luminescence studies

Many different techniques have been used to date coastal deposits. For example,

Stapor and Tanner (1973) analysed thirteen sediment samples from coastal deposits from

the Apalachicola region and from nearshore sands seaward of pre-holocene barriers using

radiocarbon dating. They obtained ages ranging between 22,000 and 40,000 years B.P.

A study by Missimer (1973) looked at dune ridges on Sanibel Island, a barrier island

located 100 miles south of Tampa, Florida. The island has seven to twelve sets of

subparallel ridges, which have been used to estimate the growth rate of the island. The

age relationships between the ridge sets were detennined using radiocarbon dates

obtained from aragonitic mollusc shells. The dates range between 547 and 4,310 years

B.P. All ridges have been deposited in the past 4,300 years and it is estimated that it

takes 14-18 years for each ridge to fully develop.

8


As an alternative to these methods, several studies have applied OSL dating to

coastal deposits. Wintle et al. (1998) collected fifteen samples of dune sand and three

samples from a core taken in the beach face of a sand spit that protrudes into Dingle Bay

in southwest Ireland. Feldspar grains were dated using a single aliquot luminescence

protocol for infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL). No ages over 600 years were

obtained. The youngest age obtained was 150 years. These ages are consistent with the

belief that the majority of dunes in Ireland formed within the last 6,000 years (Carter et

al., 1989).

Jungner et al. (2001) collected eight sediment samples from a parabolic dune in

Cape Kiwanda, which is a part of a complex of four dunes formed by onshore winter

storm winds. Seven samples were collected from exposed paleosols and one sample was

collected from the base of the dune. Quartz within the 100-200 J.1I1l size fraction was

dated using the single aliquot regenerative (SAR) method. The resulting dates cover a

period ranging from a few hundred years to 7,000 years. Radiocarbon dates were also

obtained for charcoal and wood samples collected at various locations in the dune profile.

The OSL and radiocarbon ages fall in the correct stratigraphic order.

Richardson (2001) used IRSL to determine the DE'S of modem sediments from

coastal environments in England and Wales. This study focused on the residual IRSL

signal. Certain coastal environments have been proven datable by OSL techniques but

once the intertidal zone is reached, light exposure at deposition is unreliable and,

therefore, the success of OSL is limited. This study used IRSL to analyse the degree of

zeroing at deposition.

9


It is often difficult to obtain reliable chronologies for depositional events in

coastal environments, particularly in the case of dune ridges. This is because the

sedimentary components dated may not represent the time of deposition. The approaches

most commonly taken to date such deposits include the radiocarbon dating of skeletal

carbonate sands and the dating of whole shells. Murray-Wallace et al. (2002) used the

OSL of quartz sampled from relict beach ridges to evaluate the utility ofapplying OSL to

studies of dune dynamics and coastal progradation rates. It became the first study to

examine the potential of using OSL to date Holocene dune ridges. The OSL ages

obtained indicated a rapid period of sedimentation (l,600 m within a few hundred years

approximately 5,000 years ago) followed by a constant rate of progradation for the past

4,000 years of 0.39 mlyr. Based on these rates and the ages of the dune ridges, it is

estimated that the average rate of dune development for the study site is one dune every

80 years.

In a similar study, Ballarini et al. (2003), explored using OSL dating for

reconstructing coastal evolution on a timescale of decades to a few hundred years.

Samples were collected from an accretionary barrier island in the northern Netherlands.

The southwest part of the island is made up of a series of dune ridges. The island is

growing in a southwesterly direction as a result of shoals merging with it. The ages ofthe

deposits are known from historical sources. OSL ages of less than 10 years were obtained

on the youngest samples. The study showed that the deposits on the island were formed

over the last 300 years. This study illustrates the potential of using OSL dating for the

high-resolution reconstruction of coastal evolution over the past few centuries.

10


1.4.2 Thermoluminescence studies

Several studies have attempted to use sediment characteristics to distinguish

between nourishment sands and native sands. These include Pabich (1995) who used

quartz staining and Foster et aI. (1996) who used fluorescent tracers. Reed and Wells

(2000) used grain size, shell color and sorting to define the distribution of native and

nourishment sands of a renourished beach on the North Carolina coast.

Only two studies have looked at the residual TL signal and its use as a monitor of

coastal processes. Rink and Pieper (2001) analysed the residual thermoluminescence in

quartz collected from the surface and the subsurface of the beach at the S1. Joseph

Peninsula State Park. Subsurface samples were collected from within two berm

structures that represent a hurricane deposit and a beach ridge produced by wave action

during the seven-week period following Hurricane Georges in 1998. A higher residual

signal was found in samples from the underwater zone than in those from the beach

surface.

In another study, Pieper (2001) and Rink (2003) looked at the variation in the

NRTL of quartz. They collected twenty-one underwater sand samples from a 200 km

stretch of the Mediterranean Coast of Israel. Previous studies indicated that the sources

of the sand along this coast were Nile River outlets at Rashid and Dyma1. Sand is

transported towards the coast by the littoral and shelf currents of the Nile littoral cell.

The southeast portion of the Mediterranean coastline is densely populated. Sediment

transport in these areas has been altered as a result of anthropogenic changes like sand

quarrying and the erection of industrial and recreational structures. This study attempted

11

M.8c. Thesis - Beth M. Forrest McMaster - Geography and Geology

to correlate trends observed in NRTL signals with these human modifications. A series

of natural TL curves were obtained, as well as TL curves measured after the

administration of a beta dose. A mean value for the NRTL and a standard deviation were

obtained for each sample. The resulting NRTL pattern showed a decreasing residual

signal intensity with increasing distance from the sediment sources. From Ziqim to Jaffa

the signal decreased. It rose sharply at Herzliyya and Shefayim and proceeded to

decrease again with increasing distance northward along the coast. The decrease in signal

intensity with increasing distance from the sediment source was attributed to successive

cycles of subaerial exposure on beach surfaces followed by re-erosion and subaqueous

transport in the littoral zone. The sharp peak in intensity seen at Henliyya suggested the

addition of sediment with a high NRTL into the bedload at the harbour at Tel Aviv.

Conversely, it could be derived from the erosion of beach cliffs, river sediments, dredge

sands or any sediment that has been accumulating a higher TL signal since burial. This

study provided the basis for my current project.

12

M.Sc. Thesis - Beth M. Forrest

CHAPTER2-LOCATION

McMaster- Geography and Geology

Location

The St. Joseph Peninsula is part of a barrier island chain that stretches across the

northern Gulf of Mexico (Lamont et al., 1997). Figure 5 shows its location. The

peninsula is 24 Jan in length and 1.4 Jan wide at its widest point (Rizk, 1991). At Eagle

Harbor, its narrowest point, it is only 0.2 Jan wide (Rizk, 1991). It stretches from St.

Joseph Point in the north to Cape San BIas in the south. The peninsula partially encloses

St. Joseph Bay, which is the only sizeable body of water along the eastern gulf coast that

isn't estuarine in origin or influenced by the influx of freshwater (Stewart and Gorsline,

1962). The bay is 18 km long and 6 Jan wide, with an area of 119 Jan2 (Stewart and

Gorsline, 1962). Its mean depth is 6 m. Near the northern end of the peninsula, it has a

depth of 12 m (Stewart and Gorsline, 1962). Figure 6 is a bathymetric map of the study

area.

The northern two-thirds of the peninsula is owned by the State of Florida while

the southern end is federally owned and is part of the Eglin Airforce Base (FDEP, 1998).

The land between these areas is privately owned. The T.H. Stone Memorial St. Joseph

Peninsula State Park, which is on the northern end of the peninsula, is 14 km long and

encompasses an area ofapproximately 2,516 acres (Benchley and Bense, 2000).

Climate

The climate of the peninsula is classified as humid subtropical. Rainfall averages

1.4 m per year (Stewart and Gorsline, 1962). The driest months are May, October and

November (Benchley and Bense, 2000). The vegetation in the area includes scrub oak,

13


sand pine, lingual pine, palmetto, yaupon holly, sage, rosemary, grasses and sabal pine

(Benchley and Bense, 2000).

Barrier Islands

Barrier islands are abundant along the Gulf of Mexico coast. Barrier island nuclei

in the gulf were probably initiated by increased wave action resulting from a drop in sea

level (Tanner, 1991). Increased wave action leads to the transport of both fine and

coarse-grained sediment. These sediments will be deposited as a ridge at the shoreline.

A rise in sea level will flood the landward side of the ridge and isolate it, turning it into a

barrier island. Most barrier islands are initiated by a drop in sea level but develop during

a sea level transgression. Nuclei that have been preserved represent the date of initiation

of the barrier island (Tanner, 1991). The sea level history of the Gulf of Mexico has been

reconstructed using beach ridges, cheniers, subdeltas and barrier island nuclei. There is

evidence for several I to 3 m changes in sea level in the last 3,000 to 3,500 years (Tanner,

1991). Along the Florida Panhandle, sea level has risen 0.3 m over the past 125 years

(Lamont et al., 1997). The formation and maintenance of barrier islands requires an

abundant sand supply (Lamont et al., 1997). Since sea level stabilized 4,000 to 5,000

years ago, there has been little new sand added to the Gulf of Mexico barrier islands

(Lamont et al., 1997). In addition to changing sea levels, the formation of Florida's

barrier islands is also influenced by offshore geology. The area of continental shelf

along which the peninsula lies, borders the entire west coast of Florida and is referred to

as the Florida Platform or the West Florida Shelf (Lamont et al., 1997). This platform is

divided into two sections; a large, smooth inner shelf and a small, gently sloping outer

14


shelf. The low relief slopes along the floor of the Gulf of Mexico result in low wave and

tidal action (Lamont et aI., 1997). Since the continental shelf is flat, most of the Gulf of

Mexico is less than 180 m in depth (Lamont et aI., 1997). As a result, sea surface

circulation is mostly wind driven (Lamont et aI., 1997). The area is dominated by "loop

currents", which flow clockwise through the gulf and exit through the Florida Straits

(Lamont et aI., 1997). However, in the Florida Panhandle, the net movement of water is

westward. lbis reversal of current is attributed to seasonal winds and tidal currents

(Lamont et aI., 1997). Barrier islands are best formed along coasts with small tidal ranges

(Lamont et aI., 1997). The St. Joseph peninsula experiences diurnal tides with a mean

tidal range of 0.35 m (Foster and Cheng, 2001).

Several theories have been proposed to explain the formation of the peninsula.

One theory suggests that the peninsula consists ofat least two older islands joined where

there was once a tidal inlet. It is argued that Eagle Harbor is the remnant of this inlet

(Benchley and Bense, 2000). Each of the two islands started as a nucleus in open water

and grew in three directions (towards both ends and seaward) (Tanner, 1987). The spit

hook from one of these islands is still intact at the eastern side of Eagle Harbor. There

are also relict channels between Richardson's Hammock and Cape San Bias. Cape San

Bias itself may represent the remains of a former pre-holocene cape or headland (Rizk,

1991). Eventually both islands joined to form the modem peninsula.

Beach Ridges

Many of Florida's barrier islands are covered with beach ridges. These features

are linear sand bodies deposited along the beach face in areas characterized by gentle

15


offshore slopes, low wave energy and an abundant sand supply (Fernald and Purdum,

1992). Since ridges fonn on the beach face, they indicate the orientation of the coastline

and the approximate vertical position of sea level at the time of deposition (Fernald and

Purdum, 1992; Donoghue and Tanner, 1992; Tanner, 1988). If beach ridges are covered

by mangrove marsh vegetation, there was a sea level rise subsequent to ridge fonnation

(Stapor et aI., 1991). Ridges also reflect wave energy. Low ridges are produced by less

energetic waves while high ones are produced by energetic waves (Stapor et al., 1991).

Several theories have been proposed to explain dune ridge fonnation. Shepard

(1950) suggests that beach ridges form as a result of aggradation. They develop during

neap tides and are pushed landward during spring tides. Doeglas (1955) showed that

ridges are moved by both tidal and wind action. Doeglas also suggested that ridges are

only built up to a level slightly above nonnal high tide. Von Drehle (1973) studied beach

ridges in and around Port St. Joe, Florida. He suggested that they were coalesced sets of

swash built ridges. According to Fernald and Purdum (1992), ridges are constructed by

wave run-up in the swash zone. They grow upward and seaward as increasingly more

material is deposited (Fernald and Purdum, 1992). A common feature of all models is

that beach ridge development is a product of changing rates of sediment supply and water

level change.

The sediment sources for beach ridge fonnation in the Panhandle region ofFlorida

include the littoral transport of sand from the gulf shoreline and the Apalachicola River to

the east (Benchley and Bense, 2000). The Chattahoochee and Flint Rivers join to fonn

the Apalachicola River (Fernald and Purdum, 1992). This river is a major drainage

16


system that extends from the piedmont in Georgia to Alabama and then south to the gulf

coast (Stewart and Gorsline, 1%2). The Apalachicola River is 32 km east of Cape San

Bias. In the past, it was one of the major sources of sand along the Florida Panhandle

coast (Lamont et al., 1997). Sands transported by the Apalachicola River are reworked

and redistributed by longshore drift and wave action (Lamont et al., 1997). The coarsest

sands are dropped offshore, creating shoals (Lamont et al., 1997). Finer sands are carried

in the current and deposited along beaches (Lamont et al., 1997). There are few areas in

Florida where ridges are being deposited today because there is a shortage of sediment

(Fernald and Purdum, 1992). With the development of barrier islands at the mouth of the

Apalachicola River (i.e. S1. Vincent Island, S1. George Island), most of the sediment

transported by the river is trapped. Along the northern gulf coast, recent beach sands are

similar to Pleistocene sands in grain size and morphology. It is, therefore, likely that the

sands in northwest Florida were derived from the reworking of older sediments and that

the modem Apalachicola River is not a major sediment source to the beaches in the area

(Hsu, 1960).

The surface of the peninsula consists of a series of north-south trending beach

ridge and swale complexes. Many of these ridges are over 9 m high. According to

Tanner (1988) at the core of these are relict beach ridges and dune systems that are likely

associated with the Silver Bluff Sea Level stand near the end of the Pleistocene. At the

north end of the peninsula, dunes and swales trend northeast to southwest (Benchley and

Bense, 2000). The ridges closest to the mainland (furthest from the sea) are older than

those adjacent to the beach (Tanner, 1988). As a result of fluctuating sea level and a

17


decrease in the abundance of sediment, the beach ridge history doesn't go beyond 3,500

years B.P. along the gulf coast (Tanner, 1991; Donoghue and Tanner, 1992).

Sediment transport and longshore drift

The St. Joseph Peninsula receives sediment from several sources. The

Apalachicola River was the primary contributor of clastic sediment to the eastern Gulf of

Mexico (Donoghue, 1993) and delivered sediment to the system at a rate greater than the

coastal energy was able to handle (Tanner, 1963). The excess load accumulated in barrier

islands, spits and shoals (Tanner, 1963). The shoals and barrier islands contain enough

sand to account for the total sand load of the river for the last 5,000 years (Tanner, 1963).

The beaches along Florida's gulf coast are classified as low to moderate energy

beaches (Gorsline, 1966). The wave conditions between Cape San BIas and Alabama are

characterized by 0.3 m wave heights (Gorsline, 1966). Longshore current velocities

range from 0.3 to 1.5 mls (Gorsline, 1966). Net sediment transport in the gulf is to the

west (Gorsline, 1966). In the northern Gulf of Mexico Cape San Bias acts as a divide.

There are two distinct sedimentation cells to the left and right of it (Gorsline, 1966). The

stretch of coast between Dog Island and Cape San Blas contains a minimum of 7

longshore transport cells and the stretch of coast between Cape San Bias and S1. Joseph

Point has 2 cells (Stone and Stapor, 1996).

Sediment migrates from the south end to the north end of the peninsula. This

movement follows the prominent drift direction. Longshore drift can cause long-term

changes in barrier islands. Prevailing winds and longshore currents scour the gulf side of

the Peninsula and redeposit sediments along its tip, which is constantly growing towards

18


the north (Benchley and Bense, 2000). This method of deposition results in the

movement of barrier islands (Davis, 1997). Barrier islands can also move landward as a

result of storm waves overwashing the island and re-depositing sediment on the landward

side. If washoever frequently occurs, peat is exposed at the beach surface. Unless more

sand is available, the barrier island will be destroyed before it reaches the mainland

(Davis, 1997). Most Holocene barrier islands are transgressive as a result of rising sea

level. However, barriers that receive large amounts of sediment can build seaward

(prograde). Evidence of barrier island transgression, or movement towards the mainland,

includes peat, tree stumps and layers of fine-grained organic mud. These features

represent a protected back barrier environment, marsh or mangrove swamp (Davis, 1997).

With the exception of the mangrove swamps, the south end of the peninsula exhibits these

characteristics. Accretion resulting from longshore sediment transport is also a

mechanism for barrier island elongation (Aubrey and Gaines, 1982).

Although the St. Joseph Peninsula is a sand spit, its dynamics are similar to those

of a barrier island. In the case of the St. Joseph Peninsula, transgression and progradation

are occurring at the same time. This happens if sediment that reaches a barrier is not

uniformly distributed (Davis, 1997). Most sediment is then trapped at the end of the

island receiving the sediment, while the other end experiences a deficit (Davis, 1997).

The result is progradation at the end of the island receiving the sediment and

transgression at the sediment starved end.

19


Sedimentology

The beach sands from Apalachicola Bay, Florida to Mobile, Alabama have a fine

to medium-grained texture (Hsu, 1960). Sands west of the Apalachicola River, including

the sands of the St. Joseph Peninsula, are well sorted (Hsu, 1960). The sands of the

eastern gulf coast are predominantly quartz and contain little feldspar.

The beach sands of the gulf coast are comprised of quartz, heavy minerals and

small amounts of feldspar. Heavy mineral sands are detrital particles with a density

greater than 2.85 g/cmJ (Donoghue and Greenfield, 1991). The heavy mineral suites of

the Apalachicola river sands are almost exclusively opaque minerals and stable non

opaque minerals like zircon, tourmaline, staurolite and kyanite (Hsu, 1960). Hornblende

and garnet are also present in small amounts (Hsu, 1960). Heavy minerals are usually

found in high-energy environments where they are sorted by hydrodynamic processes due

to the density contrast between these minerals and quartz (Donoghue and Greenfield,

1991). Heavy mineral sands are found to some extent on all beaches but are highly

concentrated by reworking and winnowing resulting from waves generated as a result of

the combined effect of daily tidal fluctuations, storm wave and wind action (Donoghue

and Greenfield, 1991; Eichenholtz et al., 1989). Most heavy mineral concentration occurs

during flooding (i.e. storm surges) when the current velocity and winnowing are at a

maximum (Faulkner, 1986). Each time a flood occurs heavy minerals that were once

scattered with other sediments end up resting on the new channel created by the scouring

action of the flood (Faulkner, 1986). Wave action on the beaches winnows out the light

minerals and leaves the heavy ones behind (Faulkner, 1986). As each wave retreats it

20


washes light minerals back towards the ocean. The heavy mineral lag deposits form a

linear band that is usually parallel to the shoreline (Faulkner, 1986). Heavy mineral sands

are usually concentrated into layers less than 0.1 m thick (Donoghue and Greenfield,

1991).

Heavy mineral sands of the region were likely derived from the southern

Appalachians in the upper watershed of the Apalachicola River (Donoghue and

Greenfield, 1991). Donoghue and Greenfield (1991) cite strong evidence that heavy

mineral sands were transported to the Gulf of Mexico by the Apalachicola River during

late quaternary low stands and deposited on the inner shelf of the northeastern Gulf of

Mexico. During these low stands, there was increased wave activity. This high energy is

needed to transport these high-density grains. Airborne gamma surveys have shown high

concentrations of gamma activity (related to the presence of heavy minerals) in the

floodplain of the modem river. According to Donoghue and Greenfield (1991), similar

deposits were laid down on the inner shelf in the Quaternary period. These sands have

been incorporated into barrier islands by storms, wave action and sea level rise

(Donoghue and Greenfield, 1991).

Erosion

Most of Florida's barrier islands are eroding. The St. Joseph Peninsula is no

exception. The northern 4.5 km of the peninsula has been accreting since the late 1860's,

while erosion on the southern end has been increasing (Tanner, 1975). Approximately

370,809 m3/yr of sand is eroding from the peninsula. 229,366 m3/yr of this eroded

material is transported to the north while the remaining 141,442 m3/yr is transported to

21


the south. Figure 7 shows the distribution of the eroded sediment. Between 1875 and

1970, St. Joseph Point has migrated 1.2 Ian (FDEP, 1998). Despite this accretion,

sections of the St. Joseph Peninsula experience the highest erosion rates in the state of

Florida. Over the past 107 years, the southern 1.9 Ian of the peninsula has eroded 792 m

at a rate of approximately 7.4 m/year (FDEP, 1998). From 1973 to 1997, the average

erosion rate in the south was 9 m/year (FDEP, 1998). North along the peninsula this rate

decreases to where the shoreline accretes at S1. Joseph Point (FDEP, 1998). From 1973 to

1997, the state park experienced an average shoreline erosion rate of 0.09 m1year (FDEP,

1998). Figure 8 shows the zones of critical erosion along the peninsula.

Since barrier islands occur in regions with small tidal ranges and are dominated by

wave action, they are often highly eroded during storms (Lamont et al., 1997). Much of

the erosion in Gulf County is attributed to tropical storms and hurricanes (FDEP, 1998).

Human impacts have also exacerbated the situation. Increased coastal development and

numbers of tourists have contributed to the erosion problem. Both factors have lead to

increased traffic along the beach (both vehicle and pedestrian). This has resulted in

increased vegetation removal and subsequently a loss of dune stability.

22


CHAPTER3-METHODS

3.1 Sample Collection

The dune ridge samples analysed in this study were collected from several

locations on the St. Joseph Peninsula. Most samples were collected within the boundaries

of the T.H. Stone Memorial St. Joseph Peninsula State Park. Sample locations are shown

in Figure 9. Figures 10 to 12 are satellite images of three sample sites. They show the

spatial relationship between each site and the gulf shoreline. These images were not

available for all sites. Littoral samples were collected along the entire length of the

peninsula. Sample intervals varied. Samples SJ003 to SJOl9 were collected at a 0.3 krn

interval, S1023 to SJ030 were collected at a 0.6 krn interval and SJ049 to SJ059 were

collected at a 1.6 kID interval. Figure 13 shows each sample location with its

corresponding latitude and longitude. All littoral samples were collected during a falling

tide. Sample collection times in relation to tide levels are shown in Figure 14.

3.1.1 Dune Ridge Samples

OSL dating samples were collected from dune ridges on the peninsula using two

methods. Samples from the 2001 field season were collected using a trenching technique.

This method involved excavating a trench, 1 m in depth into the dune ridge, parallel to the

strike of the ridge. All trench faces were cleaned off, sketched and photographed. Units

targeted for sampling were those that displayed primary sedimentary structures. This was

done to avoid collecting sediment that had experienced post-depositional mixing and,

thus, avoid the complications associated with dating mixtures of well-bleached and

partially-bleached sediment. Dating samples were collected by inserting a short length of

23


black PVC tube into the trench face after the outermost 0.02 m of the face had been

cleared. The tube was then removed and both ends were sealed with duct tape.

In 2002, dune ridge samples were collected using a vibracoring technique. This

technique was suggested as an alternative to trench excavation (T. Rittenour, personal

communication). It maximizes the number of samples that can be collected within a

given time period. Prior to collecting the samples, several 3 m and 6 m lengths of 3-inch

diameter aluminum irrigation pipe were prepared. Brass core catchers were fitted to each

pipe. Each aluminum tube was then thoroughly cleaned and both ends were sealed with

duct tape. At each coring location, a vibrator was used to guide each length of aluminum

tube into the ground. Figure 15 illustrates the process ofvibracoring. For core extraction,

a gin pole (Figure 16) constructed at McMaster University was used to guide the tube out

of the ground. Each core was split into several smaller sections for transport.

OSL dating samples were collected from the four locations shown in Figure 9.

Sample S1l4B was collected from within ridge set "na", which is believed to be one of

the original barrier island nuclei (Rizk, 1991). This sample site is closest to the bay side

of the peninsula and is therefore, believed to be the oldest sample. A 1.5 m deep trench

was excavated at this site and a dating sample was collected from the east face of the

trench at a depth of 1.1 m (see Figure 17). The uppermost 0.4 m of each trench face

contained abundant roots and organic material. Between depths of 0.4 m and 1.0 m, there

was also organic matter. Across the trench faces there were a series of thin, heavy

mineral lamina. Several of these were continuous across all four trench faces. Sample

SJ14B was collected from a clean quartz sand broken by four of these thin lamina. The

24


heavy mineral lamina in the trench, appear to dip seaward (westward) and towards the

A core sample designated S1252 was collected approximately 4.2 m east of the

S114 trench. Three dating samples were extracted from the core (see Figure 18). Sample

A was collected from a depth of 1.0 m, approximately the same depth as sample SJI4B.

This sample was collected from a clean quartz sand. Above this sample, there are two

thin parallel heavy mineral lamina. Below it are a series of concave downwards curving

lamina. Sample B was taken from a depth of 1.6 m. There is a set of three parallel heavy

mineral lamina immediately above this sample and a single heavy mineral unit

immediately below. Sample C was taken from a depth of 2.2 m in a clean quartz sand

unit. Between 0.9 and 1.6 m depths in the core, there are heavy mineral units. These

appear to be in groups of two to five parallel lamina that are either horizontal or concave

downward. The heavy mineral layers are not well defined. They appear "smudged" grey

lines, slightly darker in colour than the surrounding quartz sand.

One dating sample was collected from site SJ042. This site is the northernmost

site, within ridge set "nd", along a jeep trail, which cuts transversely through and exposes

a dune ridge at its crest. A trench was excavated into the crest of the dune ridge at this

site and a dating sample was collected from a depth of 2.2 m in the west face of the trench

(see Figure 19). The west face of the trench contained organic matter (i.e. roots) between

0.8 m and 1.3 m depths. There was little organic matter on the other faces. Each face had

a series of irregular shaped areas of white quartz sand within the quartz rich units. These

are either infilled burrows or iron staining from groundwater. Sampling was done

25


cautiously, to avoid these areas. The west and south faces had several thin heavy mineral

lamina. Those on the west face dipped towards the north and those on the south face

were predominantly horizontal. The lamina on the sonth face were continuous across the

face while those on the west face were broken by the bioturbated areas.

Two samples were collected from SJ048. This site was within ridge set "nd"

approximately 100 m from the Gulf of Mexico, where the west side of the ridge exhibited

a sloping, unvegetated exposure (Figure 21). Two dating samples were collected from a

vertical section of the ridge face that was cleaned back (Figure 20). Each exposed face

shows abundant heavy mineral lamina. These are organized into sets of both landward

dipping and seaward dipping lamina. Most of these are thin, with the exception of on at a

1 m depth and another at a 1.4 m depth. Sample B was taken from this lower one.

Sample A was collected from a clean quartz sand wedge between two eastward dipping

sets of heavy mineral lamina. The swale-like geometry of the groups of lamina exposed

in and around the trench suggest a storm origin for this deposit. The heavy mineral

lamina are continuous across all faces of the exposed section. However, there is an offset

between the east face and the south face. The structures on the south face have been

shifted downwards relative to those on the east face. This may be a result of post

depositional slumping. Figure 20 shows the stratigraphy of this site and Figure 21 is a

photograph of the exposure at this site.

In addition to the previous four sites, two samples were collected south of Eagle

Harbour at SJ298. This site is located within ridge set "sh". It is not only the

southernmost site, but it is also the closest to the Gulf of Mexico. A convex upward heavy

26


mineral unit extended more than 20 m north-south along the eroded dune exposure, in

some locations as thick as 0.2 m (see Figure 23). Figure 22 shows that the dated location

contained a 0.2 m thick heavy mineral unit overlain by thinner, equally spaced heavy

mineral lamina and more widely spaced lamina extending down about 0.6 m. Below that,

a shell rich sand about 0.1 m thick occurs. Below this, more heavy mineral lamina were

present. The thickness of this unit and the presence of fragmented shells suggested the

occurrence of a relatively recent, high magnitude storm. Based on historical data this

deposit was believed to represent Hurricane Opal, which made landfall in Pensacola on

October 4, 1995 and had a storm surge of 5 m. Sample 39 was collected from the heavy

mineral band at a depth of 0.3 m and sample 40 was collected from the clean quartz sand

beneath the heavy minerals at a depth of 0.45 m. Both samples were collected from a

cleaned-off face in a pre-existing exposure. These were the only samples collected

outside of the state park boundary. Appendix A contains additional photographs of the

deposit at SJ298. Figure 24 is a beach profile showing the location of the SJ298 samples

relative to sea level. The top of the dune ridge, which surmounts the dated location, was

approximately 7 m above mean low water. The SJ298 samples were collected

approximately 1 m above mean low water. Table 1 summarizes the depths from which

each sample, from each sample site, was collected.

3.1.2 Littoral Samples

Thirty-three littoral samples and five sandbar samples were collected in August

2001. Samples were collected offshore at a water depth of approximately 1 m. At each

sample location, an 800 g sample representing the uppermost 0.2 m of sediment was

27


collected. The sample was placed in a heavy duty Ziploc bag and transferred to a photo

quality darkbag. The TL signal in quartz is most effectively zeroed by UV wavelengths

(Spooner, 1987). Since these wavelengths are filtered by seawater, each sample was kept

underwater until it was placed in a darkbag to prevent further zeroing of the TL signal.

3.2 Sample Preparation

Sample preparation was carried out under low intensity orange lighting. Two

centimetres of sediment was removed from the ends of each dune ridge core sample to

remove any material that may have been exposed to light during sample collection. For

the vibracore samples collected in 2002, the cores were split using a rotary saw. One half

of each core was archived for future study. From the working half of each core, dating

samples were extracted. Samples were taken from undisturbed areas in the cores.

Regions around the core catchers were highly disturbed and, therefore, avoided. The

surface 0.01 m of material was removed. Approximately 100 g of material was then

collected. A 0.01 m thickness of sediment was left adjacent to all core edges to avoid

collecting material that had been disturbed during core extraction. Figure 25 shows the

procedure followed to remove samples from the cores. Prior to any chemical treatment,

the moisture content of each sample (with the exception of the littoral samples) was

measured to provide an estimate of its present day water content. After a drying period of

several days, a portion of each sample (112 for dune ridge and 2/3 for littoral) was

removed and dry sieved to extract the 150-212~ and 212-250~ grain size fractions.

The target fractions for the samples collected from site 8J298 were 125-250~ and 250-

28


300 j.lm. An initial attempt was made to characterize the grain size distribution of each

sample using a graphical technique. A cumulative plot was constructed for each sample

that showed the cumulative percent versus the particle diameter. This method depends on

being able to determine the 10, 25, 50, 75 and 90 percentiles from the cumulative plot.

These values are then applied to a series of formulae outlined in Pettijohn (1949) to

determine the sediment sorting, symmetry and peakedness of the grain size distribution.

This technique is not applicable to this particular data set. The range of grain sizes within

each size fraction was too large. The material in the largest and smallest fractions should

have been further sieved to get a better idea of the distribution. Since the grain size data

was clustered above the 50 percentile, it did not form a complete cumulative curve and it

was not possible to interpolate at the required percentiles. An alternative is the method of

moments. This is a method of calculating grain size statistical parameters directly

without reference to graphical plots (Boggs, 1995). Folk (1974) suggests that this method

gives a truer picture of grain size distributions than graphical techniques. There are,

however, several disadvantages. One of the main ones is that in the top and bottom trays

of the sieve stack there is a lot of material of unknown grain size. Therefore, it is

necessary to make arbitrary assumptions about those particular cjl-class intervals. The

method of moments uses a series of calculations to determine the mean, standard

deviation, skewness and kurtosis of a grain size distribution. All calculations are outlined

in Boggs (1995). Grains within each target size range were treated with 10 %

hydrochloric acid to remove carbonates and 30 % hydrogen peroxide to remove organic

material. Lithium polytungstate heavy liquid separation was then used to isolate a quartz-

29


rich fraction (2.58 glcmJ < p < 2.65 glcm\ The quartz-rich fractions were etched with

concentrated hydrofluoric acid for 40 minutes to remove the alpha-irradiated surfaces of

the grains and to dissolve any feldspar that wasn't removed during the density separations

(i.e. plagioclase feldspar with a density similar to that of quartz). After etching, each

sample was treated with 10 % hydrochloric acid to remove any acid-soluble fluorides

produced during the previous chemical treatments.

3.3 Dosimetry

For the dune ridge samples, gamma dose rates were measured in-situ at the time

of sample collection using a Harwell gamma spectrometer calibrated in a scintillation

triple point mode, which counts all D, Th and K in a single measurement. The gamma

dose rates for the dune ridge samples were measured by inserting the probe into a 0.3 m

deep hole in the face of the deposit at or near the sampling location. For the SJ298 dune

ridge samples, the gamma dose was measured three times to verify the high radioactivity.

The first estimates of the dose rate were obtained by holding the probe against the surface

of the heavy mineral layer. Subsequent estimates were made by inserting the probe into

a 0.30 m deep hole centred on the heavy mineral layer. The final estimates were obtained

in the same manner as the first ones. The results of the second estimates were used for all

calculations. Gamma dose rates were calculated using the following formula:

Gamma Dose Rate (Gylka)=- DISC count- CH3 count- 94 cpm1646 Gylka

where DISC= counts from the discriminator channelCH3= counts obtained from Channel 3 on the gamma spectrometer.

The error in the gamma dose rate was estimated using:

30


Error= "total counts x gamma dose ratetotal counts

McMaster - Geography and Geology

Gamma dose rates for the SJ252 samples were calculated using the 238U, 232Th, and 4~

contents since no in-situ measurements were made at the time of sample collection.

All dune ridge samples were collected from depths greater than 0.5 m below the

modem surface (see Table 1). Cosmic dose rates were, therefore, calculated using the

Anatol v.072B program, which was provided by N. Mercier. This program only takes

into account hard cosmic rays. The contribution from soft cosmic rays (cosmic ray

muons) at depths greater than 0.5 m is minor and can therefore be ignored (Berger, 1988).

All calculations were based on the present day burial depth of each sample and on the

model developed by Prescott and Hutton (1988). For all samples, a linear accumulation

of overburden over the burial history of the sample was assumed. The geometry of each

sample was also taken into account. To use standard tables for cosmic dose rate

calculations, the overburden must have a sheet-like geometry to the horizon in all

directions (2 pi geometry). Samples SJl4B and SJ252 (A, B and C) are closest to

satisfYing this assumption. To take into account both the geometry and the assumed

accumulation rate, each present day depth was divided by two prior to the dose rate

calculations. The remaining samples (SJ042A, SJ048A, SJ048B, SJ298-39 and SJ298-

40) had large backing dunes, which reduced their geometry from 2 pi to I pi. Thus, in

these cases, each present day depth value was divided again by two to take into account

this geometry.

31


The uranIUm content of each sample was measured using delayed neutron

counting. The thorium and potassium contents were determined using neutron activation

analysis. The results of these analyses, were then used to calculate the beta dose rate to

each sample, using the data of Adamiec and Aitken (1998).

0uly ganuna, cosmic and beta doses are considered in the dosimetry (Hutt and

Raukus, 1995). Alpha dose consideration was eliminated by the hydrofluoric acid

treatment during sample preparation. All dosimetry estimates are based on the assumption

that the concentration of radioactivity in the sediment has remained relatively constant

over time (Hutt and Raukus, 1995).

The dosimetry of the samples is summarized in Table 2. Dosimetry for the littoral

samples is not included since they are not being used for dating.

3.4 Luminescence Measurements

3.4.1 Optically stimulated luminescence measurements

All measurements were made using an automated Ris0 TL-DA-15 reader. Blue

light-emitting diodes, with an emission centred at 470 nm were used for OSL stimulation

(B0tter-Jensen et aI., 2000). Stimulation must come from wavelengths longer than the

wavelength of the observed luminescence (Wintle, 1993). Since the OSL emission of

quartz is predominantly in the UV, visible light is used for stimulation (Aitken, 1994).

An infrared laser diode unit with an emission centred at 830 nm was used for infrared

stimulation. In luminescence dating, only photons of a higher energy than the incident

photons are measured. Optical filters are used to ensure that the sample doesn't scatter or

emit photons in the energy range being measured (Huntley and Lian, 1999). One 6 mm-

32


thick Hoya U-340 filter was used for UV detection (Better-Jensen et al., 2000). This

filter has a transmission range of 280 urn - 370 urn.

Measurements were based on a single-aliquot regenerative dose (SAR) protocol

(Murray and Wintle, 2000). The SAR protocol has the advantage of using less sample

than other methods (Huntley and Lian, 1999). This protocol is widely used because most

sediment has had a variable bleaching history and is not homogenous in luminescence

behaviour (Folz and Mercier, 1999). Therefore, identical aliquots are not available. SAR

is a protocol in which many equivalent doses can be obtained with high precision from

measurements on many individual aliquots. A regeneration method was used in this

study because it doesn't require as many corrections as additive methods (Duller, 1998).

The SAR protocol involves making repeated OSL measurements on a single aliquot of a

sample. The first measurements are done to determine the aliquot's natural OSLo

Subsequent measurements are used to determine the response of each aliquot to

laboratory radiation. After each OSL measurement, a test dose is applied to monitor

sensitivity changes during the measurement sequence.

Initial measurements were made to estimate the DE's and to test for feldspar

contamination. This was done by preparing three aliquots of each sample using 8 mm, 5

mm and 3 mm spray masks. The measurement protocol outlined in Table 3 was

followed. The natural OSL and the OSL generated by a 6 Gy beta dose were measured.

Prior to each OSL measurement, the sample was preheated to 220°C at a rate of 10 °C/s

and held at this temperature for lOs. This was done to remove any unstable

luminescence signal (Duller, 1998). The OSL signal was measured at 125°C to prevent

33


the 110°C TL trap from accumulating charge and, therefore, contributing to the 08L

signal (Folz and Mercier, 1999). After each 08L measurement, a test dose was applied to

monitor sensitivity changes during the measurement sequence (Murray and Wintle, 2002,

in press). This is based on the assumption that the OSL response to the test dose provides

an appropriate measure of the sensitivity changes during the measurement of the main

OSL signal (Murray and Wintle, 2002, in press). For the response of the test dose to

monitor the luminescence sensitivity, the assumption is made that the electron traps being

sampled are the same as those responsible for the main 08L signal (Murray and Wintle,

2002, in press). The regenerated OSL growth curve and the natural OSL are sensitivity

normalized before the unknown dose is calculated (Murray and Wintle, 2002, in press).

A cut heat temperature of 160°C was applied before each test dose measurement. The

cut heat temperature is typically 20°C lower than the preheat temperature (Murray and

Wintle, 2002, in press). All measurements were carried out using a heating rate of 10

°C/s and 90 % power for the blue light emitting diodes. The DE was estimated for each

sample by comparing the ratio of the natural 08L signal to the OSL after a 6 Gy dose was

administered. This was based on the assumption that the dose response curve was linear

to 20 Gy. The estimated DE'S were then used to calculate the test dose and regeneration

doses for each sample (see Table 4). The infrared stimulated luminescence of each

aliquot was then measured to test for feldspar contamination. Any IR8L is inferred to

correspond to feldspar contamination (Stokes, 1992). Samples were given a regeneration

dose larger than the likely DE so that any regenerated IR signal would be greater than that

induced by the natural dose. This increases the sensitivity to feldspar content (Murray

34


and Wintle, 2000). A ratio of lRSL to OSL of less than 0.03 in the trial aliquots for each

sample is taken as an indication of a sufficiently low level of feldspar contamination to

begin use of the SAR protocol in DI; runs of 24 aliquots.

To test the dependence of the DE on preheat temperature, preheat plateau tests

were performed. Twenty-four aliquots of the 150-2121Jll1 fraction (or the 125-250 IJll1

fraction for the SJ298 samples) of each sample were prepared using an 8 rnm mask.

Aliquots were then measured in groups of four, with preheat temperatures ranging from

180°C to 280 °c. The test and regeneration doses in Table 4 were used for these

measurements. From the results of these measurements, a plot was constructed showing

the DE as a function of preheat temperature. A temperature within the plateau region of

each plot was then selected as the preheat temperature for all subsequent measurements.

Figure 26 shows the preheat plots obtained for each sample. Generally, low temperature

preheats are used for young samples with low DI;'s and higher temperature preheats are

used for older samples with larger DE'S (Murray et al., 1997). With the exception of SJl4

and SJ252, which were measured using a preheat of 220°C, all dune ridge samples were

measured using a preheat of 200 °c.

Equivalent dose determinations were made on aliquots with 8 mm, 5 rnm, 3 mm

and I rnm diameters. Twenty-four aliquots of each type were prepared. Each aliquot was

measured following the sequence outlined in Table 5.

The results of the luminescence measurements were analysed using the Ris",

Luminescence Analyst v.2.22 program. The first several seconds of the OSL decay curve

were integrated to obtain the dose dependent changes in the sample (1.2 s for SJ252A; 2 s

35

M.8c. Thesis - Beth M. Forrest McMaster - Geography and Geology

for SJ252B, 8J252C, SJ042A and SJI4B; 0.8 s for 8J298-39 and SJ298-40 and 0.4 s for

8J048A and 8J048B). This part of the signal is referred to as the fast component, which

is believed to arise from the 325°C TL trap (Murray and Wintle, 2000). Using this initial

part of the signal has several advantages. The initial part of the lnminescence signal is

largest and, therefore, gives an enhanced signal to noise ratio. It is also the most likely

part of the signal to have been removed by sunlight (Murray and Wintle, 2002, in press).

The background integration limits were taken as the last 20 s of the decay curve. The

final part of the signal defines the non-dose dependent part of the signal. The threshold

recycling level was set at 10 % (based on Murray and Wintle, 2002, in press) to analyse

measurement repeatability. The DE'S for all samples were detennined using a linear fit.

All of the data collected had to meet a pre-defmed set of criteria before being used

to calculate ages. The recycling ratios had to be between 0.9 and 1.1. Errors on the DE'S

had to be less than 20 %. Only data with a natural signal at least three times higher than

the background was accepted. Each sample disc was visually inspected to ensure that it

had an even coverage of grains.

Once all results had been analysed and the DE distributions constructed, it was

decided that additional aliquots needed to be measured to better characterize the Imm DE

distributions and to improve sample statistics. Forty-eight additional 1 mm aliquots

were prepared for both grain size fractions of 8J298-39 and for both grain size fractions

of 8J252A. No changes were made to the measurement protocol.

For sample 81298-39, 24 additional 8 mm aliquots were measured for each grain

size fraction using a modified regeneration cycle. The regeneration doses were lowered.

36


The protocol in Table 5 was followed using regeneration doses of 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 Gy. In

many cases, the DE'S were well below the lowest regeneration dose. These additional

measurements were made to test the effect of shifting the regeneration doses to lower

doses on the distribution.

The ages of the samples were calculated using Anatol v.072B. All dose rate

calculations were based on Aitken (1985). The systematic errors listed in Table 6 were

applied to all calculations. 238U and 232Th values in grains were assumed to be the same

as found by Rink and Odom (1991) and used to determine the internal alpha and beta

dose rates. In cases where the gamma dose was measured in-situ, it was self-corrected for

the estimated water content during measurement (Aitken, 1985). For cases where the

gamma and beta dose rates were determined from sediment (i.e. for sample SJ252 A-C

only) U, Th and K concentrations, I used the W and F functions provided by the Anatol

program to determine the effective dose rate corrected for moisture. In the Anatol

program "W" represents the "as-found" moisture content, which is obtained by taking the

ratio of the weight of the water to the dry weight. "F" is the fraction of pore space

occupied by moisture and is estimated by dividing the assumed average water content

during burial by the moisture content (Aitken, 1985). An F-value of 0.8 +/- 0.2 was used

for all calculations. The alpha dose attenuation factor was obtained by averaging the

quartz values given in Rees-Jones' (1995) study of fine-grained quartz. Beta absorbed

fractions (listed in Table 7) were from Mejdahl (1979). The external alpha dose was zero.

Parameters relevant to etching were taken into account in all measurements. The etching

coefficients shown in Table 8 were obtained from Brennan et a1. (1991) and Brennan

37


(2003, in press). An etching depth of 9 J.1m was assumed based on the work of Mejdahl

(1979). Three ages were calculated for each sample. A minimum age was calculated

using the minimum DE for each sample, a maximum age was calculated using the

maximum DE and a mean age was calculated using the average DE.

3.4.2 Thermoluminescence measurements

All TL measurements were also made using an automated Risel TL-DA-15 reader.

A series of three filters were used. A Corning 7-59 filter was used as a blue/violet filter

and a Schott BG-39 filter was used to remove red fluorescence and to restrict the blue

range detected (Stokes, 1992). An HA-3 heat-absorbing filter was also used.

The IRSL for the target grain size fractions of each sample was measured to test

for feldspar contamination. Four aliquots of each sample were prepared using an 8 mID

spray mask. Each aliquot was then measured following the protocol outlined in Table 3.

A ratio of IRSL to OSL of less than 0.03 is taken as a general indication of a sufficiently

low level of feldspar contamination to proceed with further measurements.

A series of preliminary measurements were made on samples SJ019 and SJ023 to

determine the most appropriate heating rates, the need for a preheat prior to TL

measurement, the best maximum temperature and whether or not there should be a time

lapse between administration of the beta dose and measurement of the TL.

Initial measurements were made to test the effect of altering the heating rate and

altering the maximum temperature. No preheat was applied. The maximum temperature

was 400°C and 250 data points were collected. Heating rates of 5 °C/s, 10 °C/s and

15 °C/s were used. Measurements were then repeated using maximum temperatures of

38


450°C and 500 °c. This first set of measurements looked only at the natural TL signal.

The second set of measurements was identical to the first, with the exception that the

natural TL was not measured. Instead, a 20 Gy beta dose was administered and the TL

response to this dose was measured.

The next set of measurements tested the effect of altering the number of data

points being collected. Five aliquots of SJ019 and SJ023 (212-250 ~m) were prepared.

A preheat of 220°C at a rate of 5 °C/s was used with a maximum temperature of 500 0c.

Measurements were repeated twice, the first time collecting 250 data points and the

second time collecting 500 data points.

The final set of preliminary measurements involved testing the effect of leaving

the sample for 24 hours between measurement of the natural and administration of the

beta dose and measurement of the TL.

Ten discs of each aliquot were then prepared using an 8 mm spray mask and

Rusch Silkospray as an adhesive. For several samples more than one grain size fraction

was measured, depending on the availability of material. The natural TL signal of each

aliquot was measured. Following this, the TL response of each aliquot after receiving a

20 Gy beta dose was measured. Prior to each measurement, the sample was heated to 220

°c at a heating rate of 5 °C/s. Once this preheat temperature was reached it was

maintained for 5 s. The TL was then recorded while the sample was heated from the

preheat temperature to a maximum temperature of 500°C at a heating rate of 5 °C/s.

Background subtraction was used. The TL was performed twice, first recording the TL

and the second time recording the background. The two were subtracted to give the

39


result. All measurements were conducted under nitrogen-rich conditions. Once all

measurements were complete, each natural curve and each dose curve was shifted to line

up the dominant peaks. To obtain NRTL values, the curves were then normalized using

three techniques. In the first, both the natural and the dose curves were integrated

between 315°C and 335 °c to isolate the 325°C peak. In the second method, the natural

curves were integrated between 435 °c and 455°C and the dose curves were integrated

between 420 °c and 450°C. This isolates the higher temperature, 445°C peak. The third

method involved integrating the natural curves between 250°C and 455 °c and the dose

curve between 250°C and 450 °C. This analysed the effects of both the low and high

temperature peaks. To obtain an NRTL value for each aliquot of each sample, the

integration result for the natural was divided by the integration result for the dose curves.

These values were averaged for each sample (depending on the number of aliquots of

each sample) to obtain an average NRTL value. The standard deviations were used to

determine which of the three methods should be used to analyse the TL data.

40


CHAPTER4-RESULTS

4.1 Optically stimulated luminescence analysis of dune ridge samples

Figures 27 (a) and (b) show the grain size distribution for all dune ridge samples.

SJ042A, SJ048A, SJ048B, SJ252A, SJ252B and SJ252C show similar trends. In all

cases, the <90 and 90-150 ~m fractions contain the least amount of sediment «5 %) and

>250~ fraction contains the most. SJ14B is the exception to this. For this sample, the

majority of the sediment is in the 150-212 !-Lm fraction. For each sample, between 5 and

30 % of the material is in the 150-212 ~m fraction (60 % for SJ14B) and between 5 and

15 % is in the 212-250 ~m fraction. Samples SJ298-39 and SJ298-40 show different

trends. For sample SJ298-40 the amount of material in each fraction increases as the

grain size increases. The largest grain size fraction has the most material while the

smallest fraction has the least. For the heavy mineral sample (SJ298-39), the 25D-300~

fraction has the most material. The grain size distribution of each sample was

characterized using the method of moments. The results of these calculations are shown

in Table 9.

Figure 28 shows the moisture content results for each dune ridge sample. With

the exception of SJ252C, all moisture contents are below 6 %. For the SJ252 samples,

the moisture content increases with depth in the core. Sample SJ252A has the lowest

moisture content, while SJ252C has the highest moisture content. Samples SJl4B and

SJ252A, which were collected at the same site from approximately the same depth have

similar moisture contents.

41


The results of delayed neutron counting and neutron activation analysis are shown

in Table 2. Potassium contents were less than 1.0 % for all samples. The deepest sample,

SJ252C, had the lowest potassium content. The potassium contents for SJl4B and

SJ252A agree within error. The uranium contents are low for all samples except SJ048B

and S1298·39. S1048B had a higher uranium content than SJ048A despite the fact that

the samples were collected approximately 0.3 m apart. Thorium contents were variable.

Samples SJl4B, SJ048B and SJ298-39 had the highest contents. SJ298-39 bad the

highest content of all samples, at 101.5 ppm. The uranium and thorium contents are

significantly different for the equivalent samples, SJl4B and SJ252A.

The results of feldspar contamination tests are shown in Table 10. Most of the

IRSIJOSL ratios fall between 0.001 and 0.009. However, there are several exceptions to

this. For sample S1I4B (150-212 j.Lm and 212·250 j.Lm), all results fall between om and

0.02. One aliquot has a ratio of 0.06. For SJ048A and 8J048B (150-212 j.LID and 212-250

j.Lm) all results fall between 0.01 and 0.03, with the exception of two aliquots that have

ratios of 0.04. Additional feldspar tests were performed on these samples during either

the preheat plateau tests or the first set of DE measurements for each grain size. All

IRSIJOSL ratios are less than 0.03 with the exception of one aliquot from the 150-212

Ilm fraction of SJ048A, which has a ratio of 0.04. This aliquot also has an anomalously

low OSL signal intensity compared to the others. These additional results are shown in

Table 11. These samples were not used to calculate ages.

42


Table 12 lists the equivalent dose estimates for each of the dune ridge samples.

The estimate for S114B, SJ252A and S1252C is 0.5 Gy. The DE'S for S1042A, S1252B

and S1298-39 are estimated to be 0.3 Gy, 0.4 Gy and 0.2 Gy respectively. S1048A,

S1048B and S1298-40 have estimates of 0.05 Gy, 0.06 Gy and 0.07 Gy respectively.

S114B and S1252A have the same DE estimates. All samples collected from the S1252

core have similar estimates, as do the samples collected from the 8J048 trench. From the

S1298 trench, sample 39, which was stratigraphically highest, has a higher DE estimate

than sample 40.

Table 13 summarizes the DE'S obtained for each sample. In general, the results

show that as the mask size, and thus the number of grains being measured, is reduced the

amount of usable data is also reduced. With a few exceptions, the minimum, mean and

maximum DE'S obtained for each mask size don't agree. For the 150- 2121lm fraction of

sample S114B the 5 rom and 3 rom minimum DE'S agree, the 8 rom, 5 rom and 3 rom

mean DE'S agree and with the exception of the 3 rom mask, all maximum DE'S agree. The

212-250 /lffi fraction has little usable data. Only the 5 rom and 1 rom mean DE'S agree.

For the 150-2121lm fractions of SJ042A only the 8 rom, 5 rom and 3 rom and 8 rom and I

rom mean ~'s agree within one standard deviation. For the 212-250 /lffi fraction the 8

rom and 5 rom and 5 rom and 3 rom minimum DE'S agree. All mean DE'S agree. The 8

rom and 3 rom maximum DE'S agree. For the 150-212 /lffi fraction of S1048A, the 5 rom

and 3 rom minimum DE'S agree, the 8 rom and 3 rom and 5 rom and 3 rom maximum ~'s

agree and all mean DE'S agree. All minimum, mean and maximum DE'S agree for the

43


212-250 /lm fraction. For the 150-212 /lm fraction of S1048B all minimum DE'S agree,

the 8 mm, 5 mm and 3 mm mean DE'S agree and the 8 mm and 5 mm maximum DE'S

agree. For the 212-250 11m fraction the minimum and mean DE'S agree. The 3 mm and 1

mm minimum DE'S agree, the 8 mm, 3 mm and I mm mean OE's agree and the 8 nun and

3 mm DE'S agree for the 150- 212 !iID fraction ofS1252A. For the 212-250!iID fraction,

8 mm and I mm and 3 nun and I mm minimum DE'S agree. For the 150-212!iID fraction

of S1252B the 5 nun and 3 mm minimum DE'S agree and the 8 mm, 5 nun and 3 mm

mean DE'S agree. For the 212-250 !iID fraction the 8 mm and 3 mm, 5 mm and 3 mm and

3 mm and I mm minimum DE'S agree. For the 150-212 11m fraction of sample S1252C

the 8 mm and 3 mm minimum OE's agree and the 8 mm and 5 mm maximum DE'S agree.

For the larger grain size fraction, the 5 mm, 3 mm and 1 mm and 8 mm and 1 mm

minimum DE'S agree, the 8 mm, 5 mm and 3 mm mean DE'S agree and the 5 mm and 3

mm maximum DE'S agree. For both the 125-250 j.lm and 250-300 !iID fractions of S1298

39 all minimum DE'S agree. For the 125-250 !iID fraction, all mean OE's agree with the

exception of the 1 mm mask. All maximum DE'S agree. For the larger grain size fraction

all mean DE'S agree and the 8 nun and 5 mm maximum OE's agree. The 125-250 !iID

fraction of S1298-40 shows the same trends as the 125-250 Ilm fraction of 81298-39 with

the exception that only the 8 mm and 5 mm maximum DE'S agree. S1298-39 and S1298

40 show the most consistent DE'S. They have low errors and show little variation between

the two grain size fractions and the four mask sizes.

44


Figures 29 to 37 show DE distributions for each sample. For each sample, the

distributions of the two grain size fractions of interest are similar. However, in several

cases the smaller aliquots (Le. 3 mm and I mm masks) show higher DE'S than the other

mask sizes. Examples of this are seen in samples SJ252A, SJ252B, SJ252C, SJ048B and

SJ298-39. Two of these samples (SJ048B and SJ298-39) were collected from heavy

mineral rich nnits of very different character. SJ048B was a core sample centred on a

thin heavy mineral lamina. As shown in Figure 20, half of this sample consisted of a

clean quartz sand and half was a clean quartz sand that had undergone partial selective

weathering. SJ298-39 was collected from the centre of a thick heavy mineral bed

underlain by a series of closely spaced heavy mineral lamina. If the distribution plots are

placed in order from oldest to youngest it becomes apparent that the older samples have

much wider DE distributions than the younger samples. As the sample gets younger, the

distribution becomes narrower.

The OE frequency distributions are characterized using skewness values.

Skewness is a common test of nonnality. It describes the symmetry of the distribution

relative to the mean and is calculated using the following fonnula:

skewness= [n/(n-I)(n-2)] * k [(Xj_X)!S]3

where n= number ofaliquotsXj= individual DE valuesX= mean of DE'Ss= standard deviation

A positive skewness value indicates that the distribution is skewed to the right (has a long

right "tail", which means a higher proportion of larger DE'S) while a negative value

45


indicates that the distribution is skewed to the left or has a long left "tail". This means that

there is a larger proportion of DE'S that are small. A value of zero indicates that the

distribution has perfect symmetry. Skewness values were calculated for each sample that

had 10 or more usable aliquots. All values are listed in Table 13. For the purposes of

this investigation values between

--0.5 and 0.5 are considered close to symmetric, values between --0.5 and --{).9 and 0.5 and

0.9 are considered skewed and values greater than 1.0 or less than -1.0 are considered

strongly skewed. In terms of DE'S, a positive skewness indicates a distribution that is

pulled towards higher OE's and a negative skewness indicates a distribution pulled

towards lower DE'S. For sample SJl4B, all results are skewed to the right with the

exception of the 150-212 ).UTI 8 mm distribution, which is skewed strongly to the left.

Sample SJ042A shows the same trend. The most strongly skewed to the right were the

150-212 ).UTI 3 mm results and the 212-250 ).UTI 5 mm results. SJ252A results were

skewed to the right with the exception of the 150-212 ).UTI and 212-250 11m 5 mm results,

which were skewed to the left. For SJ252B all results were skewed to the right. For

SJ252C the 150-212 J.UU 8 mm and 3 mm and the 212-250 11m 3 mm results were skewed

to the left. All other results were skewed to the right. For SJ048A all results were

skewed to the right. For SJ048B all results were also shifted to the right. S1298-39

results were skewed to the right with the exception of 125-250 J.UU 3 mm and 250-300 J.UU

8 mm and 5 mm results, which were skewed to the left. For SJ298-40, only the 125·250

46


J.lIIl 8 mm results were skewed to the left. All other results were skewed to the right.

Several samples were close to having a symmetric or normal distribution. They are:

SJ14B 150-212 /-lm 5mmSJ042A 212-250 J.lIIl8mmSJ252A 150-212).1.m 5mmS1252B 212-250 J.lIIl8mmSJ252C 212-250 J.lIIl5mm, 3mm81298-39 125-250 J.lIIl5mm, 3mm & 250·300 J.lIIl3mm

The results for the additional 1 mm aliquot measurements are shown in Table 14.

For the 125-250 J.lIIl fraction of SJ298-39, one aliquot had a usable OSL signal, but its

recycling ratio was outside of the acceptable range. Therefore, no data was kept for

processing. For the 250-300 !lm fraction only 3 aliquots had a usable OSL signal. The

three DE's agreed within error. For sample SJ252A 5 and 6 aliquots were kept for the

150-212!lm and 212-250 J.lIIl grain size fractions respectively.

The results for the modified regeneration cycle measurement on SJ252A are listed

in Table 15 and shown in Figure 38.

The results of all age calculations are shown in Table 16. The age of each sample

is based on the average of the two largest mask sizes (8 mm and 5 mm). These were

selected because they provided the most usable data and are most representative of the

entire grain population. Table 17 summarizes these ages. For each of the SJ252 samples,

the minimum, mean and maximum ages for the two grain sizes agree. Within each grain

size fraction the minimum, mean and maximum ages are also indistinguishable. The

minimum, mean and maximum ages agree between grain sizes for SJ14B. SJI4B is

47


equivalent to SJ252A. For the 150-212 ~m fraction, the SJ252A ages are significantly

higher than those for SJI4B. However, the 212-250 ~m ages agree within error. SJ042

shows the same trends as S1148. Only the minimum ages for SJ048A agree between

grain sizes. None of the ages for SJ048B agree between grain sizes. For samples A and

B, the 150-212 ~ ages don't agree and for the 212-250 ~m mean and maximum ages

don't agree. For sample SJ298-39, all ages agree between grain sizes. Within each grain

size, the ages don't agree within error. The same is true for sample SJ298-40 with the

exception that the 3 mm minimum ages and the 8 nun and 3 rom maximum ages don't

agree between the two grain sizes.

4.2 Thermoluminescence analysis of littoral sands

Tables 18, 19 and 20 show the results of the feldspar contamination tests

performed on quartz separates of the littoral samples. All samples (all grain size

fractions) have IRSUOSL ratios less than 0.007.

The first set of measurements showed that as the heating rate increased the peak

intensity lowered and the peak itself was shifted to higher temperatures until, at a rate of

15 DC/sec the peak was no longer visible (Figure 40). At a maximum temperature of500

DC, more of the TL peak was visible than at a temperature of 450 "C (Figure 41).

The second set of measurements, which involved measuring the TL response to a

20 Gy beta dose, showed the same trends. Therefore, all measurements were carried out

using a heating rate of5 DC/sec and a maximum temperature of500 "C.

48


Results for the third set of measurements were similar. However, it was decided

that collecting 500 datapoints as opposed to 250 would lead to a better definition of the

TL glow curves (Figure 42).

The fourth set of measurements showed that the natural obtained without a preheat

had a higher standard deviation then when a preheat was used (Figure 43). Therefore, it

was decided that a preheat would be used for all measurements.

The final set of measurements showed no significant differences. A time lapse of

24 hours between measurements was not used in subsequent measurements (Figure 44).

Natural and dosed TL curves for each sample and each grain size fraction are

shown in Appendix B. All natural curves show peaks in signal intensity at approximately

325°C and 445 °c. All dose curves show peaks at approximately 150°C and 350 °c. In

all cases, the 150°C peak is less dominant than the high temperature feature. This is not

the case for the natural glowcurves. In some cases, the low temperature feature is

dominant and in other cases, the high temperature peak is the dominant feature. Figure

45 shows the relationship between the type of dominant peak and its location along the

peninsula for each grain size fraction. All grain size fractions show similar trends. As

one moves from south to north, there is a decrease in the abundance of dominant low

temperature features and a corresponding increase in the number of aliquots with a

dominant high temperature feature. The strength of this relationship varies with grain

size. For the 90·150 J.I.In fraction, 19 samples were plotted and the data was fitted with a

second order polynomial. The R2 value of 0.59 indicates a moderate positive correlation

between the type ofdominant peak and location on the peninsula. The data set, however,

49


has several anomalous points. When two of these outliers are removed (SJ023 and

S1070) the R2 value increases to 0.74, thus, showing the effects of outlying points on the

apparent trend. For the 150-212 ~m fraction, 32 samples were plotted and a linear trend

was fitted to the data. The R2 value was 0.22, indicating a much weaker trend than what

was seen in the smaller grain size fraction. The 150-212~ fraction shows more scatter.

For the 212-250 ~m fraction 36 data points were plotted and fitted with a second order

polynomial trend. The scatter is high and the R2 value is 0.41.

All data (both natural and dose curves) was shifted to the dominant peak location

to line up the peaks. All shifted curves for each grain size are presented in Appendix C.

The data was processed using the three integration methods outlined in the methods

section of this thesis. The results of the integrations are shown in Tables 21-23. Figures

46 to 48 are plots ofNRTL versus distance northwards along the peninsula. The points

on the graphs represent the mean ofa maximum of 10 aliquots. Each point is plotted with

an error of one standard deviation. These plots include all sandbar samples. With the

exception of SJ055 (methods 1 and 3, 212-250 ~), the sandbar samples have higher

NRTL values than their corresponding littoral samples. On these plots, it was evident that

the normalization methods 1 and 3 give lower standard deviations than method 2.

Method 2 was therefore discarded. All data was then re-plotted excluding the sandbar

samples and two methods were used to fit a trend line to each dataset. Figures 49 to 51

show the data fitted with a linear trend and Figures 52 to 54 show the same data fitted

with a sixth order polynomial trend. Table 24 summarizes the R2 values for each plot.

50


The results show a positive correlation between NRTL and distance north along the

peninsula. NRTL decreases with increasing distance northwards. The slope of the linear

trend decreases with increasing grain size. The plots also show that in the south the

NRTL decreases with increasing grain size (i.e. in the south the larger grain size has a

lower NRTL). In the north, the NRTL is constant and doesn't change with grain size.

Figure 55 shows the percent standard deviation versus location for each sample.

There are no trends with distance. Most data falls between 2 % and 8 %. There is an

increase in the standard deviation between N29Q48.0000 and N29°49.0000. Figures 56 to

58 show the relationship between grain size and NRTL. Again, there does not appear to

be a trend. Figures 59 to 61 have tide curves superimposed on the NRTL plots. There

does not appear to be a trend.

In three cases, sample sites were revisited several days after the initial sample

collection and new samples were collected. Table 25 summarizes the NRTL values

obtained for each set of samples. With the exception of the 8J029/073 (150-212 ~,

methods 1 and 3) and the 8J024/07I (212-250 IJlll, method 3) pairs, measurements made

on samples collected during the first day agree with those made on samples collected at

equivalent locations several days later. All results agree within two standard deviations

except 8J024/071 (method 3).

Sample abundance limited the number of aliquots measured for each sample. A

maximum of 10 aliquots were measured. In some cases, only 5 aliquots were measured

because of sample availability. To test if the sample statistics could be improved 48 discs

of each grain size for sample SJ051 were measured. This was the only sample that had an

51


abundance of material in the desired grain size fractions. The results of these

measurements are shown in Table 26. There is an improvement in Sanlple statistics. For

method I, the 90-150~ fractions showed an improvement in standard deviation of 44

%. The 150-212lJ.m fraction showed an improvement of67 %. The 90-150 lJ.m and 150

212 I-!m fractions for the third method show improvements of 52 % and 67 %. There was

no improvement in standard deviation with increasing the number of aliquots for method

I and 3 for the 212-250~ fractions.

52


CHAPTER 5- DISCUSSION


Samples SJ298 and SJ048 have the greatest amount of material in the >250 lllU

fraction. Both sites are suspected stonn deposits. This grain size trend may be a

characteristic of stonn deposits. The fact that S1252 also shows these trends could

indicate that site S114 is aeolian decoration on top of an ancient stonn deposit.

The grain size distribution of each dating sample was characterized using the

method of moments. The standard deviation represents the degree of sorting (Folk,

1974). With the exception ofS114B and SJ298-39, all results for all samples fall between

0.71 and 1.00 oj>, which indicates that all of the samples are moderately sorted. S114B and

SJ298-39 have standard deviations between 0.50 and 0.71 oj> and are therefore classified as

moderately well sorted. Samples collected from the heavy mineral layers (SJ048B and

S1298-39) have lower standard deviations than samples collected from the same site

within a clean quartz sand. This lower degree of sorting is likely related to their stonn

origin. Stonns are high-energy events and have the potential to transport both fine and

coarse-grained sediments. Skewness is a measure of the degree of symmetry of a grain

size distribution (Folk, 1974). All samples, except SJ298-40, are within the -0.3 to -1.0

range and are therefore considered coarsely skewed. All samples have more material in

the coarser grain size fractions. Kurtosis is the ratio between the sorting in the tails ofthe

distribution and the sorting in the central portion of the nonna! curves. All samples have

kurtosis values greater than 1.00, which indicates that the central grain size fractions are

53


better sorted than the tails (the finer and coarser grain size fractions). SJ298-39 shows

this strongly. The significance ofkurtosis is still not fully understood (Boggs, 1995).

The dosimetry results for the samples met expectations. Low potassium results

were expected since there is little feldspar in the samples. Heavy mineral rich sands that

are concentrated by wave and wind action contain significant alpha, beta and gamma

radioactivity due to trace amounts of uranium and thorium found in monazite and zircon

(Donoghue and Greenfield, 1991). Monazite can contain up to 12 % thorium oxide and

1% uranium trioxide (Donoghue and Greenfield, 1991). The uranium and thorium

results were expected to be highest for SJ048B and 8J298-39 since these samples were

collected from heavy mineral layers, which are known to contain zircon and monazite.

Normally when creating a regeneration cycle, the beta doses are selected to

bracket the equivalent dose (based on an estimate of the equivalent dose). However,

because of the low estimated equivalent doses and the limits imposed by the RiS0 reader,

this was not possible for many of the samples. To test the effect of the regeneration cycle

on the results a new regeneration cycle was applied to one of the problematic samples.

The new regeneration cycle had a smaller range of beta doses that clustered around the

estimated equivalent dose. The distributions obtained using both regeneration cycles

were identical. The regeneration cycle doesn't appear to have an effect on the equivalent

dose distributions.

Similarly, increasing the number of a1iquots from 24 to 48 for the 1 mm masks,

which were problematic, did not improve sample statistics or help characterize the DE

distribution. The sample is too young and therefore has a very low OSL signal. The

54


detection limit of the current Ris0 reader is not low enough to obtain meaningful results

on small aliquots. Since it is not possible with the current equipment to be able to get

good sample statistics on 1 mm mask aliquots or, therefore, to adequately characterize

and understand these distributions, the lmm aliquot results should not be used.

Despite the lack of data for the 1 mm mask aliquots, some samples show large

~'s that are far outside of the distribution of larger mask sizes. As the size of the aliquot

is decreased from 8 mm to I mm, the number of grains is decreased. The 8 mm aliquots

show the contribution to the luminescence signal from numerous grains (although most of

the signal comes from only a few of those grains). The I mm aliquots are showing the

contribution to the signal from single grains that may not be representative of the entire

population of grains. Since the larger aliquots are more representative of the entire

population, only these should be used for age calculations.

The extremely high doses seen in the small mask sizes could represent single

grains of quartz in close proximity to heavy mineral grains, as opposed to the classical

interpretation that the high doses are due to incomplete zeroing at burial. These quartz

grains would therefore have received a high radiation dose during burial. Zircon and

monazite are common heavy minerals on the peninsula. To test the feasibility of this

explanation for the high DE'S, the dose variation near single monazite and zircon grains

was calculated. The model upon which all calculations were based, was created by B.

Brennan and will be discussed in depth in future publications. The results shown in Table

27 are the ratios of the dose of an etched quartz grain to the dose delivered to that grain

from the matrix. For the matrix, 30 % porosity and 80 % saturation were assumed. A

55


moisture content of 7 % was assumed. This value is slightly higher than the average

moisture content of 5 % for all dune ridge samples. A mean density of 2.10 g/cm3 for the

matrix was also assumed. Three size combinations were considered. The frrst

combination was a small quartz grain and a larger zircon or monazite grain (110 J.lm

quartz and 150 J.lm heavy mineral grain). The second case involved a large quartz grain

and a smaller heavy mineral grain (110 J.lm quartz and 70 J.lID heavy mineral grain). The

third scenario was where the quartz and heavy mineral grains were the same size (70 J.lm).

The model considered four separation distances between the quartz and heavy mineral

grains. It considered distances of 0 (touching), 100, 200 and 300 microns. In all cases, as

the separation between the grains increases, the contribution to the dose by the heavy

mineral grain decreases. Using published average concentrations of uranium and

thorium, monazite clearly has a greater contribution to the dose than zircon. Each dose

ratio for zircon and monazite was multiplied by each mean DE. The results are shown in

Table 28. All maximum DE'S are accounted for by proximity to a zircon or monazite

grain. The separation distance between the quartz and heavy mineral grain is a maximum

of 300 J.lID.

The broadening of the DE distributions with age may reflect a post depositional

even. During the 2001 field season, it was observed that in older deposits the

sedimentary structures (particularly heavy minerallarnina) were not as well defrned as the

same structures present in younger deposits. This could be related to pore water

movement in the sediment after deposition. As water moves through the deposit, it

56

M.Sc. Thesis - Beth M. Forrest McMaster- Geography and Geology

moves finer grain sizes and "smears" out the deposit. What is being seen in the DE

distributions could be reflecting this post depositional "smearing".

Only nine of the forty-eight DE distributions that had enough data to calculate

skewness values, were close to normal distributions. This means that only 19 % of the

data gives a normal distribution. Symmetric DE distributions are expected when dealing

with deposits that have experienced extensive bleaching. Full zeroing of the

luminescence signal would be expected for coastal deposits experiencing lots of sunlight

exposure. The two potential storm deposits (SJ048 and SJ298) don't have a normal

distribution. This could be related to unbleached or partially bleached material being

incorporated into the deposit as a result of the storm event. These distributions could also

be related to the presence of heavy minerals. Samples that have been in close proximity

to heavy mineral grains should have higher DE'S than samples that have not been near

heavy minerals. The DE distributions would therefore be expected to be right skewed.

Ages can be estimated based on the geometry of the peninsula. The youngest sets

of dune ridges should be closest to the Gulf of Mexico, while the oldest should be located

closest to the St. Joseph Bay (Rizk, 1991). Since sites SJI4 and SJ252 were closest to the

bay side of the peninsula, it was expected that the samples from these sites would be the

oldest. Samples collected at SJ298 were expected to give the youngest ages since they

were collected from a deposit on the Gulf of Mexico shoreline. Sample SJ042A was

expected to give an age between SJl4 and S1048 since it was collected from the middle of

the peninsula. All samples met these expectations. Table 17 summarizes the ages

obtained for the samples. The oldest sites, with mean ages of approximately 1,000 years

57


B.P and 1,300-1,800 years B.P. were 8J14 and 8J252 respectively. The youngest were

8J298-39 and 81298-40 with ages of approximately 8 and 21 years B.P. and 8J048 with

an age of approximately 90 years B.P. Site SJ042 gave an age of approximately 600

yearsB.P.

Rizk (1991) divided the peninsula up into a series of dune ridge sets (shown in

Figure 7) and developed a model to explain the development ofthe peninsula. This study

focuses only on Rizk's northern dune ridge sets. Samples SJ042 and SJ048 were

collected from set "nd" and 8J14 and 8J252 were collected from set "na". Ridge set "na"

is one of the nuclei from which the northern half of the peninsula is believed to have

fonned. Ridge set "na" is believed to have emerged by I ,500 years B.P. (Rizk, 1991).

SJ I 4 and 8J252, which were collected from this set, are in agreement with this 1,500 year

maximum age. These two samples gave ages of approximately 1,000 and 900-2,200 years

B.P. respectively. There are few other dates on the peninsula that can be used to confinn

the results of this study. A dated peat just south of Richardson's Hammock gives an age

of 745 years B.P. (Rizk, 1991). Other dates on the Peninsula are from archaeological

work on shell middens in Richardson's Hammock and at the Old Cedar Site (set "sf',

which is east of the State Park entrance). The Richardson's Hammock archaeological

sites are assigned an age of 500-1,500 AD. while the Old Cedar 8ite is assigned a date of

500- I ,000 AD. On the northern end of the peninsula, within set "ne" there is a pile of

red bricks. One interpretation is that they are from a Spanish homestead circa 1650-1750

AD. A more widely accepted interpretation is that the bricks are from an abandoned

lighthouse from 1838 AD. These are the only dates available for sites on the peninsula.

58


Based on the presence of fragmented shell material and on the presence of heavy

minerals and their position on the beach, samples SJ048B and SJ298-39 are hurricane

deposits. The mean age of approximately 80 years RP. (see Table 17) for SJ048B

suggests that the hurricane responsible for creating the deposit made landfall in the area

between 1911 and 1933. Several hurricanes made landfall in the region during this

period. The peak period for gulf hurricanes was 1916 to 1925 (Williams and Duedall,

1997). During this period, 14 storms made landfall and 6 of these were severe hurricanes.

Three of these hurricanes made landfall in the Panhandle region. A category 2 hit

Panama City on August 31,1915. A category 3 storm, with a track similar to Hurricane

Opal, made landfall just west of Pensacola on October 12, 1916. On September 21, 1917,

another category 3 hurricane made landfall at Fort Walton Beach, just east of Pensacola.

A category I hurricane hit Port Saint Joe on the morning of September 15, 1924 and

caused extensive damage. A category 3 storm hit Panama City on September 22, 1929.

This hurricane had a tidal surge of over 2.7 m and caused extensive damage (Williams

and Duedall, 1997). The deposit at SJ048 likely represents the 1929 unnamed hurricane

based on the track of the storm and the magnitude of the storm.

Sample SJ298-39 is believed to represent Hurricane Opal. This is based on the

presence of numerous thick heavy mineral layers and the presence of a fragmented shell

deposit approximately 0.70 m below the heavy mineral layer that was sampled. Storm

waves from Hurricane Opal impacted over 2,000 km of coastline from southwest Florida

to Louisiana on October 4, 1995 (Stone et al., 1996). The storm made landfall at

Pensacola. Prior to landfall, Hurricane Opal was classified as a category 5 storm (Stone

59


et aI., 1996). Stonn surge levels of greater than 5 m were reported (Stone et aI., 1996).

Opal was one of the strongest of the 18 hurricanes that have hit Pensacola since 1900.

The time lapse between the landfall date of the hurricane and the date that the

sample was collected was 6 years and II months. The age of the samples at site SJ298

should, therefore, match this age. The mean ages for samples SJ298-39 and SJ298-40

disagree and overestimate the expected age, despite the fact that they were collected

approximately 0.20 m apart The 125-250 J.lm grain size fraction of sample 39 gives an

age of 8.4 +/- 0.5 years B.P. while sample 40 gives an age of 21 +/- I year B.P. R.G.

Dean's model of stonn surge sediment transport can be used to explain these

overestimates (Hellegaard, 1995). This model explains how sand from an older deposit

can be reworked and deposited with material that is more recent. During a stonn, the

stonn surge will break up existing dune fields and use some of the material to create an

offshore deposit (Hellegaard, 1995). If the slope of the shore is low, waves will carry

sand back onto the beach surface (Hellegaard, 1995). This is one way of bringing older

material that already has a dose into the system. This overestimate could also be related

to the nature of the stonn. There may have been erosion prior to the deposition of the

heavy mineral deposit.

5.2 Thermoluminescence analysis of JittoraI sands

Several trends are evident in the TL results. The high temperature feature

becomes dominant and the low temperature feature disappears with increasing distance

northwards along the peninsula. Figure 62 shows the gradual disappearance of the low

temperature feature and the increasing dominance of the high temperature one. In TL

60


when a certain temperature is reached, the eviction of electrons takes place quickly from

all traps of a specific type (Aitken, 1998). On TL glow curves, the temperature of the

peak emission is characteristic of the type of trap (Aitken, 1998). For example, if a

maximum emission occurs at 325°C on a TL glow curve this indicates that sets of traps

whose electrons are evicted at 325°C were emptied. The bleachability of a trap is

dependent on its depth below the conduction band (the energy level representation of

luminescence is discussed in the introduction). The deeper the trap, the harder it is to

bleach by sunlight or heat (Aitken, 1998). In many quartz samples, only the trap type

associated with the 325°C TL peak is easily bleached (Aitken, 1998). Generally, low

temperature peaks are more easily bleached than high temperature ones. Sand found in

the north has been transported a greater distance than sand found in the south. As a result

of this, sand in the north has had more exposure to UV light and has therefore

experienced more bleaching. Since the low temperature peak is most easily bleached, by

the time sand has reached the north end of the peninsula this peak is no longer the

dominant feature. The high temperature peaks are also being bleached, but at a slower

rate than the low temperature ones. This was shown by Keizars (2003) who used

bleaching experiments to demonstrate the loss of the high temperature peak with

increasing solar exposure. Figure 63 shows the results of some of these exposure

experiments.

Another trend seen in the data is that the NRTL of the sandbar samples is higher

than the NRTL of the corresponding littoral samples. There were few sandbar samples

collected during the August 2001 field season. The sandbar at the south end of the

61


peninsula was close to shore so 5 samples were collected along the length of the bar. In

the north, the bar was further offshore and inaccessible. The beach is a dynamic system.

A typical beach profile is shown in Figure 64. Its profile and characteristics are altered

by several factors, including seasonality. A beach has a summer and winter profile.

Where storms are common, large waves destroy or limit the extent of the berm. The

beach is eroded and the eroded material is carried offshore where it is temporarily stored

in longshore sandbars (van Rijn et al., 2003). Where storm waves are unusual, the

movement of beach sand is shoreward. Offshore bars are destroyed and sediment is

transported to the upper part of the beach where it rebuilds a broad, flat berm. Summer

swells build the beach by pushing offshore sandbars onto the shoreline (van Rijn et aI.,

2003). A summer profile, when storms are unusual, has no longshore bars (Ritter, 1986).

A winter profile is characterized by no berm but a series of longshore bars (Ritter, 1986).

All samples in this study were collected during the summer. Sandbar samples would be

expected to have a higher NRlL than samples closer to shore, like the ones collected at a

1 m water depth, between the sandbar and the berm. Sediment stored in an offshore

sandbar is less likely to experience the exposure cycles that nearshore sediment will

experience.

With increasing distance northwards along the peninsula, the NRlL progressively

decreases for each of the three grain size fractions. Figures 58 to 59 show this trend.

This phenomenon is related to the amount of UV exposure that the grains have received

during transport. As sand is transported in the nearshore zone, it follows a "zigzag" path

(refer to Figure 65). The grain is transported onshore during wave run-up in the swash

62


zone and carried back into the water during rundown. During the period when sediment

is on the beach face, it is exposed to UV light, which as previously discussed, is the most

effective wavelength for bleaching the luminescence signal. Sediment is also exposed to

light when submerged under a few hundred microns of water (Forrest, 2001). While the

grain is under deeper water, it is being exposed to less UV light since UV light is strongly

filtered by seawater. Quartz grains at the north end of the peniusula have undergone

several of these exposure cycles since they have been transported a greater distance than

grains in the south. Therefore, grains that have travelled further along the peninsula have

had their TL signal bleached to a lower level than those grains that are closer to the

source. The residual IL is therefore lower for samples in the north. The same trend was

seen by Pieper (2001) and Rink (2003) along a stretch of the Mediterranean coastline.

An alternative explanation is that the NRTL intensity is related to the offshore

bathymetry of the St. Joseph Peninsula. The NRIL appears to be highest along areas of

the peninsula where the increase in water depth offshore is rapid. The NRIL is highest at

the south end of the peninsula and lowest at the north end. Based on the bathymetric map

shown in Figure 6, the shelf break is closer to shore at the southern end of the peninsula

than at the northern end. During storms, material stored in this deeper water may be

transported into the nearshore zone or onto the beach surface. However, this would

mainly be a source for the TL-rich smaller grain sizes (90-150IUll). This material would

have a high NRIL because it has been sheltered from sunlight. Alternatively, the channel

structures seen in the bathymetry might be scoured exposures of much older buried river

63


channels, providing a local source for the TL-rich larger grains sizes south of the study

area.

The slope of this linear trend decreases with increasing grain size. This is

happening because in the north the NRTL values are remaining relatively constant while

in the south the NRTL values are decreasing with increasing grain size.

Although the linear trend is the dominant trend, there are also small-scale

fluctuations along the length of the peninsula. In earlier studies (Pieper, 2001 and Rink,

2003) along the Mediterranean coast, a rapid increase in NRTL over a short distance

indicated the introduction of new material into the system. The new material had a high

NRTL because it has been exposed to little light and its closer to the source. Small

fluctuations in this current study could represent the introduction of new material into the

system at several locations along the peninsula. This introduction of material could be

accomplished through small-scale beach nourishment projects. Erosion is a major source

of concern along the peninsula. Many homeowners privately bring in sand to renourish

their property and protect their homes. These small-scale nourishment projects are not

endorsed by the FDEP and are not included in their records. Older material with a higher

residual could also be a result of offshore sand being transported towards shore. The

fluctuations could also be a result of old tidal inlets being scoured during storms. For this

to happen the storm wave base must be deep enough to scour the sea floor. Much fme

grained material (i.e. 90-150 Il-m) is stored offshore. This material can be brought closer

to shore during large storms. The trends could also be a result of the introduction of sand

from official nourishment projects. For example, sediment was brought in when the rock

64


wall at Stump hole was constructed after Hurricane Opal in1995. This nourishment sand

is stored offshore in the bar. During the summer, it is transported onshore and leads to a

high NRTL signal in the littoral samples. The small fluctuations in NRTL may also be

related to bathymetry. NRTL in the north shows greater fluctuations than NRTL in the

south. This could be a result of changes in the bathymetry along the northern part of the

peninsula. In the north, at approximately SJOII, there is a deep pool offshore. There is

another at St. Joseph Point, at the northernmost end of the peninsula. In areas such as

these, material is being sourced from deeper water. It has, therefore, had little sunlight

exposure and as a result has a higher NRTL signal than adjacent shallow areas.

Fluctuations could also be related to the location of the shelf break:. The shelf break: is

closer to shore at the southern end of the peninsula than at the northern end. This also

happens to be where the most fluctuation in NRTL is. When the shelf break: is close to

shore, material brought into the system is easily lost. New material with a high NRTL is

added to the system. This material travels a short distance before being lost beyond the

shelf break:. It is too deep for this material to be brought back into the system. The

fluctuations seen in the south in the NRTL signal could be a result of material being

added to the system at several locations along the peninsula, undergoing few subaerial

exposure cycles and then being removed from the system. Where the shelf is wide, and

the break: is further offshore, the material spends more time in the system and experiences

more subaerial exposure cycles. There should, therefore, be less fluctuation in the NRTL.

At the south end of the peninsula, there are also several east-west trending troughs

approximately 10 to 11 m in depth. These are possibly ancient tidal or alluvial channels.

65


If these channels are scoured during large storm events, they may provide coarse grained

(i.e. 150-250 I!m size) material with a high TL signal to the system.

The NRTL in the south decreases with increasing grain size. The larger grain size

has a lower NRTL. To understand this trend it is important to understand the dynamics of

the swash zone. Wave run-up is characterized by decreasing flow and rundown is

characterized by accelerating flow (Elfrink and Baldock, 2002). The fluid acceleration

during run up and rundown is capable of moving coarse-grained material as well as fine

grained material (Elfrink and Baldock, 2002). In most natural beaches, the coarsest

material is found at the seaward edge ofthe swash zone (Elfrink and Baldock, 2002). The

coarsest material is found at the lowest down rush level. Finer material is easier to

transport and is therefore carried off the beach surface. Since fine-grained sand is easier

to entrain and transport it should, therefore, travel further and remain suspended in the

water column for a longer period. On the other hand, the larger grain size, which is more

difficult to entrain and to keep in motion, will spend more time on the beach surface.

Fine grains will be winnowed out while coarser grained material will remain on the beach

surface. The UV component of sunlight is strongly filtered by seawater. The fine material

that remains in suspension in the water column will be exposed to less UV light than the

coarse material that is exposed nearshore and on the beach surface. It would, therefore,

be expected that the larger grain sizes would have the lowest residual signal because of

longer subaerial exposure in the swash and oceanward parts of the berm. This trend can

also be explained by beach drifting (Figure 66). Wavefronts approach the shore

obliquely. Swash is therefore directed obliquely up the beach. Sand is therefore also

66


moved obliquely up the beach. When backwash flows down the slope of the beach, it is

controlled by the flow of gravity. It, therefore, moves directly downslope instead of

obliquely. Particles are pulled seaward and come to rest on one side of their starting

position (Le. in Figure 66 the sand grain has moved from 1 to 2 to 3). On a particular day

wavefronts usually approach from the same direction. Therefore, this movement is

repeated many times. An individual grain can travel a great distance along a beach in this

way. The heavier and larger grains will spend more time on the beach surface.

The NRTL in the north remains relatively consistent. There is no change with

increasing grain size as was seen in the southern samples. There are two possible

explanations for this. The first is that the residual in the northern samples has reached its

lowest level. All grain sizes have been in transport for an extended period and been

exposed to sufficient light to reduce their NRTL to its lowest level. Another possibility is

that during wave runup and rundown in the swash zone the larger grain size fraction (212

250 /IDl) was broken up. Therefore, the smaller grain size fractions are composed of

fragments of what was originally 212-250 ).lm fraction. The smaller grain sizes would

then show similar NRTL results as the larger grain size fraction.

There is an increase in standard deviation between N29°48.000 and N29°49.000.

This location corresponds to the Hurricane Georges (1994) deposit studied by Rink and

Pieper (2001). With the exception of the 90-150 /IDl fraction, each grain size fraction

shows this. The high standard deviation indicates a mixture of grains with different

NRTL values. This mixture could be accomplished by storm waves during a hurricane.

67


It could represent a mix of sediment sourced from further offshore (higher NRTL because

deep, therefore. less subaerial exposure and less bleaching). It could also be a mix of

sediment from onshore, which has been exposed to light for long periods or the

interaction of grains with sufficient burial times to build up the TL signal. The storm may

also have brought in different types of quartz showing different bleaching characteristics

(Godfrey-Smith et al., 1988, Rink et al., 1994). The NRTL results obtained on samples

collected at the same locations but on different days agree within error. Therefore, there

do not appear to be daily fluctuations in NRTL during storm free periods.

There is an improvement in statistics when comparing the results from 10 aliquots

versus those from 48 aliquots. In some cases, standard deviations were not significantly

improved by increasing the number of aliquots measured (i.e. method I 212-250~ and

method 3 212-250 ~). Normally this would indicate that any inhomogeneity or

variation between aliquots of the same sample is real and not a result of sample statistics.

However, in most cases the standard deviation was significantly improved by increasing

the number of aliquots. This would suggest that at least some of the variability being

seen is a result of sample statistics.

5.3 Future Study

One of the main problems with the OSL portion of this project was the inability to

obtain an adequate signal from small amounts of the young samples. A solution to this

would be to perform single grain measurements on each sample. This would not only

further characterize the distributions of DE's but also improve the signal intensity. The

laser on the single grain attachment is more powerful then the one on the standard Rise

68


unit. It should therefore be able to measure smaller DE'S. For the samples that had high

OE's relative to the distributions, it would be useful to determine the proportions of zircon

and monazite in the samples. It would then be possible to calculate the probability of

fmding a quartz grain next to a zircon or monazite grain.

There are few dates available along the length of the peninsula. This makes it

difficult to resolve the chronological order of the development of the peninsula. Future

studies need to focus on collecting multiple samples from each dune ridge set. It would

also be useful to sample at the boundaries of each ridge set.

To better defme the trends in the 1'1 data it would be useful to resample the entire

length of the peninsula using a small sample interval and using this same interval along

the length of the peninsula. Sampling should be conducted during the winter season

when the longshore bars are close to shore. This would allow for an extensive dataset

including not only 1 m water depth samples, but also samples from the longshore bars

along the length of the peninsula. This was actually started in October 2002. It would

also be useful to obtain samples of nourishment sand that was used at various locations

when possible (or, when possible, obtain a sample from the source of the nourishment

sand). It would then be possible to characterize the 1'1 signature of this sand and use this

knowledge to recognize this sand and its contribution to the trends. It would also be

interesting to further investigate changes in NRTL on a daily, weekly and monthly basis

during both calm and stormy periods. It would be advisable to measure an increased

number of aliquots (preferably> 48) to improve sample statistics.

69


CHAPTER 6- CONCLUSIONS


Several samples have large DE'S relative to the ~ distributions. There are two

ways of getting grains with large doses. The first is from proximity to other grains that

are delivering high doses. The second is by incomplete zeroing. This is possible for the

storm deposits from SJ048 and SJ298. However, in dune environments this scenario is

less likely. Therefore, I believe that the high DE'S are accounted for proximity of quartz

to a zircon or a monazite grain.

Based on the geometry of the ridges on the peninsula, the youngest dune ridges

should be closest to the Gulf side of the peninsula. The oldest ridges should be on the bay

side of the peninsula. The ages obtained for the samples collected within the northem

portion of the peninsula are in agreement with the proposed development of the

peninsula. Samples SJl4B and SJ252 were collected from ridge "na" and are in

agreement with the belief that this set emerged by 1500 years B.P. Based on the ages

obtained in this study, the part of the peninsula north of Eagle Harbour has a 600-700

year progradation history.

Two hurricane deposits were analysed in this study. Sample SJ048 gave an age in

agreement with a category three storm that hit Panama City on September 22, 1929.

Sample SJ298 is believed to represent Hurricane Opal, which made landfall at Pensacola

on October 4, 1995. The ages obtained are in agreement with this. However, the ages

obtained for samples 39 and 40 disagree. This could be related to the dynamics of

70


sediment transport during the storm. This study has shown that it is possible to date young

samples by using quartz collected from heavy mineral layers.

6.2 Thermoluminescence analysis of littoral sands

Several trends were visible in the TL data. The low temperature feature present in

the natural glow curves disappears with increasing distance northwards and the higher

temperature feature becomes more dominant. This is a result of increasing solar exposure

with increasing distance in the direction of longshore drift. Sandbar samples have a

higher residual signal than their corresponding littoral samples. This is related to the

amount of time the samples spend on the beach surface being exposed to solar radiation.

Since sand stored in offshore sand bars spends little time on the beach surface being

exposed to sunlight, the NRTL is experiencing little reduction. The NRTL decreases

progressively with increasing distance northwards along the peninsula. This is also

related to increasing solar exposure. Although the dominant trend is that of decreasing

NRTL, there are also small-scale variations. These could be related to the introduction of

material with a higher NRTL. Possible sources of this material could include

nourishment sands, sands stored offshore that are transported onshore during storms or

sands scoured from tidal inlets during storm events. This material could be nourishment

sands or offshore sands that are transported onshore during storms. This study shows that

NRTL is a useful tool in studies of sediment transport in the nearshore and with further

study, this method has the potential to be used as an alternative to other sediment tracing

methods.

71


CHAPTER 7- FIGURES AND TABLES

fl - Level before deposition

I ICD

~~~5Cence I ~ I~ j<O

I I I

t Deposition

Years of burial

t

.- The'natural' Signal

Laboratory measurement

Figure 1- The basis of luminescence dating. The event being dated is the setting to zero of the luminescence signal that was aquired at some point in the past. The zeroing of this signal occurs through exposure to daylight or sunlight during erosion, transport and deposition. Once the material is buried the signal begins to build again. (Aitken, 1998).

72


-I


l-+-I

_ T ionizalion

(i)]rradiotiOn

-&- T

sa~::Iii) Storage

T

Lighl

rIA(iii) Eviction

Figure 2- OSL processes represented by the conduction band model.i) The mineral is exposed to nuclear radiation. The mineral's bindingelectrons are excited above their ground states. ii) As the electrons returnto their ground states, some become trapped in defects in the crystal lattice(represented by "T"). iii) When the mineral is exposed to light the defectsare emptied and light is emitted. (Aitken, 1998).

73


-N

DE 1,.....--,'--"I ! ! !

O,------!:-S-------,lLO----'15

Laboratory dose (GyJ

Figure 3- The additive dose method of evaluating equivalent doses, Eachpoint on the graph is the average OSL from a group ofaliquots, All membersof a specific group were given the same laboratory dose. The equivalent doseis the intercept on the dose axis. DE represents the equivalent dose and NN represents the natural signal intensity (Aitken, 1998)

74


N -------------------- ,I,,,,I,,I,IIIII,,,

~/----- DE .,·I

o 50 100Laboratory dose IGy)

150

Figure 4- The regeneration method of determining equivalent dose. The naturalOSL (shown as N) is compared to the OSL resulting from aliquots that have beenbleached down to a low level and then dosed. DE represents the equivalent dose.(Aitken, 1998)

75


88 87 86 85 84 83 82 8t

31

30

29

28

27

26

'- '-__~__:--::' degN

degW +Figure 5- Location map. The St. Joseph Peninsula is located innorthwestern Florida.

76


Figure 6- Bathymetric map of the area surrounding theSt. Joseph Peninsula. The contour interval is 1.5 m(Hatchett, 1998).

77


tN

I,""'00,185,000 cYlyt, ~.g~;?~~~"""T."",,,

\<MIO,,'\', 0<1 .•~. 12,000 cy/yr

/" '""'-, ~

: ' 45,000 cy/yr,, .'.......128 000cY/Y~, Cape San Bias Shoals

Entrance ChannelShoals 18,000 cy/yr

A~''\ 6~/yrr...· ,,~~ Il-4O -'. ,

214,000 cy/yr-,,:

1""'"I

~....I !NO••••

\ ~70,•\ .. ,;

'\ R-eo,300,000 cylyr,,

\,,v·\ ._.

Figure 7- Approximately 485,000 cy/yr of sand is eroded from the peninsula. Ofthis 300,000 cy/yr is transported north and 185,000 cy/yr is transported south. Ofthe material transported north, 214,000 cy/yr is deposited in shoals northwest of thepeninsula, 18,000 cylyr is deposited at the St. Joseph Bay entrance channel and isdredged and deposited offshore and 68,000 cy/yr accumulates at the north end ofthe peninsula. Ofthe material transported south, 45,000 cy/yr accumulates at CapeSan BIas, 12,000 cy/yr is deposited on the east side of Cape San Bias and 128,000 cy/yris deposited on the Cape San Bias shoal. Solid lines represent deposition whiledashed lines represent erosion. (FDEP. 1998)

78


..."

...,

tN

.~ , .~

• • .-~

....

....

CAPE SAN BLAB

Figure 8-Erosion along the St. Joseph Peninsula. Areas of critical erosion are shownin gray while areas of non critical erosion are shown in black. R-values refer torange monument locations along the peninsula (FDEP. 2001).

79


St. Joseph Point

t

o2949'.. _

29-42'

0'2945'

o-2941'

N

_.._··l.'....."'lUd"'nbon'sHaP:unock

SJt4 and 5J252

fq ,~~ ~0U'l ClL.fl 0ll'l 0V'l

(X) 00 co t1:I

Figure 9- Sample locations. Beach ridge set boundaries were determined by Rizk (l99\).Photos SJ048 and SJ298 were taken looking east Photos SJ042 and SJl41252 were takenlooking south and north respectively.

80


Figure 10- Location ofthe SJ042 trench. The solid white square shows the location ofrange monumentR052GU83. (Florida Department of Natural Resources, 1998)

81


Figure 11- Location of the SJ048A and SJ0486 trench. The solid white squares show the locations ofrange monuments R058GU83 and 5183617. (Florida Department of Natural Resources, 1998)

82


Figure 12- Location of SJ298 trench. The solid white square shows the location ofrange monument R084GU83. (Florida Department of Natural Resources)

83


N

,. 51,125 ".'"OJ", ,."'''' " ...

'"",. "'... " ....

.." " "'''' 25.002..,,, ,. ,.". " 25,023SJ01:, ,. "'.'" 25.037..." " .9.908 25.00

"''',. ...'" 25.(10(7

SJ010 " ...... 25.032SJ.. ,. ".312 25.1)31SJOO6 " ..."'" "'"SJOO " ...'" """SJOO6 " ..... 24.mSJOO6 ,. 48.71'1 2".943..... ,. 48.557 24.112.SJ'"

,. 48.367 .. 24.904SJ070 ,. ...'" " 24.911

"''',. 48.027 " 24.833..,,, ,. 47.879 .. 24.757

s.m, " 47.684 " 2-4.758

"'" " "'7.aJ6 " ,,-" .017.000 " 2<....,. ..", 24.538,. "",016 " "."",. 48.010 " 24.364,. 46.014 .. 24.353,. ...... 2·4.,281,. ...... " 2<."

" ...... m ..,. ...... "."",. ..... 23.050,. ".... .. 23.074,. '''.1ll5 "."'"" 41.7. "'''',. 41.010 "'",

" 4H;I03 ".",

" .."" 21.995,. ..,.. " 22.011


Figure 13- Latitude, longitude and map location of littoralsamples (modified from USGS, 1999)

84


J__I-l

-J

12,00 24,00

Time (CDT)

CTide _ Sampl~

Tide chart (Sept. 6, 200 I)

12,00 24,00

Time (COT)

[-- Tide • SamPkS]

Tide chart (Sept. I, 200 J)

::~€ ~~ j" .."fo::g 0.6

0.4

2'0r-1.8

1.6

1.41g 1.2

~ 1.0::t 0.8

~.~ 1"0.2 .0.0 --

0,00

12:00 24:00

Time (COT)

~- Tide .----s;~I

12:00 24:00

Time (CDT)-'--~I Tide·! Samples i

Tide chart (Sept. 5, 2001)

Tide chart (Aug 31. lOOl)

2.0 ~

1.81.6

1.4g 1.2

~ l.0-,~ 0.8

0.6

0.40.20.0 -i-

0:00

:~) /~-s~ 0.8fo£ 0,6

0.4

0.2

0.0 +-0:00

LFigure 14- Littoral sample collection times and corresponding tide level. All littoral samples werecollected during a falling tide. COT refers to central time.

85


a) b)

c)

e) f)

Figure 15- Vibracoring methods. (a) and (b) show the vibrator being fitted onto thealuminum irrigation pipe. (c) shows the irrigation pipe being put into position. (d),(e) and (f) show the pipe being driven into the ground

86


CO~


1/2 inch thick, braided polypropylene rope

gin pole

generator

3inch diameter aluminumirrigation pipe

Figure 16- Core extraction using a gin pole constructed at McMasterUniversity.

87


West FaceDepth ---r-.,..~~0.0(m)

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

• sample location

North Face

;l:; rootslI:::.. organic matter

East Face South Face

~ ~

~~~~~~ ~

~ ~

r~r~r

heavy minerallamina

Figure 17- SJl4B sample location. Grey areas represent unexposed areas

88


Figure 18- Sample locations in core SJ252. The solid circles represent the samplinglocations. Solid black lines indicate heavy mineral lamina.

89


South Face

•

East FaceWest Face North FaceDepth 0.0(m)

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8 f *..0.9

1.0 it1.1

"".~1.2

~~

1.3 .\

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.92.0

2.1

2.2

2.3

o infilled burrows and ...~ roots/organic matterroot casts

• sample location

___ heavy mineral lamina • unexposed

Figure 19- SJ042A sample location. Variations in the shades of grey indicate the variationsin color of the quartz sand units. Black lines and grey lines represent heavy mineral lamina.White regions represent areas ofpost depositional bioturbation

90


Depth 0,0(m) North Face

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

• Sample location

III Erosion! weathering

East Face


South Face

heavy minerallarnina

unexposed

Figure 20- SJ048 sample locations. Bulk dating samples were collectedfrom the east face ofthis exposure. There is 4 m of unexposed overburdenabove the 0 m depth mark on this figure. The units showing"erosion/weathering" are units with loosely packed grains that haveundergone selective weathering.

91


benchmark5183817

/

Figure 21- Trench at SJ048. Approximate SJ048A and SJ048B sample locationsare shown by solid black circles.

92

'I' \"1 erosion

\',


Depth0.0(m)

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

Ll

1.2

1.3

1.4

L5

\.6

[J roots


I. infilled burrows

ll.@. shenfragments

-- heavy mineral lamina

Figure 22- Location of the SJ298 samples. Bulk samples were collected from a stormDeposit on White Sands Dr., St. Joseph Peninsula, Florida. There is 3 m of overburdenabove the 0 m depth mark on this figure. Areas that show "erosion" are units withloosely packed grains that have experienced selective weathering.

93


Figure 23- Photomosaic showing the lateral extent of the heavymineral deposit at White Sands Drive, St. Joseph Peninsula, Florida.Bulk samples designated SJ298 were collected from thissite.

94

L_ Horizontal distance relative to Total Station position (0) (m)

Figure 24- Beach profile at SJ298 sample location.

-5.0 L.--.-

iI

l..§~

8~~

~en'"';;l

1(Jl

g::,

'"Il to

So~

'Tl0

§'"-

__-_-_~ ~:a~:owwate~

40 60 --------------- 80 . 100

SJ298

20o-20

iEM R 84 A GU 83 -200 (5 m a.d.)

9.0

7.0 c

e 5.0~

1g 3.01:s.~] 1.0

.~ i'~ 0iil -1.0

-3.0

\CV.


Table 1- Dune ridge sample depths


sample sample depth in trench Overburden * Actual sample depth(m) (m) (m)

SJl4B 1.10 0.00 1.10SJ042A 1.49 0.73 2.22SJ048A 0.70 4.08 4.78SJ048B 1.04 4.08 5.12SJ252A 1.10 0.00 1.10SJ252B 1.59 0.00 1.59SJ252C 2.24 0.00 2.24

SJ298-39 0.28 3.30 3.58SJ298-40 0.43 3.30 3.73

* eslimated from photos taken at the lime of sample collectIOn

96


...- ... aluminum irrigation pipe

\_1 ~ple location


Figure 25- Sample removed from large core samples. The shaded area representsthe lOO grams collected as a dating sample.

97


Table 2 - Dosimetry for the dune ridge samples


ISo-212J1ffi NAA Results Internal Do~ Rates External Dose It.-ates

sample moilltun U TO K bets dose rate gamma dose rate Cilsmk dose beta dose rate Total dose ratecontent (ppm) (nom) (%) (~Gy/a) (....Gy/a) (",Gy/ll) <....Gy/a)

SJt4B 0.0192 0.49 +1_ 0.1 2.1 +1- 0.2 0.0054 +/- 0.0009 3.5 +1- 0 50 +1- I.l 196.67 93.7 +-/- 11.3 352.7 +1- 11.4

SI042A 0.0423 0.19 +1_ 0.1 0.6+/-0,1 0.0027 +f- 0.0008 3.5 +/- 0 23,5 +1- 0.4 196.18 32.2 +/_ 10.6 264.3 +/. 10.7

SI048A 0.0532 0.12 +/- 0.1 0.6 +/- 0.1 0.0088 +1- 0.0011 3.5 +/- 0 109 +1- 1.4 178.03 28.8 +/. 10.5 328.3 +1- 10.6

5J048B 0.0167 1.31 +1-0.1 6,1 +1· 0.4 0.0045 +/- 0.0012 3.5 +1- 0 132 +/- 2.3 176.12 252,6 +1- 12.9 573.1 +/- 13.1

SJ252A 0.0222 0.29+/- 0.1 0.7+/-0.1 0.0044 +/- 0,0720 3.5 +/- 0 65.8 +1- 20.9 196.67 46.5 +/- 52.7 321.4+f-56.7

S12528 O.OJ77 O.ll +/-0.1 0.3+1-0.0 0.0056 +1· O.{li20 3.5+1-0 38 +1- 20.t 187.98 31.3 +1- ~L9 269.7 +/~ 55.6

SJ252C 0.1163 0.07 +/- 0,1 0.3 +/-0.0 0.0008 +/- 0.0720 3.5 +/- 0 20.2 +/- 18.8 179.97 12.2 +/_ 48.2 224.8 +/- 51.8

212-2501!Jl1 NAA Results Internal Dose Rates Extemal Dose Ralessample moisture U TO K beta dose rate gamma dose rate cosmIc dose bebl dose rate Tobll dose rate

wntenl (nnm) (Dnm) (%) (~Gy/a) (IJGy/a) (JtGy/a) (~Gy/a) (J.lGy/a)

SJ148 0,0192 0.49 +1- 0.1 2.1 +/- 0.2 0.0054 +1- 0.0009 4.2 +/- 0 50 +1- Ll 196.67 87.1 +/_10.6 364.4 +1- 12.8

SJ042A 0.0423 0.19+f-O.1 0.6+/-0.1 0.0027 +/_ 0.0008 4.2+1-0 23.5 +/- 0.4 196.18 30 +/- 10 262.8 +1. 10

SJ048A 0.0532 0.12 +/-0.1 0.6 +f- {l.1 0.0088 +/_ 0.001 I 4.2 +f-O 109+f-1.4 178.03 27 +1- 9.9 327.1 +1-10

5J048B 0.0167 1.31 +/-0.1 6.1 +f-O.4 0,0045 +1- 0.0012 4.2+/_0 132 +/- 2.3 176.12 234.2 +1- 12 555.4 +/- 12.2

SJ252A 0.0222 0.29 +f- 0.1 0.7 +/- 0.1 0.0044 +1_ 0.0720 4,2+/-0 65.8 +f_ 20.9 196.67 43.5 +f- 51.6 319 +1- 55.7

512528 0.0377 0.21 +1- 0.1 0.3 +/- 0.0 0.0056 +f· 0.0720 4.2 +/- 0 38 +1- 20.1 187.98 29.4 +1- 50.8 268.5 +/. 54.7

SJ252C 0.1163 0.07 +1- 0.1 0.3 +/- 0.0 0.0008 +/_ 0.0720 4.2+1- 0 20.2 +1- 18.8 179.97 11.3 +1_ 47.3 224.6 +/_ 50.9

12S-2501!Jl1 fIlAA Results Internal Dose Rates External Dose Ratessample moisture U TO K beta dose rale gamma dose rate eesmle dose beta dose rate Tolal dose rate

eonlent (onm) (nom) ('Yo) (,",Gy/a) (liGy/a) (~Gyla) (IlG yla) (IlG ylll)

SJ298-39 0.0500 35.9 +1- 0.1 101.5 +f- 1.6 0.0178 +/- 0.0031 3.7+1-0 6882.14 +/- 20.33 185.43 5413.1 +1_ 28.9 12493.2 +/- 35.3

SJ298-4G 0.0456 0.06 +/- 0.01 0.33 +f- om 0,0071 +f- 0.0007 3.7 +/- 0 1690.16 +1- 9.92 184,68 16.7+/- 10.3 1891.5 +/.14.3

250-JOOjUJI fIlAA Results Inlernal DUlle Rates External Do.!le Rates

sample moisture U TO K beta dose rate gamma dose rate cosmic dose bela dose rate Total dose rateeontent (nom) loom) (%) (pGy/a) (j.LGy/a) (I.IGy/a) (J.lGy/a) ().lGy/a)

SJ298-39 0.0500 35.9 +1- 0.1 101.5 +f- 1.6 0.0178 +1_ 0.0031 4.5 +/-0 6882.14 +1- 20.33 185.43 4935.3 +/_ 25.9 12016.2 +1- 32.9

SJ298-40 0.0456 0.06 +1- 0.01 0.33 +1- 0.03 0.0071 +1_ 0.0007 4.5 +1- 0 1690.16+1-9.92 184.68 15.4+1- 9.5 1890.3 +1-13.7

notes:cosmic dose rate calculations include only hard cosmic raysgamma dose rates for SJ14B, SJ042A, SJ048A, 5J048B, SJ298-39 and 5J298-40 were measured in situgamma dose rates for SJ252A, SJ252B and SJ252C were calculated using the U, Th, and K contentscosmic dose rates were calculated assuming a Ipi geometry for all samples except 5JI4B and SJ252A,B&CIn all cases the internal alpha dose rate is 8.8 +/- 0.6 mGy/a and the external alpha dose rate is 0 mGy/a

98


Table 3- Protocol for estimating equivalent doses and testing for feldspar contamination

1) Preheat (220°C) at a rate of 10 °C/s for 10 s2) Natural OSL- stimulate for 100 s at 125°C3) Beta Dose (6 Gy)4) Preheat (220°C) at a rate of 10 °C/s for 10 s5) OSL- stimulate for 100 s at 125°C6) Beta Dose (6 Gy)7) Preheat (220°C) at a rate of 10 °C/s for lOs8) IRSL

99


Table 4 - Test and regeneration doses for dune ridge samples

sample test dose rl r2 r3 r4 r5 r6SJI4B 0.5 0.3 0.5 1.0 1.5 0 0.3

SJ042A 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.8 - 0 0.4

SJ048A 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 - 0 0.4

SJ048B 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 - 0 0.4

SJ252A 0.5 0.3 0.5 1.0 - 0 0.3

SJ252B 0.5 0.3 0.5 1.0 - 0 0.3

SJ252C 0.5 0.3 0.5 1.0 - 0 0.3

SJ298-39 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 - 0 0.4

SJ298-40 0.3 0.4 0.6 1.0 - 0 0.4

note: all doses are expressed in Gy (lGy=lOs)

100


~======:-:-===c"'~=~:'c-==-c",:,'--:C::C::=_=_'-----

o.~__. ~

f::. ----'..-~i--+I----'-------~.IQ

oooL~~~_~~~~~~~~~_~ __

'00 ," '00

SJl"~

~p='---,'._1_1-o.Jo.oo~- ~~~~~~~~~_~~_

160 'iO 200 J'" ,.., "'" '"" JOO

1"<11<.. Kmp'''Wr<rC)

SJ"'I.~ 51mB

omL ----~---

100 1M m rn ~ "'" ~ _

P"'t.o.,~"'....."""'<.'1.

'00

'00

., ..------

,w

-+----Jr----i-I-1-....1~''"['00

'00

~i

'"I>: I).'" ~,t0)0;.( 1),'0 1

-.

I ::

L_!,.~'~I~l~_![__II _

'"

---=SJ(l.l!B

,11> 2'1. MIl

p«1=,,,,,,,,,,,,'ure("q1<"

000 ['

000

~~~-~-~_·_·--·==I~Q.<l.1

~ Q.Q2

M'

p«l><"'<rnP"'l,,,,,n

::r 1

'"' 1'"

I I1 I

I 0.01_-----------------~

0",s~I)"

~ 1),1),,"'0,02

1),00-1------------- _

,. ~ i

,

Figure 16- Preheat plall';lU lest results for the dune ridge samples. The black lines represent the plateau region. All measuremen1s wen.:: done using a 5mm maskand the lSQ..2121-lm fraction of each sample, with the e;.;ceplion of SJ298-39 and SJ298-4Q where the 125-2S01lm grain size fraction was used.

101


Table 5- SAR protocol


I) Preheat (220"C) at rate of 10oC/s for lOs2) Natural OSLo stimulate for 100s at 12SoC3) Test dose4) Heatto 160°C at rate of 10°C/s5) OSL-stimulate for 100s at 125°C6) Dose (RI)7) Preheat (220°C) at rate of 10°C/s for lOs8) OSL-stimulate for 100s at 125°C9) Repeat steps 3-8 using R2, R3, R4, R5, R6

J02


Table 6- Systematic errors applied to age calculations in Anatol v.OnB

parameter error (%)

paleodose measurement 1.5U, Th, K (grain and environment) 5alpha efficiency 2internal beta dose rate (beta counting) 3alpha counting 7.7external beta dose rate (beta counting) 4external alpha dose rate (alpha counting) 7.7gamma dose rate (in situ) 2etching coefficients 5F value 0.2

Table 7- Beta Absorbed Fractions

beta absorbed fractions

grain size fraction mean gram size U-238 Th-232 K-40(I-'m) (I-'m)

150-212 181 0.1370 0.1950 0.0633212-250 231 0.1600 0.2200 0.0800125-250 188 0.1406 0.1994 0.0661250-300 275 0.1790 0.2400 0.0965

(source: MeJdahl, 1979)

Table 8- Etching Coefficients

grain size fraction mean grain size U-238 Th-232(I-'m) (I-'m)

150-212 181 alpha 0.0800 0.1000beta 0.8700 0.8200

212-250 231 alpha 0.0600 0.0700beta 0.8400 0.7700

125-250 188 alpha 0.0700 0.0900beta 0.8600 0.8100

250-300 275 alpha 0.0500 0.0600beta 0.8300 0.7600

etchmg depth = 91-'m (40 mmute HF treatment) (MeJdahl, 1979)beta values from Brennan, 2003alpha values from Brennan et aI, 1991

103


90

80

70

60

50

""0

40

30 -

20 -

10

00

<90


---A,I

1/

fI

>250

Gr,!!n_~jze fraction (urn)

.~_S_JC_4-=J3~_S_J_04_2_A__S_J048A -0 SJ048B X SJ252A0· SJ252B SJ252C]

b)

100 l90 ~

!

80

70 c

60 -

"" 50 .0

40 -

30

20

10

O.<90 90-125 125-250 250-300 >300

Grain size fraction (IJ.rn)

~ SJ298-39 . .sJ?98-40 I

Figure 27 (al & (b)- Grain Size distributions for the dune ridge samples.

104


Table 9-Grain size statistical parameters calculated using the "Method ofMoments"

Sample Mean Standard Deviation Skewness Kurtosis(1st moment) (2nd moment) (3rd moment) (4th moment)

SJl4B 2.0075 0.6809 -0.6763 1.7588SJ042A 1.3771 0.8809 -1.0425 1.2618SJ048A 1.5981 0.8329 -0.8054 1.6307SJ048B 1.5867 0.8157 -0.9714 1.4700SJ252A 1.1585 0.9508 -1.0320 1.1126SJ252B 1.2038 0.9389 -1.0207 1.1418SJ252C 1.1932 0.9389 -1.0370 1.1383

SJ298-39 1.8934 0.5588 -0.5429 3.8132SJ298-40 1.2832 0.9001 -1.2151 1.5477

105


14[lSJ048A

12 .SJ048B

10 Ia SJl4B~

'"~C DSJ042A

E 80

BSJ252AU~ 6a00 DSJ252B'0

::E4 I!l SJ252C

2 C!I S1298-39

I1l SJ298-400

Figure 28- Moisture content of the dune ridge samples. Moisture contents were calculated based on Aitken (1985).

106


Table 10- Feldspar contamination in quartz separates from the dune ridge samples

sample grain SIU IRSL OSL IRSUOSL(pm) intensil inlensil

SJ252A 150-212 1J1 52362 0.00]

95 85399 0.001224 9061S 0.00226 25634 0.001140 69433 0.00221 2&230 0.001g 10958 0.00128 15358 0.00213 HJOI 0.1)01

SJ252A 212-250 " 82206 0.001

" 52952 OJl{I]

"" 56355 0.00312(, 4\406 0.00326 19116 0.00266 30118 0.002

12 5976 0.002

" 8484 0.003

" 6352 0.004SI2;2B 150-212 110 50177 0.002

154 46%75 Q.OO3120 610)9 0.002

" 30311 0.00128 31131 0.00[

" 21570 0.00214 17079 0.001

" 16320 0.002

" 19730 0.001

SJ2S2B 112-250 93 36467 0.003179 39028 0.007144 37169 0.00423 21876 0.00]

29 22773 0.001

" 2900<1 0.001

'" 16566 0.001

" 7020 0.00219 6616 (l.om

SJ2SK 150·212 " 63216 0.001233 71422 0.(0)

"' 87391 0.001

" 48685 0.001

" 43036 0.001

5J 31387 0.00219 91\44 0.00221 18757 0.00119 13620 0.001

SJ252C 212·250 131 65351 0.002

'" 48018 0.00166 73007 0.001

" 25813 0.00154 25789 0.00237 25456 0.00119 9888 0.002\\ 12168 0.00126 t1310 0.002

SJ298 125-250 "' 33298 0.003

39 " ,,91\4 0,003

" 2%20 0.001'I 30528 0.00158 15566 0.004

" 24561 0.004SJ298 250-300 " 61'" 0.004

39 19 6116 0.003

" 1930 0.00318 6372 OJlO313 4373 OJlO3

" 8727 0.003

SJ298 125-250 '" 95223 OJlO140 '"' "0" 0.002

138 82289 0.00288 85359 0.001

"5 91996 0.001

'" 85324 0.001

SJ298 250-300 " 8109 0004

40 18 443. 0.004

" 5383 0.00323 5266 0.004

• 4078 0.1m

" 4202 0.005

sample gram",zc IRSL OSL 1RSUOSL(flm) intensil inlen,il

SJ14B 150-212 ''I 52521 0.0\\6

'00 45193 0.004

m 56683 0.003

m 31581 0.008

342 37115 0.009

'" 36026 0.002

" 20190 0.003

'" 17188 0,010

39 12288 0,003

SJl4B 212250 m 61111 0,005

" 249 0.060

206 19141 0.011

BI 6240 0.013

'" 18197 0.023

" 4655 0.016

95 12855 0.007m 14475 0.012

" 19932 0.002

SJ042A 150_212 16. 44720 0.004

'" 88500 0.004

IS' 65293 0.003

I" 29003 0.004

" 26556 Olm18. 25656 0.007

SO '640 0.007

" 9826 0.008

98 40239 0.002

SJ042A 212-250 \\. 55726 0.002

'" 28827 0.005

62 7409 0.008

69 26058 0.003

52 10557 0.005

" 21335 0.004

" 18026 0.002

In 38686 0.i105

n 12363 0.(l{J6

SJ048A 150-212 139 ''''''' 0.002

'"' 50029 OJ108

m 46974 0.007

lOS 25429 0.00<1

125 34705 0.004125 48462 0.003

" 18822 0.003

70 7881 0.009

'" 25463 0.005

SJ048A 212-250 37 16850 0.002

S' 5122 0.016

" 7351 0.1)05

'13 10399 0.011

'" 14851 0.010

67 16298 0.004

"' 3709 0.024

In 4330 0.028

31\ 8547 0.036

SJ048B 150-212 m 77945 0.003

110 23907 0.005

166 46820 0.004

182 36607 0.005

180 48692 0.0041421 33128 0.043

'" 16433 0.00'>

Jl2 14076 0.022

7S 282'" 0.003

SJ048B 212-250 " 10" 0.019

" 1661 0.008

" 1196 0.009

8 1145 0,007

15 959 0.016

8 1058 0.0085 788 0.006

23 82' 0.D288 668 0.012

107

-o""

Table 11- Additional feldspar contamination tests.

guln size (j.lm) OSL IRSL IRSL/OSL

SJI48 150-212 10000 32 0.0031779 7 0.0043045 34 0.0113067 12 0.004682] 26 0.004

5254 30 0.0062926 22 0.008

4950 26 0.005

6657 31 0.0054462 26 0.0064819 14 0.0032743 IS 0.005

3094 IS 0.0051450 9 0.0062925 20 0.0073179 21 0.0073928 16 0.004

3080 22 0.0073355 21 0.0066898 24 0.0033577 33 0.0093438 16 0.0053065 17 0.0061S04 18 0.012

SJl4B 212-250 4313 17 0.004

2104 10 0.0052578 8 0.0032668 13 0.0051539 18 0.0121558 18 0.Q12

2594 28 0.0112865 21 0.007

2978 15 0.005

InO I' 0.0082292 20 0.009

3332 10 0.0033738 26 0.0073723 I' 0.0045023 45 0.0094477 25 0.006

4189 23 0.0054519 26 0.0063397 2; 0.0072934 13 0.004l8S9 9 0.005

3381 20 0.006

grain size (I-Im) OSL IRSL IRSLIOSL

SJ048A 150-212 1686 17 0.010L224 16 0.013481 18 0.037766 16 0.021\018 10 0.0101458 14 0.010\266 I' 0.015987 13 0.0l31286 15 0.0\2797 10 0.013

1172 7 0.0061091 7 0.0061176 ,0 0.009l355 19 0.0141086 19 0.017728 8 0.Q111347 15 0.0112265 9 0.0042030 12 0.0062155 11 0.005

SJ048A 212-250 1422 11 0.008920 8 0.009732 11 0.0151156 5 0.0041433 5 0.003

70' 13 0.Q18660 16 0.024770 13 0.017622 16 0.0261004 12 0.012497 11 0.022723 16 0.022477 12 0.025569 12 0.021512 6 0.012

64' 8 0.012994 11 0.0111180 9 0.008844 16 0.0191084 , 0'<107693 11 0.016762 9 0.OL2962 14 0.OL5533 6 0.011

grain size (j.lm) OSL IRSL IRSUOS

SJMgB 150-212 10000 32 0.0031779 7 0.0043045 34 0.01l3067 12 0.0046821 26 0.0045254 30 0.0062926 22 0.0084950 26 0.0056657 31 0_0054462 26 0.0064819 14 0.0032743 15 0.0053094 15 0.0051450 9 0.0062925 20 0.0073179 21 0.0073928 16 0.0043080 22 0.0073355 21 0.0066898 2' 0.0033577 33 0.0093438 16 0.0053065 17 0.0061504 18 0.012

~C/O

";l'"'"<n'I

I:C

So~

§'";a.

~~I

~

~~

8-a8

~


Table 12- Equivalent dose estimates for the dune ridge samples


sampl~ gr3in size mask size nalural 05L Ell. Of. Ave. Est. De

'''''' (mm) inlensil intensi (" ,SJ14B 150-212 8 4855 52521 5.5 '.9

8 319? 45193 4.28 4719 56683 '.05 2338 31587 4.4 4.15 2694 3711S 'A5 2166 36026 3.63 95586 20190 184.1 '17.7J 1247 17188 '.43 971 12288 4.7

SJ14D 212-250 , 4509 61711 ... 9.'8 86 '" '".7, J493 19141 4.75 "l 6240 3.8 5.55 2703 18797 8.65 323 4M5 4.2J 936 12855 'A 4.9J 1197 14475 5.0J 1762 19932 5.3

SJ042A 150-212 8 166' .,,'" 2.' 2.2

• 3150 88500 1.18 2394 65293 1.25 lUO 2_ 2.J 2.3, 961 26556 2.2, 993 25656 233 327 794O 2.6 1.23 366 9826 1.13 DOS 40239 1.9

SJ042>\ 212-250 8 2362 55726 l.S 1.78 1531 28817 3.28 294 7409 2.45 886 26058 2.0 2.', 41. 1Il557 2A, m 21335 2.J3 ". 18026 l.S '.73 JJ59 38686 U3 794 12363 J.4

SJ048A 150-212 • m "''' 0.4 O.

• 361 50029 0.48 411 46974 0.'5 171 25429 0.' 0.0S 2lJ 34105 0.0, 341 48461 0.03 m 18822 04 0.'3 165 7887 1.33 309 25463 07

SJ04SA 212_250 8 143 16850 0.5 078 78 5122 09

• 7J 7J51 06, 139 ]0399 0.8 0.9S '" 14851 0.6, 31' 16298 U

3 192 "99 3.1 '.1J 102 "30 143 '34 8547 1.6

SJ048B 150·212 8 896 77945 0.7 0.78 '" 23907 0.78 511 46820 03,

"" 36607 0.5 0.65 603 48692 0.75 m 33128 073 148 16433 0.5 0.'3 133 14076 0.6J 334 28206 0.7

SJ048b 212·250 5 27S 1078 0.' 0.65 446 1661 0.'5 638 1796 0.75 123 1145 0.6, "" 959 06, m 1058 0.'5 2Q9 "8 0.'5 228 829 0.6, '" "" 0.;

Note: IGy= 10 seconds

109

sample grain giZl:; magkg;ze l\Iltural OSL Est.D, Ave. Est. D!

("", (mm) intensi inlensit '5j (.

SJ252A 150-212 8 3994 52362 '.6 4.38 "'" 85399 '.68 7555 90618 505 1923 25634 '.5 '.85 6540 69433 '7,

"" 28230 '.23 '" W958 4.6 533 1451 15358 5.73 1... 11301 5.6

SJ252A 212-250 , 6484 82206 '.3 4.88 4153 52952 4.38 4599 5f>JSS '.95 30" 41406 '.5 .,5 '",3 19116 5.05 2563 30118 '.13 539 5976 5.' 5.93 1182 84.. '.43 ". 6352 3.9

SJ252D 150-212 8 3443 50177 4.1 4.38 3m 46875 ,..8 "" 61039 '.0S 2062 30311 '.1 '.15 2060 !113l '.05 1481 21570 '.13 2250 17079 7' 'A3 1101 16320 .03 1397 19730 4.2

S1252B 212-250 8 "94 36467 4.2 '.3

• 2611 39028 4.08 2899 37169 4.'5 l3J7 21876 3.7 4.15 1747 22773 '.6, 1'" '''"00 •••3 1062 16566 3' ,.,3 "" 7mO 5.13 '06 6616 "SJ252C 150-212 8 4792 63216 ,j 4.98 5989 71421 5.08 7591 87391 5.', 3820 48685 '.7 '.85 3683 43036 '.15 2433 31387 '.3J 853 "'" '.7 ,.1J 1453 18757 •••3 1170 IJ620 5'

SJ252C 212·250 8 "" 65351 6.0 5.'8 4037 48018 5.08 8020 73007 '.6, 1983 25813 '.6 '.65 I'" 25789 4.'5 1999 25456 4.73 3" 9888 ,j ,.3 '" 12168 '.33 ". 11310 3.9

S1298 125-250 • 1125 95223 0.7 0.34() 8 t023 93045 0.7

8 91' 82289 0.78 '" 85359 0.7

• 1092 91_ 0.78 954 85324 0.3

SJ298 250-300 8 764 8100 0.6 0.640 8 378 4438 0.'

8 '00 5383 0.68 S28 5266 0.68 J53 4078 0.58 385 4202 0.'

SJ298 125·250 5 6" 33298 '.1 ..,"

, 677 299114 U, 942 ","0"5 632 30528 "2

5 1360 15566 '25 S67 24567 ...

SJ298 250·300 8 1384 6106 ,. ..," 8 1122 6176 ...

8 177. 7930 ...• 1262 6372 3.2

8 776 4373 "8 1941 8727 "


Table 13- Summary of equivalent doses (DE) obtained for the dune ridge samples and skewness valuesfor the frequency distributions

sample grainsizo mask size min DE mean DE mMDE numberofaliquob' number ofaliquot usable data Sk8WOElss(IJrn) (mm) (Gy) (Oy) (G) ",d measured <%>

SJ14B 150-212 8 0.00 +1_ 0.00 0.34 +1_ 0.02 0.43 +1- 0.01 I' 24 79.17 ,.'"5 0.28 +1_ 0.01 0.36 -+f- 0.01 0.45 +/- 0.01 17 l3 73.91 0.053 0.25 +1- 0.Q2 0.37 +/- 0.03 0.62 +1- 0.02 " " 68.18 0."1 0.21 +1_ 0.03 I 24 4.17 ".. -,~

212-250 8 0 24 0.00 not enooJllh data

5 O.29+/-0m 0.35 -+-1- 0.02 0.43 +/-om 7 24 29.17 0.87

3 0 " 0.00 not enough data, 0.40 +1- O.QJ 1 24 4.17 nOlllr\Ql.l9h data

SJ042A 151)-212 8 0.00 +1- 0.00 0.17 +f- om 0.23 +1. 0.00 24 24 JOO,OO ·3

5 0.11 +/_ om 0.16 +1- 0.0 I QAl +1- 0.01 " l3 95.65 3.72

J 0.09 +1. 0.00 0.15+/-0.01 0.34 +1- 0.01 23 24 95.83 2.65

1 0.20 +/- 0.02 I 24 4.17 not enou h di113

212-250 8 0.12 +/_ 0.01 0.17 +/_ om 0.24 +/- 0.01 21 24 87.50 0.32, 0.10+/-0.01 0.15 +/_0.01 0.33 +1- om 20 24 83.33 '"l 0.09 +1_ om 0.15 +/-om 0.24 +/- 0.01 " 24 75.00 0.78

I 0 23 0.00 1\01 enough data

SJ048A 150-212 8 0.03 +1_0.00 0.03 +f- 0.001 0.04 +/- 0.00 23 " 95.83 ...,5 0.Q2 +f- 0.00 0.03 +/- 0.001 0,05 +/_ 0.00 22 24 91.67 0.67

3 0.02 +/_ 0.00 0.03 +1- 0.003 0.04 +1- 0.01 j 23 21.74 hot enoug, data

I 0 2J 0.00 hot enouah data

212-250 " 0.02 +1- 0.00 0.04 +/- om 0.17 +1_ om 24 24 100.00 ,.", 0.03 +/-0-01 0.07 +/-0.03 0.35 +/-0.02 10 " 41.67 3,03

3 0 24 000 hoi enough data

I 0 24 0.00 tlOl enough data

SJ04HR 150·2l2 8 0.04 +1_ 0.00 0.05 +/_ 0.002 0.08 +/- 0.00 24 24 100.00 '.ro, 0.04+/_ 0.00 0.05 +/- 0.002 0.081/-0.00 24 24 100.00 1.15

3 0.03 +1_ 0.01 0.05 +1- 0.01 0.11 +/- 0.01 " " 50.00 1.59

I 0.04 H- 0.01 0.12 +/- 0.05 0.31 +1_ 0.Q5 j 24 20.83 not enoooh data

111_250 , 0.03 +(. 0.00 a.GS +(- (W02 (W6 +/- om 24 " 100.00 0.45

j 0.03 +1_ om 0.04 +/- 0.01 0.11 +1-0.01 " 2J 65.22 3,18

3 0.02 +/- om 0.05 +/-0.01 0,08 +/- 0.01 8 23 34.78 not enough data, 0 24 0.00 not enough data

SJ252A lS0-212 8 0.38 +/_ om 0.44 +/- om 0.86 +/- 0.0 I 23 24 95.83 3.95

5 0.35 +/- 0.01 0039+/- 0.01 0.43 +1_ 0.01 24 24 100.00 -0,32

J 0.29 +/_ 0.02 0,46 +1- om 0.89 +/- om 24 24 100.00 1.&2

I 0,27 +/- 0.04 0,48~/-om 1.17+/-0.08 13 24 54.17 oot enw9h data

212-250 " 0.35 +/_ om 0.41 +1_0.01 0.58 +/- 0.01 24 24 100.00 2,24

j 0.21 +I_om 0.35 +1- 0.01 0.39 +1- 0.01 23 " 95,83 <."3 0.30 +1_ 0.02 0.38 +1· 0.01 0.50 +/. 0.03 21 24 87.50 0.61

I 0.34+1- 0.03 0.66 +/- 0.27 1.48+/-0.23 4 " 16.67 not enOlQl data

SJ252B 150-212 8 0.33 +/_ 0.01 0.36 +/- 0.01 0.42 +/- 0.0 I 21 " 87.50 0.71, 0.29 +/- 0.01 0.36 +/- 0.01 0,53 +/_ 0.01 21 " 87.50 1.15

J 0.27 +1- 0.01 0039 +/. OM 0.58 +/- OM 19 24 79.17 1.01

I 0.45 +/_ 0.04 0.61 +/_ 0.16 0.77 +1- 0.08 2 24 S.3) no1enOOJ!lh Mla

212-250 8 0.29 +1_ om 0.38 +1- 0.01 0.46 +1· om 24 " 100.00 0.', 0.25 +1_ 0.0\ 0.37 +1- 0,02 0.61 +1- 0.02 23 24 95.83 '"3 0.29 +1_ 0.03 0.36 +/- 0.03 0.70+/-0.08 12 " SO.OO 2841 0,33 +1_ 0.01 0.44 -+/- 0.11 0.54 +/- 0.05 2 24 8.33 noI enough data

SJ252C \50-212 8 0.2& -+/_ 0.01 0,41 -+/- 0.0 I 0.49 +/- 0.0 I 23 23 100.00 _1.5

5 0.33 +1_ 0.01 0039 -+1- 0.01 0.50 +/- 0.01 " 24 100.00 0.77

l 0.30+1'- O.O! 0.36 +/- 0.01 0.42 +.'_ 0.02 23 " 95.83 -0.14

I 0.40 +/_ 0.02 0.56 +1_ 0.07 0.70 +1- 0,02 4 l3 17.39 not enoooh data212_250 8 0.35 +1_ 0.Ql 0,41 +1-0-01 0.56 +/- om 2l 24 95.83 ,.'"

5 0.30 +1-0.02 0.39 +/- 0.01 0.46 +1_ 0.02 21 " 87.50 0083 0.26 -+1· 0.03 0.38 +1- 0.01 0.47 +/- 0.01 19 24 79.17 <.32I 0.32 +/- 0.04 0.73 -+1- 0.22 1.J4-+/-0.10 , 24 16.67 rot enough dala

SJ298 125-250 8 0.08 +/- om 0.\\ +/, 0.005 0.12+/-0.01 22 24 9J.(j7 "39 5 0.07+1-0.01 0.10+/-0.004 0.13 -+1- 0.01 20 24 83.33 0.15

J 0.08+/- 0.01 0.10 -+1- 0.003 0.12 +/- O.OL " " 7o.s3 <.•I 1.1 +1- 0,2 , 24 4.L7 nol enoooh data

250-300 8 0,08 +1- O.lKl 0.12 +1-0.002 0.13 +1_O.Ql 24 24 100.00 ~9

5 0.08 +{. om 0.11 +1_ 0.003 0.13 +1-0.0l 20 24 83.33 <.,3 0.08 +1_ 0.01 0.12 +1- 0.007 0.17-+/-0.QJ 16 24 66,67 0.16, 0 24 0.00 not enough data

SJ298 125-250 8 0-03+f-0.OO 0.04 +/- 0.002 0,06 +/_ 0.00 2l 24 95.83 <.ro., 5 om +/- 0.00 0.04 +/- 0.002 0.07 +(- 0.01 2J 24 95.83 1.27

3 0.03 +1- 0.00 0.05 +1_ 0.005 0.11 +1- 0.01 " 24 58.33 2.19

I 0.08 +1- 0-01 , 24 4.17 not enoooh data

250-300 8 0.03 +1_ 0.00 0.04 +1- 0.002 0.10 +1- 0.00 " " 100.00 3,19

5 om +1·0,0] 0,04 +1- 0.004 om +1-0.Q1 12 24 SO.OO 0.57

J 0.04 +1. 0.01 0.15+/-0.10 0.45 +/. om , 24 16,67 noI enough data

1 0 24 0.00 nOlanoug, data

note: error on the mean DE = Standard deviation/ SQRT(n)

110


--- I

150-212um

0 N .... '" '" 0 N .... '" '" 0 N ; '"N N N N "" M M M M M .... .... ....9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Equivalent Dose (Gy)

~ 0 N ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~o dod 0 0 000

212-250um


l

---lI

----j

lI_ 8mm lIillSk • 5mm mask _ 3mm mask :¥ Imm mask I

---==

Figure 29- Frequency histograms for dune ridge sample SJl4B. Bin Size= 0.01 Gy

111


150·212um

5

4

;.. 3<>

"..."""~ 2""

212-250um


o'"o

i)

4

Ih---~o~J

oN

oo'"o


1.8rnmmask .5mmmask .3mm mask" llI1m m~kl-----=

Figure 30- Frequency histograms for dune ridge sample SJ252A. Bin Size= 0.01 Gy

112


o

"oo

'"o

-_._--_.

-- --- -. --~ -- --- I150-212um

-~·_~··--··-I I

_·----~I__ I

I--I

, --~-~

,mllD~~,,~,~

..,.-- --- --- --

r-~-----

I

I

I

I

4·--·

I

.---- 1

I

o,..o

o~

o

212-250urn


--...-J~--J I

--~1

~L':,~",[- I ~--,I I

-------

._..- ..-. --. -~.._-- I1'.Smm mask .Smm mask .3mm mask i$; lmm mask

.._-_ .. ----,"-_. ---_.-' --

oMo

IG'3~--

I I 2 1-,. --------r..-

I 11~1-o I-~~

L __Equivalent Dose (Gy)

~mrnmask-.-s;;;;;. mask. 3mtn mask !l!lmrn mas~ _JFigure 31- Frequency histograms for dune ridge sample SJ252B. Bin size= 0.01 Gy

113

oon<:;;


7,---I

oN<:;;


"~-~-~-I150-212um

,

I--===-ll-----~I

I---I'- .---- I

ilr--- -,-,- -1 I.k'T'" ,,'-'-'--,,-, '''~, -n-~ ,--,-,-,-.- I

00 or.. 0 on IA...0 >D t-- t- t-o 000 ci

A


r -_.-

oN<:;;

o'"<0

o...<:;;

212-250um

oon<:;;

----_.__ ._-[

--_._-~,

_._----~

--I--I-~

I

on

'"o

._-_.'---


~nun mask 115nun mask .3mm~k II! 1=~

Figure 32- Frequency histograms for dune ridge sample SJ252C. Bin size= 0.01 Gy

114


150-212urn

7

t-· -_.---- --- ._--

6 - -_.-- --- f--

5 - ----- -----(;'c

I:!l 4C'l::"" 3

I

;~-----

I llnl0,,---, ,0 "' 0 ~ 0 "' 00 0 '"' '"' '"0 0 0 0 0 0 0


I

--~ .

-- .--1

~-1

---i

,::L.=L~

r.Srnmmask .5rnmmask .3rnmmaski!llrnmmaskL.. __

212-150urn

I__J

6~--

2

I~-o~;

ooo

-----

II I I, ,

..~

J

::,.-.-~=Equivalent Dose (Gy)

Figure 33- Frequency histograms for dune ridge sample SJ042A. Bin size~ 0.01 Gy

115


150-212um~-- --·-~--l

----~

-~---~ I~ ~--~ - -- ~-~~ - ..~- -~ -- 1

~--~ ~-- ~-- -- - I---··--1

__~._ ~_.J

_·~~-··-l-~-_.-.~ I

-===jll~·r·-~ ----,-..,--.,.J

~-- --~

• ,--,---,-~ -----,---~ ,<r> :: ::: 00 N0 0 0 0

'--_....._."- ....._--


r;;;,~u--- ~_. ~~- .~-.....-~mTJlask .Smmmask ._~mmmask_lmmm~kJ _I

I

I

212-250um


I.SIll1Jl mask .5mmm~ 83mm';""k 1I1mm mask I__ u__ ~~_~__ ~ __

Figure 34- Frequency histograms for dune ridge sample SJ04&A. Bin size= 0.01 Gy

116


150-212umII

2r---o ~ ._-,--.-J

g,,;

--- - -_..- - -l

_ ..- -- -_.. -- -- .__.-·-·-l I-.--.---._._--.-._--.. I- -_. -_..- -- -._-_._- -- ·-1 I_____ . ._. __._J

-- .._ .._ .._- ..- -- .._--- -- ~ !

- ..-----.------- I

rr-- - •. - ._--.-.-. - - .. --I I.,-lJ.,;.,U.., . ~ .,---r-;.;;:"" '---C-;:,--r--,- -~ ';""",i I~ 0 0 d 6 6 6 I


-- ._-- ---- ..._- --- --~--IL. 8mm mas~ 5mm mask .3rnm mask__~mmask:

212-250um

o...,,,;

0+go

14 I -- --- --- .__._- --- --. u __..__.•.__ .-

12 i- .-_. - -- - ..- --_. - - - ··--1

g ': r=-- ~=-----~---~=~-~ J~ d-- --_.__ ..-._---.- ---- _J"" ! I I

41--.-- -._-.- -_·-··_·-1'2L ._._ __. ._1 I

~- -~I--,--r-I~'-~ ~~-r~ ----,-----,----- --,-----.----, ,~


~8m_m_mask_._5mm=-mas-__-_k_._ 3mm_m_~as_-k-flj='_llllIl=-m-as-k ;1_. ..._._

Figure 35- Frequency histograms for dune ridge sample SJ048B. Bin size= 0.01 Gy

117


-=1._._--~ .

_·_·_·~I-'-"'~~1

-~

E-c ~D

125-250um

~ S = ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 5.0 0 0 0 0 0 d 0 0 0 0 0 ~

Equivalent Dose (Oy)

6

I

I :t-=-~~ilg sei 0

II :c

l~_~

1--1-8mmrnask .5mru,mask .3mm mask Wi!Imm~

250·300=

j

I---I

-I---3

r=...._=j,

---~- ._.-

- -_.- I---

.- ~

~ r ~

I- 1--.

I~

'0 -. N ......o 0 0 0o .0 d ci~ ~ ~ s ~ ~ 8 = ~ ~ ~ ~o ci 0 0 ci 0 0 e 0 0 0 0


r-&mm mask. • -Smm mask ..3mm ~ask-. Imm ~ask 1-~-- .. _-'

Figure 36- Frequency histograms for dune ridge sample SJ298-39. Bin size== 0.01 Gy

lI8

"~ - . -,----------,------,--- - J;: s:l :::: ;;; ~ ~ ::: ~ '" 0

N,,; ,,; ,,; ,,; ,,; ,,; ,,; ,,; 0 ,,;


16-- -~--"

::t----g 10 f' "~ 8' ----l;--

:t~"----


125-250um

g; ~

.0 0Equivalent Dose (Gy)

l ~__

r-!

12 r-

'l-J 6 -~~H.4

250-212um

2

0 • L0 ;; 8 8 ~ :!:i ;g .... 00 g; :=: ;: s:l :::: :'!:0 0 0,,; ,,; ,,; ,,; 0 ,,; ,,; ,,; ,,; ,,; ,,; ,,; c ,,; ,,;


,----I

~-~J~~~~2:~~o 0: 0 ei 0 .0 ~

1~8mmmaskilllsmm mask .-3~m mask mlmm~4---- ----

Figure 37- Frequency histograms for dune ridge sample S1298-40. Bin size= 0.01 Gy

119

-~

Table 14- Summary of 48 disc measurements

sample grain size mask size min DE mean DE max DE number ofaliquot number ofaliquot usable data Skewness(fllIl) (mm) (Gy) (Gy) (Gy) used measured (%)

S1298-39 125-250 1 - - - 0 48 0.00 -250-300 I 0.13 +1- 0.02 0.16 +1- 0.01 0.17 +1- 0.03 3 47 6.38 not enough data

SJ252A 150-212 I 0.24 +1- 0.04 0.33 +1- 0.02 0.40 +1- 0.05 6 48 12.50 not enough data212-250 I 0.30 +1- 0.02 0.49 +1- 0.15 1.09 +1- 0.10 5 48 10.42 not enough data

s::iJJp

~'"~.'"Ittl

S.~

B~;!;.

iI

I.g~

[~0'~

-N-

Table 15- Results obtained using a modified regeneration cycle

sample grain size mask size min DE mean DE max DE number ofaliquots number ofaliquots usable data Skewness(Ilm) (mm) (Oy) (Oy) (Oy) used measured (%)

SJ298-39 125-250 8 0.00 +/- 0.00 0.1 0 +/- 0.006 0.13 +/- 0.01 22 24 91.67 -2.47250-300 8 0.08 +/- 0.00 0.11 +/- 0.002 0.14 +(- 0.00 23 24 95.83 -0.07

s::rnp

~'"~.'",III

~~

~~'"~

iI

~'l!l.g~

8~0"~


125-250fllll


I

1

0 N ,.,~ ~ '" ..... oo '" 0 ::: :::l :::: ::; ~ :!' ~

oo ~ g0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - -0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


[.8mm~~----

g 8d 0

8o

250-300fllll

-:J~ or,

~..... oo '" 0 :::l ,.,

::! ~ ::: ~ oo ;!;: 00 0 0 '"' '"' - '"0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


JFigure 38- Results obtained using a modified regeneration cycle results. Measurements were made on 8mm aliquots of SJ298-39.

122


Table 16- Age calculations


SJlmpJe grdinsiZ; JThlSk sizc mmage stat emr tOlal erTYr m~an age sIal error total error max age stat error lotal error ,(>lm) (mm)

SJ14B 150-212 8 0 0 " 963 " " 1218 48 57 '", '" 57 42 1020 " 50 1275 '" 59 173 70< 59 62 1048 89 'n 1757 79 9L L51 595 85 SO ,

212-250 8 0, 8.16 J8 " '00' " " 1239 47 56 7) 0, L1S3 9L 95 ,

SJ042A 150-212 8 0 0 0 043 " " 870 35 38 245 '" 40 " 605 " " 1551 72 78 22J 34" L3 15 567 43 " 1286 OJ 68 23, 756 79 ""

,212-250 8 456 4Q " 646 44 " 9LJ 50 " 21

5 )80 )9 40 570 42 " 1255 60 64 203 34' " " 570 42 44 9JJ 50 " IS, 0

SJ048A IW-2J2 8 " 2 3 91 4 4 171 3 4 235 60 , , 9L 4 4 '" 4 5 223 60 I 2 9L 9 , 121 29 29 5I 0

212-250 8 " I 2 122 29 30 519 33 J5 "5 9L " " 7IJ 89 89 ({I(i'.l 68 70 103 0I 0

3J048B ISl}.llZ 8 69 I , 87 3 5 '" J 5 "5 69 I 2 87 3 5 139 ) 5 ") 52 L7 " "' 17 17 191 " 19 17I " 17 " 209 86 86 540 86 "" 5

212-250 8 54 I 2 90 4 5 108 17 '" "5 54 17 17 72 17 17 198 '" 19 153 3. 17 17 90 17 IS 144 " IS 8I 0

SJ298_39 125-250 8 6.4 0.80 0.83 Kg"!l QAO 0.52 9.60 0.&0 0.87 225 5.6 0.80 0.82 800 0.32 0.44 10.40 080 0.89 203 6.4 0.80 0,83 800 0.24- 0.39 960 G.SO 0.87 ", 88.00 15.90 16.30 1

150-300 8 600 LOO 0.00 9.99 0.17 OAO 10.80 0.83 0.92 "5 6.65 0.83 0.86 ".15 0.25 0.42 10.80 0.83 0.92 203 6.65 0.&:\ 0.86 9,99 0.58 0.69 14.10 O-fB 0.98 J6I a

&129S-40 125-250 , 15.00 0.00 0.00 21.00 1.00 1.00 31.00 0.00 0.00 23.005 15.00 0.00 0.00 21.00 1.00 1.00 36.00 5.00 5.00 23.003 15-00 0.00 0.00 26.00 '.00 2.00 51.00 5.00 5.00 14.001 42.00 5.00 5.00 1.00

250-300 , 15.00 000 0.00 21.00 1.00 LOO 52,00 1.00 0.00 24.005 15.00 5.00 5.00 21.00 '.00 200 36,00 5.00 5.00 12.003 21.1}1} 3.00 5.00 7R.OO 52.00 52.00 236.00 15.00 16.00 4.00I

SJ252A 150-212 , llSI 210 212 1368 249 230 2674 473 .76 235 1088 19' '95 1213 216 217 1337 m 239 743 902 19' '" 1430 268 210 276(; '" .93 24I '39 191 192 1493 ll8 J39 3639 686 «9" 13

zrZ-2SO 8 <096 "4 195 '"'' '" 228 1817 319 321 243 05' 11<) 119 1096 194 193 1222 m 217 23J 940 m 196 1190 210 211 "66 24' '90 21I 1065 2'" 208 206' 898 899 4638 1071 1076 4

SJ252B 150-212 , 1223 255 236 1134 277 '" 1556 m 324 215 1074 22. m 1334 277 '" 1964 '07 4<), 213 1000 200 21O 1443 306 308 2149 "9 451 191 1667 377 374 2260 739 740 2853 655 657 2

212-250 8 1079 223 224 1414 290 291 1712 3S1 352 245 930 '" 193 1377 289 291 Z271 468 470 233 1079 '" '" 1J4Q 79l 294 '606 604 606 12I ms 153 254 1638 518 519 2010 447 "9 2

SJ252C 150-212 8 '243 '''' 290 1823 422 '" 1179 3" 505 235 1467 )40 34J 1734 4<)1 4Q3 2223 514 515 "3 1334 310 JII 1601 '" m 1867 438 439 7J, 1778 418 '19 7490 647 64' 3113 722 724 4

212-250 , 1558 JS5 356 1825 416 .19 2492 566 3" 7J5 lJ35 '" J]5 1736 395 397 2047 '72 47J "3 liS? 292 '" 169' m )87 2092 476 47J 19I 1424 365 166 3249 1194 1196 5965 1418 1422 ,

n= number of aliquots used to detemrine mean ages

123


Table 17- Summary of ages for the dune ridge samples

sample gram sIze minimum age mean age maximumag~

(/-lm)

8114B 150-212 793 +/- 42 992 +/- 59 1247 +/- 58212-250 836 +/- 43 1009 +/- 68 1239 +/- 56

8J042A 150-212 416 +/- 41 624 +/- 46 1211 +/- 58212-250 418 +/- 41 608 +/- 45 1084 +/- 59

SJ048A 150-212 76 +/- 3 91 +/- 4 137 +/- 5212-250 76 +/- 16 168 +/- 60 794 +/- 53

S1048B 150-212 69 +/- 2 87 +/- 5 139 +/- 5212-250 54 +/- 10 81 +/- 11 153 +/- 19

S1298-39 125-250 6.0 +/- 0.8 8.4 +/- 0.5 10.0 +/- 0.9250-300 6.3 +/- 0.4 9.6 +/- 0.4 10.8 +/- 0.9

S1298-40 125-250 15 +/- 0 21 +/- 1 34 +/- 3250-300 15 +/- 3 21 +/- 2 44 +/- 3

S1252A 150-212 1135 +/- 204 1291 +/- 234 2006 +/- 358212-250 877 +/- 157 1190 +/- 212 1520 +/- 269

S1252B 150-212 1149 +/- 241 1334 +/- 278 1760 +/- 366212-250 1005 +/- 209 1396 +/- 291 1992 +/- 411

S1252C 150-212 1356 +/- 316 1779 +/- 413 2201 +/- 510212-250 1447 +/- 336 1781 +/- 407 2270 +/- 521

All ages represent the average ofthe 8 mm and 5 mm mask sizes

124


'"N, '"<Xl

1:>N

o '"<X) tN

/'71. Joseph Point

fl:!J 165 YB.P.v;r"",,~, '''''')i~

90 y B.P. (SJ048 A & B;~~1000 y B.P. (SJl4)~ 1300-1800 y B.P. (SJ252)

\~Eagle Harbor

\~8 y B.P. (SJ298-39;~21 YB.P. (SJ298-40)\\,

\~

Hammock

745 y B.P.

o2952'

o2948'

o2945'

2944'

o2943'

Figure 39- Ages on the peninsula. The 745 year B.P. age comes from a dated peat(Stapor, 1975) and the 165 year B.P. age comes from a spanisb mission site(Bencbley and Bense, 2000)

125


Table 18- Feldspar contamination for the 90-150llm fractions

Sample IRSL OSL lRSUOSL

81059 III 117462 0.001091 ]00054 0.0009

128 95339 0.0013

77 120239 0.0006

S1058 78 153023 0.0005

189 142308 0.001)

87 160132 0.0005

146 52491 0.0018

SJ057 144 238605 0.0006

133 179143 0.0007

104 133664 0.0008

126 188595 0.0007

5}056 136 117988 0.0012

95 173801 0.000574 143210 0.0005

135 155898 0.0009

5J0528 153 133834 0.0011

128 251908 0.0005

113 180265 0.0006135 244762 0.0006

S1051A 305 122770 0.0025

108 75512 0.00(4

55 76513 0.000789 93983 0.0009

S1051 169 247005 0.000739 70586 0.0006

429 220288 0.0019

27 93262 0.0003

5J049 159 239566 0.0007153 [88309 0.0008

229 177784 0.0013116 157807 0.0007

5J029 54 64084 0.0008113 52890 0.0021

63 55367 0.0011

21' 72455 0.00305J026 119 [33503 0.0009

137 177620 0.0008156 115959 a.ODD80 1630]7 0.0005

SJ023 136 41544 0.003387 57098 0.0015

75 40055 0.0019139 59738 0.0023

5J070 134 121168 0.001191 153075 0.0006

62 140340 0.000497 156372 0.0006

SJ007 156 119774 0.0013

324 90114 0.0036

101 77854 0.001365 76965 0.0008

SJ008 267 68255 0.003991 78384 0.0012

139 89963 0.001561 92436 0.0007

5JOl2 90 70298 0.0013191 111260 0.0017

103 105050 0.0010115 92173 OJXH2

51019 64 36256 0.001822 19220 0.0011

116 28378 0.0041270 37381 0.0072

126


Table 19- Feldspar contamination test results for the !50-212)..tffi grain size quartz

separates of the littoral samples

Sample IRSL OSL IRSUOSL

S1058 115 75351 0.0015

143 121492 0.0012160 86124 0.0019

83 143684 0.000651057 60 141314 0.0004

160 138110 0.0012

55 124607 0.000469 69396 0.0010

SJ056 101 71361 0.0014

423 [25676 0.0034

47 69907 0.0007

117 83971 0.0014

51054 149 74600 0.0020

70 80180 0.000968 57478 0.0012J8 88305 O.()()(J4

51055 67 61286 0.0011

162 82180 0.0020103 76281 0.0014

" 102&44 Q.Q(\{IS

510528 239 80702 0.003073 79824 0,0009100 [13363 0.0009

61 "78IB2 lHJOOSSJ052A 142 108518 0.0013

249 137116 0.00[8

119 171372 0.000798 \41983 OJ}O(fl

SJ051 29 44189 0.0007

147 134348 0.001157 95768 0.0006110 68779 0.00\6

51049 242 96996 0.0025

95 87208 0.001 (

91 I0606t 0.0009

110 78025 0.0015

51030 125 139403 0.000999 96298 0.0010

98 102432 0.0010

65 IOL480 0,0006

SJ073 58 98788 0.0006202 168044 0.0012

73 70103 0.0010

114 126856 0.0009

SJ029 10' 74533 0.0014

111 91400 0.0012

120 81585 0.0015

222 107161 0,0021

51026 42 5:1987 0.000860 50958 0.0012

239 79647 0.0030196 96149 0.0020

51024 59 81096 0.MXl7

175 119550 0,0015

" 85026 0.0009

86 137361 0.0006

51071 90 83845 0.001163 63694 0.0010

51 72714 0.0007

"' 96L28 0.0012

SJ070 87 69839 0.001270 95814 0.0007

101 9]392 O.ooL\149 68463 0.0022

Sample IRSL OSL IRSUOSL

51023 63 87990 0.0007

" 71682 0.0010

88 59979 0.0015

100 89467 O.OOtl

SJ003 90 54196 0.0017

106 129975 0.0008

121 93032 0.OOL3

176 7\17& 0.0025

SJOO4 102 66309 0.0015

287 150096 0.0019

123 112797 0.0011

57 78894 0.0007

S1005 82 133551 0.0006

146 99540 0.OOL5

112 774S& 0.0014

20S 9<1454 0.0023

SJ006 OS 66500 0.0010

70 63585 0.001 I

115 95821 0.0012

182 95340 0.0019

S1007 127 57026 0.0022

66 69812 0.0009

98 79660 0.0012

83 84)54 OJ)l)ll)

S1008 103 121674 0.0008

90 69406 0.0013

130 80422 0.0016

87 7568\ 0.0011

SJ009 168 91787 0.0018

13' 104160 0.0013

10' 97774 0.0011

83 105940 0.0008

S1010 70 72796 0.0010

80 74428 O.OO!I

SJOI I 88 89354 0.0010

13' 125694 0.0011

122 122398 0.0010

169 161749 0.0010

S1012 187 109581 0.OOL7

263 108593 0,OOZ4

122 122859 0.0010

91 97105 0.0009

SJOl3 " 61465 0.0008

375 79428 0.0047

66 83653 0.0008SS 46899 0.0018

SJOl4 72 104208 0.0007

111 82045 110014

129 92295 0.0014

119 69443 0.0017

SlOl5 96 51003 0.0019

84 43611 0,0019

118 74900 0.0016

208 6\305 0.0034

51016 67 56834 0.001272 61242 0.0012

83 62859 0.0013

58 80327 0.0007

SJ018 131 604] 1 0.0022

57 71861 0.0008

200 66775 0.0030

80 71598 0.0011

SJOl9 OS 5&722 0.()(H1

183 77355 0.0024

119 110837 O,OOI!

91 60685 0.0015

127


Table 20- Feldspar contamination test results for the 2 L2-250p.m grain size quartz

separates ofthe littoral samples

8am Ie IRSL OSL IRSUOSL8J059 109 69733 0.0016

203 75040 0,0027

J7J 88975 OJ/{J19

70 6006' 0.0012S1058 79 405% 0.0019

')6 48485 0.0028

'0' 58494 0.(}O[7

73 40049 0.0018

S1057 " 78036 0._105 66280 0.0016

'04 57211 0.0018185 44375 0.0042

51056 139 50454 OJJ02869 44349 0.0016

105 58882 0.0018

'41 57421 0.0025

SlOSS 69 122821 0.000685 56987 0.0015

125 77270 0.0016

'00 879<l9 0.0011

81054 23 42745 0.0005

313 3_ OlJQ<) I93 44017 D.OOZI75 65118 0.0012

510528 81 65284 0.0012

198 75320 0.002672 68593 0.0010

209 63687 O./)()JJ

SJ051A 10' 45306 0.0022lJ2 871 15 0.001567 59692 0.0011207 73601 0.0028

5105\ 81 55991 0.0014

62 55630 0.0011

14J 51884 0.0028119 51092 0.0023

SJ050 '40 71735 0.0020

145 78739 0.0018

J2 63432 0.0005

80 58380 0.0014SJ049 lJ2 54412 0.0024

'44 72240 0.0020

78 51863 0.0015

7J 33980 0.00218J030 52 45571 0.0011

50 33%6 0.0016

77 46770 0.0016

'00 37298 0.0027SJOn 99 86654 0.0011

50 522H 0.0010131 85810 0.(HH5

l2J 74634 0.0017

SJ07J 94 75763 OJI(II2-163 101135 0.0016

'00 104783 0.0019

139 110837 O.OOtJSJ029 55 45905 0.0012

12 48010 0.0015

149 46860 0.0032

78 56580 OJ)014

SJ027 153 7644. 0.0020

98 88043 o,cml183 78971 O.cX1234J 40904 0.0011

SJ026 12. 38468 0.0033lJ5 53727 0.0025

" 30257 0.0008

71 58498 0.0012SJ025 325 60612 0.0054

77 5JJ53 0.0014

J9 45063 0.0009

123 55321 0.0022

Sam Ie IRSL OSL IRSUOSL3J024 12' 95777 0.0013

52 48116 0.0011

50 57842- 0.1)1)1}9

431 108418 0.0040

3J071 82 109841 0.0007

173 97773 0,0018

76 87210 0,0009

'44 99213 0.0015

8J070 220 34057 0.0065

JJ 30671 0.0011

106 47385 0.0022

51 45841 O.OOlJ

SJ003 157 63747 0.0025

'98 82258 0.0024

'07 54693 0.0020

64 74815 0.0009

8JOO4 41 40715 0,0010

'04 30121 0.0035

56 47425 0.0012

J9 37542 0.0010

SJ005 35 37488 0.0009

99 19892- 0.0050

64 42976 0.0015

95 40410 0.0024

SJOO6 97 49122 0.002-0

lS' 75350 0.0024

'40 77519 0.0018

J69 65604 0.0056

3J007 119 5-4534 0.0022-

m 66341 0.0020

82 65877 0.0012

84 61206 0.0014

3J008 86 30958 0.0028

62 58192 0.0011

94 55613 0.0017

"' 40906 0.002-7

8J009 46 45449 0.0010

'OS 37437 0.0028

117 52009 0.0022

103 57456 OJXJl8

SlOIO 50 72742 0.0007

148 73839 0.00:1:0

l2J 6l68J 0.0021

204 85425 0.0024

SlOr r lO' 656IIJ 0.0029

136 64576 0.0021

149 85037 0.0018

68 15907 0.0043

SJOI) 142 45330 0.0031

'06 57492- 0.0018

76 56046 0,0014

88 54339 0.0016

SJOl4 83 53830 0.0015

84 43342 0.0019

70 51114 0.0014

68 55888 0.0012

3J015 96 87818 0.0011

6J 74835 0._

10J 71228 0.0014

130 100150 O.OOJJ

SJ016 52 49642 0.0010

142 57710 0.0025

55 48061l 0.0011

197 42614 0.0046

31018 liS 56650 0.0020

49 43416 0.0011

64 75071 0.000971 48120 0.0015

SJOl9 234 54783 0.0043

80 62245 O.OOlJ240 65659 0.0037

70 88275 0.0008

128


25000 I I!

200001

0.;;;l:i 150002.5]OIl

10000.~

'"

5000

0 1..1 ",

0 '" N 00"""

0 '" N 00"""

0 '" N<'"l t- o

"""00 .- V"l 00 N '" a- <'"l- - - N N N <'"l <'"l r<)

"""temperature ("C)

Figure 40- Effect of altering the heating rate. The glowcurves shown are from the212-250 flIIl grain size fraction of sample SJOI9. The thick black lines represent aheating rate of5°C/sec, the light grey lines represent a rate of 10°C/sec and the dark greylines represent a rate of 15 °C/sec. No beta dose was administered.

129


30000 T25000

.0 20000 -:

:115000

~.;;; 10000

5000

0 ;,

, ,., , ,~mJTfTlilldblillillillililf;II,lIdlllili,lIl,iiliiliiliii Ii il:iililiiililiij·jl:i

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0..,.. co N \0 0 ..,.. co N \0 ..,.. co- - N N N ,... ,... ..,.. ..,.. ..,..

temperature ("C)

Figure 41- Effect of altering the maximum temperature. The curves shown are from the212-250 f!m grain size fraction of sample SJOI9. The grey lines represent a maximumtemperature of 500 "C while the black lines represent a maximum temperature of450 "c.TL was recorded while the sample was heated from its preheat temperature to a maximumtemperature of either 450"C or 500 "C.

130


TL 51J11C5Cls, 25Opls, PH"'221lC for 5. Naturol TL 500c.5C/s,2SOplS, PH=22OC for 5s Dose=20Gy

'000

6000

'000 ...--

o:-~~~-:--:-~--::~~~O~§~~~g~§~

lemperalUJ"e ('C)

"000 r'=1

'000

" .i '5OO<J'S~

~ (0000

~ ~ ~ g ~ ~ ~ ; ! ~

temperllll!re("C) 1

11. _,5C/',500,", PHollOC foc', "'-'00, -I::r' I

1'5OO<J";;; r

p 10000 .

-Al

'000

7OQQ~.-,

TL SOOC, SCts, SOOpls, PH..noc for ~s Natural

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~IemperBlure ("C)

Figure 42- Effect Dfin~iDg the Dumber ofdatapoints l.'01Ieaoo.

131


Nt} preheat

o

j

"~o~__~"'"'."'_•••_~_._.._•••~_,._.... ..__,."..,..........',;;;;,;,.c.,,_.•••_.""",,,,,,,,,,""'~__~••J

~ ~ 3 ~ ~ g ~ ~ ~

/2()OO

1OQ(}(J

,~ BOOO

£~ 6llOO

'"4000

'000

Il4DOO--·--

Tempenlture (C)

Preheat

_JI

2'000 I

20000

.~ 15000

~]~IOOOOI

o~.

gM

""'1',.--,-"'~----"'"'~

Figure 43- Comparjson ofpreheat vs. no preheat. Measurements were made on the 212.250~m fraction ofSJOJ9

(TL 500C. 5C1s, 500pts. PH~OC for Os or 220C for 5s). Grey lines represent the natura! glowcurves andblack lines represent g10WCllTVes obtained after administering a 20Gy beta dose.

132


SJ019 (212-250fllTl) natural

6000


U

1!

5000

Z. 4000.;;;

"$.£ 3000m".Q>

"' 2000

1000

I~ .._.I~"-

14000~

12000

temperalure ('C)

SJ019 (212-250fllTl) Dose

n~J'~I

10000

~" 8000~~ 6000.Q>

"'4000

2000.~-

;.._--'._...-.......,'::~::..,.-':::.;.'P:' ,A'

o illIII ..,temperature (OC)

0 ..1

_

~

Figure 44- Results ofwaiting 24 hours between administration ofthe beta dose and measurement.The top graph shows the natural (measured on January 31, 2002). A beta dose was administeredon January 31, 2002 and the response to this beta dose was measured on February I, 2002.

133


~2,oooa.olOoooO

40.0 ", _

~.oL """;'""'''''"''_, L1.,g,~

00 ~~~~~_~ -~_~ ~

«.0000 -«l.OOOO 4B.0000 50.0000 52.0000

"$ 60.1J_'~_

Northil;

'lOhiI;t>lemp - P~,(%hphj.~)-.,;,.;;,p~l%iGwtn.P)J

1~212Ym

•

10.0 _

'::r.·-~-·-""-=~/~~:+2:-M--·~---:_·-~=..~c_--._-.-..-~-.--••

7'),1) +---____ R" ~ 0,22<19 __ .~_. ~ __

i6O,Oi

o.o_~- _40,0(00 <42.0000 +4,0000 .016,0000.....

l~--HighT~P ..~ .l.<t<oT~!os"P!".k _~_(~T~e-)

100.0_--------

••• •

•

~~-02;~ _24,855x+ 730.<9

R":O,4189 ------.--c.=----

Igo.O ~ --------••-- ~~_~___j!

~.o-l--

Figure 45~ Relationship between dominant peak and location along the peninsula.

134

-wV>

Table 21- NRTL values for the 90-150llm fractions of the littoral samples.

INTEGRATION METHOD 1 INTEGRATION METHOD 2 INTEGRATION METHOD 3% % %

sample n NRTL STDEV STDEV n NRTL STDEV STDEV n NRTL STDEV STDEV

'SJ059 10 0.63 0.02 2.51 10 0.49 0.02 3.23 10 0.66 0.02 2.40SJ058 5 0.43 0.06 13.52 3 0.41 0.02 4.22 3 0.47 0.05 9.83'SJ057 10 0.78 0.01 1.62 10 0.70 0.01 1.36 10 0.84 0.01 1.51SJ056 10 0.75 0.Q3 4.01 9 0.57 0.02 4.09 9 0.78 0.03 3.42SJ054 10 0.67 0.02 3.30 10 0.56 0.03 4.52 10 0.72 0.02 3.07

'S1052B 10 0.77 0.03 3.29 10 0.59 0,04 7.50 10 0.81 0.Q3 3.51SJ052A 9 0.43 0.01 3.10 7 0.66 0.00 0.57 7 0.47 0.01 2.41SJ051 9 0.63 0.02 3.17 8 0.56 0.01 1.89 8 0.69 0.02 3.07SJ049 10 0.58 0.01 2.18 10 0.49 0.03 6045 10 0.62 0.02 2.55SJ029 8 0.30 0.01 4.71 7 0.36 0.01 3.15 7 0.36 0.02 4.20SJ026 6 0047 0.02 3.47 6 0.54 0.02 3.78 6 0.55 0.02 2.97SJ024 5 0.35 0.01 2.56 4 0.39 0.03 7.69 4 0040 0.01 2.50SJ023 9 0.28 0.Q3 9.52 6 0.36 0.02 4.54 6 0.34 0.02 7.20SJ070 5 0.59 om 4.55 4 0048 0.04 7.29 4 0.58 0,03 5.17SJ007 5 0.32 0.02 6.99 5 0.36 0.01 3.73 5 0.38 0.02 4.71SJ008 9 0.30 0.01 3.33 4 0.49 0.03 6.12 0SJ011 10 0.28 0.01 3.39 8 0.36 0.01 2.95 8 0.35 0.01 2.02SJOl2 10 0.32 0.01 3.95 1 0041 - - 1 0.38 - -

SJ019 9 0.25 0.02 6.67 4 0.34 0.05 13.24 4 0.31 0.04 11.29

note: A • indicates a sandbar sample.

~en!"

i~.

'"I

~~'"rj

~

fI

f~~

8-Cl80~

-W'"

Table 22- NRTL values for the 150-212).ill1 fractions of the littoral samples.

INTEGRAnON METHOD I INTEGRATION METHOD 2 INTEGRATION METHOD 3% % %

sample n NRTL STDEV STDEV n NRTL STDEV STDEV n NRTL STDEV STDEV

"'SJ059 10 0.54 0.02 2.93 7 0.52 0.02 2.9\ 8 0.59 O.oI 2.40SJ058 10 0.40 0.03 7.12 9 0.38 0.02 6.14 9 0.44 0.03 7.58*SJO$7 10 0.51 0.03 4.96 8 0.47 0.03 6.77 8 0.56 0.03 5.68SI056 \0 0.42 0.02 4.52 10 0.45 0.02 3.51 10 0.49 0.02 4.52

"'SJ055 9 0.47 0.02 4.26 6 0.48 0.02 3.40 6 0.52 0.02 3.14SI054 10 0.43 0.02 4.41 10 0.45 0.01 2.81 10 0.49 0.02 3.87

'S1052B 9 0.45 0.02 4.44 6 0.45 0.02 5.44 8 0.50 0.02 4.95SI052A 10 0.38 0.01 2.50 10 0.43 0.01 2.21 10 0.45 0.01 1.41SI051 10 0.37 0.02 5.98 9 0.42 0.01 2.38 9 0.44 0.02 4.55SI049 7 0.38 0.02 3.98 7 0.36 0.01 2.10 7 0.42 0.01 2.70SI030 10 0.33 0.01 2.87 9 0.41 0.02 5.69 9 0.41 0.0] 3.25SI073 10 0.36 0.02 6.15 8 0.39 0.02 4.53 8 0.43 0.02 4.\1SJ029 10 0.32 0.01 3.95 9 0.38 0.01 1.75 9 0.38 0.01 2.63SI026 10 0.35 0.01 3.61 9 0.36 0.02 4.63 9 0.40 0.01 3.33SI025 10 0.37 0.01 3.42 7 0.43 0.02 3.52 7 0.45 0.02 3.36SI024 10 0.35 0.01 3.61 8 0.44 O.oI 2.41 8 0.43 0.01 3.29SI071 10 0.34 0.02 5.58 6 0.41 0.03 6.97 6 0.42 0.02 4.86SI023 10 0.27 0.01 2.34 7 0.32 0.01 3.54 7 0.33 0.01 3.44SJ070 9 0.33 0.02 6.06 5 0.38 0.03 8.24 5 0.41 0.02 4.36SI003 10 0.38 0.06 16.64 7 0.39 0.02 4.85 7 0.45 0.08 16.80SI004 8 0.30 0.02 5.89 7 0.32 0.04 12.99 7 0.34 0.03 8.89SJ005 9 0.29 0.01 2.30 6 0.36 0.02 5.67 6 0.36 0.02 4.54SJ006 4 0.34 0.03 7.35 4 0.44 0.D3 5.68 4 0.42 0.01 2.38SJ007 W 0.30 0.02 5.27 7 0.42 0.02 4.50 7 0.37 0.01 3.06SI008 10 0.32 0.01 3.95 9 0.39 0.01 3.42 9 0.39 0.01 2.56SJ009 10 0.30 0.01 4.22 9 0.35 0.02 6.67 9 0.36 0.02 4.63SlOW 5 0.31 O.oI 2.89 4 0.36 0.03 8.33 4 0.37 0.01 2.70SlOll 10 0.29 0.01 3.27 7 0.40 0.01 2.83 7 0.36 O.oI 3.15SI012 10 0.30 0.01 3.16 10 0.39 0.02 5.68 10 0.38 0.01 3.33SI013 10 0.28 0.01 3.39 8 0.32 0.02 5.52 8 0.33 0.02 5.36SI014 10 0.28 0.02 7.91 8 0.35 0.02 6.06 8 0.36 0.01 3.93S)015 10 0.27 0.01 4.68 8 0.37 0.02 5.73 8 0.34 0.02 6.24SJ016 10 0.30 O.oI 3.16 10 0.39 0.02 5.68 10 0.38 0.01 3.33SlO18 10 0.33 0.01 3.83 8 0.40 0.02 4.42 8 0.41 0.02 4.31SJ019 10 0.29 0.01 4.36 8 0.38 0.01 2.79 8 0.35 0.0\ 4.04

note: A * indicates a sandbar sample.

~fFJ

'"~~.

'"Ito

S.~'Tj

§~

a:::'"

fI

~

i8~0"~

-~....,

Table 23- NRTL values for the 212-250)lm fractions of the littoral samples.

INTEGRATION METHOD I INTEGRAnON METHOD Z INTEGRAnON METHOD 3% % %

sample n NRTL STDEV STDEV n NRTL STDEV STDEY n NRTL STDEV STDEV

"'SJ059 8 0.4\ 0,0\ 3.45 5 0.42 0.01 3.\9 5 0.46 0.01 2.92SI058 10 0.31 O.oz 7.14 7 0.34 0.02 4.45 7 0.37 0.03 7.15

·SJ057 8 0.33 0.02 7.50 4 0.39 0.04 8.97 4 0.43 0.Q3 6.98SI056 \0 0.29 0,0\ 3.27 10 0.37 0.03 7.69 10 0.36 0,0\ 2.64"'81055 6 0.33 0.02 4.95 3 0.34 0.04 11.89 3 0.37 0.03 9.3651054 9 0.36 0.03 8.33 3 0.40 0.03 7.22 3 0.47 0.05 11.06

·SJ052B 10 0.35 0.02 4.52 7 0.40 0.01 2.83 7 0.43 0.01 2.64SJ052A 10 0.30 0.0\ 3.16 9 0.38 0.01 2.63 9 0.37 0.01 2.70SI051 10 0.31 0.01 4.08 8 0.38 0.02 4.65 8 0.38 0.01 3.72SI050 10 0.36 0.02 6.15 9 0.40 0.02 5.83 9 0.41 0.02 5.698J049 7 0.27 0.01 4.20 7 0.35 0.01 2.16 7 0.34 0.01 3.33SI030 9 0.28 0.02 5.95 7 0.38 0.Q2 5.97 7 0.35 0.02 6.48

"'SI072 10 0.30 0.01 4.22 6 0.41 0.03 6.97 6 0.38 0.02 4.30SI073 9 0.28 0.0\ 4.76 7 0.36 0.01 3.15 7 0.35 0,0\ 3.24

SI029 7 0.29 0.02 5.21 5 0.33 0.01 2.71 5 0.36 0.0] 2.48SI027 9 0.33 0.03 9.09 8 0.35 0.Q2 5.05 8 0.39 0.03 7.25SI026 9 0.26 0.01 3.85 5 0.35 0.01 3.83 5 0.33 0.01 2.71S1025 8 0.27 0.01 3.93 7 0.40 0.02 4.72 7 0.34 0.01 3.33SI024 8 0.28 0.01 2.53 7 0.35 0.01 3.24 7 0.34 0.01 2.22SI071 10 0.29 0.02 5.45 8 0.41 0.02 4.31 8 0.37 0.0\ 2.87

SI070 7 0.24 0.02 9.45 7 0.35 0.01 2.16 7 030 0.02 5.04SI003 9 0.26 0.01 3.85 6 0.40 0.02 4.08 6 0.33 0.02 4.95

S1004 10 0.26 0.01 2.43 9 0.34 0.02 4.90 9 0.33 om 3.03

SI005 8 0.26 0.02 8.16 7 0.35 0.Q2 6.48 7 0.31 0.02 7.32

SI006 10 0.28 0.01 3.39 8 0.35 0.02 5.05 8 0.35 0.01 3.03S1007 10 0.27 0.01 2.34 10 0.40 0.02 3.95 10 034 0.01 2.79S1008 6 0.25 0.01 3.27 6 036 0.01 2.27 6 0.3\ 0.01 3.95SI009 8 0.24 0,0\ 5.89 4 0.31 0.01 3.23 4 0.29 0.01 3.45SIOIO 10 0.26 0,0\ 4.87 6 0.36 0.Q2 5.67 6 0.32 0.02 5.10SIOI1 9 0.25 0.01 2.67 6 0.35 0.01 3.50 6 0.32 0.0\ 2.55

SIOI3 7 0.27 0.01 4.20 4 0.3] 0.01 3.23 4 032 0.01 3.138J014 8 0.23 0.01 4.61 6 0.30 om 4.08 6 0.29 0.01 2.82S1015 10 0.29 0.01 2.\8 6 0.38 0.01 2.15 6 0.37 0.01 2.21S10\6 8 0.27 0.0\ 3.93 3 0.29 0.03 9.95 3 0.32 0.02 5.4\

S10\8 5 0.24 0.00 1.86 2 0.33 0.02 6.43 2 0.30 0.02 7.07SI019 7 0.27 0.02 7.00 1 0.32 - - I 0.37 -

note: A ... indicates a sandbar sample.

~'JJf'

~;!1.

'"ICO

~~.."o~~

~

fICl8

q:;.g~

8~0~


Method I

52.000050.0000

_--.J

--l~--- ----- jto. 1° ----I-~1

48.0000

o

----r46.000044.000042.0000

090~.- ----- ----

0.80 I __~U""'--- ---,.------ -----

, 1 •0_70 i-- _ HT-- ----- --- ---~

[::i 0.60 +--- ~ ---- ---!- ----. ---- ----I~ 0.50 ~- -- ---- -----

0.40 _I;__1-.--- "-----:::l--- _--_. --------r---- -~..:..

40.0000

1

i

51.0000

52.0000

--l_ ... /

--=-------j--I

50.0000

50.0000

f~- ~___0 _ +-----j

48.0000

48.0000

•

46.0000

Northing

46.0000

Northing

•

Method 3

44.0000

44.0000

!

T.----

42.DOOO

42.0000

090 1- :0.80 r --"'1...-0.70 +----- - !

Northing

[::i 0.60 1---- -----!Z 0.50 +--- i--·- -----

OAO t---- ..--------.-- ------0.30 ,------ -----

0.20 1---____ ----- -----l_40.0OOO

---

I

I~--=-----------------=- --===:-:---==M_="-2 --==---...:..-.-~-- ---

:::r-=-~--~-.~---=---- -~----=--__.------ --==_-_---__- _--__-_- --__ ·_1,0.70 --_.~'-- -~-.-- ----- - ~

~ :::r-~!- ! --_I_-.:.o---=-_-_-:i--=__-_-i-------t--i ----=-- - IOAO T",----lll--- ------t --- o __~ ------,

OJot 0 1_ --.-~-l.

020 I ---_- ---- ----, ----- ,---- -J40.0000

Figure 46- NRTL trends for the 90-150/-lffi grain size fraction.

138


1- --.Method 1

._---j

0.65

1-.- -,_. -_.

0.60 -'----.. "-- .--.. -----. ~-----··-I0.55 r~--:-T-·---- --~-.. -- ---- -- --_.--1

~ :-:: t--- --±-----i~r- ---. .--- ~=-- .-=-~

z :::t tL ._.: ··.LL,I--! iy-I -I! =i== I

:::L= == == ·_--=·=.-=.~~fi·'t'h~:r ~40.0000 42.0000 44.000Q 46.0000 48.0000 50.0000 52.0000

Northing.__. .-1

.._-- ----1Method 2

0.65 _,_-- ---

0.60 i---- _ .._-=-J055 r- ~ -- ..-,- --..--_. ---

i ~~I .;r=I ~ '-,=Ii -, '-I: ~(\l'l tIl" ..~0.30 -:- --. ----I--J---~0.,,1 .-._- -_- .--. .~ ---. ,-- _ ..

40.0000 42.0000 44.0000 46.0000 48.0000 50.0000 52.0000

II

Northing

M«hOO3 -l

50.000048.000046.0000

Northing

0,65 T-·0.60 t-nI-r- ..--

"::: ;=';-l=r=··· -._.. ---j-I-~ 045 11--·--"--f --i0..--+. .. ..-.- i

040 - .~- .--- • i! i ..~t_-j0

0

.','0' l' _--_-u _-_-- -_.-. .- 1 . --rp-i~i!i-+-- - _u__ I0.25 -'---- u_m -,-_ -- "_••--- ,-'--- . ---- ----- -r----. -.~

40,0000 42.0000 44.0000

l~_

Figure 47- NRTL trends for the I50·2 I211m grain size fraction.

139


Method 1


:::r~-~-~~~~~~~---~ I

,,:::tU_l~ --=-- ========J I

~ :::~_ f;-_t-~~L f--=_--=_l~--= -=--.---=- I025 +--- _U_ ._.._ ..-._.!_i'_L! n-f'l·"..r~ LL.L_J

I -!. :0.20,-- .-- -- .__.. '-'--'- .-_ .._-- -I

40.0000 420000 44.0000 46.0000 48.0Cl00 50.0000 52,0000

Northing-_.,

Method 2

Method 3

0.55-,----. --_. '..-- .-- ._- ---~-- u-

r

0.50 j- T--I u_.. - l0.45 u_. i-t----l --T- .-- --- .-- ._-- 1

~ :::r~l~1- :u! .. f__~ d !. t ~.. to. •t .:-~0.30 r- .--..._- .-_.--. . . ~ .-4--.j02,1- .__. --·---1o.20L ~__u .__ 'u__ __.. -J

40.0000 42.0000 44.0000 46.0000 4&,0000 50.0000 52,0000I1 uu._

Northing

Figure 48- NRTL trends for the 212-250!tffi grain size fraction.

140


I"'-']m_ ~2~0 I50.0000

-f='.o,0339X + 2.0042:1

I .. R"0.5194. I i-1

48.0000

'-T

46.0000

Northing

Method 3

Methoo I

---·-1

"-i---

44.000042.0000

0,20··---·

40.000Q

0.80 t-- .. n

I f:::L-'!~ 050 1------

0401-4-

0.30 ~---, ,-.-

l;-_ ..--_.

I

'--11',y-·--o-.0-31-6-X-+ L95J"?1

~:: R~ = 05~79 dJ

f

::~ '---

-L'--f ~-070

L~ 0.60 L' ,

Z 0.50 . r------t---

:::r-.---'_.~~ -_~n _

O.20~'---

40.0000 42.0000 44.0000 46.0000

Northing

48,0000 50.0000

, __520000 I

Figure 49- NRTL trends for the 90,l50flm grain size fraction. Sandbar samples have been excluded.

141


----- ------- - ly-~,·Ot,24){+O.92051 i___ u___ ___..__ R

1=O.7019 11

0.65 r- -~'---

0,60 r----0,55

a.saL--I

Method 1 Il

52.0000

___I

50.000048.000046.0000

Northing

44.000042.0000

---t0.40 1_1=~!?=~~u_.~-~--~~~035 1-- "'____ I -OJ!

! 1030 1-'--- ----- -----, --=--0,25 -;-_.-~__ ___u____ ---------,--.-.__ -----!--__ ---j

40.0000

Method 3

-~I

I0.55 ---

I0,50 1

I0.45

~ 0.40Z

,0.35 .., _" __u

-f""-0,--.01 Jill +O.92,93,-~R'oO.s55Z j I

0.30----

0.25 +----

L:OOO 42.Dooo 46.0000

Northing

Figure 50- NRTL trends for the 150-2l21ffil grain size fraction. Sandbar samples have been excluded.

142


MethIJd 1

0.55 Io,so _._-

0.45

1~-=O~!2X ~~.(jL93n

~0473~11---- -_.-

(:~-~---=I---.--- ---0_30 I -f=r -+=d---~025)-- !

020 1-40.0000

I

L_42,0000 44,0000 46.0000

Northing

48.0000 S(J.OOOO 52,0000

,____ I

Method 3

52,00005Q.00004&.0000

O.55~ ~

!osot- _-t -F--{)<Xl81X+07304~

1 ; R1

=0.4Ja !!045 --- -- ----.- - ----- -------- ---~-------J

g04Ot--.- --1 -+-.+---I---l"z 0,,1 1- l==fi- t ~-;--~ - I0.3°1-- ---- ------ -----H- -f-f--?1---l0.25-·--- ------ - ------ ----1

0.20 1----- ,____ r I

40.0000 42.0lXl0 44.0000 46.0000

Northing

Figure 51- NRTL trends for the 212.250"", grain size fulction. Sandbar samples have been excluded.

143


Method I

i

I

--- J__'0_0000 5200~1

48.0000

------ r--- -- ------j

_______ -_1

Method 3

------.!

---- i

44.0000 46.0000

NJ.JJ1hing

!_---!

42.0000

0.20

40.0000

0.80 -"~'-

!0,70 ----

0.60 ---. -

~Z

0_50

0.40 ---1-0.30

II"

0_90T1-- -1

n _

~", -3E.osi+ O.0094x5• 1.~9;~x4 + 67.34lx3-:2~~-5.sxl. + 431;3x.-3318;;1

~_---,~._ __R2=O.55~ ~

I

•I---

(I=F0_4<> 1------ ------- -----

030 1----- ----- -~-----I

0.20 ~--

40.0000 42.0000 44.0000 46.0000

Northing

48,0000 50,0000 52.0000

Figure 52- NRTL trends for the 90-150f-lm grain size fraction. Sandbar samples have been excluded.

144


Method I

50.0000

I

1~t;;P/+ ----J__._1

52.0000 I

J48-000046.0000

Northing

-------

f

44.000042.0000

0.40 -t---

0.25 ~ _

40.0000

O.65 r ----0.60 1-----

o-'st----0.30 -------

'--- -------- -----" --, I

_} = _3E.Q6xb t 0 OOlx~ - 0 11 62x4"'- 7 5253;.;;3. 272 84xl~ 5254x· 41989 l'I R2-0143.8 I-- --=-----=-- ---==-- ---='l:::r--------------

~ 0.45}---

Jt---;.....

Method 3

0.45 -j ---+----

52.0000

,

I---------,50.000048.000046.0000

Northing

-------~-

44.0000

Iy = ·lE-05x6 T O.OO29~i< O.3373x4 + 2L216xJ• 749.2lxl + 1408311. _ 110085! !-_1'1

"--t-----. __ _ !~06261 ----_-1"1

42.0000

0.30 i---0.2,1

40,0000

OS'I0.'0 t

~ 04010.35 1-------

Figure 53- NRTL trends for the 150-212fJ.ITl grain size fraction. Sandbar samples have been excluded.

145


05ST~

Method 1

-~--ll

52000050.0000

50.0000 52,0000

48.000046.0000

Northing

Method 3

44.0000

44,0000 46.0000 48.0000

Northing

-----~'.y ~ .9E~x' +00027X'-03I'-"-'-+-".-.7-.-'X-'.-",-,-:x, +1304-9x---l~;JlJ" RJ =05716L~ ... _ .._'

I----~~

42.0000

42,0000

0.20 -I40,0000

O,25~~-

0,50 -,-----

iL

1-

::r=--+-I

Figure 54- NRTL trends for the 212-250Ilffi grain size fraction. Sandbar samples have been exclnded.

146


Table 24- Summary of R2 values for each method

Linear Trend Polynomial Trend

gram SIze method 1 method 3 method 1 method 3(J.1m)

90-150 0.52 0.51 0.56 0.56

150-212 0.70 0.56 0.74 0.63

212-250 0.47 0.42 0.55 0.57

147


[

I ::t='_:14 no....

•

• --~~

1!

I

-~

l,

x

.6.0000

,

•,

.....~"1~lflulD i(lrizso...;;J

.j.j,Dl)(lf)

x••,•

42,(l(l(I{l

,x•

]~r·-~----

,,+-!----

-----_··'1

-~!

51,(l(l(I(l

I---1

•

x

------,

jO,l)(i(I(l

•

,

,

48,[IOO(l

xx

n'X , X• •

.4('(lO(J(I

Nmhi"ll

le911-l5Vum ",150:2i.i"';-x~

••4 -;.---- •• •,

t=, x,

0 _____ •~OO<. <l.!lflflfl

:L~, _,__un-on ,-'x- ---.x---- ---.-·-~--:-,-.-x--'-'x• --.-'c."'.:;,.; _ 'j,' __~J

t' ... ·.. i'" X XJ: X ..~"Xx ..: ~~- ~ ---_..:._--"--- ...

11 -j--- -_~,~, -----

j Ir:j~-,_-n

~ x x!,f. (,!-...- _

--------

Nortlljng

.!lI\.-l5(lwn"15O:"212'-'",_X~

Figure 55. Summary of standard deviations associated with each NRTL value.

148


METHOD I

§~

.5

1,00 -5

---.- 2.50

1.50 ~

•

• --

-- - --{200

-t.--- ------.J

48.0000

+--,- •t •

•

•

___J150 t1100 S

. __._-

i--.J.-.' ._.-t 050

._ .. .! I

.~~-- i···. -------.l 0,00

50.0000 52.0000

-J! +050

.' '. l•• • • • •• .•-----------•• ---...-..----~,--. -----+ 0.0046.0000 48.0000 50.0000 52.0000

METHOD 3

•

•

!_~~

•44.0000 46.0000

Northing (290)

• no~averag~,_.~_- ~in size (%)"1

44.0000

•

42.0000

•

•

----,~_. --- -,e-

r--~--·

~

0.20 j--.-~..40.0000 42.0000

0.20 +-400000

~::rI0.30-.--

, .

O·60t10

• .1·0.40 r-..0.30 t-·· .

IL.....

Northing (290)

i-e n~~ average __~ 9O-150Wll-diS~

Figure 56· 90·150f1lIl NRTL. The grain size distribution has been superimposed on the NRTL data.Sandbar samples have been excluded.

149


METIlOD I

"

----1 30.00

t 2500

0.50 "

.._J

045 _"--- __.__ _ .__ _~_.+ 20.00 ~

~ j 1.1

~ 0401 p- u~r-" ...._~. '--' --•. 15.00 j

03't--- __~---1 ·····----,f-:-l ,-t;-oTi. 10.00

:::f " .--=--=- ._-~. o. :'.~,~ 1'"0.20 ----~- "--...---:- ----- --!.-.-,-------L •. -~---_.- -, 0.00

40.0000 42.0000 44,0000 46.0000 48.0000 50.0000 52.0000

Northing (290)

) '-_~oIm.~v~ra~e ~_ 90.I~Oumdi~U:bution·]

METHOD 3

•

--.-- •• --~---o---

48.0000

-----.......+ 0.00

52.0000

"" 0o 0

50.0000

••• e.• • e.

00

o "

o

46.0000

_0_._-

44.000042.0000

o

0.30 r----·-, "0.25 1 --

0.20 +-40.0000

1__

Northing (290}

ce_-~_~-~;~9?-150um-"'diC",tn""'·bC"u"C_tio~_J

Figure 57- t50-212J.lm NRTL. The grain size distribution has been superimposed on the NRTL dat•.Sandbar samples have been excluded.

150


r~

METHOD!

.__.._i

52.000050.000048.000044.0000 46.0000

Northing (290)

r• __nonna~erage .. 2{2.250~m distributio_u'

42.0000

Resdual TL 212~250um(METHOD 3) l0.60 r---~n

0.55f n

0.50 r-----"0.45 *

*

--- 40.00

~- ---1 3500

--'-- --~----- ---T 30,00

25.00

0.20 +------- -,-"'--'--',- ----~.

40.0000 42.0000 44.0000 46.0000

Northing (290)

•• • .- •••••• !----,--' . n______ I 0.00

~ 0.40

0.35

0.30j0.25 +- ___0 __-

*

*-f--+C

*

48.0000 50.0000 520000

~_ n~ average _ 212.~~50Wn distributi~~1 _____1Figure 58- 212-250llm NRTL. The grain size distribution has been superimposed on the NRTL data.Sandbar samples have been excluded.

151


I_____ • n __•. '· _

-_.. _- ---+--

,- 0.00

52.0000

) 1,60

:]14.1

~1.2U

---+0.40

-+"50.0000

-"- -1'00---. __... --~ l,tIO

48.0000

Method 3

Modwdl

4G.0000

NmJsins(r;t')

'~.~00lI~~ •.Tide oat;]

44.000042,OOUIJ

O.LO r000 +

41J.UOI){I

I1_-I--~- ~- ~- -~-

-- ---!L20I

--+ /.00 g~

50.0000

_.- -J"OO.--....,----- 180

-- ---

4&,0000

____ __---lI60

_._._._ -.-1140'-"'--,-, .'.

«.0000 I'Nc.thing (29'1

___~_-~~T~~ ,. J

42.Uooo

1.00r-- n__ ---

I0.90 r"'f-- --r

I .---. ~-n--··--f 0.'0

0'0 \ --.-----.- --.- ._!_- ------------1-.. "'~O.20+-- -~.-.. ---__ . . .'n.__ -__ . -- ···_·~__ I040

:::1-- --._,--~----~-=---=------J:':40,0000

~ 0.'0 t·-t--- ..--~ I I

1}40 -, ---__ " ...--

Figure 59- Relationship between NRTL and tide height for the 90-1501Uf\ grain size :fiactions

152


--------r 2.00

1- 1.80

------1 'W

50.000048,000046.0000

Nathillg (2rJ

~-~~~_nl

44.000042.000040.0000

lOOr' ---.._- ._-0.90 i----- ----- --.- --- -~M-"'''6-.---

0,8& + -___ -__ ... ~-A....__

(1,70.[------- n ,_,__ .. " £--~_ .-_'_A_· ...t

1.40

D.W ~-;'--'-- ": '" .. --;--- ---- .. ----'-.- --~ 1.20

g 1).50 1,, , .. ---___ .____ __~~_ - "'_ - -~-- ---__: 100 g

Z :::L

F.----1 ! • • --,- ---. .1 • •-,-t ,~--=-- --;-"i 0.80 !

---- ----. t. t I •••, ••------.-- 0.6IJ

020 ---- -'-"-- .---,------. ---- -------- ---1o,4()(Ito ~ - - ----- .----- --'-- 1020

0.00 L.-- '__', -----.,' -_---. .---- - __- ---- I 0.00

52.0000

Metbod3

50.000048,000046,0000

N<JI1hine.(19i

r.~~ "-TukData]

44.0000420000

0.111-'

0,00 J40.0000

100-

O.,j ---.

"80 1--

.__. --- -j ,.00

...4......... --_.- _I 1.80

_.__ 4....... _---+ 1.60

" ,"::[-*-L~~-:-~ __._ .. t --.-_~=_:--.~~..--- __·.=A ,_._I_.i:: g

~ :.:! -fun' i __._-~-,-_~~~_·_-.--.-. ---'-. =t:: ----Of ---' 1.00 !. I - .......e- I • " '-'_"",' • --1°'W

0.30 10.600.20 L__ ----- - . -__,0.40

I

J'O'20

- 0,00

52.0000

L _

Figure 60- Relationship between NRTL and tide height for the 150-21211J11 grain size fractions

153


Methoo 1

,

:~:~--=-0.00 j

4<HlOOO

1

2.00

, 1.80

----·t o.20

--Jo.ooj2.000050.0000

..~~.....".,-.- -r:-----.. 1.20

,l. , ~

!;;----t 1.00 :9

'"

48.0000

......

46.0000

N_(19')

-.t...r---~,-. •.'--,-.-!•••-I-.-.--.-.:·:.~-.-,o--=r::--------- -i 0.40

... -~----------------.-.

•

....

44.000042.0000

. .. ..-----------

1.00-.-~..

090 IOMe·..D.'70 ,--

0.60 !J..

~ 0.50 t·--->-;--.....~-.~0.40 ----,-.--

0.30,--- -. •

L__ _Method 3

1.00 -,-------- ----.----

::i---.---~~~~--~---------".

50.000048.000044.0000 46.0000

Northiflg (29")

I. Don:":_aver3$~_~Tide data i------ ------

42.0000

1: f .~.."--~;_ ~__~4 .~__4 _

0.40 .- !r-.----=--~. i--!!>-·---

:::E!.-~.- ·

0.10 ---------

0.00 I40.0000

Figure 61- Relationship between NRTL and tide height for the 212-250f-Ull grain size fractions

154

U>U>

Table 25- Comparison of samples collected at the same location but on different days

90-150fIm 150-212~m 212-250fIm

sample method 1 method 3 method 1 method 3 method 1 method 3

SJ003 - - 0.38 +/- 0.06 0.45 +/- 0.08 0.26 +/- 0.01 0.33 +/- 0.02(August 31, 2001)

SJ070 0.59 +/- 0.03 0.58 +/- 0.03 0.33 +/- 0.02 0.41 +/- 0.02 0.24 +/- 0.02 0.30 +/- 0.02(September 6, 2001)

SJ024 0.35 +/- 0.01 0.40 +/- 0.01 0.35 +/- 0.01 0.43 +/- 0.01 0.28 +/- 0.01 0.34 +/- 0.01(September 1, 2001)

SJ071 - - 0.34 +/- 0.02 0.42 +/- 0.02 0.29 +/- 0.02 0.37 +(- 0.01(September 6, 2001)

5J029 0.30 +/- 0.01 0.36 +/- 0.02 0.32 +/- 0.01 0.38 +/- 0.01 0.29 +/- 0.02 0.36 +/- 0.01(September 1, 2001)

SJ073 - - 0.36 +(- 0.02 0.43 +/- 0.02 0.28 +/- 0.01 0.35 +/- 0.01

(September 6, 2001)

~tz,p

gl'"0;'

J

t;tl

~?::

i;!j.

~

fI

~~.g~

8~0'~

-~

Table 26- Comparison ofresults obtained from 10 aliquot and 48 aliquot measurements.

INTEGRATION METHOD 1 INTEGRATION METHOD 3

Grain Size % %(Ilm) n norm STDEV STDEV n norm STDEV STDEV

90-150um 9 0.63 0.02 3.2 8 0.69 0.02 2.945 0.57 0.01 1.8 41 0.63 0.009 1.4

150-212um 10 0.37 0.02 5.4 9 0.44 0.02 4.546 0.33 0.006 1.8 42 0.4 0.006 1.5

212-250um 10 0.31 0.01 3.2 8 0.38 0.01 2.643 0.28 O.oI 3.6 40 0.34 O.oI 2.9

all measurements were done using sample SJ051

~(J'l

"[tn·I0'g.~

8"~

iIa8

i[

~0~


Table 27- Dose variation near monazite and zircon grains

Sample Hot Grain QuartzlHeavy Mineral diameters Dose Ratios

(~m) 0 100 200 300SJl4B Zircon 1101150 9.41 3.37 2.00 l.51

110170 3.05 1.40 1.15 1.0770170 4,45 1.50 U8 1.08

Monazit~ 110/150 71.18 [9.32 8.82 5.09110170 19.50 4.18 2.15 1.54

70170 33.11 5.14 2.40 1.61

SJQ42A Zircon 1[01150 [4.69 4.85 2.63 1.83tlono 4.33 1.64 1.25 1.1170170 6.61 1.82 1.30 1.13

Monazite 110/150 1J5.24 30.82 13.72 7.65

1l0no 31.11 6.18 2.87 1.8870170 53.26 7.73 3.27 2.00

SJ048A Zircon 1101150 16.22 5.29 2.81 1.92Ilona 4.70 1.72 1.27 1.1370170 7.23 1.91 1.33 l.l5

MQnazite 110/150 128.00 34.15 15.14 8.39110170 34.47 6.75 3.08 1.9870170 59.10 8.49 3.52 2.11

SJ048B Zircon 1101150 5.26 2.20 1.51 1.26110170 2.04 1.20 1.08 1.0470170 2.74 1.26 1.09 1.04

Monazite 1101150 36.53 10.27 4.96 3.07110170 10.36 2.61 1.58 L2770170 17.25 3.09 1.71 1.3 [

SJ252A Zircon llD/ISO 13.31 4.47 2.47 1.75llanO 3.99 1.58 1.22 1.1070170 6.04 1.74 1.27 1.12

Monazite lIO/150 103.70 27.8l J2.44 6.98[ 10170 28.07 5.65 2.69 1.7970170 47.98 7.05 3.04 1.90

SJ2528 Zircon 110/150 15.87 5.19 2.77 1.90110170 4.61 1.70 1.27 I.l270170 7.09 1.89 1.33 I.l4

Monazite 1I011S0 125.04 33.38 14.82 8.22110no 33.69 6.62 3.04 1.9670170 57.75 8.3 [ 3.47 2.08

SJ252C Zircon 1JO/lSO J8.88 6.04 3.13 2.09110170 5.35 1.84 1.32 US70170 8.32 2.07 1.39 l.l7

Monazite 110/150 150.21 39.95 17.62 9.69110/70 40.33 7.76 3.45 2.1570170 69.26 9.80 3.97 2.30

8J298-39 Zircon 1101150 1.25 1.07 1.03 1.02[ [0170 1.06 1.01 1.00 1.0070170 LlO 1.01 1.0[ 1.00

MOIl22ite 1101150 3.08 1.54 1.23 1.12110/70 1.55 1.09 1.03 1.0270na 1.95 1.12 1.04 1.02

5J298-40 Zircon ] 10/150 18.08 5.81 3.03 2.04110170 5.15 1.80 1.31 1.I470170 8.00 2.02 1.37 I.l7

Monazite 1101150 143.52 38.20 16.87 9.30110/70 38.56 7.46 3.34 2.1070170 66.20 9.40 3.83 2.25

*values shown are ratios of the average total dose for an etched grain to the total dosefrom the matrix at grain separations of 0, lOa, 200 and 300 flm

157


Table 28- Maximum equivalent do$C acooullted f()T by proximity to 3 heavy mineral grain

,........- ir".." .... ""n.'''''''''... .. - ;f"" ,.;,.-.................-~ "_0< - ....~... O( ..........., "";;" .. '" .......... or ""':."':'" ~':.'" "';':"",0( -,,(~d, . ._, , 1........1' '00,,,, ~". ~""..". ,..,.,,, · '" 'u,,,. .. 1." ~ •.S> N." ", .. .."

,,~ .." "',. .." ". ." '"u.,. 'w.'" ,. ,,,

"",. ,," .. ).ll I.'.'

,,~ '.JO ,. "',. ..

",,, .."". 'I"''''' .. .." 0.,. .. ,," M • ,.,,- w ~," 0." '" 7." '" " ~"'," '"''''''

,. 0." <I." l<." .. I,,, ,.07",. ,. .. ,-

1'1·"" 0..', """'" ,. ,-" " c." ,~., ,. '.,,- w o. "' ,0 0." ,.'0 """,. .. ,." 0,0 .. lO." "" '.OJ '.~1

W ~ ,. ,." '..."',. ",,.,12 · 0," 11(1'"'' " .. .., 0." ". w ..,,~ ," '" .., ".1. '" ... ,", .. "",,,. '" '" M 0.'" '.0' ,-," I~',,- "'

,." 0." ,.

~,.

~." 111)/1'" '.lII 0." 0." ", <1,:l'I ., '.or. u,",. C,,, ", U,,, .." ..., '" 0," .".,. ,,"".. ,. ." ." OJ' ".., .." 1,,, ..",,- ,.1, " 0." " '" " 0."

;,,~,.

~," "01'" ,. W 0." ,." ",,. ,. W '",,~ ." 0," "." .." "" ,." " ..", .." "~'1'",. .." ". ",., ".to .., '. 1.1<

,,~ ., ._ll ".to 0." ... 0<, '",~," , ....,:10 "", o,rJ '0 Q," ,m w ,~ I./i

,,~ "" .. "," 0,11 '" 0,0> U, W~,

,,"",,, M, """SO ", 0," '." ". '" 'w ", ."",.,. 0," 0." 0." ." '" .." o. ~,"' ,,"',so 0.' ". .. '" ,M .,., W

,,~ .,,, ~ .. '.0' ,,' "M ". ..,. "..,,, ~ .,,. '.' ~ ,. '.Ol "" 0."

"0'" '. ,~ ," . '. ~

,11·1'" ~ '" "" 0," .. 1,1> p' ". ..0,'0 ~ ',J> M' "0 ""0.01 '.1< ",' .. , ..'0 '.,,~ ,," ". ,." '."_.

r!<J.l'! w 'WI", '" 0./1 .. ~ w n." 'd.' '"0," ". ." "' ,,, .." 0.• ~

", """SO ... ." " ',OJ ", 0," .,,,,,~ .,,, ~ .. '.0' ,." 0." .. ,... ''''''.lD ". '" .. .. ". 0." '." 0.""w .." .. 0," .. w 0." "" ~.,,, """" ... .. ~ .." '" ,." '. .."." " ",. ."m·c.lO ''" )I""'''' .. .. ,. l." '" '" 0-""070 "" ~ W 0." 0," 0." '. ..,. no',,,, '" .. ~ 0" ,. ..., '.'0 0.12,,~ ~ "" '. ." ", 0-'" ". 0."

'" ,,""SO ". 0." '.. .. ," 0." '," .""",," ,-,. .. O.S' '.Il .."mA ,,.,.,,, · '0 ,,"',so ,. .. ",' ,',~ ,." '",,~ W .. .. ll."

" ". 0,"

• 0,\0 """$11 ,." ,." ,. o. .. ,.. '." """",'" ,. ., '. 0." "." ,.ro ,,, ..", .. ""'," .." w, '." .,.,. "." ',J1ILOI" ," 0." " ",91 ,. ',"o. IlO"'" .. '." I." "." "--,, '." '"0." ,., , ,.

m·l" 0." OM '" '" <l,'" " ... '" ,.,. "" '. ",,, "" '." '","' """.10 " .. .. ,.n <," ,.

""''' ,.. 0." •..) ." .. ',,,· "" """,. " ".. ,.~, "." '.J> '0'

L1O''' ", .. .. '.' l·t> 'm.. '" '." '",~ "." '."

""''',.

" '.n «3) ,.7' '"'""'" ,....", 0," """" >,,, ,.S> ," .. ",0' "m ''" ,",,~ .." '.oo ".. ".Il '" '. '",

"" '101'''' ,." ", ,. .. ",,°1 n, ,.'W7\f 0." .. 0" IJ." ". 'm ,.o."~'"''

, .. .. '. '" "m '" >,,,,,~

,. "- o. ,. ,... L." ..., 'W'SO o. ,... ,. -.0." ";;: " ,...•. .. .. ." '.3> u •11M'" ". "O"" ',0> ,," ,. '.'l "," ,1.'" '." ,,,

,,- ,," '" .. U, ". ,. '" .'", 0." '.n 1." ,.. ~, ",J> ,. ,..- ,." .. 0," .W ,. '. on, .. p, '." ,. ,,~, ".. ',,, ",.,oo 0" .. ",," ,." "..

"oo ." '." '~1 'M' ". <," ..))(11" 1-0.' .. . ..." '.9l ",mK ,,..,,,

0," "0"'" J." Ul 'm '.' ",," ","" ", '."l." .. ". 0." "" )-'" l... .., ,. 'm '-', ,," '" ,"," "." ", ,..'" .. .,,, ",JJ ,ro ,. ~, .. ""',,. ,." '.11 I-l) .. "," .. ,.

,,"", ~ .. 1<", '" U< n.", .. ""',,. "I." ..

" ." "~J '.,J ',n

".. ,... " ,"m·," · .... """'" '.r< ." ".,." ,., '," ' .•J

""''' 1." 0' .. ,~" ,." ".,, ." """'",. '." ", •• "" '""...'" ,. ." '" "" ".n ,m '", .. ,,~"'" '.ro '.0 I." o. S,... "." o.,,,,..,. ,.., ". .. ,,-,,, ,." '-"

0." """'" 1).1'11 <,., l." ," ,m." ZO." ''''",,~ ,. ~ ., 0," . l.ll.m ,,,.,>0 ." 0," ." .,,, 0.• ." ',r< .".. ""'" 0." '" "" 0," 0·'1 ." '.11, .. """'" .." '" 0." ", 0," 0," 0.",,"',. .." '" 0." "" '" 0,", .. ....,,. 0-'1 ',f] 'lro .. "" 0,"

"0'" 0." 0." "" "" '" o." "....,,. '.ll "" '-" '"

,.'m '"',n 1.00 u. ,.

",rom 0./1 ,w,'" '" '" W C,,, "" ." W..~ .,.,'" ." .." 0." "", 0.11 """-'" 0," 0," '" .. 0," ,.,.

,,~ 0,,, "n "" ." ,,'l '.n,"" IW'Jl> ." W 0." ." oJ.'

,,~ .. ," 0,'0 "' " """'011 ",.'" .. ,""'" ." .. .." " ,." ..' 0,",,~ '" .., ,. .. '" .. ',", o. "..,,. on .. '" ." ,m 0,",

"~,, 0." om ~ .m ,.. .. .","" "",.,,,, .. c". ',," ,.0, ~ 0."

""'10 .. "" M> o• '-9) ., .", .. ,LIY," "" II." .. US, .. 0," ,. . ,",,,,-,,,, - ,,",'" '." 0<, .." .. S.,. ,." .,.,,,~ M, ., '" .. .",

" """" '" 0.' ',n ',S> ..., 0,",,~ M, .. ,.

0.",0." """1O p, :::: 0." "" II." ,." 1," ,.

"070 .. "" .. ,.,'" .."

158


N

31S(


",c

Figure 62- Disappearance of the low temperature TL peak. Both the low and hightemperature peaks are being reduced as sunlight exposure increases. However,the high temperature peak is reduced at a slower rate.

159

Figure 63- Solar exposure experiments performed by Keizars (2003).there is a corresponding loss of the high temperature peak.

lfoD.112,IJOti,*ri1'tlIl2CIIllln~TIIiIltIIUd

With increasing solar exposure

'~12, SJt'lt, NllInl,~SHDln~l~

. '. '. . . - - - . -I I, • '. • - ----- -II'-- -- 0

\0,. -110·212, U1t, DoMd,

i I I1S1'312, &10"" Dotad,

I'OIf 51101n toI-llJICI...... TItrIIIbd ~1t1ll;lo,n~ 1"AMIIDd

•.•. -. --I

lII'1l:~~ll~t

-~ II~ :~ ,~i,

~ ,. - . . . ~ • - - -I I , • • ,.~ • • . -- •'-- '--

-I-I----.-----~-

=!-I:t---m---'" ,p niI:f----. ~ -j" 1=1 ~- ~ . ..-'" ... ~:~ ~--~---/ ~ 0,

-f.----..i _I-----_.~~. .

- - ~

..~lSO-l1l,1.Kl11, ........••MdlIanII E , T!'InIIIlod

,I H ~ ~ ~ ~ • *

'''''-''

150-212, &.10" IIoPd,"'No "--"bp&IIn,1~

-t-I----

-I-I------------i.-.----_ ..._.-.

-I:~§~~I: "--'r-----.~~==

I:~ ~ ml:,1_ f "\ • 11_1 ~

~;. ":'". ;C;~ ~~~ 111 ~F ~ .. '"T_lCl

j2J~Cl:lI

'"~Q

r/1

2J

~

~§:>-.'ft~

~III

~


••---Nearshore ----1••I~Foreshore • ._ Backshore-+

HWl

Figure 64- Typical beach profile (Ritter, 1986)

161


o lO' 20 30Distance from ~dimnt source (km)

40

.. ." ..".. .... ... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ....c " e .g ..~ ._ .to

• •

•SaadGrain

.'

DRIFrDIREC'IlON~

Figure 65- Movement of a sand grain across the beach/water interface as it travelswithin the longshore current. The natural residual thermoluminescence signal(NRTL) is reduced with increasing distance from the sediment source.(modified from Keizars, 2003)

162


Figure 66- Swash and Backwash (Strahler, 1975)

163


REFERENCES


Adamiec, G. and Aitken, M. 1998. Dose rate conversion factors: update. Ancient TL.v16: 37-50.

Aitken, M.J. 1985. Thermoluminescence Dating. London: Academic Press.

Aitken, MJ. 1994. Optical dating: a non-specialist review. Quaternary Geochronology.vB: 503-508.

Aitken, M.J. 1998. An Introduction to Optical Dating: The Dating of OuaternarySediments by the use of Photon-Stimulated Luminescence. New York: Oxford UniversityPress.

Aubrey, D.G. and Gaines, A.G. 1982. Rapid formation and degradation of barrier spits inareas with low rates oflittoral drift. Marine Geology. v49: 257-278.

Ballarini, M., Wallinga, J., Murray, A.S., Van Heteren, S., Oost, A.P., Bos, A.J.J. and vanEijk, C.W.E. 2003. Optical dating of young coastal dunes on a decadal time scale.Quaternary Science Reviews. v22 (10-13): 1011-1017.

Bard, E. 1998. Geochemical and geophysical implications of the radiocarbon calibration.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. v62 (12): 2025-2038.

Benchley, E.D. and Bense, J.A. 2000. Archaeology and history ofSt. Joseph PeninsulaState Park-Phase 1 Investigations. University of West Florida Archaeology Institute.Report ofInvestigations, No.89.

Berger, G. 1988. Dating quaternary events by luminescence. Geological Society ofAmerica. Special Paper 227: 13-50.

Berger, G. 1990. Effectiveness of natural zeroing of the thermoluminescence III

sediments. Journal ofGeophysical Research. v95 (B8): 12375-12397.

Berger, G. 1995. Progress in luminescence dating methods for quaternary sediments. InN.W. Ritter and N.R. Catto (eds). Dating methods for quaternary deposits.Newfoundland: Geological Association ofCanada.

Boggs, S. 1995. Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy. New Jersey: PrenticeHan Inc.

Better-Jensen, L., Bulur, E., Duller, G.A.T. and Murray, A.S. 2000. Advances III

luminescence instrument systems. Radiation Measurements. v516: 523-528.

164


Brennan, BJ., Lyons, R.G. and Philips, S.W. 1991. Attenuation of alpha particle trackdose for spherical grains. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements. vl8 (112): 249253.

Brennan, B.J. 2003. Beta doses to spherical grains. Radiation Measurements. [in press].

Bruno, R.O. and Goble, C.G. 1977. Longshore transport at a littoral barrier. Proceedingsofthe 15'h international conference on coastal engineering: 1203-1222.

Carter, R.W.G., Devoy, R.J.N. and Shaw, J. 1989. Late Holocene sea levels in Ireland.Journal ofQuaternary Science. v4: 7-24.

Critical erosion area maps, Florida, USA. (2001). FDEP. Available:www.dep.state.fl.us/beaches/publications/pdf/eroar-nw.pdf. [downloaded May 6, 2003].

Davis, R.A. 1997. The evolving coast. New York: Scientific American Library.

Donoghue, J.F. and Greenfield, M.B. 1991. Radioactivity of heavy mineral sands as anindicator of coastal sand transport processes. Journal of Coastal Research. v7(1): 189201.

Donoghue, J.F. and Tanner, W.F. 1992. Quaternary terraces and shorelines of thePanhandle Florida region. Quaternary Coasts of the United States: Marine andLacustrine Systems, SEPM Special Pub. 48: 233-241.

Donoghue, J.F. 1993. Late Wisconsinian and Holocene depositional history, northeasternGulf of Mexico. Marine Geology. v112: 185-205.

Duane, D.B. and James, W.R. 1980. Littoral transport in the surf zone elucidated by anEulerian sediment tracer experiment. Journal ofSedimentary Petrology. v50: 929-942.

Duller, G. 1998. Luminescence dating using single aliquots: methods and applications.Radiation Measurements. v24(3): 217-226.

Eichenholtz, M.E., Pirkle, E.C. and Pirkle, F.L. 1989. Sediment characteristics of selectedbeach ridges along Florida's northeastern coast. Southeastern Geology. v30:155-167.

Elfrink, B. and Baldock, T. 2002. Hydrodynamic and sediment transport in the swashzone: a review and perspectives. Coastal Engineering. v45: 149-167.

Faulkner, E.L. 1986. Introduction to Prospecting. British Columbia Ministry of Energy,Mines and Petroleum Resources, Mineral Resources Division, Geological Survey Branch.

165


Fernald, E.A. and Purdum, E.D. 1992. Atlas of Florida. Gainsville, Florida: UniversityPress of Florida.

Folk, R.L. 1974. Petrology ofSedimentarv Rocks. Texas: Hemphill Publishing Co.

Folz, R. and Mercier, N. 1999. A single-aliquot OSL protocol using bracketingregenerative doses to accurately determine equivalent doses in quartz. RadiationMeasurements. v30: 503-508.

Forrest, B. 2001. UVNIS absorption of littoral zone sediment. McMaster University.B.Sc. Thesis.

Foster, G.A., Healy, T.R. and DeLarge, W.P. 1996. Presaging beach nourishment from anearshore dredge dump mound, Mt. Maunganui Beach, New Zealand. Journal o/CoastalResearch. v12: 395-405.

Foster, E.R. and Cheng, l. 2001. Shoreline change rate estimates, Gulf county. FloridaDepartment of Environmental Protection Office of Beaches and Coastal Systems, ReportNo. BCS-Ol-02.

Godfrey-Smith, D.L, Huntley, D.l. and Chen, W.H. 1988. Optical dating studies ofquartz and feldspar sediment extracts. Quaternary Science Reviews. v7: 373-380.

Gorsline, D.S. 1966. Dynamic characteristics of West Florida Gulf Coast beaches. MarineGeology. v4: 187-206.

Hatchett, L. Bathymetric map of the S1. Joseph Peninsula, 1998, 1:200,000. "FDEPReconnaissance level sand search for the Florida Panhandle". [available online]:http://sandpan.urs-tally.com.

Hellegaard, 1. 1995. Eroding confidence. Explore Magazine (University of Florida).vl(l): 1-2.

Hsu, KJ. 1960. Texture and mineralogy of the recent sands of the Gulf Coast. Journal 0/Sedimentary Petrology. v30 (3): 380-403.

Huntley, D.l. 1985. On the zeroing of the thermoluminescence of sediments. Physics andChemistry o/Minerals. v12: 122-127.

Huntley, D.J., Godfrey-Smith, D.l. and Thewalt, M.L.W. 1985. Optical dating ofsediments. Nature. v313: 105-107.

166


Huntley, D.J. and Lian, O.E. 1999. Using optical dating to determine when a sedimentwas last exposed to sunlight. GSC Bulletin. v534: 211-215.

Hurricane Evacuation Route and Beach Management on St. Joseph Peninsula-Feasibilityand design study. FDEP project no. 50698. Coastal Tech and Preble-Rish Inc. ConsultingEngineers. 1998.

Hutt, G.!. and Raukas, A. 1995. Thermoluminescence dating of sediments. In DatingMethods for Quaternary Deposits. Eds. N.W. Rutter and N.R. Catto. Newfoundland:Geological Association ofCanada.

Johnson, J.W. 1957. The littoral drift problem at shoreline harbors. Journal ofWaterwaysand Harbors Division. v83: 1-37.

Jungner, H., Korjonen, K., Heikkinen, O. and Wiedmann, A.M. 2001. Luminescence andradiocarbon dating of a dune series at Cape Kiwanda, Oregon, USA. Quaternary ScienceReviews. v20: 811-814.

Keizars, K. 2003. Analysis of littoral drift on St. Joseph Peninsula, Florida, using naturalresidual thermoluminescence. McMaster University. B.Sc. Thesis.

Komar, P.D. and Inman, P. 1970. Longshore sand transport on beaches. Journal ofGeophysical Research. v75 (30): 5514-5527.

Kunte, P.O., Wagle, B.G. and Sugimori, Y. 2003. Sediment transport and depth variationstudy of the Gulf of Kutch using remote sensing. International Journal of RemoteSensing. v24 (II): 2253-2263.

Lalou, C. and Valladas, G. 1989. Thermoluminescence dating. In Roth, E. and Poty, B.(eds). Nuclear Methods of Dating. Paris: CEA.

Lamont, M.M., Percival, H.F., Pearlstine, L.G., Colwell, S.V., Kitchens, W.M. andCarthy, R.R. 1997. The Cape San Bias Ecological Study. US GeologicalSurvey/Biological Resources Division, Florida Cooperative Fish and Wildlife ResearchUnit. Technical Report No. 57. 209 pp.

Mejdahl, V. 1979. Thermoluminescence dating: Dose attenuation III quartz grams.Archaeometry. v21: 61-72.

Mejdahl, V. and Christiansen, H.H. 1994. Procedures used for luminescence dating ofsediment. Quaternary Science Reviews. vB: 403-406.

167


Missimer, T. 1973. Growth rates of beach ridges on Sanibel Island, Florida.Transactions-Gulf Coast Association o/Geological Societies. v23: 383-388.

Murray, AS., Roberts, R.G. and Wintle, A.G. 1997. Equivalent dose measurement usinga single aliquot of quartz. Radiation Measurements. v27(2): 171-184.

Murray, AS. and Wintle, A.G. 2000. Luminescence dating of quartz using an improvedsingle-aliquot regenerative dose protocol. Radiation Measurements. v32: 57-73.

Murray, A.S. and Wintle, A.G. 2002. The single aliquot regenerative dose protocol:potential for improvements in reliability. [in press]

Murray-Wallace, c.Y., Banerjee, D., Bourrnan, R.P., Olley, J. and Brooke, B.P. 2002.Optically stimulated luminescence dating of Holocene relict foredunes, Guichen Bay,South Australia. Quaternary Science Reviews. v2l: 1077-1086.

Pabich, W.J. 1995. A sedimentological study of a replenished beach: Revere Beach,Massachusetts, M.Sc. Thesis. Department of Geology, Duke University, Durham, NorthCarolina.

Pettijohn, FJ. 1949. Sedimentary Rocks. New York: Harper and Brothers.

Pieper, K.D. 2001. Thermoluminescence of quartz and feldspar sand grains as a tracer ofnearshore environmental processes in the southeastern Mediterranean Sea. UnpublishedB.Sc. Thesis.

Prescott, J.R. and Hutton, J.T. 1988. Cosmic ray and gamma ray dosimetry for TL andESR. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements. v14: 223-227.

Reed, AJ. and Wells, J.T. 2000. Sediment distribution patterns offshore of a renourishedbeach: Atlantic Beach and Fort Macon, North Carolina. Journal 0/ Coastal Research.vI6(1): 88-98.

Rees-Jones, J. 1995. Optical dating of young sediments using fine-grain quartz. AncientTL. vlJ (2): 9-14.

Richardson, C.A. 2001. Residual luminescence signals in modem coastal sediments.Quaternary Science Reviews. v20: 887-892.

Rink, W.J. and Odom, AL. 1991. Natural alpha recoil particle radiation and ionizingradiation sensitivities in quartz detected with EPR: Implications for geochronometry.Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements D. v18: 163-173.

168


Rink, W.J., Rhodes, E.J. and Grun, R. 1994. Thermoluminescence from igneous andnatural hydrothermal vein quartz: dose response after optical bleaching. RadiationMeasurements. v23: 159-173.

Rink, W.J. 1999. Quartz luminescence as a light-sensitive indicator of sediment transportin coastal processes. Journal ofCoastal Research. v15 (1): 148-154.

Rink, W.J. and Pieper, K.D. 2001. Quartz thermoluminescence in a storm deposit andwelded beach ridge. Quaternary Science Reviews. v20: 815-820.

Rink, W.J. 2003. Thermoluminescence of quartz and feldspar sand grains as a tracer ofnearshore enviromnental processes in the southeastern Mediterranean Sea. Journal ofCoastal Research. v19: 723-730.

Ritter, D.F. 1986. Process Geomomhology. Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Publishers.

Rizk, F. 1991. The Late Holocene Development of St. Joseph Spit. Florida StateUniversity. PhD dissertation. 379pp.

Shepard, F.P. 1950. Beach cycles in southern California. Technical memo. 20, BeachErosion Board, Corps of Engineers.

Smith, B.W., Aitken, M.J., Rhodes, E.J., Robinson, P.D. and Geldard, D.M. 1986. Opticaldating: methodological aspects. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. v17: 229-233.

Spooner, N.A. 1987. The effect of light on the thermoluminescence of quartz.Unpublished M.Sc. thesis. University of Adelaide.

Stapor, F.W. and Tanner, W.F. 1973. Errors in the pre-holocene C-14 scale.Transactions-Gulf Coast Association o/Geological Societies. v23: 351-354.

Stapor, F.W., Mathews, T.D. and Lindfors-Kearns, F.E. 1991. Barrier island progradationand Holocene sea level history in southwest Florida. Journal ofCoastal Research. v7(3):815-838.

State of Florida Department of Natural Resources. St. Joseph Peninsula [LIDARimages]: Photogrammetric methods aerial cartographers of America, Inc. 1998.

Stewart, R.A. and Gorsline, D.S. 1962. Recent sedimentary history of St. Joseph Bay,Florida. Sedimentology. vI: 256-286.

Stokes, S. 1992. Optical dating ofyouog (modern) sediments using quartz: Results from aselection of depositional environments. Quaternary Science Reviews. vii: 153-159.

169


Stone, G.W. and Stapor, F.W. 1996. A nearshore sediment transport model for thenortheast Gulf of Mexico Coast, USA. Journal ofCoastal Research. v12(3): 786-792.

Stone, G.W., Armbruster, C.K., Grymes, J.M. and Huh, O.K. 1996. Researchers studyimpact of Hurricane Opal on Florida coast. EOS. v77: 181.

Strahler, A.N. 1975. Physical Geography. Toronto: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Tanner, W.F. 1963. Nearly ideal drift system along the Florida Panhandle coast. Geol.Soc. Am. Spec. Paper 73: 311.

Tanner, W.F. 1975. Historical changes, Florida "Big Bend" coast. Transactions-GulfCoast Association ofGeological Societies. v25: 379.

Tanner, W.F. 1987. The beach: Where is the "river of sand"? Journal of CoastalResearch. v3(3): 377-386.

Tanner, W.F. 1988. Beach ridge data and sea level history from the Americas. Journal ofCoastal Research. v4(l): 81-91.

Tanner, W.F. 1991. The "Gulf of Mexico" late Holocene sea level curve and river deltahistory. Transactions-GulfCoast Association ofGeological Societies. v61: 583-589.

United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey. St. Joseph PointQuadrangle, Florida- Gulf County [map]. 1:24,000. 7.5 minute series orthophotomap.Colorado: USGS, 1982.

United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey. Port St. Joe Quadrangle,Florida- Gulf County [map]. 1:24,000. 7.5 minute series orthophotomap. Colorado:USGS, 1982.

United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey. Cape San Bias Quadrangle,Florida- Gulf County [map]. 1:24,000. 7.5 minute series orthophotomap. Colorado:USGS, 1982.

United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey. St. Joseph PeninsulaQuadrangle, Florida- Gulf County [map]. 1:24,000. 7.5 minute series orthophotomap.Colorado: USGS, 1982.

USGS. 1999. Digital orthoquadrangles. "Terra Server USA." Posted 2001. 2m x 2mresolution. [available online]: http://terraserver-usa.com.

170


van Rijn, L.C., Walstra, D.J.R., Grasmeijer, B., Sutherland, J., Pan, S. and Sierra, J.P.2003. The predictability of cross-shore bed evolution of sandy beaches at the time scaleof storms and seasons using process-based profile models. Coastal Engineering. v47 (3):295-327.

Von Drehle, W. 1973. A sedimentary investigation of the large linear sand bodiesexposed in the Gulf County, Florida, canal. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis. Florida StateUniversity, Tallahassee, 119p.

Williams, J.M. and Duedall, LW. 1997. Florida Hurricanes and Tropical Storms.Gainesville: University Press ofFlorida.

Wintle, A.G. 1993. Recent developments in optical dating of sediments. RadiationProtection Dosimetry. V74(l/4): 627-635.

Wintle, A.G., Clarke, M.L., Musson, F.M., Orford, J.D. and Devoy, RJ.N. 1998.Luminescence dating of recent dunes on Inch Spit, Dingle Bay, Southwest Ireland. TheHolocene. v8(3): 331-339.

Woodroffe, CD. 2002. Coasts: form, processes and evolution. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.

171


APPENDIX A- Heavy mineral deposit at SJ298


173


174


175

M.Sc. Thesis - Beth M. ForrestMcMaster - Geography and Geology

~ .... "",--;z.~~ ''';"4"§, - .........~

- .

176


- r - '.\;--t'__.. "-'.1

177



APPENDIX B- unshifted TL curves


SJ059 (90·150um) Nalural

~ 100 1~ ~ ~ _ _ ~ ~

Tempo,al"'" (Calsiusl

.",~------------~

7000 ~

~""'. ~~"' ... "

t: 'o/t... /.~'),~.1,3000 // -...,....,'~'Jl200Q // ' ;

1000 .--/'. .... ,• .L "-."o.~~;:;:::. _•

SJ059 (90-150um) Do8e

14000 ,.---------

12000 -'-

50 100 150 ~ 250 300 350 400 ~

Temperature (~tsiUs)

SJ058 (90-15Oum) Natural

~ 100 1~ ~ 2~ ~ ~ ~ _

Temperalure (Celsius)

50 100 150 ~ 250 300 350 ~ ~

Tamperal"'.. (Celsius)

'000.1-_......=::::..:..:.... _•

.",~-------------5000j

-f 4000

~"'""I"","

SJ057 (90_150um) Dose

150 200 250 300 350 COO 450

TemperallJre (celsius)

SJ057 (90-15/Jum) Natural

14000 :------------------112000 ;

r~1..-['""""""/::::::....._~_._~_.~_.·_····>··1100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

rempsralu'" (Celsius)

''''''" ~--------------------"'""~ 12000

~ 10000

118000

16000

'000'OOO~..~~...?/

•.;....;....;:::.._-------_....1o 50 100

SJ058 (90-15Oum) Natural

,.",~--------------~

"'""".~j 15000

~ 10000

$

.L__~:::::.. ...J

o 50 100 150 ~ S ~ ~ ~ ~

Temperature (Celsius)

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Temperalln (Gelslusj

SJ054 (90-150um) Natural

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 4!iO

Temperature (C~siusl

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Temperature (celsiUS)

179


SJOS2B (9O-15l.lumJ Nalu",1

i~IL_,_L~/::::/-:..../_//_t_~_.~_,._.,_,.•,.........:,.".. ,~ 100 15l.l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 45l.l

Tampwalure (Celsius)

SJOS28 (90-15Oum) Dcse

l~l ~AJ,~~']

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 400

Temperature (Celsiusl

SJOS2A (90-150lKfI) Nat....al SJ052A (9(I-l50urnJ Dose

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Tempernture (Celsius)

o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

T'trT~rature (celsiUS)"'" .'"

SJ051190-150um)Natufal SJOSt (90-15OYm) Dose

10000 r9000

1~I'E""""'900'''': L __~=:::~:::' .J

50 100 100 ~ ~ 300 350 400 ~

Temperature (celsius)

I:;~ -~-'-~~~ 3000 T /~ "''"'4

""''''I' / I1~ ......./ I

o 50 100 150 ~ ~ 300 350 400 ~


I

fj~k-AI.".,. J:'\ ,I.l:: 7 \ I

2000 ~- -. .. .~. ',' '.~ " ,o - -_.:--- "I

50 100 ISO 200 250 300 350 400 4SO


SJ049(90-150um) Close

. "" I

/~.,\ '

j!' ',<, I'/?"' - ~'"

s"'",-:-.-,...z;.:.:$i . . ......• '''',

.'- I

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Temperature (CelsillS)

SJ029 (90-15Oum) Dose

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 _

r"mper,rture (celsius)

180


SJ026 (90-150um) NalLKal SJ026 (90-150....) Dose

!~I~r'·-~~~:j /y

" ~50 100 150 ~ = ~ _ ~ ~OO


,::1 ~.,!1;8000 \ ., . ;;, '

;."".....~

IIO:~k:"'~'

o so. 100 150 200 250 JOO 350 400 450 i

___ . ... Tempe",lure (Celslus) ISJ024 (OO_l50um) Nolural

-,----------"""~=

"""~""'] 1500

~ 11)()lJ

"""l-_~~:._ __..Jo 50 100 150 200 ZOO 300 350 400 450


SJ024 (9O-150um) Dose I

'''"'1'"""'".i' 8000 , -~'\

j 6000/ \.

l~~50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Temparal",,, (celsius)

5.1023 (9O-15Qlm) Natural

I~ 1...

1

=''''/:::';..'__'_"_"_"_"_'~_)_';_.~~_:~_:'_"~_'50 100 150 2:00 250 300 350 400 450

Tefnll'\l'8I"""(c..bm}

SJ023 (So-100umj Dose

:: ~-,------ .. /i'·"_.. '-J'::L ~/'~\~5llOO "'/"', .\

j ~E .. ~,,?~: ..., '\~~o ! '

o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 ~

1 emll"f3ture (Gellliusl

____u

SJOO7 (90-1SOum) N......ral

SJ070 (9O-150um) Now,..

--f:!rooo

"'"

Tempefawm (ceIsiu.)

~'~l:/\J-....•.,7/.~5000 ,/

;; - ~y$ """ ,,7'

2000 e _.

'"': l .. ' Io 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

SJ070 (9O-150um) Do""

I~I ~.~..~.I[

""'L:~..

.. " '00 ,,, "'" '''' m '''' '00 ''''

__ __ _ Temperalum (celsius) _ I

SJOO7 (9O-15Oum) Do"" I

L

~",:-'"":",~·,:oo"'~,::",:=-:,:oo:-:,,,,:::--,",=-:,:,,,:-~,oo:::-:-,,,,:::--

Temperalum (c..Isius)

'''''

t= '/:::::.= I

l~ .~r~"l..._=:::::..::::.. ---1

o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 .wo 450

T""'I"'C"I...... (Gelolus)

181

'''''''r---------


$J(108 (90-15Ourn) Nalural

"'00r~~~~~~

"'"4000 I~ 3500 I

If~ ... ;&~~rl:::4·{:j" '-_=_ ~"'."'...:;.-'-./=_=~:_:,::__=_~....J

o ~ 100 100 ~ ~ ~ ~ @ ~

Temperalure (CellliU$)

SJC11 (90-15Oum) Natural

-,--------"""

~ "'"-i 2000

1ij'5()(}•i1.i 1000

"'"" l-'::""~=:::=:===__:::::_:::__:::_'::""~o 00 100 100 ~ ~ ~ _ ~ ~

Temperalu'" (Celsius)

SJ012 (90-15Ourn) Natural

""",-------------"""","""

"i1! l500

~ 2000

11500

" '000000"L.._""""~:::::... __..J

o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Temperatura (Celsius)


SJOO9 (90-150..m) Dose

':=1 ~~f::! #A~1i5 4000-;- ,/ -- ....4,

2~~~~~ ~o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 4&1

Temperalurn (Celsius]

SJ011 (90-1SOum) Dose

""00 r-------

iL~/'J"---::----------=--o 50 100 150 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~


SJ012190-150um) Dose

'''''''''''"'

~ '0000

j8000I::

"'"'""

182


.··'1Aliq....ll

Aliquot 2-A1iqvoI 3

-A1oqvot 4AliqllOl5A1iquo1S

-A1~1-,"",,,,,,AiqUOll0

"000

'0000

• 0000

~ 0000

I -""'"

Temperalura (Celsius)

SJ058 (150-212um) Natural SJ058 (150.212....\ 00,..,

SJOS7 (150-212""1 Oose

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Temperalure lc..6<lJIl)

''''''''~------'0000""'"-~ 12000

i '0000- 0000

}6OOJ""'"0'- ......1

o

.::: -ll'§ '~

"""',"'..o,.=:".,~,~.~~ 1"'....;:;.::......-----_--1.o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 4:'ill

Tem~lu ... (CIlloiu$)

~ 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Temperature (CeIoiua)

0000---".".~~ 4000

~-'"00'000

o

"

""'" ,------'0000,-

f'''''~ 10000

,0000~oooo

, 4000 I

i ~~oo. 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

~ __ Tempernlure(CGIsiusj

SJ058 (150.212um) Nalural

~'at-I 6000 ~

I ~ll.~~~ _o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Temperature (Cillsiusj


0000

f400J.""",$2000

'000

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

TfllTlpllralum (Caloius)

[ '""~"~"'~I-

.,1 ~_f. :~oooo: ). l '\.

L:..-iZ; ~"': Lt=.::·-=~::,:"_":~_/__~_'_' "j

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Temperalul'tl (Celsius)

183


5J051 (154).212..,,) 00...

---- SJQ54 (150-212001) Dolle iI"""'~ - I""'",-

~

I H'>oo

- "'"'

~l ~T"'-=_::..... _

'" '00Tem!K'ralu,o (celsiusl

------- -

'",,\

'~'~o 50 100 150 200 250 3(1(1 350 400 450


I ::r ~""'('~ ---~

I~I .,~"";.~ I

a 50 100 100 200 250 ?IJ(l 35() <100 400 ITemperalum (Celsius) .

'====-

SJ052A (150-212uml Natural

L

L_1:__···· s.KI52B(''''_''_'~~_(__'''_ II: /~~~l- ;//"1

1000 T /;~

"'.'--"'--?".,;;:--""';../------o 00 100 1~ 200 2~ 300 300 400 400

TomPEl'alure (Celsius)

184

~ 4000

~ 3000;;~ 2000

.

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Temperalura (Celsius)


SJ030 (15iJ.212um) NallKal

'J>-.""~//

.-::;/ //o I-_'''''-~''''~~:'''' ...J

o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

TemperallQ lGalsius)

SJon (150-212JJm) Nalu",1

:~----I

!~L-_~"":::';""_·;._f(}_'~_·"'-_~_-_~_'·_Io


50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Tempera....... lCelsius)

.

SJ026 (150-212uml Nal\Jral

SJ025 !150-212um) Natu,al

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Tamp,nature (Celsiusl


SJ03() (150-212um) Dose

..,.,~----------

r~ _J\"":J;:;b,_,J! ~I

o 50 l0015020025030035040045fJ

Tam""ralura (eel.ius)

SJon (150.212um) Dose

~::~/;,;;;"",\'.ij 80001 .~;!.5 ' I,'

! :: . i.'!.. i,/ ..

; .... ,,-', .. ,,,., .o .-.... -- . .' . ""'- )

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 45()

Tam""ratura (Calslus)

--

SJ029 (150-212um) Dose

50 100 1:50 200 250 300 350 400 450

Temperalln {Citlsiusl

SJ025 (150-212Yrn) Dose

:::r- I

~:::l /~.,",., . ;';/~,"'~ 10000 t cf " . \

~ ~b ~C~:/\-1o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Teml"""'tum (Colsius)

"'00~------ _

~ ""00jEKm, 0000

:40000'-..;... _

o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

TIIIl1p8I8b.n1 {Celsiusl

185

SJ024 (150-212Ym) Do...


~~I~··/,····· .. 1

~= I~/ . .....~ 2000 I .~

1000 ~

" .5Q 100 1&1 100 2.5Q w.l 351) 400 4Sl

T8m~fe(CeI.ius)

SJ071 (150-212Yrn) Nalural

""',-----.,,"00"'

~ 3500

~=l=

'000000

"'-~==-----------Io 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Temperaturll (celsius)

»00

00"'...~=,=:E 2tiOO

'-k 1500

1000 +000.

" 'o

SJOO3 (150-212um) t.lalural


~ SJ071 (150.212um}Dose

I~::j- /\I'::' /;r\~~Y 1

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Temperatulll (Gelsius)

SJll23 (\50-212um) Dose

SJ070 (150-212um) Dose

,-'0000

J......l ...• -

"• 00 100 150 200 250 300 :l5O 400 450

Temparalum (Celsiuo)

186


lSJOO4 (150-Z12um) Dose

I -"-OO-'-I'-"'-.'-'-"'-m-)~-~·

!;:~\~ 10000 ~

~ ....E

16<m• .000

""""~- .,:,-o ""--:~::-:::-:::-:::-:::-:::-:.......Jo 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

r"mperalure \C'-elsl\lS)

I.E!~ 12000~ 10000, ....ill ....

"'"'000F','------------o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Tempe"'t...... rCelsiusf

SJ()04 115Q-212umJ Natural

, !-_....5:::::;::.. ---Jo 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

T"mpertltu,,, (Cel.OJs)

'000

'-=I ::;.-j 4000

'2 3000

(i: 2000

.=fi::L.~ 1500

l"'~"-~",~,~oo:=,:,,,,.:;;;~,,,,,,,-:,,,,::-:ooo::-:,,,,::::--,,,,::::--,:,,,:-·... leTT1p(f$",,",\C~)

.,--_.

''''''''"""..i ,"00•

- """) 1500

'000500~.',

L

s..007 {150-212Ln1J Natural--,

SJ007 (150-212uml Dose

i~' "0. li : /j:),~, ·1'

1..,. , ...£/ "'\"

L-~:::/" 5\1o 1----- "

o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

TllmporalJJ18 (Cal.....)

- .. -

SJQ08 (150-212uml NollJ,ar SJOO8 {150-212um) 00....

" \_",::-·,~oo""!.'",:::~,oo-:""::-:"",::-:,:",:-.:oo:-,:,,,_JTemperature (CoI"ius)

~"""j 4000

•~3000

~2000

'000

_~ 15000

!,oooo

"':~""~~o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Temperalura (Calolus)

187

"""~ <0'"~ 3000

i~"00


SJ009 (150-212uml NallJral

"'"

~=I~ 2000 ~~ 1500 ~$ 1000

"'"°I...-.....~::::::. ----Jo 50 100 150 200 250 300 :l5O 400 450

Temperalure rGelsill6)

SJ010 (150·212uml Natural

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450


SJ011 (150-212um) Nalural

~7°.I-~::::.:::.J::"'"__-------J

I) 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Tem~", (eel....)

SJ012 (150·212urn) Nat...,,1

'""~-----------~

"00

°l.._",:.".~._._~-:::-..".,....,::-__..".....Jo 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Temperatum (CfllaOJa)

1- '''''' , ,"_"_"_(150-212Uml

Natural

,,",,

•ii 4000•.-rio 2000

''''''01-__=~ ----,o 50 100 150 200 250 'l.OO :l&l 400 45(\

Temperature {celsius)


SJOO9 (150-212uml Dose

14000 .

12000 I

~ '0000~8000

1 6000

.. ''''''''''''

".L::::,"-c,oo::-C,,"::-c,~oo"""'-'"-""'--'-'"-'-oo-'~,":-'T""'P"'alurtl(Celsiusl

SJ010 115(1.212umj Dose

"000 j''''''"

.~ 80001

~ 6000';'

~ 4000 I

'"'"50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Temperature (eel.....)

5.1011 (15<J.212um) Dose

''"''"",00

'''''''',,"'"~ 12000

~'0000

''"''~'""."'"2000 ;:;~~-

, ·0~oo-~,~oo::-,~,"::-"",::--""::--",,,--,,"--,,",--,,"::-

Tempenl1um (Cel";",,)

SJOll (150-212um) Dose

I~· P\J~:~~~/ '\\1,~-~~-------'-'o SO 100 150 200 250 300 J50 400 450

T"",peratura (Ce/$lus)

'""" ('''''''~I00" \

i~ ,------- r \j;:~......~I!!"''''~

°'--~~~~~~~=--'\l 00 W::l 100 200 200 300 3m 400 400

Tempoodum (Celsius)

188


SJ014 (l5Q-212lJrJ1) Natural


SJ014 (150-212....,. Do'"

l

,""",----------'"''

Temperature (Cel.ius)

~:I-- ~.;:l.~ "'" .~/.'/." >.;~~i! 1500 I " .,- ".<l1QOO ;,/

'/500 .,. ,_/,~:'-0'· " -,

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Tem~,awre (celsius)

SJOle (150-212um) Natural

"'"00"

"''''

Tempemture (ceJsius)

SJOiS (15()..212umj N6lu'al

"""~----

"""""'".~ 2500

~ 2000

~ 1500

" 00""

"'",1-::-,--.::::.,::-_...,.,.. -'o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Ternpa'al..... /C&ls' .... j

~O~9-(150-212Um)Natural

"""---'''''

i ~= :;....~~~"."'"! 1500

~ ""'""", L...,,,....,"""'c-:---------J

o 50 ;00 15() 200 250 :lOO 350 400 450

rampa,alu,erGalsius)

s.m15('50_212uml Do~"

!~Ir//\J''''':e'~ I

o !ill 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Temperalure (Celsius)

SJ018 (150-212um) 00"

SJ018 (150-212urnJ Dose

''''''

,L...,,,...., --------Jo 50 100 1SO 200 250 300 350 400 450

Te_lure (CeIl5lIJll)

SJQ19/150-212umlOo&8

'''''''~-----------

''''''

""': t...:-··...:·__...:·.....:i__----J50 ;00 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Temperature (Cel$lUs)

189


•••••••_ •••_ .• m __~

SJQ5lI1212-250urn) Nal"r~1 I SJ06'91212-25Oum) Dow

'MOO

""'"f:::}eooo

::~::~A~~::::~~_"':::o so 100 1so. 200 250 300 350 400 450

L..-_....

oL.-~:::::::""'__-.Jo 50 100 150 ~ 250 300 350 -400 450

Temperature (Cel5ilJ.)

MOO~--

MOO·

f 4000 t~ :lOCO ~

l~

:r! 4000

!3lXlO121m j#;;;"~

o'-....~::::: ----:.Jo 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

T..mperator.. (eelsluel

SJ05ll. (212-25Olom) Dos"

f::~!.' ,....ro:'" .:i (J{JOO ./f";: '''\,:1II> 4000 . _,

2000 ...::' ,o t;;;;:.... ----i

so 100 150 200 250 300 SSCI 400 450

Terrrp...nn(ceIoius)

SJ057 (212-20.0u"" NllIu....1

50 100 ISO 200 25D 300 351) 400 450

Tomp«alure j~"usl

"",L ~~o~

o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 .coo 450

TenIfIl"1'luN lCelsillSl

immm-SJOS7 (212-250llfTI) Dosu

'"000 _mmmm4QOO I

I~l-I._J1!!!i~f::::....f_'~_.~_"'-=-'"....:.:..,1

o

SJOI5Il1212-250'Jrn) Natural SJ056 (212-2SOum) Doll"

50 100 150 200 25Q 300 350 400 450

Tampor8tu,,, (Celolus)

f 8000 ~

~ &100 ~

! """I2000 .;.

o:c=:... ~~ ___o 50 100 150 200 2SO 300 350 400 450

T~'" (Cehlius)

SJ055 (212-25Duml DoH

''''''~------------

~BOOO

~MOO

!4000

=:~~~o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 0J 450

T~... {C~iU$)

190


SJ054 (212-2&1"m) Natural SJ054 (212_250uml DDs.

50 lOll 150 200 250 300 35(l 400 450

Tempel'lllu.... (elkius)

"""'-----------,.."

SJ052A (212-25Ouml 000.

"'"'~~o r--'-

o 50 100 100 200 Z50 300 3M) 400 4:;(1

TempltJ8llire (eel....)

SJ052B (212-25OUm) D<l-

60 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

TlPm$>oralur. (Cel.ius)

'''''''I10000 T, 8000 I,

• "'"i ...

llJOOO I105000 ;

f~=r~ ,.."~ tooO_

1; 6000 l... '",,:~.~~./=----=

o

__ II,

SJ052B (212-25Oum) Nab...1

50 100 150 200 2!iO 300 350 400 "50

r""'l>\Ifa1UI1I (C"'ius)

0000 _.

"""

t'§r- .JJ 4000 "'-J~ 3000·

"""''": l.. lIIIl:!!!:::::. .Jo 50 100 '50 200 250 300 350 400 ~50

T""'P""elure Ir::.dsiusl

!~jl.._..ci....~=/::::/::./_/_/_f_/·_·_:_._•.•••_•..._._._......

IL _

IIL

0 0 50 11)0 150 200 251) 300 350 400 450

~_~_~ Tem~Ure(c=.=.=iU.=)=====::::;

!------~~12_250umlNatufal

.000

SJ(lSl (212-250""') Oon

50 100 15'0 200 250 300 3~ 40U -4~

Temperature (ColINI)

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 4SO

Temperawt. (Comlus)

SJ051 (212_250um) Natural

,~~--------------

.."

~,~

j 2000

iii 1500

.w 1000

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 460

TetnperatlJre (Culsius)

100 100 200 250 $00 35[1 400 400

T....p!II'lIIIldH (CelU.Js)

"""'",------leOOO .;.

,.." -

t:::J110000 .;.j =1

-400(1- ~_~

2000 ..-" '...o

o '"

""'----7000 i

~=J-~"'j'~:JOOO'" 2000.;.

'"":1j_...~~ _o

191


SJ049 \212-2&lurnl Natural 5J049 (212-250",") D""e

SJD30 (212-25Oum) Nstu"'1

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 45'0

Tempfi8ture (Celsius)

,,,,,,.10000 J.

f SIlOOT

•~), -.g

""",,

'''''''""""

I """.",~ ~OO

""",, 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Tem~ralU,e (Celsius)

~====== I

----\Iso 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 4&l

,~

.."

~,~

j1000Ii 1500 ..~~."""~

$JOn (212-250""') Dou

4500 1--

"""j

1~1__~~"",7~/~/~Y:::-'.".,.."......,......1

50 100 150 200 2SO 300 350 400 460

T"""f>lll'alu,," (eel.ius)

14000

12000 -

~ 10000 i~ ""'"•~ 6000 ~

4000 J

''''''~.~~:.::c,"-~,o 50 100 150 2lXl 250 300 350 400 450

TlJITlpel8\\lre(CelsJus)

SJ073 (212-250um) NaMal

,~"""f 2500

]: 2000

t 1500

• '000

"", "--~:::""" --,-..Jo 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 40Il 450

TllfTlpor81un. (Celoius)

SJ0731212·250um) Do...

t 10000

I ~,i:

"': ~,!~~~,~oo~,~~~=::,:~:-:,oo:-:,~:-~.:oo~.:~~Temperatllre (Celsius)

SJ029 (212-25Oum) Oau

!~.I__..aii~,,1:::.:::{f:j;;:,:..X~/~,..'-·_"···~':·:-_··'_·_:-:'__,i

o 50 100 160 200 2SO 300 350 400 450

TlII11pvn11:u._(c..lsi".)

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

T~Ill(C"'iU5)

192


SJIl:21 (212-250uml Nl>tur~1 ,-""""

~ .,.,!• .,.,i ~

"""0

0 50 100 ISO 200 250 300 350 400 450

TemP<lf~tUf. (C.~iu.1

•,-_oIl!!i~:"" .JI) 50 100 150 :zoe ~ 300 350 ~oo 450

Temp&ratlJra (Celsius)

1000 -i-I

~-

5000 ,--

s..o26 (212-:25Oun) Nmural SJ026 (212-26Uum) Darou

50 100 150 200 20.0 300 350 400 450

T~atu.... (Celsius)

50 100 150 200 2SO 300 3&1 40D 4SC

T8/Tlp-''''''''''' (Celsius)

14000 _

"""~ ,.,.,18000

~6000- '''''''"""

TOO1""r1lIUl& (C<>Isius)

B.m5-1212-2SOum) NldUf81

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

("""I~I

J::jl50 100 150 200 250 300 350 .wo 4~

Tern,.....I..... (Ce/sius)_____ n_ _ om

.oo.~ _4000

1

I-j12000

rI> 1000 l

"

I

I

I

I--I SJQ2<\ \'H2-251hlrn)l'tlll\lrM SJ024 (212-250um) Do."

~

f;ooo•} 2000

''''''.L.-~~ __

o 50 100 150 200 250 300 ~ 40(1 450

T.mporat<Jra(Ce!,"",)

:::1"r~I...""",."i2Z::'9~"-/:.:~ !--6. i5ol:'=:""-__

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Tomperal..... (C.II"'""I

$JOl1 1212-2$Oum) NaNrai

,":~"'---~~C so 100 150 200 250 JOO 350 400 450

T-..penItu~ (celsjual

""'---- -----~~ I35ClO~ '~I'

I~,

!~il..._~~~,__'-;-_~_~_~__jo so 100 150 200 :250 300 350 400 450

T~f'lI (eniue)

,,,,.,~'-----''''''''I:J

-----------,

193


6J(l23 {212--1!50um) Na1Urtll

5000 .

-I•i 3000 ~

~ 2000.:

E'~I.'

o

U_~I

SJll:23 (212-250uml Dos.

""'"''''''"'''".'-f 12000

£ '00001! 8000

~ "'" L,.":ili"'~~!i'''''V~ ,r 5~_"'_"'_! _

0. 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Tampefll!Ure (CoI.i\ls)

SJ070 (212-25O\tm) 00:>&<1

,,.,.,,~

f """~ "'"-, -g

•"'"' -"'-"

0

• ~ '"" '" "" ~ ~ '" '00 '"TampNfltUre (CMWS)

.~'__...lIIlliio so tOO 150 200 250 300 350 '\00 4SJl

TemperatullI (eelsi...)

4000 _n_

f 3000

~ ,.,., IM1000.~

SJOO3 (212-25OYm) Natural SJOO3 (ZI2·2SO<Jmj Dou

4000 _

•_......i!!!!!:::::.__...Jo 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 '100 450

Temp"'llture (C~lus)

SJOOoI (212-25Oum) Natural SJ0l)4j2,&-2S0um) Do••

50 100 100 200 250 300 350 400 450

Tempemure (C,""us)

,,,.,.,

11

:

= "'"i4llOO

400 450

- - ---------,

.:ji 2000 ~

i lOCO I

"'" i• ""'!jI -4IlOIl';-

"'"' -I

•:.-::--:::-::::--::::-=-::::-=-::::--:::-,'50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

T~(Celosiusl

SJOO5 (212-25Oum) Dose -~l10000 ,-------

WA~~~\ \'\ II

I

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Ternperahl'& (ceIsiuol

,~~------~

SJOO51212-25Oum} Nahxal

194


18000 i

16000 ..:,-t 12000 T! 10000';'

i 800(1".t SOOO_4000 .).

,." ...""...""0 ---'

o 50 100 150 200 Z50 300 350 400 450

Temperature (Celsiu,;)

m~

SJ(106 (;?lZ-250uml Na'lural

/~I4'/" ,0'"-_"""'':- --.....

Q 50 100 150 200 2(;(1 30lJ 350 ~oo 450

Temperatul'$(C~siu.)

"""

''''',. m

SJOOI (212-25Ouml Do$<>

~t""":,·,,,"mIOoo'I.:::jIi:: /.~~.~"''''

01o 50 100 150 <no ~ 300 '$00 400 450

T.......""t(GeIsi ... j

50 100 150 200 250 300 3SO 4llO ~50

TlIITII'l'Rlturel(:ejslll8l

oo

Vi~ 3000 -,-

! 2000-'-

E

I i mm

•

.1 I 1 :~r--f"'" . I Ii':) '\

J~l........oiii~_------J I 1~~'~==- ,\!I OM1001M~~_~~~ O~1001~~~~~~~

1__ T.,."perat\lre(C"5~) Tempo!f1llU.... (C..sIUI)

I,

SJ009l212-250um) Do..

14l1OO -,-__

,,.,, I

f,-l~ 8OOll_

}::r"":~~.:c~~

o 50 100 1SO 200 ~ 30D 350 400 450

Temperal\lfe(Cels;Ufi}

SJOOllj::l:12_251Jum) Nature,

SJOl0 (212-25Oum) Nmural

I t=rJ:~1:-:::-:!~~~~<:::-:::-2~C"i

i SO 100 150 2IXI 25.0 300 350 400 450

L.=======,=·=m=Perat'l«!(Col'iLa~!=====:::;

195


SJ011 (21~_250"m)Nall"al SJOl1 (212-250um) Den

~J

(I 60 100 150 200 250 300 350 0$00 450

Tl!fI1penllUre IC....iUf;)

:::r--------"-·--~----,.-~i 8000 •. / ..,i, -~ '\\' ....I 6000 /' . _ - ~_\if, 4000- _ ", '.

"" .,.'d_ ~.

2000 .,' ,,',SO 100 150 200 250 300 350 <100 450

Tornperillure jCsI!JuS)

::i~""",

I !::;:-... ---" '" ,.IiT"",p~re (CoIsiY$)

'"""~"""~, ;;~.,.,

2GOO _.....,~

"",,

'"'""""t=!:' 2000

11 1500•II> 1000

SJ0151212.:250ul'n) Notur.1 SJD15 (212-25Oum) DD$e

::r-~ 8000 f1..",:4OGO

":~~~o 50 100 150 2110 250 300 350 400 450L._ '~T.(Cols\u.)

l

i 0000

.,.,"""

,I, 50 100 150 :;.(j() 250 300 350 ~OO 450

T......p.r.Iul1l(C_)

196


SJ018 (212-250Ilm) Natural SJ018 (212-250um) Dose

5000<5004000

~ 3500

j 3000 ~S 2500 -',

~ 2000 ..

E 15001

100\1 ~"",.o1-__:::!!!;:::: ...J

o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 ..00 4ijO

Tampersl""" (Co:lsius)

SJ01& (212-2501lm) Pose

2DDOO ~._---

~:=l.i 12000.s 10000

~ 8000~ 6{JOO

:: ~~-~~"~~~~;?0-1- -1

II 50 100 1f>!) 200 250 300 3511 400 4SO

TotmpeI'IIlure (celsius)

$JQ19 (212-25Oum) Natural

50 100 1&1 'ZOO ';l:SO $00 W) 400

TempelllMe (ClllsIUS)

I6000

\ 5000

!.~ 4000

I li-= 3000

~~2000

1000

00

197


APPENDIX C- shifted TL curves


~

$.1057 (90-1500m) Dose

!~LA.•. ',/;<:;\ • .200CI ... . .. - .--01.- _

o 50 100 150 200 ~ ~ 350 ~ 450


iG "","(9<>-"""m(O~. l

Ii ---/"\,!"'00· I0'-- -----"

o 50 100 15() 200 250 300 350 400 450

Temperature (CeI91.1S)

400 450

-1$.1058 (90-150um) Natural

100 150 200 250 300 350

Tempernlu'e (Celsius)

SJ056 (90-150\Jl1) NatlX,,1

~"-.' -~-- '.. II :::1 /"',--'i 12000 j .,. ~ -. -"~

50 100 150 ~ ~ ~ 350 ~ ~

Temperature lCeI..us)

['::1SJcsa (9O-150uml Dose

---_._--

~ 15000

~ 10000• ..-o !,

" '00 '" "'" "" "" "" ."

Tempel'ature (Celsius)

,-----$.1054 (90-1SOumj Dose

moo,"" ]~-~ 15000

!10000

~ '" '00 '''' "'" ,'" "" '''' ." ""Temperall1'll (celsius)

J

199


~./r,,\\ ]

.. \

.;;;..=;/., '\':"--.-.~~>~ \. '

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 "50

T&flll"lrature (Gel~Ull)

50 100 150 zoo 250 30Q 350 400 450

Temperatl,ll'1l (celsillsj

SJOS2a (90-15OJm) DOSE

SJ049 (90-150uml Dose

SJ051 (90-15OumJ Doso

::::i~ 12000

, "0'"~ 0000'J 6000'-'"": !-t:=:::;::;::_.~:-:::--=-.;J

o 50 100 150 2QO 250 300 350 400 450

hm[l8fah..." (Cel~ius)

SJ049 (oo.l50um) Natural


SJ052B (90-150um) NATURAL

Temperature (~sius)

~-,'"'"~!15OO."''''

::1 ~

I~I~/-:----~"~----J':,50 1()(1 150 200 250 300 350 .400 450.;- I

Temperiltu'''(Calsi""j ..~

=:lIii~0 = -'

o 50 100 150 20IJ 250 soo 3SO 400 450

Temperal..... (Celsius)

r--- SJQ29 (90-150umJ Natural

I ::r----- ------

200


$JOW (90-1WumJ DoGe

''''"'0000

f ""'"""'"•• ""'"•""'",I,

SJ02<i (90-150um) Natural

-~---,-,

f=j' ...~j!/~~"-' ,...~,i:~ ' "'"/~'/:'_'_'-_/_'_"'_'_·_·· ...JI

~ 100 lW ~ ~ ~ ~ @ ~


50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450


SJ024 (9O-150umj NallXal SJ024 {90-150um) DoGe

50 100 150 ~ m ~ ~ ~ ~

TemperallJfe (CelskJsj

-,------------~4000jJOOQi 2000

,..,,L-_"""= ...J

"

".., T,------------

10000 i

-~" L-...:... ---J

o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 .400 450

Temperal"''' (C6I~ius)

150 200 250 300 350 400 4SO

T9Illp""lIum (Celsius)

SJ023190-150um) Dose

.00

SJ023 (90-150um) Naturali--I"'"I "'"~ 2000 ......\,,,...........

~ 1~'"' h-';:""'~'v~ •.., ,",,~......;;,

~ ~/ L~l7.i 1000 .1.,'

500 ,..;;.~}:,1-....==;;;.,. ...J

o 50 100 150 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Temp""ture (Celsius)

SJ070 (9(}.l50umJ Natural SJ070 (90-15OumJ Dose

''''''''0000

~

""'"I ""'"~ ""'"•""",, 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 ~

T"mpel>llure (celsius)

SJOO7 (90_1SOOO1) Nal",al SJOOl (90-150um) Dose

."""§ 2000•<i 1500•<7i 1000

'''''',,Tomp""alure (CelsillS)

'-j-· '~ 6000 J

} 4000

""""~I-----50 100 ISO 200 250 300 350 400 ~

T""'!"'l'lIIure (Celsius)

201


SJ0ll8 (OO-150um) N~l ....,,1 SJQ08 (9().15Oumj Dose

350 400 450150 200 250 300

Temperalurll (Celsius)'" '00400 450

Tempefalure (Celsius)

150 200 250 300 350

SJ011 (90-\50um) Natural

o 50 100

=1·ld' 3500 .

~ 3000!! 2500 ~l

l:E.,l,''--"'=:::'00::"'-''''-'-00-'-'''-'''--''''--'00-._"_,,J I

Temperalur<lICeisius) ..~

==

'" '00i

150 200 250 300 35Q 400 450

--::====='_'m_-="=I"'='=iUs='===-_~=1_ '"""IOO-'''',m''',"", ~l

:: /'~I:~l. J .00 0<0 II

50 100 150 200 250 300 35Q """

Tempel3lure (Celsius)

202


SJ059 (150-Z12um) Natural

!~lric'~'11"'"I / \o " .... -_ ..,..-"',.../ \

50 100 150 200 25Q 300 :J.5(l 400 450

Tempe,ature (Celsius)


SJOS9 (150-212um) Do.e

12000 TI-----~

10000 <

i 4000

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Tempe,alure (Calsius)

18000 on

__m=====:;

!~r- -""~~J&::l ..'~1

100~~i_~~=::::::_. -'o 00 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

T&mjl<lralu'<IICelsi,,")

SJQ58 (150-.212um) Dose

SJ057 (150·212um) Nalural SJ057 (150-112um) Do88

"000m------

"000.,-I 6000

i:

----,

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Tempe,alum (Calsius)

"000

"000

f:=:E 8000

! 6000

'000

""'" -,,"", ."1...:= ---o 50 1DO '50 200 250 300 350 400 450

Tempe(alure (Celsius)

SJ056(150-21Zl.OTI) Natural

50 100 150 200 250 3(10 300 400 45Q

Tempera!<Jre (Celsius)

SJ055 (150.212um) Nalural

,OOO~,-------t::.,$ 2000

'000

SJ05IJ (150·212umj Dose

18000 _

16000

14000

~ 12000,,-'-)5000'"002000:"_

"-----------o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Temll'3",ture (Celsius)

SJ055 (150-2120011 Do...

~~ -~p~""--'''''.) ~~Io 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

TemperaWre (CeIS'Ys)

203


I SJ05<4 1150-212...,) Dose ~

I::: --, I."'''' ~1'0000

J=1 -~t:=:~/" I

o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

T~erotUJ't!(~)

_~~ ,'~~ .JI~ ---- --- l

SJ(I52B (150-212umIDoso

~'~Il- //"\ -1 0000 !l"

i ~ J.f_---:"_-__/ "'o_d_/_- \_'_'_-I

L ' 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Temperature (Cels<os)

----' , --- '---

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Temperatur.. IClllsiusj

I.~] SJ054('~~12~mlN3Iural -~- I

;: ~" l

l:: /_/.~~,• ~IL--,",~::::-.w_7 _

o 50 100 150 200 250 300 J50 40Q 450 JT9ll1P<l'alu,e rGeI. usl

---- ---- -

- ----,SJ051(150-212umjN81u,al I

=1 I

".1:! ~'=f---.JI

' ~;-~~~'OO::::;~'W:"'-OO-.-'~W_~__350 400 450T~""'{CBl5iusJ

=-=

L

--- ---- ~SJ0521l.115(HI2um) Dose

---,

"""' AI,

{::: ,-:--\i:: ~-,

.::~ jl 0 l\(I 100 150 200 250 300 35Q 400 450

T_r.tl.«l (celsius)

---,--- , ._---, '-~-I SJ051 1150-212um) Dose l

I J~~lr----~._~ ll :: 4/f~!r9i

4000 I '--0/ ~..:200Q '~---'::-

L0r ~ \00 150 200 250 300 35(1 400 450

T91T(1et8l\Jt9(Celslus)___ __ ~_ ----l

;=1---=-.-= -~- -~- -~~SJ049115Q-212um) Dose

204

M'sc. Thesis - Beth M, Forrest McMaster - Geography and Geology

.~I

SJ030 /150-212um) Dose

SJ0131150-211um) Dose

100 150 200 ~ 300 350 400 450

Temperawl'll (celsius)

50 100 150 200 25() 300 350 400 451)

T~rnpeo::8tufe(Colsi"'l

1-

l

Temperalm9 (Celsius)

Temperatura (Gelslus)

~"-"-,-,,,,,-,-,,-=-) Natural ------ I

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

t~§I-'~ 10000.""'"~""'"

=6/! 0. ""00 I~ = ,~ '00 ,~ '00 .~L. . T8m~ral\Jto (C<Ilsiys)

1000 ~I' J' '000 !o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 L0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Temperalure (Celsius) Temperalufe (CelSIUS)

-----

:: --- "",,,,oo,,,"ml~-=-I I:::__ SJO~ (150-112umlDose r'. ',~ ~',,,.~tJ'~ i!::~ """'<l;;;'~\\j;."_. .' f:"'''~'''''';'''''';':'1' } =. yf ~?'_

""" _ . . . .. " _ ~vvv .~,--~";::-":";'4";;;"¥- .

050100150m~~mG~ I 050100150~~_350@450

Temperature (celsius) I I Teml"'",ture (CIllsiU,) ._

~-:f~o""oo,,~ml~'~:'~ll I =f~·-·- \ l,'000 ~ I ,:~, r.._!" ~ J ~--..... :!! \,~' '"',-~ j ~.~ ~1~ ,// ~\

i:; ~//._~'~ i § >,:=-31/ \\"°J.._-"'::::._________ °050100150~~~_400~ 050

I :1 ,"",0'''"'''"="_'__

~ 4000 1i 3000·

•

~:~LI_..,;::::.,.:::.- ---J

205


SJ024 (150-212umIOosa

,...,,.,.,

!ii-I....;;; ,.P\_._.._'_\_._-:--_j

o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Temporalura (Celsius)

.,.,"00 J,~

13500 ~

H:I~ 1500,~

~

o•

SJ0711150-212um}Nalural

" 1

R50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

TarT{l<!rat...... (C..lsius}

SJ071 (15(\-212uffij 006a

,.,.,~~--

$;023 (15G-212um) Nalural

150 200 250 :lOO 350 400 450

Temper.lturtl (Calsi...)

.,.,,~

"00

j~:12000.., 1500'

1000 J~IL'OO~==

SJOZl (150-212uml Dosa

SJ070 (150-212uml Natural SJ()70(1r,o.212um}Dw&

SJOO3 (15G-212um) Dose

"';1_" -50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

_~====='=-==.='~=(~==.=~)~~---.---J

/~

/ \.~.; ,,,'. "

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 jT~",(QoIsjusl

--_.

00"'"

,,~

f:

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

T...,..,.,ralu,e(Celsiusl

'::I,",",(,~,,"m~1 7000 I. .,.,..,.,.~.~ ~

.., ~j _~~:z~~;".

o 50 100 150 200 250 :lOll 350 400 450

T~tufelCel';"')

206


l

SJooa (150-212"") Do...

SJOO7 (150-212um) Dose

,,,,.,

SJO051150-212um) Dose

I~~I·_~~2000 . .

"\.-=---------50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 I

TllIIll""8lLA ICelslus] ~

= -lSJOO6 (150-212um) Dose

"OO"~ -- -- lJ::l:/>:'"'\- I:;g6000 / '\~ 4~ r/ ~",., - ..-. ". I '

o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 4~ I

Temperatul'9 (Celom) ~

L

,-

r:~.,"""~~ .','

i':~o 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 J

TemporahH IC\llslusl ..- .. u_

SJOO5 (150-212um) Nal1Jral l,.~Is:J

,~ ",~~ '1.,I ~"", \

SJOO7 (150-212um) Natural

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400


SJOCG (150-212um) Natural

~ '"'"Jrooo~ 1500. ,."

~-

l<~·----J" 50 100 150 200 zoo ~OO 350 400 450

Temporalure (Celsius)

"'" j"~.-----'~ 50 100 150 200 250 3()() 350 400 450L Temperatu'" (CelsiU.) _

1::1

207


SJOO9 (150.212um) Natural SJOO9 (\50-212um) Do""

"'00

100 200 250 300 350 +00 450

Tempefalura (Celsius)

;f\J-.~. '[

o t::: _o 50 100

_~ 10000

j 8000

1 6000..~

·::I r···· ...~~j 2500 .. ," , " -', I

i:~:n~i50 100 150 ZOO 250 300 350 400 450

rem""raturB(C<llsius)

SJOl0 (150-212001) Natural &J010 (150-212um) Dose

12000

'0000~ """,i """;;$ .~

"'",0 50 100 150 200 250 JOO 350 400 450

Temperature (celsiUS)

..-o L.."""'''"-~ Jo 50 100 150 200 200 JOO 3W 400 450

Temperature (031G11.lS)

$JOtl (l50_212urn) Nalural SJOll (150-212urn)Dose

"""f:}-

1000 :

o'o-",_.,.oo"",~",~=__~,,,,__~,,,,__~,~,,,__,,,,,__-.~,,,__J

TemperallJre (Gels!oJs)

'000018000,,~

,~, 14000

1::::I::.~"'" ~.'1-~~~~~~~~~o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 40il 45CI


SJ012 (150-212um) Natu....1 SJ012 (150-Z12um) Do...

,l-......~~~~~~~~o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450


'0000,,~

'''''''.?i'14ooo

I~=~"""$0000

~1 '~II 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

TIlmpet'a\Ura (celsius)

SJ013 (150-212um) Nalufal

'000I.~

.~"""J 4000

~ 3000 ,

$ 2000

,~

.l--=~~~~~__~o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

lemperah..e (celsi..s)

SJ013 (150-212um) Dose

Gr§!I::~ 8000

&6000

"'""'" .~~,..-....'•,~-~--,oo""~,-~-""--,-",-,-oo-,,,,---.-oo-~.oo::

T..~ah""ICelsi",,)

208


$JOtS (150-212001) Dose -l-- ",::-1

..'\''\ I'f'/ '-...."

~,

"""~=---0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400,~ I

T""'P'I1IW'B(celWo) ,~

SJ(l19 (150-212um! Dose

::r,'000~ 6000

J400J

SJ014 (150·212um) Dose

"000_---'''''''

_~ 10000

J_•

I

rSJ!I15 (150-212""') Dcrse

':r ----- I

L 0 50 100 '51) 200 250 :300 350 400 450

T&mperature (Cels",")

1:__~16(150-212~l~=__

18000 1'''''''' J'.~~= >.......,,i': .v(l ~> ~~"

~:+. .~," 1.1...:=. --1-.:

o 50 100 150 200 200 300 350 400 450

TompefalUf9 (eel......)

50 100 150 200 250 300 J50 400 450

T""'pa,al..." ICo;lslU6)

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Temperatura (Celsius)

SJ015 (1!ll-212umj Nat...al

50 100 150 2QO 250 300 350 0\00 450

TemllOralure (Dllsius)

TemperatuM (Cal,,;usj

""'~-

"""~"""

1-OJ 1500

~ '000";11..'_ ....:::::.. _

"

$JOt9 (15Q.212um) Natural I

::1 .,,,,,lf= #~.!I :~l' ..=:::...-,,;1_';'"__~-:~ y I

o

I~r~ 1500IJI '000

":1--...::::.-_--

-- '--- ~

$JOt6 (150-212um) Natural I

=1 ~-i~J1~1 eLll'~· ., -,~,:,--'~I

5.1016 (150-212um) Natural -l

209


SJ056 ~12--250urnl Oox..

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 -«JO 450

T.mp~(l;eIllius)

14COO T---·1ZOOO .,

~10000

j 8000

!:... "''''''"''

J

s.058 l21M5Oum) ~Uf&1

SJ05(; (212-25Oum) Natural

100 150 200 2SO 300 350 400 450

T~(Ce/5jus,

SJ057 (212_250um) Natural

4QOO r ----,

'~I I-"'~ I

!~~1__II!,/tt!~"__ :,",,,.... ·,_I._t_{_~_··_··""_'_'.~._)_'_'-J'10 so 100 150 200 250 3CIO 350 400.. ~ i

T~"'(Ce!siu,) ..~

--

l~'~

---- ----,SJ059 (~12450~m) Natunli I

,=1- /_-~--...".-~-..J! I'

E 3000, ,( ~~':~

Ill~l\-_~~/_l~_'_"_-. ......J.'\~I

50 lOll 150 200 256 300 350 ~ .(50

T~/lt1lf"(C"'iu')L_.~ . .

-I

I

210


SJ054 (212-250~m) Natural

,~"

"'""I8000;

~ 7000_

.! eooo_ SOOO'

0; 40M_

.t 3000

"'",...".\,.'_...:::::::::.---------.....;o 00 100 l!iO 200 250 3(10 350 400 450

Tetnperatufft (Coh;iu5)

8Jl)s:.!B i212_25Ouml NMI.lml SJOS:lB (212-25Ouml Dm;~

'''''''''"""

I ~"'"", ...!

"""""

II.io"_~:..::,,;;;..y__. _,,_,;~_.•_._--,Io 50 100 150 200 250 JOO J50 400 450 so 100 150 20D 250 300 350 -400 450

Temp..rawre (CelIliU&)

6000

5000 ",

~.woo j,,.,.,,~ rooo_

I

~I50 100 150 200 250 300 350 .-xl 450

---~·~-"-,-~,,,,-'-"-m-)Oo-••-----------lleOOO, --- -

16000

"..~'''''''i 11)000

~8000$ 9000,

4000 I

"""~"'''''"

"'--:':'""":~------------::-'o 50 100 100 200 200 300 350 400 .50

r"",,,,",,,ur_ICItl&ill5)

SJ051 (212·25OUm) Natural SJ051 1212-250um)D~

.,., i

~?500 ~:jj ..COIl :< '

i 1500 I

'" 1000;

":1

'''''''''''""

] """•-, ...g

"""""

"""~~~~~~-

~50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 4$0

Tempenllule (Cslliu'l

5U 100 150 200 2SO 3IlO 350 4110 4SO

Tomperalure lCOolsi""j

SJOGO (212~tiOum) Netural

---------"

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 oWD 4SO

T","~"'(Gell5iUlll

m

li

20000 --

"..''''""f::

]! 101XJ0"-I"",:: \..""'...~,.--

""...-~::-~,~oo~,~~-'""--,-~--'""-~""::-~'""::--""::-..JT....,...,... (e.tsllM)

8000 ,------------~_~ .. .,

7000 .~

!::!4000],3000.""",..l ",

211


SJ04~ (212-250um) Natural

~=I-! 2500 1~ 2000 Ig, 1500

ijj 1000'

""'!,,Tempe<etUr8 (celsiul)

SJ030 (212-25OJm) NIolurai

I-~~~

rempe<Bluf1l (eetoiul)

50 100 lSI) 200 250 SOC! 350 400 41;0

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

50 100 150 200 250 :l(lO 350 400 450

Ternperatllre (Cefsjus)

,__-=:::;..__--------Jo 50 100 150 200 250 300 ~50 .co 450

g 100(1' /

""" I, .'-~"';;..~,oo::-,~,~"~"":::"~,:",:-:,:oo:-:,,:,,:-:,oo:::-~,,:::-,,.i

1000 ;

"'" ., I,

4WO ;---__

".'"''''''!JOOO

~ 2500

:;ij 2000 I

_~15O{1<. '

SJ!J13121<'-2SOum) DmIa

l

i

i=======_"_""_~~'"_"_'O~~=",='======~ SJ029(21225OoJmlNatu...1

I ~:r- '" I

'''''''1 ~~ 1500 ' I

!''''''-///~ ~

212


6J027 (212-2SOumj "Blurel

.~r!:d~ 2000 '

~ 1500,=~

, ~~-:::-::~:::-:::::"o 50 1(1) 150 200 250 300 350

T.mp.'IlN'B (CflIoiuoj

l, woo I~ 6000 ~

l~" ,- , .""'" ~., J....:= -::---'

o 50 100 150 200 250 3Ol) 350 400 450

TemperlllU,e (CelSius)

"""' __JI"

"------------'o 50 100 150 200 :250 300 3$0 400 450

TItfnJltIf8lure{C.mius)

SJ025 (212-2Slluml Nlr!u",1

""""-~'",1.1';;:=~ -":..Jo 50 101l 150 200 2SO 300 350 -400 450

Temper1ltUre (C&h;iusj

12000

,'0000! 8000

1 6000

:4000

Temper1l\lJre (CoI.iu")

"""''''4000 I~ 3500 i~ JOOIJ

1

£2500,! 2000 J

I : 1500"

I '~L~-,oo""~,~",:::"",...-""--""--""::-c,,,,.,,..-,:,,,:-J

SJ024 (212--2SOum) Natural SJ024 (212_25O"m) Dos..

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 «Xl 450

T.mperul"'" (CB~iu.)

SJ071 (212-25Oum) Nolu<al SJ071 (21:2.25Oum) ow:

''''''''1------------'0000

'''"4000 ;

3500 ,

~ 300C":

!2tiOIl)li 2IlOO ",

E"""I"'"'500 .:

"~~~-~..".,....Jo SO 100 lSO 200 250 300 :sSO ~ 450

T_peratu.... (Cehlius)

213


SJ070 (212-250um) NMural SJ070 (212-250Llm) Dose

500 lo....._-=~"- .I.J

o M 10ll 150 200 250 300 350 400 -450


50 100 150 200 250 Wl) 350 400

TemperBture (Celsius)

450 I~

SJOO3 (212_250um) NatunJ1

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Temperlliure (Celsius)

~§ ~:~J

I~i .r-~'Io _ .....~:::::... _

o

12000

'0000,

~ 8000

~ 5000;0

~ 4000

2000

00 50 100 1.50 200 250 300 350 400 450


SJOO4 (212_25Oum) Nllbnal

:r---" 2500'.12000

';

ll500 i<n 1000-:

500

o[} 50 100 150 200250 300 350 400450

Tempe~re(Celsius)

ol--:l~:--__---.J[} 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

TempenI~ (celsius)

SJOO.4 (2t2-25Oum) DoM

SJOO5 (212-25Dum) Do!ile':r------f. -,1§ 4000IJ

o 'O--50--'OO--'-50-2-00--250--300':'""~350~-400':'""~450':'"""

TerT1pM111n' (Celsius)

214


SJl)(l6 (:<:12-250"m) NilU'al

I~I~o 50 100 150 200 2SO 300 350 400 0\50

Temperature (Celfim)

SJ007 (212-25Oum) N.wral

18000 1

'00001.4000 J

~1~

~,=- 0000i 8000

<000

~t:::::::=::..-__~ I

o so 100 150 200 250 300 3SO 400 4SO i

TempertWrt (~:_~_} ~

~==----

~~

W '00 'w '00 'u. "" '00 ,~II,,,,,,...",,.,,~} :J

<000

"'""".of 2500 ~

t=j.. '"'"""

o•

-I3500 I

!~l-:.....,.L2§;;;;~:=----/---,J-..,..,..~...",.....\~50 100 150 20Q 250 300 350 400 450

TlIfYIl'I"AIllfe(ce!alui)

SJOO8 (212-250....." Dolle::1-f8000I"""i 4000:

'""'~~•·O-~W-,~OO:-~'W:-"".,.....,,"",....-""',....~,~W:-....,..-,~.,:-'

T.mperature (Cel&IU6)

SJOO\II212-25Quln) Natural s.IOCI; (212-250urn) Do!le

"'" ~---

f=1~"'"l: 1500

IlOIlO

""o .,-W~.'~OO:::::'W:"'~""~~"~'-""""-'~W:-"'''''''''''''~-' 150 200 ::ISO ::JJO 350 400 450

TeI'I'lJ*"81u.... (CelsiUS)

• !

o

-I!

I

__ i!

SJOl0 (212-25Oum) DaM

so 100 150 200 250 300 350

L TetrIptII8IU"'(~)

-----

,l..-e:::. ------'o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 460

T.rnperature (c.laiUf)

''''''

oooo~,---

'"'"f:•.t"""

Ml0 1212·25(lum} NId\lfaI

215


-- -----SJ0111212-250um) Natu,al $J011 ('212-:200=) Do••

<lOOO r-"'~-~'---- ----,

1~11-~&::::.~_7_.·_-~_-··---_--_·_:50 100 150 2l'lO 250 300 J.5O .oj(I(I 460

T~mp~rBtufe (CelsIU.)

o 50 100 150 200 :250 300 350 M)O 4SO

Tom""ralur. (C~~iusl

1ro 200 -:<50 300 350 1lOO 450

Tempe<al\j<e (emiu.)

-ll/. I

50 100 150 200 250 300 350~ !Ternpefatl"".lC~O;U'1 _~

•,

""""~-------""""

.::\~6000.,

L-~ =_'_-'-=--,---------I.50 100 150 ~ 250 300 350 400 450

Temperature (C<llsiw)

--,

SJ0141212-250um) 00....

SJ013(212-25Ourn) Noolural

3500 _

3000 '

:\ c. -----.k,<J,.J"" --.,,-.---.;

I~Il...WIIIII!!!:!:./:"'-'...~_-_b_~-r_~_.....J..~o 50 100 150 '200 :250 300 350 400 ~50

Tempemtur. (CeI,ius)

i---

I f~-~-~_.~/-<!- 1000 flY.- --.;,'" /' '.,/ .500 :...-~ ,

ii' ' ~,~.,.,...,ii",iii:i,~",;"=,,,,:::::~=~-,-oo-,-,,,-.-oo--,,-oJ._ T<!mp...aturo (Co>!l;;us)

SJ016 (212-2!iOUm) 0.-

so 100 150 200 250 300 350 «Xl 4&1

Tem~(CoIIsiulI)

i "'"'""'"""'"•,50 100 150 ~ 2$0 300 350 400 450

r""'perBIoll! (Colis/ln)

3000 "

.?i 2500·

1=1'" 1000·

'",~I_"",,~~__-----•

216


Toemperal\lfl! (Celsitl')

SJ019 (212-250lIm) Dose

$.l018 (212-251lum) 00&8

--- --- ---~~----....20000 ,18000

16"""<-,""'"i 12000.E 1lIDOO

i:::: ~,;;;;~~."o ~! _

, W

1<"""12000r

.~ 10000

jsm1&000

.~~~~o so 1[}() 150 200 250 300 3!iI) 400 450

L~__ ___Tempe~ (CelSi~_')_____

I

Tempemlure (Celsius)

SJ019 {212-25OIIml Natural


50 100 150 200 2:50 SOO' 350 400 45a

6000

1000

-----r I

3<IOQ- ~-I I~:j I :I ' . Ii:1 I i

": "I-O::::::::-__---J Io 50 100 151l 200 250 300 350 40D 450 J

Tempel1lture (Cel$ju~)

---~ ----

217

application of luminescence techniques to coastal studies at the

Documents