APPLE Curriculum:APPLE Curriculum:Fundamental Principles of Fundamental Principles of

Medical EducationMedical Education

Academy of Master EducatorsAcademy of Master Educators

Committee on Teaching Residents Committee on Teaching Residents to Teachto Teach

APPLE: Fundamental PrinciplesAPPLE: Fundamental Principles

IntroductionsIntroductions

Warm-up activityWarm-up activity Name the best teacher you’ve had (any level)Name the best teacher you’ve had (any level) What was it about them that was so good?What was it about them that was so good? Write it on an index cardWrite it on an index card

APPLE: Fundamental PrinciplesAPPLE: Fundamental Principles

Learning objectives:Learning objectives:

Appreciate the Appreciate the resident’s role as teacherresident’s role as teacher

Outline key Outline key adult learning principlesadult learning principles

Be able to Be able to assess basic learner needsassess basic learner needs

APPLE: Resident Role as TeacherAPPLE: Resident Role as Teacher

I don’t know anything. What in the world I don’t know anything. What in the world could I teach?could I teach?

How can I teach when I’m still learning?How can I teach when I’m still learning?

APPLE: Resident Role as TeacherAPPLE: Resident Role as Teacher

You WILL…You WILL… 50-75% of MS teaching done by Rs/Fs50-75% of MS teaching done by Rs/Fs

You HAVE to…You HAVE to… ACGME requirement, reality on wardsACGME requirement, reality on wards

You BENEFIT from it…You BENEFIT from it… Teacher/learner dual roleTeacher/learner dual role

What To Teach?What To Teach?

K: Knowledge (facts)K: Knowledge (facts) S: Skills (assessment, exam, procedures)S: Skills (assessment, exam, procedures) A: Attitudes (empathy)A: Attitudes (empathy) B: Behaviors (professionalism)B: Behaviors (professionalism)

Things you can do even if you don’t Things you can do even if you don’t know too much…know too much…

Set a positive climate for learning (be Set a positive climate for learning (be enthusiastic!!!)enthusiastic!!!)

Clarify learner goalsClarify learner goals Balance intellectual/emotional learningBalance intellectual/emotional learning Share feelings/thoughts with the learners Share feelings/thoughts with the learners

(without dominating)(without dominating)

Things you can do even if you don’t Things you can do even if you don’t know too much…know too much…

Motivate learners (get them involved!)Motivate learners (get them involved!) Model life-long learning (be a role model)Model life-long learning (be a role model) Organize and make available resourcesOrganize and make available resources Take responsibility for their learningTake responsibility for their learning

Things you can do even if you don’t Things you can do even if you don’t know too much…know too much…

Model professionalism…Model professionalism… Your role as a role model…Your role as a role model…

APPLE: Resident Role as TeacherAPPLE: Resident Role as Teacher

Video #1Video #1

APPLE: Resident Role as TeacherAPPLE: Resident Role as Teacher

Who do I teach?Who do I teach? PatientsPatients FamiliesFamilies StudentsStudents Other traineesOther trainees StaffStaff Each otherEach other

APPLE: Resident Role as TeacherAPPLE: Resident Role as Teacher

Video #2Video #2

APPLE: Resident Role as TeacherAPPLE: Resident Role as Teacher

Department-specific teaching roles and Department-specific teaching roles and opportunities…opportunities…

APPLE: Adult LearningAPPLE: Adult Learning

How do adults want to learn?How do adults want to learn? Relevant, goal-oriented, practicalRelevant, goal-oriented, practical Problem-centered, experience-orientedProblem-centered, experience-oriented Safe, respectfulSafe, respectful Active, autonomous, self-directedActive, autonomous, self-directed Building on past experiences/foundationsBuilding on past experiences/foundations With feedbackWith feedback

APPLE: Adult LearningAPPLE: Adult Learning

4 primary elements of adult learning:4 primary elements of adult learning:

MotivationMotivation ReinforcementReinforcement RetentionRetention TransferenceTransference

APPLE: Adult LearningAPPLE: Adult Learning

What motivates adult learners?What motivates adult learners? Social relationshipsSocial relationships External expectationsExternal expectations Social welfareSocial welfare Personal advancementPersonal advancement Escape/stimulationEscape/stimulation Cognitive interestCognitive interest

APPLE: Adult LearningAPPLE: Adult Learning

What holds adult learners back?What holds adult learners back? Competing responsibilities (time, money)Competing responsibilities (time, money) Lack of self-confidenceLack of self-confidence Real-world issues (transportation, family)Real-world issues (transportation, family) AmotivationAmotivation

APPLE: Adult LearningAPPLE: Adult Learning

Reinforcement Reinforcement correct mistakes, maintain appropriate correct mistakes, maintain appropriate

behavior/knowledgebehavior/knowledge

RetentionRetention meaning/purpose, interpret/apply, practice!meaning/purpose, interpret/apply, practice!

TransferenceTransference use info in new settingsuse info in new settings

APPLE: Fundamental PrinciplesAPPLE: Fundamental Principles

Videos #3 and #4: examples of good/bad Videos #3 and #4: examples of good/bad teachingteaching

Scrubs, My Fair Lady, Sound of Music, Scrubs, My Fair Lady, Sound of Music, School of Rock, Dead Poets Society, etc.School of Rock, Dead Poets Society, etc.

APPLE: Assessing learner needsAPPLE: Assessing learner needs

““We teach what we know, not always what We teach what we know, not always what they need to know.”they need to know.”

Learner goalsLearner goals Learner levelLearner level Learning styleLearning style

APPLE: Assessing learner needsAPPLE: Assessing learner needs

Learner goals:Learner goals:

What does the learner want to get out of What does the learner want to get out of the experience?the experience?

APPLE: Assessing learner needsAPPLE: Assessing learner needs

Learner level: RIMELearner level: RIME ReporterReporter InterpreterInterpreter ManagerManager EducatorEducator

APPLE: Assessing learner needsAPPLE: Assessing learner needs

Learning stylesLearning styles Take the survey!Take the survey!

APPLE: Assessing learner needsAPPLE: Assessing learner needs

Learning stylesLearning styles Mixed learning styles in groupsMixed learning styles in groups Matching by individual may or may not Matching by individual may or may not

help, and will be hard to dohelp, and will be hard to do Auditory, visual, kinestheticAuditory, visual, kinesthetic

APPLE: Assessing learner needsAPPLE: Assessing learner needs

Activity: Activity:

How might this work in your setting?How might this work in your setting?

APPLE: Fundamental PrinciplesAPPLE: Fundamental Principles

Conclusions:Conclusions:

Residents have a crucial and potentially Residents have a crucial and potentially rewarding role in teachingrewarding role in teaching

Adult learners need safe environments, active Adult learners need safe environments, active learning with feedback, and relevance to learning with feedback, and relevance to past/futurepast/future

Assess learner goals, level, and style to Assess learner goals, level, and style to maximize teaching benefit maximize teaching benefit