application of artificial intelligent in wireless

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Application Of Artificial Intelligent in WirelessCommunication


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INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS A.I. ?

A.I. is a branch of computer science that studies thecomputational requirements for tasks such asperception, reasoning and learning and developsystems to perform those tasksIt is the representation of human abilities from a

different medium.

A.I.

Strong A.I.

M/C can think andact like human

Weak A.I.

Some thinking like featurescan be added to M/C


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Why its need in Wireless Networking

Why its need in Wireless Networking

Intelligence is defined as the ability to achieve human levelperformance in all cognitive tests, sufficient to fool ahuman interrogator

At the other end, computer with no Human aid runs the

program to provide responses.


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What is a cognitive radio?

An enhancement on thetraditional software radioconcept where in the

radio is aware of itsenvironment and itscapabilities, is able toindependently alter itsphysical layer behavior,

and is capable offollowing complexadaptation strategies.

Cognitive radio Cognition cycle


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Cognitive Radio is a promising tool for

Access to spectrum finding an open frequency and using it

Interoperability

talking to legacy radios using a variety of incompatible waveforms

Cognitive RadioPlatform


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Motivation for using cognition in IEEE 802.22Systems

Using previous experience to predict:

Channel reputation

Incumbent detection

Other patterns

Protect incumbent users by being aware

of the environment Co-existence and self co-existence

Spectrum utilization improvements

Future proofing for other CR technologies

It is not known whether a CR network can offersatisfactory performance despite the injection of manynew incumbent handling mechanisms [Cordeiro, et.

al. 2005]


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MPRGs Development of an IEEE 802.22 Cognitive

Engine

Objective was to create a Cognitive Engine forIEEE 802.22 systems

Phases I and II completed

Main Accomplishments:Development of a solid and generic

architecture for the IEEE 802.22 CE

Development of a flexible framework thatallows for future design, development andtesting of more sophisticated modules


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WRAN Considered Scenario

CPE 1

CPE 2CPE 3

CPE 4

CH1CH1

CH2

CH3

WRAN Base Station

TV Station(Primary User)

System Description

Single WRAN BS

CPEs with different application requests Incumbent users TV only and Part 74 devices

Events that trigger change in the system:

New CPE service request in the WRAN

Incumbent detected in TV channel


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Cognitive radio research

Big companies have made major investments in the researchof cognitive radios including for example Microsoft, Intel,Philips, and Google.Large research programs have been established to studycognitive radios and cognitive radio networks.major conferences and some of the major research efforts inthe cognitive radio area are Academic conferences Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)

Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF)


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Cognitive Radio Architecture


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Spectrum Sharing

Existing techniques for spectrum sharing: Unlicensed bands (WiFi 802.11 a/b/g)

Underlay licensed bands (UWB)

Opportunistic sharing

Recycling (exploit the SINR margin of legacy systems)

Spatial Multiplexing and Beam forming

Drawbacks of existing techniques: No knowledge or sense of spectrum availability

Limited adaptability to spectral environment

Fixed parameters: BW, Fc, packet lengths, synchronization, coding,protocols,

New radio design philosophy: all parameters are adaptive Cognitive Radio Technology


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Building the Cognitive Radio using SDR Technology -The SDR Radio is Available Now!

SDR drives the Cognitive Radio concept that will provide

the spectral awareness technology supporting the FCCsSpectral Use initiatives

SDR is a proven, flexible, COTS technology platform SDR Technology is in Production and Available Now

NewAnnouncementsComing Soon


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Application Scenarios

Licensed network

Secondary markets

Third party access in licensednetworks

Unlicensed network

Cellular, PCS band

Improved spectrum efficie ncy

Improved capacity

Public safety bandVoluntary agreements betweenlicensees and third party

Limited QoS

TV bands (400-800 MHz)

Non-voluntary third partyaccess

Licensee sets a protectionthreshold

Automatic frequencycoordination

Interoperability

Co-existence

ISM, UNII, Ad-hoc
http://www.hvac.cc/kidsandcomputers/kids/lessons/images/tv.gif


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What is a Cognitive Radio?

Cognitive radio requirements

co-exists with legacy wireless systems

uses their spectrum resources

does not interfere with them

Cognitive radio properties

RF technology that "listens" to huge swaths of spectrum

Knowledge of primary users spectrum usage as a function of

location and time

Rules of sharing the available resources (time, frequency,space)

Embedded intelligence to determine optimal transmission(bandwidth, latency, QoS) based on primary users behavior


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Cognitive Radio Means Smart and AlertIt knows where it is

It knows what servicesare available, for example,it can identify then useempty spectrum tocommunicate moreefficiently

It knows what services

interest the user, andknows how to find them

It knows the currentdegree of needs andfuture likelihood of needsof its user

Learns and recognizesusage patterns from theuser

Applies Model BasedReasoning about userneeds, local content,environmental context


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From WiFi to Cognitive Radios

Functionality WiFi Cognitive Radio

Multiple channels for agility 27 fixed 20MHz channels Variable # and BW

Sensing collisions/interference WiFi interference only Any interference

Simultaneous spectrum sensingand transmission

Not possible Necessary

Modulation scheme, rate Fixed per packet Adaptive bit loading

Packet length, preamble Fixed More flexible

Power level Fixed per packet Adaptive control

Interference mitigation WiFi interference only Any interference

Spatial processing Some (802.11n) Lots

QoS, rate, latency Limited Sophisticated


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Test Scenario at 2.4 GHz, Indoor

Bluetooth

802.11 b/g

Microwave o

Cordless phone

CR

2

CR1

AP

CR

3

Unlicensed band 80 MHz bandwidth

OFDM system (like 802.11a/g) Multiple antennas for interference

avoidance and range extension

Centralized approach through AP


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End to end reconfigurabilityER Vision


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Cognitive Radio is Built on SDR

Donts

ovide l is.

SDR TechnologyImplementation forthe Cognitive Radio


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Definition of SDR

In this section pros

and cons of plan B

will be descried.

This can be a brief

description or bullet

points.

Good Luck

From FCC : We view software defined radios as the result of an

evolutionary process from purely hardware-based equipmentto fully software-based equipment.

the process can be roughly described in three stages : 1. Hardware driven radios: Transmit frequencies,

modulation type and other radio frequency (RF)

parameters are determined by hardware and cannot bechanged without hardware changes.

2. Digital radios: A digital radio performs part of the signalprocessing or transmission digitally, but is notprogrammable in the field

3. Software Defined Radios:. All functions, modes andapplications can be configured and reconfigured bysoftware


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SDR TechnologyTechnology fundamentals:

Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) provide virtuallyinfinite programmability. All modulation, cryptography, protocols, andsource coding (voice, data, imagery) are

established using software.Many types of modulation can be accomplishedover a broad range of frequencies, thereby anSDR is capable of servicing more than one classof service.Field serviceable, when requirements change,upgrades and modifications are relatively easy to

execute.


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SDR Standardized Architecture Supports BothCurrent and Future ApplicationsFDMA, TDMA, CDMA, TDD

AM, FM, MFSK, MPSK, MQAM, CPM, SSB, DSSS

DES, 3DES, AES, MeXe

Trunked Radio, APCO-25, GSM, Iridium, 802.11..

Tone Coded Squelch, CVSD, LPC


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Time Line

SDR Standards are Actively Being Worked today byStandards Bodies and Organizations.Cognitive Radios have the Ability to Implement

Protocols and Policies Beyond TraditionalCommunications.New Realms of Knowledge and InformationTransfer are Achievable with Cognitive/SDR Radioas the Underlying Technology EnablerSDR Products and Technology are a Reality Today

In Conclusion


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Reference Publications

Mitola, Cognitive Radio for Flexible Mobile Multimedia

Communications, IEEE Mobile Multimedia Conference, 1999, pp3-10

Mitola, Future of Signal Processing - Cognitive Radio, Keynote,IEEE ICASSP, May 1999

Mitola, Maguire, Cognitive Radio: Making SW Radios MorePersonal, IEEE Personal Communications, August 1999, pp13-18

Mitola, SDR Architecture Refinement for JTRS, Milcom 2000, pp214-218

Mitola, Software Radio Architecture: A Mathematical Perspective,IEEE J on Selected Areas in Comms, April 1999, pp 514-538

Margulies, Mitola, Software Defined Radio: A Technical Challengeand a Migration Strategy, 1998, pp551-556


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Good News

NOKIA RESEARCH DEFINES IT NEXT

GENERATION OF MOBILE

TECHNOLOGY


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CONCLUSIONS

The IEEE 802.22 WG is in the process of defining thefirst worldwide air interface standard based on CR

techniques. This new standard, which will operate in theTV bands, makes use of techniques such as spectrumsensing, incumbent detection and avoidance, andspectrum management to achieve effective coexistenceand radio resource sharing with existing licensedservices


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Summary

Cognitive radio is a notion with multiple, veryoften contradictory definitions

Many independent standardization bodies are

working on cognitive radio (IEEE, ITU, ETSI,)


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Cognitive radio products

1. Adapt4's :XG1The XG1 radios operate inunison; the network iscognitive, to eliminate

interference.The Hub combines the datainto a network-wide view anddistributes it to all Radios,

instantly producing aninterference-free hopping sequence.

Adapt4s XG1 is an OFDM-based system


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Adapt 4 lists the following applications for cognitive radio

critical infrastructure public safety homeland safety/disaster response Transportation

military


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Cognitive Radio products

2. Cognichip

1. it is a low-cost radio device2. It operate on the ultra high frequency (UHF) spectrum

470-870 MHz .3. Cognichip uses cooperative sensing for identificationof spectrum opportunities and therefore is aninteresting development stage on the way towardscognitive radio networks.


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Cognitive tasks

The major tasks of the cognitive radio include :

1. radio-scene analysis2. channel identification3. dynamic spectrum management and transmit-powercontrol.

application of artificial intelligent in wireless

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