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©2019 by System Plus Consulting | Apple Watch 4’s PPG and ECG Health Sensors 1
22 bd Benoni Goullin44200 NANTES - FRANCE +33 2 40 18 09 16 [email protected] www.systemplus.fr
Apple Watch 4’s PPG and ECG Health Sensors
Report by Sylvain HALLEREAU and Veronique Le TROADECJune 2019 – SAMPLE
REVERSE COSTING® – STRUCTURAL, PROCESS & COST REPORT
©2019 by System Plus Consulting | Apple Watch 4’s PPG and ECG Health Sensors 2
Table of ContentsOverview / Introduction 4
o Executive Summaryo Reverse Costing Methodology
Company Profile 8o Appleo Apple Watch 4o OSRAMo Analog Devices
Market Analysis 15o Ecosystem & Forecast
Physical Analysis 19
o Summary of the Physical Analysis 20
o Apple Watch 4 teardown
o ECG Module Assembly 33 Module Views Electrodes
o ECG Analog Front End 44 IC Die View & Dimensions IC Delayering & main Blocs IC Die Process IC Die Cross-Section IC Die Process Characteristic
o PPM Module Assembly 56 Module Views Module Cross-Section
o PPG IR LED 70 Die Overview & Dimensions Die Process and Cross-Section Die Process Characteristic
o PPG Green LED 82 Die View & Dimensions Die Process and Cross-Section Die Process Characteristic
o PPG Photodiode 93 Die View & Dimensions Die Process and Cross-Section Die Process Characteristic
o Comparison Apple Watch 3 vs 4 PPG Function
PPG Apple Watch 3 vs 4 Watch 4 102
Manufacturing Process 105o AFE Die Front-End Process & Fabrication Unito Electrodeso IR LED Process Flowo IR LED Process & Fabrication Unito Green LED Process Flowo GreenLED Process & Fabrication Unito Photodiode Process & Fabrication Unito Sapphire Window
Cost Analysis 121o Summary of the cost analysiso Yields Explanation & Hypotheses
o ECG Sensor IC 125 Sensor Die Front-End Cost Sensor Die Probe Test, Thinning & Dicing Sensor Die Wafer Cost Component Cost
o PPG IR LED 131 IR LED Front-End Cost IR LED Probe Test, Thinning & Dicing IR LED Die Wafer Cost IR LED Component Cost
o PPG Green LED 139
o PPG Photodiode 147
o Sapphire Window 153
Feedbacks 157
SystemPlus Consulting services 159
©2019 by System Plus Consulting | Apple Watch 4’s PPG and ECG Health Sensors 3
Overview / Introductiono Executive Summaryo Reverse Costing Methodologyo Glossary
Company Profile & Supply Chain
Market Analysis
Physical Analysis
Physical Comparison
Manufacturing Process Flow
Cost Analysis
Related Reports
About System Plus
Executive Summary
This full reverse costing study has been conducted to provide insight on technology data, manufacturing cost and selling price of the Apple’sHealth Sensors found in the Watch 4.
The medical wearable market is fore-casted to become worth an impressive $32B by 2024. We see a convergence of needs, wherehealthcare costs must fall, IT telecommunication is being deployed and patients want to be involved in monitoring their health. Thisconvergence accelerates the demand for medical-grade wearables. The Apple Watch series 4 targets these needs as the first mass-producedconsumer accessory receiving FDA approval for its ElectroCardioGram (ECG).
The two main health sensors in the Apple Watch series 4 are an enhanced PhotoPlethysmoGram (PPG) and, for the first time in an Applewatch, an ECG.
The PPG is the core of the continuous heart beat sensor. A new, more compact, design reduces the surface area by 30%, while the number ofcomponents decreases from 14 to six. This enhances heartbeat measures. OSRAM supplies the watch’s green LEDs, and you can discoverother component suppliers in the report.
The ECG electrically measures very small currents using three electrodes. Two wrist electrodes are integrated on the back side of the watch.The third electrode is in the digital crown. The signals are captured and amplified by Analog Devices circuits.
This report constitutes a thorough analysis of the Apple Watch 4’s health sensors and the back optical window. The electronic componentsare standard and can be readily found in the market.
However, their integration and the optical window are unique to Apple. Apple has fully redesigned its watch to integrate more efficienthealth sensors. The report studies exactly how the sensors are integrated.
This report also analyzes the complete health sensor system, including a full analysis of the infrared LED from Epistar, green LEDs fromOSRAM and the photodiodes from OSRAM for the PPG. For the ECG sensor, the integrated circuits and the three electrodes are also studiedin the report. Moreover, the back window’s specific lenses, optical system and electrodes are analyzed.
Additionally, the report includes a physical and technical comparison with the PPG components from the first Apple watches that againexamines system integration.
©2019 by System Plus Consulting | Apple Watch 4’s PPG and ECG Health Sensors 4
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Supply Chain
Market Analysis
Physical Analysis o Summary Physical Analysiso Apple Watch 4 teardowno ECG Module Assembly
o Views & Dimensionso Electrodes
o ECG Analog Front-Endo Die Views & Dimensionso process & Cross-Sectiono Process Characteristics
o PPM Module Assemblyo Views & Dimensions
o IR LEDo Views & Dimensionso process & Cross-Sectiono Process Characteristics
o Green LEDo Photodiode
o Views & Dimensionso process & Cross-Sectiono Process Characteristics
Physical Comparison
Manufacturing Process Flow
Cost Analysis
Related Reports
About System Plus
Apple Watch Series 4 Cellular Teardown
Apple Watch Series 4 – Global View©2019 by System Plus Consulting
Apple Watch Series 4 – Global View©2019 by System Plus Consulting
44 mm
38 mm
10.7 mm
Heart Beat Sensor
Digital Crown
MicrophoneSide Bouton
©2019 by System Plus Consulting | Apple Watch 4’s PPG and ECG Health Sensors 5
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Supply Chain
Market Analysis
Physical Analysis o Summary Physical Analysiso Apple Watch 4 teardowno ECG Module Assembly
o Views & Dimensionso Electrodes
o ECG Analog Front-Endo Die Views & Dimensionso process & Cross-Sectiono Process Characteristics
o PPM Module Assemblyo Views & Dimensions
o IR LEDo Views & Dimensionso process & Cross-Sectiono Process Characteristics
o Green LEDo Photodiode
o Views & Dimensionso process & Cross-Sectiono Process Characteristics
Physical Comparison
Manufacturing Process Flow
Cost Analysis
Related Reports
About System Plus
ECG Electrodes Wrist
ECG PCB – Optical View©2019 by System Plus Consulting
Analog Devices AD45305
ECG Flex
ECG Flex – Optical View©2019 by System Plus Consulting
Wrist electrode – Optical View©2019 by System Plus Consulting
ECG electrodes
ECG Flex is glued on the wireless charge coil.
wireless charge coilECG contact, interior side
of the window
©2019 by System Plus Consulting | Apple Watch 4’s PPG and ECG Health Sensors 6
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Supply Chain
Market Analysis
Physical Analysis o Summary Physical Analysiso Apple Watch 4 teardowno ECG Module Assembly
o Views & Dimensionso Electrodes
o ECG Analog Front-Endo Die Views & Dimensionso process & Cross-Sectiono Process Characteristics
o PPM Module Assemblyo Views & Dimensions
o IR LEDo Views & Dimensionso process & Cross-Sectiono Process Characteristics
o Green LEDo Photodiode
o Views & Dimensionso process & Cross-Sectiono Process Characteristics
Physical Comparison
Manufacturing Process Flow
Cost Analysis
Related Reports
About System Plus
EEG Window Cross-Section
©2019 by System Plus Consulting | Apple Watch 4’s PPG and ECG Health Sensors 7
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Supply Chain
Market Analysis
Physical Analysis o Summary Physical Analysiso Apple Watch 4 teardowno ECG Module Assembly
o Views & Dimensionso Electrodes
o ECG Analog Front-Endo Die Views & Dimensionso process & Cross-Sectiono Process Characteristics
o PPM Module Assemblyo Views & Dimensions
o IR LEDo Views & Dimensionso process & Cross-Sectiono Process Characteristics
o Green LEDo Photodiode
o Views & Dimensionso process & Cross-Sectiono Process Characteristics
Physical Comparison
Manufacturing Process Flow
Cost Analysis
Related Reports
About System Plus
XXX Die Dimensions
Die Area: xxmm²(xx x xxmm)
Nb of PGDW per 8-inch wafer: XXX
Pad number: 6
o Connected: 6
Die
xxmm
xxm
m
PGDW: Potential Good Dies per Wafer
Solder ball Redistribution layer
©2019 by System Plus Consulting | Apple Watch 4’s PPG and ECG Health Sensors 8
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Supply Chain
Market Analysis
Physical Analysis o Summary Physical Analysiso Apple Watch 4 teardowno ECG Module Assembly
o Views & Dimensionso Electrodes
o ECG Analog Front-Endo Die Views & Dimensionso process & Cross-Sectiono Process Characteristics
o PPM Module Assemblyo Views & Dimensions
o IR LEDo Views & Dimensionso process & Cross-Sectiono Process Characteristics
o Green LEDo Photodiode
o Views & Dimensionso process & Cross-Sectiono Process Characteristics
Physical Comparison
Manufacturing Process Flow
Cost Analysis
Related Reports
About System Plus
IR LED die Dimensions
LED Die – Optical view
LED Die cross-section – Optical view
©2019 by System Plus Consulting | Apple Watch 4’s PPG and ECG Health Sensors 9
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Supply Chain
Market Analysis
Physical Analysis o Summary Physical Analysiso Apple Watch 4 teardowno ECG Module Assembly
o Views & Dimensionso Electrodes
o ECG Analog Front-Endo Die Views & Dimensionso process & Cross-Sectiono Process Characteristics
o PPM Module Assemblyo Views & Dimensions
o IR LEDo Views & Dimensionso process & Cross-Sectiono Process Characteristics
o Green LEDo Photodiode
o Views & Dimensionso process & Cross-Sectiono Process Characteristics
Physical Comparison
Manufacturing Process Flow
Cost Analysis
Related Reports
About System Plus
Green LED die Details
©2019 by System Plus Consulting | Apple Watch 4’s PPG and ECG Health Sensors 10
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Supply Chain
Market Analysis
Physical Analysis
Physical Comparison
Manufacturing Process Flowo ECG – Sensor Die o PPG - IR LEDo PPG - Green LEDo PPG - Photodiodeo Sapphire Window
Cost Analysis
Related Reports
About System Plus
Epistar XXX - IR LED Wafer Process Flow Epitaxy
drawing not to scale
GaAs substrate
GaAs substrate
• Epitaxy alGaAs
GaAs substrate
GaAs substrate
GaAs substrate
XX XX
GaAs substrate
XX
©2019 by System Plus Consulting | Apple Watch 4’s PPG and ECG Health Sensors 11
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Supply Chain
Market Analysis
Physical Analysis
Physical Comparison
Manufacturing Process Flow
Cost Analysiso Cost Analysis Summaryo Yields Explanation &
Hypotheseso ECG – Sensor Die Costo PPG - IR LED Costo PPG - Green LED Costo PPG – Photodiode Costo Sapphire Window Costo Health Sensor Cost
Related Reports
About System Plus
Analog Devices XXX - Front-End Cost
©2019 by System Plus Consulting | Apple Watch 4’s PPG and ECG Health Sensors 12
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Supply Chain
Market Analysis
Physical Analysis
Physical Comparison
Manufacturing Process Flow
Cost Analysiso Cost Analysis Summaryo Yields Explanation &
Hypotheseso ECG – Sensor Die Costo PPG - IR LED Costo PPG - Green LED Costo PPG – Photodiode Costo Sapphire Window Costo Health Sensor Cost
Related Reports
About System Plus
Health Sensor - ECG and PPG
©2019 by System Plus Consulting | Apple Watch 4’s PPG and ECG Health Sensors 13
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Supply Chain
Market Analysis
Physical Analysis
Physical Comparison
Manufacturing Process Flow
Cost Analysis
Related Reports
About System Plus
MARKET AND TECHNOLOGY REPORTS - YOLE DÉVELOPPEMENT
Medtech – BioMEMS – Software and Computing• Medical Wearables: Market and Technology Trends 2019• BioMEMS & Non-Invasive Sensors: Microsystems for Life Sciences
& Healthcare 2018• Edge Emitting Lasers: Market and Technology Trends 2019• Hardware and Software for AI 2018 – Consumer focus
REVERSE COSTING ANALYSES - SYSTEM PLUS CONSULTING
MEMS - Medtech• Epson PrecisionCore PZT Inkjet• Xaar1201 GS2p5 PZT Printhead• Vesper VM1000 MEMS Microphone• MEMS Pressure Sensor Comparison 2018• Thermo Fisher Ion 520 DNA Sequencing Chip• Maxim Integrated MAX30102 Heart Rate Sensor• Given Imaging PillCam COLON 2 Capsule
Related Reports
The medical wearable market is fore-casted to become worth an impressive$32B by 2024. We see a convergence ofneeds, where healthcare costs must fall,IT telecommunication is being deployedand patients want to be involved inmonitoring their health. This convergenceaccelerates the demand for medical-gradewearables. The Apple Watch series 4targets these needs as the first mass-produced consumer accessory receivingFDA approval for its ElectroCardioGram(ECG).
The two main health sensors in the AppleWatch series 4 are an enhancedPhotoPlethysmoGram (PPG) and, for thefirst time in an Apple watch, an ECG.
The PPG is the core of the continuousheart beat sensor. A new, more compact,design reduces the surface area by 30%,while the number of componentsdecreases from 14 to six. This enhancesheartbeat measures. OSRAM supplies thewatch’s green LEDs, and you can discoverother component suppliers in the report.
The ECG electrically measures very smallcurrents using three electrodes. Two wristelectrodes are integrated on the back sideof the watch. The third electrode is in thedigital crown. The signals are capturedand amplified by Analog Devices circuits.
This report constitutes a thorough analysisof the Apple Watch 4’s health sensors andthe back optical window. The electroniccomponents are standard and can bereadily found in the market.
However, their integration and the opticalwindow are unique to Apple. Apple hasfully redesigned its watch to integratemore efficient health sensors. The reportstudies exactly how the sensors areintegrated.
This report also analyzes the completehealth sensor system, including a fullanalysis of the infrared LED from Epistar,green LEDs from OSRAM and thephotodiodes from OSRAM for the PPG.For the ECG sensor, the integrated circuitsand the three electrodes are also studiedin the report. Moreover, the backwindow’s specific lenses, optical systemand electrodes are analyzed.
Additionally, the report includes a physicaland technical comparison with the PPGcomponents present in the first Applewatches.
COMPLETE TEARDOWN WITH
• Detailed photos
• Precise measurements
• Material analysis
• Manufacturing process flow
• Supply-chain evaluation
• Manufacturing cost analysis
• Comparison with oldest version of the Apple Watch
• Selling price estimate
The first FDA approved multi-million produced Smart Watch for consumermarket.
REVERSE COSTING® – STRUCTURE, PROCESS & COST REPORT
Title: Apple Watch 4 – Health Sensors
Pages: 163
Date: June 2019
Format: PDF & Excel file
Price: EUR 3,990
Apple Watch 4’s PPG and ECG Health Sensors
IC – LED – RF – MEMS – IMAGING – PACKAGING – SYSTEM – POWER - DISPLAY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Overview/Introduction
• Executive Summary
• Reverse Costing Methodology
Company Profile
• Apple
• Apple Watch 4
• OSRAM
• Analog Devices
Physical Analysis
• Summary of the Physical Analysis
• Apple Watch 4 Teardown
• ECG Module Assembly
• Module views
• Electrodes
• ECG Analog Front End
• IC die view and dimensions
• IC delayering and main blocks
• IC die process, cross-section
• IC die process characteristic
• PPM Module Assembly
• Module views and cross-sections
• PPG IR LED
AUTHORS
• Die overview and dimensions
• Die process and cross-section and process characteristics
• PPG Green LED
• PPG Photodiode
• Die view and dimensions, process and cross-section
• Die process characteristic
• Comparison of PPG Function between Apple Watch 3 and 4
Manufacturing Process
• Analog Front End Component
• IR and Green LED
• Photodiodes
• Sapphire Window
Cost Analysis
• Yield Hypothesis
• ECG Sensor IC
• Sensor Component Cost
• PPG IR LED Component Cost
• PPG Green LED Component cost
• PPG Photodiode Component cost
• Sapphire Window Cost
APPLE WATCH 4'S PPG AND ECG HEALTH SENSORS
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Véronique Le Troadec has joinedSystem Plus Consulting as a laboratoryengineer.She holds a Master degree in Micro-electronics from the University ofNantes.
Sylvain Hallereau is in charge ofcosting analyses for IC, power andMEMS. He has more than 10 years ofexperience in power device manu-facturing cost analysis and hasstudied a wide range of technologies.
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©2019 by System Plus Consulting | Apple Watch 4’s PPG and ECG Health Sensors 15
Overview / Introduction
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Market Analysis
Physical Analysis
Physical Comparison
Manufacturing Process Flow
Cost Analysis
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©2019 by System Plus Consulting | Apple Watch 4’s PPG and ECG Health Sensors 16
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Supply Chain
Market Analysis
Physical Analysis
Physical Comparison
Manufacturing Process Flow
Cost Analysis
Related Reports
About System Pluso Company serviceso Contact
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