application of fiber optic system

7/27/2019 Application of Fiber Optic System

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Application of Fiber Optic

Technology

Application in communication systems

Application in Local Area Network(LAN)

Application in Metropolitan AreaNetwork (MAN) & Wide Area Network


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Application in Communication

SystemsAnalog Systems

- well establish in CATV and SATCOM

* CATV (Cable TV/Community Attenna TV)* This system used fiber-optic cable for the trunk

cables that carry signals from the CATV head-endto neighborhoods. The head-end is where the

cable system receives programming from varioussources, assigns the programming to channels

and retransmits it onto cables.


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*By the late 1970s, fiber optics had progressed considerablyand so were a cost-effective means of carrying CATV

signals over long distances.

*The great advantage of fiber-optic cable is that it doesn'tsuffer the same signal losses as coaxial cable, whicheliminated the need for so many amplifiers.

*In the early fiber-optic cable systems, the number ofamplifiers between head-end and customer was reducedfrom 30 or 40 down to around six.

*In systems implemented since 1988, the number ofamplifiers has been further reduced, to the point that onlyone or two amplifiers are required for most customers.Decreasing the number of amplifiers made dramaticimprovements in signal quality and system reliability.


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SATCOM (Satellite Communication)

Particular wireless communication systems Systems of wireless on radio/TV

broadcasting/mobile/cordless telephone rely on anetwork of ground-based transmitters and receivers.

They are commonly referred to as 'terrestrial' systems asopposed to satellite systems which are the transmitters isnot based on the ground but in the sky: the transmitterhere consists of a ground-based part called the uplink,and the satellite-based part that 'reflects' the signalstowards the receivers. This part is called thetransponder.


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Digital SystemModern fiber-optic communication systems

generally include an optical transmitter to convertan electrical signal into an optical signal to send

into the optical fiber, a cable containing bundles ofmultiple optical fibers that is routed throughunderground conduits and buildings, multiple kindsof amplifiers, and an optical receiver to recover the

signal as an electrical signal. The informationtransmitted is typically digital information generatedby computers, telephone systems, and cabletelevision companies.


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Undersea Cable

Advantages Of Fiber Optics

Longer transmission paths than coaxial cable

Easy installation, lightweight and flexible

Fiber is unsusceptible to lightning strikes /

prevent rodent damage

Provides EMI/RFI insulation Larger bandwidths


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High Definition Television (HDTV) HDTV offers consumers much higher resolution and

better picture color and clarity when compared to

standard analog televisions.


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Triple Play TechnologiesA triple-play network is one in which voice, video and

data are all provided in a single access subscription. Themost common applications are Telephony, communityantenna television (CATV) and high-speed Internet

service. The transmission medium may be fiber optic,conventional cable ("copper") or satellite.

Example: Triple-play network telephone service offers

standard options such as call waiting, call forwarding,caller ID (identification), call screening, selective callblocking and conference calling.


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Application in Local Area

Network (LAN) FiberOptic InterRepeaterLink-FOIRL is an IEEE standard for fiber-optic

Ethernet. FOIRL and 10BaseF are compatible, but FOIRL is an earlierstandard generally used to extend a backbone beyond the 328 footlimitation of 10Base-T. FOIRL is limited to .6 miles distance persegment, whereas 10BaseF segments can extend to 1.2 miles.

10BaseF is a more comprehensive standard for complete fiber-basedinstallations.A 10 Mbps Ethernet standard that uses optical fibers to extend thedistance up to 1.2 miles compared to the 100 meter limitation of10Base-T copper wires. All stations are wired in a star configuration toa repeater or central concentrator using ST or SMA connectors. OlderEthernet computers with AUI connectors used a fiber-optic

transceiver to connect to a 10Base-F network.

10Base-FL, 10Base-FP and 10Base-FB10Base-FL defines the link between concentrator and station; 10Base-FP defines a star-coupled network; 10Base-FB defines a fiberbackbone.


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10 Base-T is an Ethernet standard that transmits at10 Mbps over twisted wire pairs (telephone wire).

10Base-T is a shared media LAN when used with ahub (all nodes share the 10 Mbps) and 10 Mbpsbetween each pair of nodes when used with aswitch. There are rarely new 10Base-T products.Most Ethernet adapters, hubs and switches are10/100 devices, which support both 10Base-T and100Base-T, which is 10 times as fast.

100Base-X, including 100BaseFX and 100BaseTX, is a

100-Mbps baseband Fast Ethernet specificationbased on IEEE 802.3 standard using 4B/5B blockencoding for Fast Ethernet over fiber-optic cabling(FX) and two pairs (TX).


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100BASE-FX is a version of Fast Ethernet over opticalfiber. It uses a 1300 nm near-infrared (NIR) light

wavelength transmitted via two strands of optical fiber,one for receive(RX) and the other for transmit(TX).Maximum length is 400 metres (1,310 ft) for half-duplexconnections (to ensure collisions are detected), and 2kilometres (6,600 ft) for full-duplex over multi-modeoptical fiber. 100BASE-FX uses the same 4B5B encoding

and NRZI line code that 100BASE-TX does. 100BASE-FXshould use SC, ST, LC, MTRJ or MIC connectors with SCbeing the preferred option.100BASE-FX is not compatiblewith 10BASE-FL, the 10 MBit/s version over optical fiber.

100BASE-SX is a version of Fast Ethernet over opticalfiber. It uses two strands of multi-mode optical fiber forreceive and transmit. It is a lower cost alternative tousing 100BASE-FX, because it uses short wavelengthoptics which are significantly less expensive than thelong wavelength optics used in 100BASE-FX. 100BASE-SXcan operate at distances up to 550 metres (1,800 ft).


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100BASE-BX is a version of Fast Ethernet over asingle strand of optical fiber (unlike 100BASE-FX,

which uses a pair of fibers). Single-mode fiber isused, along with a special multiplexer which splitsthe signal into transmit and receive wavelengths.The two wavelengths used for transmit and receiveis 1310/1550 nm. The terminals on each side of the

fiber are not equal, as the one transmitting"downstream" (from the center of the network tothe outside) uses the 1550 nm wavelength, and theone transmitting "upstream" uses the 1310 nmwavelength. Distances can be 10, 20 or 40 km.

100BASE-LX10 is a version of Fast Ethernet over twosingle-mode optical fibers. It has a nominal reach of10 km and a nominal wavelength of 1310 nm.


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Gigabit Ethernet abbreviated GbE, a version of Ethernet,which supports data transfer rates of 1 Gigabit (1,000megabits) per second. The first Gigabit Ethernet

standard (802.3z) was ratified by the IEEE 802.3Committee in 1998.

Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) provides a 100Mbit/s optical standard for data transmission in a localarea network that can extend in range up to 200kilometers

FDDI was considered an attractive campus backbonetechnology in the early to mid 1990s since existingEthernet networks only offered 10 Mbit/s transfer speedsand Token Ring networks only offered 4 Mbit/s or 16Mbit/s speeds.

A FDDI network contains two rings, one as a secondarybackup in case the primary ring fails. The primary ringoffers up to 100 Mbit/s capacity. When a network has norequirement for the secondary ring to do backup, it canalso carry data, extending capacity to 200 Mbit/s.


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Application in MAN & WAN SONET (Synchronous Optical Networking) and SDH

(Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) are standardizedmultiplexing protocols that transfer multiple digitalbit streams over optical fiber using lasers or highly

coherent light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs).

At low transmission rates data can also betransferred via an electrical interface. The method

was developed to replace the PlesiochronousDigital Hierarchy (PDH) system for transporting largeamounts of telephone calls and data traffic overthe same fiber without synchronization problems.


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SONET and SDH use different terms to describe thethree layers. SDH uses the terms path, multiplex

section, and regenerator section while SONET usesthe terms section, line, and path.

The Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)and

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) are a set ofrelated standards for synchronous data transmissionover fiber optic networks that are often used forframing and synchronization at the physical layer.

SONET is the United States version of the standardpublished by the American National StandardsInstitutue (ANSI). SDH is the international version ofthe standard published by the InternationalTelecommunications Union (ITU).


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SONET/SDH can be used in an ATM or non-ATM environment.Packet Over SONET/SDH (POS) maps IP datagrams into the

SONET frame payload using Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP). The following table lists the hierarchy of the most common

SONET/SDH data rates:

SONET Signal Bit Rate (Mbps) SDH Signal SONET Capacity SDH Capacity

STS - 1, OC - 1 51.84 STM - 0 28 DS - 1s or 1 DS - 3 21 E1s

STS - 3, OC - 3 155.52 STM - 1 84 DS - 1s or 3 DS - 3s 63 E1s or 1 E4

STS - 12, OC - 12 622.08 STM - 4 336 DS - 1s or 12 DS - 3s 252 E1s or 4 E4s

STS - 48, OC - 48 2,488.32 STM - 16 1,344 DS - 1s or 48 DS - 3s 1,008 E1s or 16 E4s

STS - 192, OC - 192 9,953.28 STM - 64 5,376 DS - 1s or 192 DS - 3s 4,032 E1s or 64 E4s

STS-768, OC-768 39,813,120 STM-256 21,504 DS - 1s or 768 DS - 3s 16,128 E1s or 256 E4s


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FTTx Fiber to the x (FTTx) is a

generic term for anybroadband network

architecture using opticalFiber to replace all or part ofthe usual metal local loopused for last miletelecommunications. Thegeneric term was initially ageneralization for severalconfigurations of Fiberdeployment (FTTN, FTTC, FTTB,FTTH...), all starting by FTT butdifferentiated by the lastletter, which is substituted byan x in the generalization.


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FTTN - Fiber-to-the-node - Fiber is terminated in a street cabinet up to severalkilometres away from the customer premises, with the final connection beingcopper. Fiber-to-the-node is often seen as an interim step towards full FTTH and iscurrently used by telecoms service providers like AT&T, Deutsche Telekom, Telekom

Austria, Belgacom and Swisscom to deliver advanced triple-play services.

FTTC - Fiber-to-the-curb / Fiber to the cabinet - this is very similar to FTTN, but thestreet cabinet or pole is closer to the user's premises; typically within 300m, withinrange for high-bandwidth copper technologies such as wired Ethernet and IEEEP1901 power line networking, and wireless Wi-Fi technology.

FTTB - Fiber-to-the-building or Fiber-to-the-basement - Fiber reaches the boundary

of the building, such as the basement in a multi-dwelling unit, with the finalconnection to the individual living space being made via alternative means, similarto the curb/pole technologies, but also possibly shorter range technology likeThunderbolt.

FTTH - Fiber-to-the-home - Fiber reaches the boundary of the living space, such asa box on the outside wall of a home. It is currently used by Telefonica in the Spain'sbiggest cities, with speeds of up to 100 Mbit/s (megabits per seconds).

FTTP - Fiber-to-the premises - this term is used in several contexts: as a blanket termfor both FTTH and FTTB, or where the Fiber network includes both homes and smallbusinesses.

FTTD - Fiber-to-the-desk- Fiber connection is installed from the main computerroom to a terminal or Fiber media converter near the user's desk.


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application of fiber optic system

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