application for oil industry
TRANSCRIPT
Application for Oil Industry
Zuudee Oil & Gas is a global leader in the supply of specialty metals products to the oil and gas industry. Our products enable the industry to meet the ever increasing design requirements of today’s rigorous exploration and production activities including down-hole completion tools, wellhead products, and MWD/LWD to name a few.
All-round-Service
Zuudee offers its customers an all-round-service from the selection of the r-ight materials to the dispatch of piping components ready for use. For many projects all over the world Zuudee has proved a reliable partner owing to deliveries on time. Please let us assist you with your projects.
Oil & Gas Extraction
On land and offshore, the INCONEL®, INCOLOY® and MONEL® alloys are used for applications ranging from downhole tubulars and tools, through well-head hardware and processing equipment, to flare booms. Some of these alloys are particularly useful for wells where sour gas and oil products at high-temperatures could create major operating problems.
Suggested alloys for oil and gas extraction applications:
MONEL® alloy 400 INCONEL® alloy 718
INCOLOY® alloy 25-6MO
MONEL® alloy R-405
INCONEL® alloy 725
INCOLOY® alloy 27-7MO
MONEL® alloy K-500
INCONEL® alloy X-750
INCOLOY® alloy 800H/800HT®
INCONEL® alloy 050 INCONEL® alloy C-276 INCOLOY® alloy 825
INCONEL® alloy 601 INCONEL® alloy G-3
INCOLOY® alloy 925
INCONEL® alloy 625 INCONEL® alloy 22 INCOLOY® alloy A-286
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INCONEL® alloy 625LCF®
INCOLOY® alloy 028
INCOLOY® alloy 945 - 945X
INCONEL® alloy 686 NILO® alloy 36
Petrochemical Processing
The INCOLOY® and INCONEL® high-temperature corrosion-resistant alloys are used for vessels, reactors, heat-exchangers, pyrolysis tubing, pigtails, headers and transfer piping. In this largely continuous process industry, the predictably reliable performance of these alloys is a major benefit to plant designers and operators.
Suggested alloys for petrochemical processing applications: MONEL® alloy 400
INCONEL® alloy 625
INCOLOY® alloy 803
INCONEL® alloy 600
INCONEL® alloy 625LCF®
INCOLOY® alloy 825
INCONEL® alloy 601
INCONEL® alloy 690
INCOLOY® alloy 890
INCONEL® alloy 601GC®
INCONEL® alloy 693
INCONEL® alloy 617
INCOLOY® alloy 800H/800HT®
How to select material for oil industry
The broad line of corrosion-resistant alloys produced by Zuudee serves as a single source of materials for applications ranging from bottom hole to flare
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stack.
Above The critical outer portion of the Gullfaks A flare boom is made of INCONEL alloy 625.
Above. Submarine oil hose for connection from supertankers to on-shore tank farms in Saudi Arabia. Connections are secured with MONEL alloy 400 nuts and bolts. Selection of materials for downhole service in a sour well is governed by a complex set of factors. Operating temperatures can be as high as 800°C (1470°F). The hot gas is corrosive, and the marine atmosphere presents its own aggressive problems. High-temperature strength, corrosion-resistance,
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ease of fabrication and readily available welding products to match the base materials are all important considerations. As in materials selection for any application, the goal is to use a material that performs successfully while providing optimum economy. The material must provide the required physical and mechanical properties while resisting the particular environment of the well involved. And, expected changes in the well environment over time, such as increased chloride level, must also be considered. Other
important environmental factors to consider are dissolved acid gases (CO2
and H2S) in the liquid phase, chloride ions from salt or brine, temperature,
and pressure. In some formations, the presence of elemental sulfur is a further factor. The level of dissolved gases depends on the partial pressure of each gas above the liquid phase and on the temperature. Bottom-hole pressure normally increases with depth, and bottom-hole temperatures can be 500°F (260°C) or more in deep wells. Materials for downhole tubulars and other components for oil and gas production span a wide range of grades and compositions. As corrosion-resistance increases, so too does the complexity of the material, from plain carbon steel to martensitic stainless steel (e.g., 13% chromium steel), duplex (ferritic/austenitic) stainless steel (e.g., 22% chromium/5% nickel), fully austenitic stainless steel (e.g., 28% chromium/32% nickel), and nickel alloys of various compositions. In nickel alloys used for oil-country tubular goods, the levels of nickel, chromium and molybdenum act as primary determinants of corrosion-resistance. Relatively small amounts of other elements including copper, niobium, tungsten, aluminum and titanium may have significant effects on corrosion-resistance or strength(See below image).
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Zuudee manufactures oil-country tubular goods (OCTG) that withstand the most severe conditions in oil and gas fields around the world. These highly alloyed materials permit safe, economical production from reservoirs with
extremes of temperature, pressure, and H2S content. INCONEL alloys C-276,
G-3 and 050, and INCOLOY alloys 825 and 028 are most often chosen for the optimum combination of corrosion-resistance and economy. These alloys, along with a wide selection of other corrosion-resistant materials, are available in a variety of different forms for downhole accessories and surface equipment. Plain-end tubulars and coupling stock are produced in diameters, wall thicknesses and yield strengths for most tubing and casing requirements.
Above. A selection of valve components for offshore service, weld-overlaid with inconel alloy 625.This use of corrosion-resistant alloy overlays on steel components offers a cost-effective alternative to solid alloy construction. INCOLOY alloy 825, a nickel-iron-chromium alloy with additions of 2.2% copper and 3.0% molybdenum,resists oxidizing and reducing acids, chloride-ion stress-corrosion cracking, pitting and intergranular corrosion. The molybdenum addition is especially effective in increasing an alloy’s resistance to sour well environments. INCOLOY alloy 825 is a solid- solution alloy (not strengthened by heat treatment) that can be strengthened by cold work to minimum yield strengths (0.2% offset) up to 125,000 psi (862 MPa). INCOLOY alloy 825 could be considered for service in well environments where stainless steels would be susceptible to chloride stress cracking, pitting, or crevice corrosion. Depending on specific strength
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level and temperature, the alloy has been shown to be resistant to stress-corrosion
cracking at H2S partial pressures up to about 1000 psi (7 MPa). The usual maximum
service temperature is about 350°F (175° C). INCONEL alloy G-3, a nickel-chromium-iron alloy with additions of 2.0% copper and 7.0% molybdenum, is similar to INCOLOY alloy 825 in nickel and chromium contents, but has approximately double the molybdenum. INCONEL alloy G-3 is a solid-solution alloy that can be cold worked to minimum yield strengths (0.2% offset) up to 130,000 psi (900 MPa). With its higher molybdenum, INCONEL alloy G-3 offers greater resistance to sour environments than incoloy alloy 825. INCONEL alloy C-276, a nickel-molybdenum-chromium alloy with additions of iron (6%) and tungsten (4%), is used in the most severe sour well environments including those having free sulfur. Its molybdenum content of 16% is the highest commercially available in oil-country tubular goods, offering the maximum resistance to
environments containing H2S. The solid-solution alloy can be cold worked to high
strength levels and is available with minimum yield strength (0.2% offset) of 150,000 psi (1034 MPa). Depending on the combination of specific yield strength, temperature, and free-sulfur presence, lNCONEL alloy C-276 is resistant to cracking
at H2S partial pressures up to about 10,000 psi (70 MPa). The alloy has shown
resistance to sour environments at temperatures up to 500°F (260°C). The many different downhole components - hangers, valves, pumps, packers, wirelines, mandrels, screens, landing nipples, etc - needed to complete and produce a well face the same environment as the tubing string. Although some components may be under lower stress or have less critical functions, all downhole hardware in a sour well must have adequate resistance to the environment. The same alloys used for tubulars are also used for other downhole components. In many cases, however, a different alloy is more appropriate for reasons of specialized properties, economy, or ease of fabrication. Below left. An ‘Indair’ flare at the works of the fabricator, F. Atkinson Ltd., Nottingham, England. The tulip is made of INCOLOY alloy 800HT, mounted above a cone of INCOLOY alloy DS.
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About right. Fasteners of various nickel alloys provide strength and corrosion-resistance in critical oil-field connections. Below. MONEL alloys 400, R-405 and K-500 are standard materials for valves, valve actuators and pumps in oil field and processing applications.
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INCOLOY alloy 25-6MO was used to fabricate this desalination unit for an offshore platform. The unit was fabricated by KGD Industrial Services Ltd. (Hereford, England) for Alfa Laval Desalt (Copenhagen, Denmark) Left. A single point mooring buoy where the mating surfaces of the universal joint are overlaid with INCONEL alloy 625 for resistance to stress-corrosion cracking and crevice corrosion.
Above. An onshore terminal where LPG is compressed and cooled from 133 to 26°C in batteries of air-cooled INCOLOY alloy 825 heat exchangers set 25 meters high in piperacks where wind speeds can exceed 120 mph. For example, high strength is obtained in tubulars by cold working, but parts of heavy or non-uniform cross section cannot be strengthened by cold working. Such components need to be made of an alloy that can be strengthened by a precipitation hardening (age hardening) heat treatment.
Zuudee markets the broadest range of corrosion-resistant alloys in the industry. All are produced to the high standards of quality and performance applied to CRA tubing and casing, and are manufactured in a full range of standard mill forms including pipe, tubing, rounds, flats, hexagons, wire, plate, sheet, strip, and forging stock. From this extensive product line the best alloy can be selected in the required form for virtually any downhole or wellhead component.
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MONEL alloy 400, a solid-solution nickel-copper alloy with moderate strength and high corrosion- resistance, is especially resistant to sea water and brines. MONEL alloy R-405 is a free-machining version of MONEL alloy 400. MONEL alloy K-500 is a high-strength, age-hardenable version of MONEL alloy 400. INCONEL alloy 600 is a solid-solution nickel- chromium alloy with good strength and resistance to general corrosion in a variety of environments. INCONEL alloy 625, a solid solution Ni-chromium-molybdenum-niobium alloy, has high strength and outstanding resistance to general corrosion, pitting, crevice corrosion, and stress-corrosion cracking. INCONEL alloy 718, an age-hardenable nickel-chromium-iron alloy containing significant amounts of niobium, molybdenum, titanium, and aluminum, combines good corrosion-resistance with extremely high strength. INCONEL alloy 725, an age-hardenable Ni-chromium-molybdenum-niobium alloy, combines the excellent corrosion-resistance of INCONEL alloy 625,
including resistance to the effects of H2S, with high strength obtained by heat
treatment instead of cold work.
INCONEL alloy X-750 is a nickel-chromium alloy similar to INCONEL alloy 600 but made age-hardenable by additions of aluminum and titanium for higher strength in addition to corrosion resistance. INCONEL alloy 050, an alloy with excellent resistance to stress-corrosion cracking, particularly in sour gas environments, used for downhole tubing in oil and gas extraction. INCOLOY alloy 800 is a solid-solution nickel-ironchromium alloy with good strength and resistance to general corrosion in many environments. It is also available as INCOLOY alloys 800H and 800HT for higher strength at temperatures over 1100°F (590°C). INCOLOY alloy 925, an age-hardenable Ni-Fe-Cr-molybdenum-copper alloy, has the corrosion-resistance of INCOLOY alloy 825 along with high strength achieved by heat treatment. The alloy was developed especially for sour-well components that cannot be strengthened by cold working. INCOLOY alloy 25-6MO, a solid-solution nickel-ironchromium alloy with a substantial (6%) addition of molybdenum, is especially useful to resist pitting and crevice corrosion in media containing chlorides, such as sea water. INCOLOY alloy 27-MO, a solid-solution nickel-ironchromium alloy with a substantial (7%) addition of molybdenum, is a higher alloyed version of INCOLOY alloy 25-6 MO. INCOLOY alloy 028, a corrosion-resistant austenitic stainless steel used for downhole tubing in oil and gas extraction operations.
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For These Components Specify These Proven Alloys:
Bellows expansion INCOLOY alloy 825 joints MONEL alloy 400 INCONEL alloys 625, 625LCF & X-750
Downhole tubing, casing INCOLOY alloys 825 & 028 and couplings INCONEL alloys C-276, G-3 & 050
Drill collars MONEL alloy K-500
Drill pipe INCOLOY alloy 825
Fasteners INCOLOY alloy 925 MONEL alloy K-500 INCONEL alloys 725,725HS, 686, & X-750
Fittings INCOLOY alloy 825 INCONEL alloy 625
Filters and separators MONEL alloy K-500 INCOLOY alloys 825 & 27-7 MO
Flare booms INCONEL alloy 625
Flare stack tips INCOLOY alloys 800HT & DS
Hangers INCOLOY alloy 925 INCONEL alloys 725, 725HS, & 718
Heat exchangers INCOLOY alloys 825, 800HT, 27-7MO, & 25-6MO INCONEL alloy 625 MONEL alloy 400
Instrumentation tubing INCOLOY alloy 825 MONEL alloy 400 INCONEL alloy 625
Landing nipples INCONEL alloy 725 & 725HS INCOLOY alloy 925
Packers INCOLOY alloy 925 INCONEL alloys 718, 725, & 725HS
Polished-bore receptacles INCONEL alloys 718 & 725 (PBRs) INCOLOY alloy 925
Pumps INCOLOY alloy 925 INCONEL alloy 718 MONEL alloys 400, R-405 & K-500
Rig leg cladding MONEL alloy 400
Riser pipe cladding MONEL alloy 400 INCOLOY alloy 825
Sea-water piping MONEL alloy 400 INCONEL alloy 625 INCOLOY alloys 825, 25-6MO, & 27-7 MO
Side-pocket mandrels INCONEL alloy 725 INCOLOY alloy 925
Springs INCONEL alloys X-750 & 725
Sucker rods INCONEL alloy 718 MONEL alloys 400 & K-500
Tool joints INCOLOY alloy 925 MONEL alloy K-500
Tubing calipers MONEL alloys 400 & K-500
Valves INCOLOY alloys 825 & 925 INCONEL alloys 625, 718 & 725 MONEL
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alloys 400, R-405 & K-500
Wire lines INCOLOY alloys 825, 25-6 MO, & 27-7 MO
Common alloy comparison:
Element
MONEL
alloy 400
UNS N04400
MONEL
alloy R-405
UNS N04405
MONEL
alloy K-500
UNS N05500
INCONEL
alloy 600
UNS N06600
INCONEL
alloy 625
UNS N06625
Nickel 63.0 min 63.0 min 63.0 min 72.0 min 58.0 min
Chromium – – – 14.9-17.0 20.0-23.0
Iron 2.5 2.5 2.0 6.0-10.0 5.0
Copper 28.0-34.0 28.0-34.0 27.0-33.0 0.5 –
Molybdenum – – – – 8.0-10.0
Niobium – – – – 3.15-4.15
Aluminum – – 2.30-3.15 – 0.40
Titanium – – 0.35-0.85 – 0.40
Sulfur 0.024 0.025-0.060 0.01 0.015 0.015
Tungsten – – – – –
Cobalt – – – – 1.0
Carbon 0.3 0.3 0.25 0.15 0.10
Manganese 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.50
Silicon 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.50
Phosphorus – – – – 0.015
Boron – – – – –
Vanadium – – – – –
Nitrogen – – – – –
PHYSICAL PROPERTIESa OF NICKEL ALLOYS FOR OIL-COUNTRY
APPLICATIONS
Density
Young’s
Modulus Specific Heat
Coefficient of
Expansionc
Thermal
Conductivity
Electrical
Resistivity
Alloy lb/in3 g/cm3 106psi GPa
Magnetic
Permeabilityb Btu/ J/ lb.ºF kg.ºC
10-6/ 10-6/ ºF ºC Btu.in/ W/m.
ft2.h.ºF ºC
ohm. cmil/ft
µohm•m
MONEL alloy 400 0.318 8.80 26.0 179 – d 0.102 427 8.8 15.8 151 21.8 329 0.547
MONEL alloy R-405 0.318 8.80 26.0 179 – d 0.102 427 8.7 15.7 151 21.8 307 0.510
MONEL alloy K-500 0.305 8.44 26.0 179 1.002 0.100 419 8.3 14.9 121 17.5 370 0.615
INCONEL alloy 600 0.306 8.47 31.1 221 1.010 0.106 444 7.9 14.2 103 14.9 620 1.03
INCONEL alloy 625 0.305 8.44 30.1 208 1.0006 0.098 410 7.4 13.3 68 9.8 776 1.29
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INCONEL alloy 718 0.296 8.19 29.0 200 1.0011 0.104 435 8.0 14.4 79 11.4 751 1.25
INCONEL alloy 725 0.300 8.30 29.6 204 <1.001 – – 7.5 13.0 – – 688 1.14
INCONEL alloy 725HS 0.300 8.30 29.6 204 <1.001 – – 7.5 13.0 – – 688 1.14
INCONEL alloy X-750 0.299 8.28 31.0 214 1.0035 0.103 431 7.5 13.5 83 12.0 731 1.22
INCONEL alloy G-3 0.294 8.14 28.9 199 – 0.108 452 8.1 14.6 69 10.0 – –
INCONEL alloy C-276 0.321 8.89 29.8 205 1.0002 0.102 427 7.2 13.0 68 9.8 739 1.23
INCONEL alloy 050 0.303 8.39 27.9 192 – – – 7.5 13.5 – – – –
INCOLOY alloy 27-7
MO 0.289 8.02 27.7 191 1.004 0.109 454 8.8 15.8 70 10 604 1.00
INCOLOY alloy
25-6MO 0.290 8.03 27.6 190 1.005 0.12 500 9.9e 17.8e 116 16.7 480 0.80
INCOLOY alloy 028 0.290 8.03 29.0 200 – 0.11 460 8.3 14.9 79 11.4 560 0.93
INCOLOY alloy 800 0.287 7.94 28.5 197 1.014 0.11 460 9.0 16.2 80 11.5 595 0.989
INCOLOY alloy 825 0.294 8.14 29.8 205 1.005 0.105 440 8.5 15.3 77 11.1 678 1.13
INCOLOY alloy 925 0.292 8.08 29.2 201 1.001 0.104 435 8.2 14.8 – – 701 1.17
a Room-temperature values except for thermal expansion.
b H=200 oersted (15.9kA/m).
c Between room temperature and 600ºF (315ºC).
d May be ferromagnetic at room temperature; Curie temperature varies from slightly below to somewhat over room
temperature. e Between room temperature and 750ºF (400ºC).
TYPICAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES FOR AGE-HARDENED CORROSION-RESISTANT ALLOY BAR
Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation Hardness* Alloy
ksi MPa ksi MPa % Rockwell
MONEL alloy K-500 95 655 130 896 20 C35
INCONEL alloy 718 120 827 150 1034 20 C40
INCONEL alloy 725 120 827 150 1034 20 C40
INCONEL alloy 725HS 149 1029 199 1372 22 C43
INCONEL alloy X-750 110 758 165 1138 20 C35
INCOLOY alloy 925 110 758 140 965 15 C38
*Condition and hardness limitations as stipulated by NACE MR0175.
TYPICAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES FOR ANNEALED CORROSION-RESISTANT ALLOYS
Alloy Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation Hardness
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ksi MPa ksi MPa % Rockwell
MONEL alloy 400 35 214 80 552 40 B65
INCONEL alloy 600 45 310 95 655 40 B80
INCONEL alloy 625 80 552 135 931 45 B95
INCONEL alloy C-276 60 414 115 793 50 B90
INCOLOY alloy 25-6MO 48 331 100 690 42 B88
INCOLOY alloy 27-7 MO 60 415 120 830 50 B90
INCOLOY alloy 800 35 214 85 586 45 B70
INCOLOY alloy 825 45 310 100 690 45 B85
SPECIFICATIONS AND DESIGNATIONSFOR NICKEL ALLOYS USED IN OIL-COUNTRY APPLICATIONS
Alloy UNS NACE ASTM ASME SAE AMS BS DIN Werkstoff
MONEL alloy
400
N04400 MR‐01‐75 B 127 B 163‐165 B
366 B 564 B 725
SB‐127 SB‐163‐165
SB‐366 SB‐564 SB‐751
4544 4574,4575
4675 4730,
47317233
3072‐3076 17743
17750‐54
2.4360
B 730 B 751 B 775 SB‐775 SB‐829
B 829
MONEL alloy
R‐405
N04405 MR‐01‐75 B 164 SB‐164 4674 7234 – – –
MONEL alloy
K‐500
N05500 MR‐01‐75 B 865 – 4676 3072‐3076 17743
17752‐54
2.4375
INCONEL alloy
600
N06600 MR‐01‐75 B 163 B 166‐168 B
366
SB‐163 SB‐166‐168
SB‐366
5540 5580 5665 3072‐3076 17742
17750‐54
2.4816
B 516‐517 B 564 B
751
SB‐516‐517 SB‐564
SB‐751
5687 7232
B 775 B 829 SB‐775 SB‐829
INCONEL alloy
625
N06625 MR‐01‐75 B 366 B 443‐444 B
446 B 564
SB‐366 SB‐443,
444SB‐446 SB‐564
5581 5599 5666
5837
3072 3074 3076 17744
17750‐52
2.4856
B 704‐705 B 751 B
775
SB‐704‐705 SB‐751
SB‐775
5869
B 829 SB‐829
INCONEL alloy
718
N07718 MR‐01‐75 B 637 B 670 SB‐425 SB‐637 5589, 55905596,
55975662‐5664
– – 2.4668
5832
5962
INCONEL alloy
725
N07725 MR‐01‐75 B 805 SB‐443, 444 SB‐446 – – – –
INCONEL alloy N07750 MR‐01‐75 B 637 SB‐637 5542 5582, HR505 – 2.4669
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X‐750 55835598
5667‐5671
5698, 56995747
INCONEL alloy
G‐3
N06985 MR‐01‐75 B 366 B 581, 582B
619
SB‐366 SB‐582 SB‐619 – – 17744
17750‐52
2.4619
B 622 B 626 B 751 SB‐622 SB‐626 SB‐751
B 775 B 829 SB‐775 SB‐829
INCONEL alloy
C‐276
N10276 MR‐01‐75 B 366 B 564 SB‐366 SB‐582 – – 17744
17750‐52
2.4819
B 574, 575B 619 B
622
SB‐619 SB‐622 SB‐626
B 626 B 751 B 775 SB‐751 SB‐775 SB‐829
B 829 –
INCONEL alloy
050 N06950 MR‐01‐75 – – – – – –
INCOLOY alloy
800
N08800 MR‐01‐75 B 163 B 366 B
407‐409 B 514,
515B 564 B 751 B
775 B 829
SB‐163 SB‐366
SB‐407‐409 SB‐514,
515SB‐564 SB‐751
SB‐775 SB‐829
5766 5871 3072‐3076 470 1.4876
INCOLOY alloy
825
N08825 MR‐01‐75 B 163 B 366 B
423‐425 B 564
SB‐163 SB‐366
SB‐423‐425 SB‐564
– – – –
B 704, 705B 751 B
775
SB‐704, 705SB‐751
SB‐775
B 829 SB‐829
INCOLOY alloy
925
N09925 MR‐01‐75 – SB‐423‐425 SB‐564 – – – –
INCOLOY
alloy25‐6MO
8926 MR‐01‐75 B 366 B 472 B 625
B 649 B 673, 674B
677 B 751
SB‐366 SB‐625 SB‐649
SB‐673, 674 SB‐677
SB‐751 SB‐775
– – – 1.4529
B 775 B 804 B 829 SB‐804 SB‐829
INCOLOY alloy
028
N08028 MR‐01‐75 B 668 B 709 SB‐668 SB‐709 – – – 1.4563
Corrosive well environments: Corrosive well environments degrade materials in three general ways:
1 Weight-loss corrosion, in which the metal surface is more or less uniformly attacked. 2 Pitting or crevice corrosion, in which metal loss is highly localized. 3 Environment-induced cracking, in which brittle fracture occurs with no significant metal loss.
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WEIGHT-LOSS CORROSION (GENERAL CORROSION)
The complexity of a material affects its resistance to weight-loss corrosion. Carbon dioxide
dissolved in the liquid phase creates an acidic solution that can cause rapid weight-loss corrosion of carbon steels, even at relatively low temperatures. Chlorides and H2S increase
the corrosivity of the solution. Martensitic stainless steels are also susceptible to weight-loss corrosion, especially at high temperatures with chlorides or H2S present. Duplex and
austenitic stainless steels have higher resistance to weight-loss corrosion. Nickel alloys
generally show complete resistance to weight-loss corrosion even under conditions of high temperatures and high concentrations of chlorides and H2S. When dissimilar metals are in
contact while exposed to an aqueous environment, galvanic effects can cause or alter
corrosion reactions. The less noble metal in the galvanic couple is corroded at a higher rate
than would occur if the metal were exposed alone. The effect is more pronounced if the
surface area of the less noble metal is small in relation to the more noble metal. In general,
nickel alloys and austenitic stainless steels are similar enough in corrosion potential that
galvanic corrosion is not a serious problem when couples are formed within or between the
two materials groups. However, galvanic corrosion is a possibility when highly alloyed
materials are connected to carbon steels, alloy steels, or martensitic stainless steels.
LOCALIZED CORROSION Pitting and crevice corrosion have similar consequences:
localized destruction of metal. However, the two forms of corrosion operate by different
mechanisms. Pitting occurs when a point location becomes anodic to the surrounding metal,
resulting in continuing corrosion penetration at the anodic point. Crevice corrosion takes
place when the concentration of metallic ions or oxygen is different in a crevice (or under a
deposit) than in the surrounding environment. Such localized corrosion can be particularly
likely on materials such as stainless steels that form protective, passive surface films. Chloride
ions in the environment can accumulate and penetrate the passive film to allow corrosion at
the area of film removal. Nickel alloys also form passive films. However, chromium and
molybdenum, especially the latter, are highly effective in preventing localized corrosion.
Nickel alloys used for downhole applications generally contain sufficient molybdenum and
chromium to avoid pitting and crevice corrosion.
In sour wells, environmental cracking can occur by two different mechanisms: hydrogen
embrittlement and stress corrosion. Hydrogen embrittlement involves a cathodic reaction in
which hydrogen ions are reduced to elemental hydrogen. Hydrogen ions may result from
galvanic corrosion of connected dissimilar metals or from acidizing operations performed on the reservoir. In sour wells, however, the major source is usually dissolved H2S in well fluids.
Elemental hydrogen absorbed by a metal can lower ductility to the point where the metal
becomes embrittled. If the metal is under sufficient stress, cracking results. Such cracking in H2S environments is termed sulfide stress cracking (SSC). Hydrogen embrittlement and SSC
are essentially low-temperature phenomena with maximum severity occurring in the
room-temperature range. Stress corrosion involves an anodic reaction in which a crack is
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initiated and propagated in stressed metal by dissolution of metal ions. Metal loss continues
at the leading edge of the crack until brittle fracture occurs. Such stress-corrosion cracking
(SCC) can be caused by various media. In sour wells, SCC can result from two corrosive species: chloride ions and H2S. Chloride SCC normally is not a problem with ferritic materials
and nickel alloys. Austenitic stainless steels, especially those of relatively low nickel content,
can suffer chloride SCC at temperatures as low as 140°F (60°C) and become more susceptible at higher temperatures. Stress-corrosion cracking induced by H2S is similar to chloride SCC
but affects a broader range of materials, including nickel alloys. This form of environmental
cracking is often the major factor in overcoming the effects of sour well environments on
materials. The potential for SCC becomes greater with higher temperatures and concentrations of H2S and with the presence of chloride ions and elemental sulfur. Extremely
hot and sour wells require corrosion-resistant alloys with high contents of nickel, chromium
and molybdenum. Virtually all metallic materials are susceptible to SSC or SCC in sour
environments, although the conditions for susceptibility vary widely. A major factor is the concentration of dissolved H2S, which increases with partial pressure of the gas. Low-alloy
and carbon steels are vulnerable to SSC at partial pressure of H2S as low as about 0.05 psi (345
Pa). By definition (NACE MR-01-75) a well with a partial pressure of H2S greater than 0.05 psi
(345 Pa) is designated as sour. If a well is sour, downhole components must be made of a
corrosion-resistant alloy that will resist the particular sour conditions.
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Titanium tubes and parts for oil drilling application:
More Application of nickel alloys:
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Summary_of_Alloys_for_OCTG(Oil CountryTubular Goods)_Equipment:
Material
Category ISO
13680
Name UNS
Num
ber
Strength‐
ening
method
Common
Strength
Levels
Maximum
Hardness
Chemical Composition %
HRC
PSL
2
HRC
Ni
Min
Ni
Max
Cr
Min
Cr
Max
Mo
Min
Mo
Max
Fe
Min
Fe
Max
C
Min
C
Max
N
Min
N
Max
Cu
Min
Cu
Max
W
Min M
Low Alloy
Steel
C‐90 Q&T
25.4 NA
0.99
1.5 0.25 0.85
Bal
0.35
T‐95 Q&T
25.4 NA
0.99 0.4 1.5 0.25 0.85
Bal
0.35
C‐110 Q&T
30 NA
0.99 0.4 1.5 0.25 1.0
Bal
0.35
Martensitic
Stainless
13
Chrome
Q&T 80 23 NA
0.5 12 14 NA
Bal
0.15 0.22 NA
0.25 NA
85 24 NA
95 27 NA
13Cr
HP1/13
Cr Mod
Q&T 80 27 NA
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.5
12.0
11.0
14.0
14.0
0.8
0.2
1.5
1.2 Bal
0.04
max
0.03
max NA
NA
NA
www.Zuudee.com 19
95 28 NA
110 32 NA
13Cr
HP2/Su
per 13
Cr
Q&T 80 27 27
4.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
12.0
11.5
14.0
13.5
1.8
1.5
2.5
3.0 Bal
0.04
max
0.03
max NA
NA
NA
95 28 27
110 32 NA
15Cr/U
HP
Q&T 125 37 NA 6.0 7.0 14.0 16.0 1.8 2.5 Bal
0.04
max NA
1.5 NA
Duplex
Stainless
22
Chrome
S318
03 SA 65 26 26 4.5 6.5 21.0 23.0 2.5 3.5 Bal
0.030
max 0.08 0.20 NA
NA
CW 110 36 36
CW 125 37 36
CW 140 38 NA
25
Chrome
S312
60 SA 75 26 26 5.5 7.5 24.0 26.0 2.5 3.5 Bal
0.030
max 0.10 0.30 0.2 0.8 0.1 0
CW 110 36 36
CW 125 37 36
CW 140 38 NA
Super 25
Cr
S327
60 SA 80 28 28 6.0 8.0 24.0 26.0 3.0 4.0 Bal
0.030
max 0.20 0.30 0.50 1.0 0.50 1
(PREN>
40)
CW 110 36 36
CW 125 37 36
CW 140 38 NA
Austenitic Fe
Based
Stainless
2535 N085
35 CW 110 35 33 29.0 36.5 24.0 27.0 2.5 4.0 Bal
0.030
max NA NA
1.5 NA
CW 125 37 35
CW 140 38 NA
28 Cr N080
28 CW 110 35 33 30.0 34.0 26.0 28.0 3.0 4.0 Bal
0.025
max 0.08 0.10 0.60 1.40 NA
CW 125 37 35
CW 140 38 NA
Austenitic Ni
Base
(cold‐worked 825 N088 CW 80 38.0 46.0 19.5 23.5 2.5 3.5 22.0 min 0.05 NA 1.5 3.0 NA
www.Zuudee.com 20
& solid
solution
25 max
alloys for
downhole
tubulars)
CW 110 35 35
CW 125 37 35
2550 N069
75 CW 110 35 35 47 52.0 23.0 26.0 5.0 7.0 Bal
0.030
max NA 0.70 1.20
NA
CW 125 37 35
CW 140 38 NA
G‐3 N069
85 CW 110 35 35
Bal 21.0 23.5 6.0 8.0 18 21.0
0.015
max NA 1.5 2.5
1
m
CW 125 37 37
CW 140 38 NA
50 N069
50 CW 110 35 35 50.0
19.0 21.0 8.0 10.0 15 20.0
0.015
max NA 1.50 2.50
1
m
CW 125 37 37
CW 140 38 NA
625 N066
25 CW 110 35 35 58.0
20.0 23.0 8.0 10.0
5.0
max
0.10
max NA
NA
NA
C‐276 N102
76 CW 110 35 35
57
nom 14.5 16.5 15.0 17.0 4.0 7.0
0.01
max NA
NA
3.0 4
CW 125 37 35
CW 140 38 35
Titanium
Alloy
Ti
6‐2‐4‐6
R562
60 Aging 145 45
5.5 6.5
0.15
max
0.04
max
0.04
max
Austenitic Ni
Base
(precipitation
‐hardened Ni
‐base
718
N077
18 Aging 120 40 NA 50.0 55.0 17.0 21.0 2.80 3.30 Bal
0.08
max NA
0.3
max
NA
alloys for
thick‐walled
tubulars
925 N099
25 Aging 110 38 NA 42.0 46.0 19.5 22.5 2.5 3.5 22.0 min
0.03
max NA 1.5 3.0
NA
& equipment,
SCSSV &
hangers)
945 N099
45 Aging 125 42 NA 45.0 55.0 19.5 23.0 3.0 4.0 Bal
0.005 0.04 NA 1.5 3.0
NA
945 N099
45 Aging 130 42 NA 45.0 55.0 19.5 23.0 3.0 4.0 Bal
0.005 0.04 NA 1.5 3.0
NA
945 N099
45 Aging 135 42 NA 45.0 55.0 19.5 23.0 3.0 4.0 Bal
0.005 0.04 NA 1.5 3.0
NA
www.Zuudee.com 21
945X N099
45 Aging 140 42 NA 45.0 55.0 19.5 23.0 3.0 4.0 Bal
0.005 0.04 NA 1.5 3.0
NA
945X N099
45 Aging 145 42 NA 45.0 55.0 19.5 23.0 3.0 4.0 Bal
0.005 0.04 NA 1.5 3.0
NA
945X N099
45 Aging 150 42 NA 45.0 55.0 19.5 23.0 3.0 4.0 Bal
0.005 0.04 NA 1.5 3.0
NA
725 N077
25 Aging 125 44 NA 55.0 59.0 19.0 22.5 7.0 9.5
9
nom
0.03
max NA
NA
NA
625 plus N077
16 Aging 125 43 NA 57 63 19 22 7 9.5
0.03
max
Bal NA NA NA
About Zuudee
Zuudee is a professional manufacturer of nickel alloys in forms of tube/pipe, bar, sheet,
forged flanges, fasteners and custom-made machined parts.
Founded in 2002,Zuudee has built two production bases covering a total area around 32,800
square meters and more than 200 employees. Local sales offices locate in Beijing, Changshu,
Wuxi, are helping us to sell our quality products worldwide. Our products are mainly used in
Oil & Gas, Offshore platform, FPSO, Petrol Chemical, Long distance pipeline, Sea water
treatment, Nuclear power industry and so on. Through the years of rich experience, deep
industrial knowledge background, good problem solving capability and constantly keeping
abreast with the latest technology, Zuudee has gained high reputation in the industrial field
from both domestic and international markets.
Zuudee Changshu Plant ,Changshu Liony Metal Co.,Ltd.,is located in Xiangqiao Industrial
Park,Haiyu Town,Changshu City,Jiangsu province,about 2 hours from Shanghai by car.
Benefiting from Shanghai’s perfect human resource, economical and traffic circumstance, we
have built up a professional commercial, engineering, management, service team and
headquarter in Shanghai, including one chief heat treatment engineer, 6 senior or junior
engineers, 4 quality person,90% staff in Shanghai are well educated at least junior college.
We have two integrated production lines. One is for nickel alloy tubes, and the other for
bars,flanges and fasteners, including melting, heat treatment, cutting, forging, CNC
machining, thread rolling, NDE inspection, test lab, packing, etc. Important processes are
monitored and recorded in a PLC system. We produce sheet upon order, and use our own
trusted ingot and then send to the near steel mill using their sheet rolling production line.
www.Zuudee.com 22
Zuudee continues to be focused on specialty processing to help customers reduce their
overall costs. Our additional in-house processing capabilities range from close tolerance cold
sawing and lathe cutting to turning, grinding, heat treating, and plasma and laser cutting.
Custom fabrication, such as machined or assembly-ready parts, chrome plating, welding,
trepanning, boring and honing are also available upon demand.
Strict quality controls are applied at every processing stage, all described and published in
quality assurance procedures. The manufacturing history of every product is fully traceable.
Testing facilities for the tubular products include ultrasonic, hydrostatic, eddy current, and
boroscope/ intrascope.
Our mission is to provide the very best in products, services, and solutions to assist our
customers in meeting and exceeding their asset management expectations while reducing
their overall product lead-times. We strive to achieve this through close working partnerships
that utilize our people, physical resources, and our creative solutions to provide the unique
programs with flexible, forward-thinking strategies.
Our vision is to be a company like “Apple” in special metal field.
Zuudee Industry Co.,Limited.
Baoji Zuudee Metal Co.,Limited.
Address:No.5455 Hunan Road ,Shanghai China 200012
Tel:+86 21 58221695
Fax:+86 21 58075251
Email: [email protected]
Website:www.TiNiAlloys.com www.Baojititanium.com
www.Zuudee.com 23