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WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION
COMMISSION FOR BASIC SYSTEMSOPEN PROGRAMME AREA GROUP
ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS
SECOND CBS/GCOS EXPERT MEETING ON COORDINATION OF THE GSN AND GUAN
ASHEVILLE, USA, 28-30 SEPTEMBER 2005
CBS/OPAG-IOS/ EMCGG-2/Doc. 4.4
(15.VIII.2005)_________
Item: 3
Original: ENGLISH
Report of the GUAN Monitoring Centre ECMWF
(Submitted by A. Garcia-Mendez)
Summary and Purpose of Document
The document provides information about the GUAN monitoring conducted at ECMWF.
ACTION PROPOSED
The meeting is invited to note the information contained in this document when considering recommendations on the improvement of data availability from the GUAN
_______________
CBS/OPAG-IOS/EMCGG-2/Doc. 4.4, p. 2
Report of GUAN Monitoring Centre ECMWFAntonio Garcia-Mendez
Met Analyst MetOps ECMWF
1. Introduction
The GUAN has been monitored at the ECMWF for three years now. The monitoring results are shown on a web page in our external web site. The contents of the web pages deal with the number of data and gross errors received at ECMWF for different levels and parameters. The web pages have not been modified since then and this is a nice opportunity to learn about suggestions, modifications and/or additions.
2. Monitoring the GUAN
The geographical distribution of the GUAN stations can be seen in figure 1. Those 161 stations are displayed in the ECMWF GUAN web site with statistics updated at the beginning of every month.
80°S 80°S
60°S60°S
40°S 40°S
20°S20°S
0° 0°
20°N20°N
40°N 40°N
60°N60°N
80°N 80°N
160°W
160°W 140°W
140°W 120°W
120°W 100°W
100°W 80°W
80°W 60°W
60°W 40°W
40°W 20°W
20°W 0°
0° 20°E
20°E 40°E
40°E 60°E
60°E 80°E
80°E 100°E
100°E 120°E
120°E 140°E
140°E 160°E
160°E
0100102836
03005
0380803953
0401804270
0849508508
1039311035
16245 17130
20674
22550 2347223921
24266
27459 28698 2986230230 31088
3254033345 35121
3778940745
41217 45004
471384741247646
4782747936 4797147991
50527
51709 5268153068
5529956778
574616001860680 62414
70026
70308 70398
71082
7181671836
71925
71934
722017225072293
72451 725207259772776
78016
41112
43599
48455
48698
6105261641
6190161902
61976
63450
6374163894 63985
6491065578
67774
76654 78397785267858378762 7895478988
80222 814058219382332 82397
83378
84008
84628
9121291285
91334 9137691408
9151791557
9176591801 91925
9193892035 94120
94203 94294
96315
9693596996
98223
61995
61996
61998
671976811068588
6881668906
68994
837798544285469
8558685799
85934
8715587576
8786088889
8900289022
8905589512 89532 89564 89571 89592 89611 89642
89664
9159291958
93844
94302 94461 9451094610 94659
94975
9499594996
94998
January - December 2004ECMWF - Stations selected for statistics
63 NH 52 TROP 46 SH
Figure 1Geographical distribution of the GUAN stations
2.a Data availability
The number of data coming from the GUAN stations and arriving to ECMWF shows a smooth positive trend since 1994. The rate of launched GUAN sondes reaching 100 hPa is stable and fluctuating from 92% to 95%. Figure 2 shows that at 50 hPa the signal of the increase of reports is evident both in absolute and relative terms.
CBS/OPAG-IOS/EMCGG-2/Doc. 4.4, p. 3
J1994
FMAMJJASONDJ1995
FMAMJJASONDJ1996
FMAMJJASONDJ1997
FMAMJJASONDJ1998
FMAMJJASONDJ1999
FMAMJJASONDJ2000
FMAMJJASONDJ2001
FMAMJJASONDJ2002
FMAMJJASONDJ2003
FMAMJJASONDJ2004
FMAMJJASONDJ2005
FMAM0
1
2
3
4
Freq
uenc
y*10
00Temperature 50 hPa - GUAN
Monthly counts of Radiosondes received at ECMWF
00 UTC 12 UTC 06 UTC 18 UTC
Figure 2Time series from January 1994 to July 2005 showing the number of temperature data at 50 hPa received at ECMWF (GUAN stations)
In relative terms the percentage of GUAN radiosondes reaching 50 hPa is between 85% and 90%. These time series are very useful to detect trend changes in the data reception. The recovery of the network after the 1998 OMEGA wind finding system cessation was completed at the beginning of 2001
The composite charts displayed in figures 3 and 4 shows the areas where the changes have been larger. A comparison between 1998 and 2004 shows the data increase in North and South America, south western Asia and Australia.
A detailed summary of the percentage of reception at ECMWF from 1998 to 2004 for all the stations can be found in Appendix A.
CBS/OPAG-IOS/EMCGG-2/Doc. 4.4, p. 4
80°S80°S
70°S 70°S
60°S60°S
50°S 50°S
40°S40°S
30°S 30°S
20°S20°S
10°S 10°S
0°0°
10°N 10°N
20°N20°N
30°N 30°N
40°N40°N
50°N 50°N
60°N60°N
70°N 70°N
80°N80°N
170°W
170°W
150°W
150°W
130°W
130°W
110°W
110°W
90°W
90°W
70°W
70°W
50°W
50°W
30°W
30°W
10°W
10°W 0°
0° 10°E
10°E 20°E
20°E 30°E
30°E 40°E
40°E 50°E
50°E 60°E
60°E 70°E
70°E 80°E
80°E 90°E
90°E
110°E
110°E
130°E
130°E
150°E
150°E
170°E
170°E
Level: 100 hPa Temperature SUMMARY 00/12 UTCFrequency of RECEPTION data at ECMWF
GUAN STATIONS JAN-DEC 1998
% of received data90 - 100 50 - 90 25 - 50 1 - 25 0 - 1
Figure 3Summary for GUAN stations January to December 1998. Temperature at 100 hPa
80°S80°S
70°S 70°S
60°S60°S
50°S 50°S
40°S40°S
30°S 30°S
20°S20°S
10°S 10°S
0°0°
10°N 10°N
20°N20°N
30°N 30°N
40°N40°N
50°N 50°N
60°N60°N
70°N 70°N
80°N80°N
170°W
170°W
150°W
150°W
130°W
130°W
110°W
110°W
90°W
90°W
70°W
70°W
50°W
50°W
30°W
30°W
10°W
10°W 0°
0° 10°E
10°E 20°E
20°E 30°E
30°E 40°E
40°E 50°E
50°E 60°E
60°E 70°E
70°E 80°E
80°E 90°E
90°E
110°E
110°E
130°E
130°E
150°E
150°E
170°E
170°E
Level: 100 hPa Temperature SUMMARY 00/12 UTCFrequency of RECEPTION data at ECMWF
GUAN STATIONS JAN-DEC 2004
% of received data90 - 100 50 - 90 25 - 50 1 - 25 0 - 1
Figure 4Summary for GUAN stations January to December 2004. Temperature at 100 hPa
CBS/OPAG-IOS/EMCGG-2/Doc. 4.4, p. 5
2.b Data Quality
In order to assess the quality of the data we compute vertical statistics for the data compared to the deterministic model first guess which is a 12 hours forecast and also against the 4DVAR analysis.
In the case of the temperature the statistics I have prepared are stratified according to the radiosonde type in the GUAN. The assessment have been carried out considering the following RS types
Vaisala VRS80 (86 stations) Vaisala VRS90-92 (19 stations) Viz (23 stations) Meisei (6 stations) MRZ (13 stations) Shang (7 stations)
The statistics for temperature are then computed according to the solar elevation which is an important factor when considering the application of a temperature bias correction scheme. Five different ranges of solar elevations have been used namely
Elevation below -7.5 degrees Elevation between +7.5 and -7.5 degrees Elevation between +7.5 and +27.5 degrees Elevation between +27.5 and +47.5 degrees Elevation above +47.5 degrees
Three examples for radiosondes using VRS80, VIZ and MRZ can be found in figures 5, 6 and 7 for the period January to December 2004.
The vertical profiles of VRS80 and VRS90-92 groups don’t show relevant differences. The random deviation is within good performance limits even at the Stratosphere. The profile of the MEISEI shows a good performance as in the previous case.
When we assess the profiles of VIZ, MRZ and SHANG radiosondes the random deviation values at the Stratosphere are much larger than for VAISALA or MEISEI. These statistics will be discuss in more detail in my presentation.
CBS/OPAG-IOS/EMCGG-2/Doc. 4.4, p. 6
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5OBS-FG (C)
1000
925
850
700
500
400
300
250
200
150
100
70
50
30
20
10
5
0
HPA
10513
14334
15538
16134
16094
16039
15964
15938
15881
15725
15486
13541
12670
10620
7704
3597
66
2033
3339
3544
3539
3528
3512
3502
3479
3466
3442
3386
3363
3299
3013
2389
1342
28
5530
7473
7636
7722
7708
7689
7677
7676
7636
7560
7432
6866
6690
6220
5237
3268
61
4832
6783
7157
7336
7316
7282
7249
7240
7227
7111
6991
6635
6474
5897
4640
2714
40
4611
6045
6327
6472
6456
6439
6415
6384
6343
6272
6166
5879
5734
5162
3974
1873
31
JAN - DEC 2004MEAN OBS-FG TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES V SOLAR ELEVATION
COMBINED SONDES
GUAN VRS80
E< -7.5 -7.5 < E < 7.5 7.5 < E < 27.5 27.5 < E < 47.5 47.5 < E
Figure 5Temperature vertical statistics of the GUAN VRS80 sondes as a function of the solar elevation
In summary the assessment of the temperature quality data for the GUAN stations is as follows
MEISEI and VAISALA sondes show good quality data VIZ shows larger random deviation values than the previous two in the
Stratosphere MRZ shows a strong seasonal trend in the Stratosphere SHANG shows the seasonal trend also and a strong random deviation above the
Tropopause
CBS/OPAG-IOS/EMCGG-2/Doc. 4.4, p. 7
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5OBS-FG (C)
1000
925
850
700
500
400
300
250
200
150
100
70
50
30
20
10
5
0
HPA
3124
4299
4581
4564
4567
4551
4498
4474
4452
4419
4244
4345
3780
3598
3337
2416
9
1490
2085
2578
2575
2564
2560
2549
2552
2535
2511
2465
2490
2247
2205
2101
1197
3
1864
2532
2768
2760
2734
2738
2735
2709
2672
2642
2534
2574
2309
2211
2082
1055
0
1437
1817
1909
1909
1912
1901
1892
1890
1886
1873
1834
1787
1522
1410
1145
838
1
880
901
902
898
898
899
867
866
859
858
835
892
799
787
773
680
1
JAN - DEC 2004MEAN OBS-FG TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES V SOLAR ELEVATION
COMBINED SONDES
GUAN VIZ
E< -7.5 -7.5 < E < 7.5 7.5 < E < 27.5 27.5 < E < 47.5 47.5 < E
Figure 6Same as figure 5 but for GUAN VIZ sondes
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5OBS-FG (C)
1000
925
850
700
500
400
300
250
200
150
100
70
50
30
20
10
5
0
HPA
1239
2668
2666
2658
2650
2637
2618
2579
2557
2535
2464
2385
2241
1788
1163
233
0
667
1557
1584
1574
1565
1558
1542
1533
1525
1513
1498
1479
1413
1192
896
332
0
639
1533
1538
1530
1520
1513
1502
1486
1480
1464
1440
1405
1337
1185
950
275
0
332
854
858
857
851
847
837
833
816
816
793
771
718
610
527
234
0
51
181
182
179
182
180
178
165
156
149
138
126
108
85
73
33
0
JAN - DEC 2004MEAN OBS-FG TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES V SOLAR ELEVATION
COMBINED SONDES
GUAN MRZ
E< -7.5 -7.5 < E < 7.5 7.5 < E < 27.5 27.5 < E < 47.5 47.5 < E
Figure 7Same as figure 5 but for GUAN MRZ sondes
CBS/OPAG-IOS/EMCGG-2/Doc. 4.4, p. 8
The assessment of the quality of the humidity data has been carried out computing vertical statistics and using the same group of stations as in the case of the temperature.
The VRS80 sondes show the well known negative humidity bias below 700 hPa. This negative bias is reduced in the VRS90-92 group and actually the bias is gone for relative humidity values above 50% (see figure 8)
On the other hand MEISEI sondes show a reversed signal at low levels that’s to say a humidity positive bias.
MRZ and SHANG sondes show a seasonal trend in the statistics displaying in general positive humidity biases (see figure 9).
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100FG (%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
OB
S (%
)
RELATIVE HUMIDITY 700-1030hPa
1 - 31 JAN 2005TEMP
NO. OF USED OBS: 31514 ( 85 %)NO. OF OBS: 37117 BIAS: -2.5 STD: 17.4
GUAN VRS80
1 - 3
3 - 6
6 - 11
11 - 20
20 - 36
36 - 66
66 - 121
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100FG (%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
OB
S (%
)RELATIVE HUMIDITY
700-1030hPa 1 - 31 JAN 2005
TEMP
NO. OF USED OBS: 8441 ( 87 %)NO. OF OBS: 9652 BIAS: -.3 STD: 17.1
GUAN VRS90-92
1 - 2
2 - 4
4 - 7
7 - 12
12 - 20
20 - 33
33 - 54
Figure 8Relative humidity density plots sfc-700 hPa. January 2005 VRS80 (left) and VRS90-92 (right)
CBS/OPAG-IOS/EMCGG-2/Doc. 4.4, p. 9
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100FG (%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
OB
S (%
)
RELATIVE HUMIDITY 700-1030hPa
1 - 31 JAN 2005TEMP
NO. OF USED OBS: 4786 ( 86 %)NO. OF OBS: 5584 BIAS: 3.3 STD: 14.8
GUAN MRZ
1 - 2
2 - 4
4 - 7
7 - 12
12 - 20
20 - 33
33 - 54
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100FG (%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
OB
S (%
)
RELATIVE HUMIDITY 700-1030hPa
1 - 31 JAN 2005TEMP
NO. OF USED OBS: 825 ( 64 %)NO. OF OBS: 1282 BIAS: 1.3 STD: 13.3
GUAN SHANG
1 - 2
2 - 3
3 - 4
4 - 7
7 - 11
11 - 16
16 - 24
24 - 36
Figure 9Relative humidity density plots sfc-700 hPa. January 2005 MRZ (left) and SHANG (right)
The evaluation of the wind statistics has been done considering groups of stations using LORAN, GPS and Radar. Vertical profiles for LORAN and GPS can be seen in figure 10. I will give more details in my presentation.
3. Conclusions
The rates of reception at ECMWF from the GUAN stations show a positive trend which is more evident at Stratospheric levels (e.g. 50 hPa).
The network recovered nicely after the OMEGA wind finding system cessation in 1998. The quality of the temperature data is poorer in Asia. This fact is linked to the MRZ and
SHANG radiosondes. VRS80 radiosondes show humidity negative biases below 700 hPa which is much reduced
in VRS90-92 sondes. MEISEI sondes show a positive bias instead and MRZ and SHANG sondes a clear seasonal signal.
The performance of LORAN and GPS wind finding systems don’t show striking differences about their performance.
CBS/OPAG-IOS/EMCGG-2/Doc. 4.4, p. 10
Figure 10Vertical statistics wind direction and speed. January to December 2004: LORAN and GPS wind finding systems
Sondes AREA AVERAGEJAN - DEC 2004
00 UTC LORAN (--) 12 UTC LORAN (--)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
STD (DIRN)1000
925
850
700
500
400
300
250
200
150
100
70
50
30
20
10
5
00 20406080100120140160180
1164
3106
3127
3571
3978
4073
4116
4149
4159
4069
3835
3133
2673
2659
2433
1507
40
0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
BIAS (DIRN)
0 60 120 180 240300 360
0 2 4 6 8 10
STD (SPEED)1000
925
850
700
500
400
300
250
200
150
100
70
50
30
20
10
5
00 10 20 30 40 50 60
2711/ 15
4438/ 9
4255/ 184
4271/ 184
4293/ 184
4289/ 185
4263/ 186
4264/ 183
4256/ 185
4256/ 191
4194/ 313
4228/ 180
4140/ 178
3763/ 170
3113/ 143
1901/ 10
51/ 0
0/ 0
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
BIAS (SPEED)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
STD (DIRN)1000
925
850
700
500
400
300
250
200
150
100
70
50
30
20
10
5
00 20406080100120140160180
1169
3131
3201
3611
3978
4097
4192
4192
4179
4087
3860
3086
2684
2776
2731
2006
145
0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
BIAS (DIRN)
0 60 120 180240 300 360
0 2 4 6 8 10
STD (SPEED)1000
925
850
700
500
400
300
250
200
150
100
70
50
30
20
10
5
00 10 20 30 40 50 60
2717/ 16
4506/ 3
4334/ 170
4348/ 167
4337/ 168
4338/ 170
4312/ 172
4304/ 171
4299/ 172
4290/ 174
4249/ 283
4232/ 160
4155/ 155
3893/ 151
3357/ 138
2343/ 15
158/ 0
0/ 0
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
BIAS (SPEED)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Sondes AREA AVERAGEJAN - DEC 2004
00 UTC GPS (--) 12 UTC GPS (--)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
STD (DIRN)1000
925
850
700
500
400
300
250
200
150
100
70
50
30
20
10
5
00 20406080100120140160180
3464
7725
8596
10370
12677
13462
14197
14521
14611
14477
13331
9788
9027
8208
6694
3907
121
0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
BIAS (DIRN)
0 60 120 180 240300 360
0 2 4 6 8 10
STD (SPEED)1000
925
850
700
500
400
300
250
200
150
100
70
50
30
20
10
5
00 10 20 30 40 50 60
10082/ 12
13807/ 9
13498/ 2707
14141/ 2722
14417/ 2687
14385/ 2680
14307/ 2661
14233/ 2644
14339/ 2292
14136/ 2203
14011/ 1973
12249/ 2171
11708/ 2095
10034/ 1797
7698/ 1184
4471/ 505
143/ 0
0/ 0
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
BIAS (SPEED)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
STD (DIRN)1000
925
850
700
500
400
300
250
200
150
100
70
50
30
20
10
5
00 2040 6080100120140160180
4118
9499
10068
11340
13733
14582
15376
15697
15829
15545
14045
10780
10044
8747
6605
2775
46
0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
BIAS (DIRN)
0 60 120 180240 300 360
0 2 4 6 8 10
STD (SPEED)1000
925
850
700
500
400
300
250
200
150
100
70
50
30
20
10
5
00 10 20 30 40 50 60
12266/ 12
16935/ 6
15624/ 2596
15989/ 2572
16079/ 2510
16010/ 2472
15857/ 2387
15720/ 2319
15656/ 2133
15345/ 2084
15215/ 1953
13784/ 1685
13252/ 1606
11308/ 1383
7839/ 822
3182/ 460
54/ 1
0/ 0
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
BIAS (SPEED)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
CBS/OPAG-IOS/EMCGG-2/Doc. 4.4, p. 11
Appendix APercentage of reception of GUAN stations at ECMWF, 100 hPa, January 1998 to December 2004
ID LAT LON NAME 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
01001 70 56N 008 40W JAN MAYEN 94 90 100 97 100 96 9802836 67 22N 026 39E SODANKYLA 98 98 100 98 100 98 10003005 60 08N 001 11W LERWICK 97 99 100 99 100 98 9903808 50 13N 005 19W CAMBORNE 99 98 100 100 100 98 10003953 51 56N 010 15W VALENTIA OBSERVATORY 95 94 100 99 100 97 9804018 63 58N 022 36W KEFLAVIKURFLUGVOLLUR 96 97 100 97 100 95 9804270 61 09N 045 26W NARSARSUAQ 95 92 100 94 100 91 9608495 36 09N 005 21W GIBRALTAR 97 96 100 98 100 88 9508508 38 44N 027 04W LAJES/SANTA RITA (ACORES) 54 55 100 94 68 60 6010393 52 13N 014 07E LINDENBERG 98 99 100 99 100 98 98
11035 48 15N 016 22E WIEN/HOHE WARTE 99 100 100 100 100 98 10016245 41 39N 012 26E PRATICA DI MARE 92 87 100 92 97 86 8817130 39 57N 032 53E ANKARA/CENTRAL 94 95 100 94 100 96 9920674 73 30N 080 24E OSTROV DIKSON 22 27 35 26 33 32 2922550 64 33N 040 35E ARHANGEL'SK 81 39 71 90 97 76 9023472 65 47N 087 56E TURUHANSK 50 33 65 77 78 68 9023921 60 41N 060 27E IVDEL' 32 0 10 41 40 43 4524266 67 34N 133 24E VERHOJANSK 50 29 59 80 78 76 3827459 56 16N 044 00E NIZNIJ NOVGOROD 60 42 92 88 93 76 9128698 54 56N 073 24E OMSK 71 58 68 82 97 82 93
29862 53 46N 091 19E HAKASSKAJA 48 19 34 44 47 46 4830230 57 46N 108 04E KIRENSK 56 30 63 87 93 69 8231088 59 22N 143 12E OHOTSK 17 0 11 28 31 24 1832540 53 05N 158 35E PETROPAVLOVSK-KAMCHATSKIJ 89 55 68 76 81 80 8333345 50 24N 030 34E KYIV 66 82 89 87 91 91 9135121 51 41N 055 06E ORENBURG 44 33 2 44 51 45 4937789 40 08N 044 28E YEREVAN/YEREVAN-ARABKIR 0 1 49 42 15 28 3640745 36 16N 059 38E MASHHAD 15 20 40 33 45 43 4641112 18 14N 042 39E ABHA 0 31 47 83 57 64 7641217 24 26N 054 39E ABU DHABI INTER. AIRPORT 75 79 100 86 95 81 91
43599 00 41S 073 09E GAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 1245004 22 31N 11417E KING'S PARK 98 99 100 100 100 99 9947138 36 02N 129 23E POHANG 99 98 100 99 100 96 9847412 43 03N 141 20E SAPPORO 99 100 100 100 100 97 10047646 36 03N 140 08E TATENO 98 99 100 100 100 97 9947827 31 33N 130 33E KAGOSHIMA 99 100 100 100 100 97 9947936 26 12N 127 41E NAHA 99 99 100 100 100 97 10047971 27 05N 142 11E CHICHIJIMA 98 99 100 100 100 97 10047991 24 18N 153 58E MINAMITORISHIMA 98 99 100 98 100 97 9948455 13 40N 100 37E BANGKOK 50 45 46 47 48 39 42
48698 01 22N 103 59E SINGAPORE/CHANGI AIRPORT 95 99 100 97 100 98 10050527 49 13N 119 45E HAILAR 97 96 98 98 100 97 9751709 39 28N 075 59E KASHI 94 97 86 94 100 98 9752681 38 38N 103 05E MINQIN 98 98 89 97 100 96 9853068 43 39N 112 00E ERENHOT 92 94 95 96 90 96 9855299 31 29N 092 04E NAGQU 66 68 84 82 90 88 8956778 25 01N 102 41E KUNMING 90 93 100 92 99 91 9157461 30 42N 111 18E YICHANG 87 93 92 87 98 94 9560018 28 19N 016 23W TENERIFE-GUIMAR 0 0 0 0 18 94 9060680 22 48N 005 26E TAMANRASSET 84 31 100 84 99 87 92
61052 13 29N 002 10E NIAMEY-AERO 94 94 100 89 92 85 9061641 14 44N 017 30W DAKAR/YOFF 93 89 99 83 91 86 8561901 15 56S 005 40W ST. HELENA IS. 32 31 53 24 36 33 3361902 07 58S 014 24W WIDE AWAKE FIELD (ASCENSION IS 24 26 37 16 2 21 2561976 15 53S 054 31E SERGE-FROLOW (ILE TROMELIN) 40 45 48 43 47 46 4661995 20 30S 057 50E VACOAS (MAURITIUS) 30 20 10 6 11 21 2561996 37 48S 077 32E MARTIN DE VIVIES (ILE AMSTERDA 46 46 63 39 38 43 4561998 49 21S 070 15E PORT-AUX-FRANCAIS (ILES KERGUE 42 45 63 38 32 44 4162414 23 58N 032 47E ASSWAN 33 67 78 76 69 64 6663450 09 02N 038 45E ADDIS ABABA-BOLE 13 37 1 0 7 5 3
ID LAT LON NAME 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
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63741 01 18S 036 45E NAIROBI/DAGORETTI 63 53 14 72 49 48 4763894 06 52S 039 12E DAR ES SALAAM AIRPORT 0 0 0 0 0 0 363985 04 55S 054 31E SEYCHELLES INTER. AIRPORT (RAW 58 92 100 76 75 79 6864910 04 01N 009 42E DOUALA R.S. 27 55 60 56 38 45 4865578 05 15N 003 56W ABIDJAN 88 58 100 18 0 0 067197 25 02S 046 57E FORT-DAUPHIN 27 19 53 16 42 12 5667774 17 50S 031 01E HARARE (BELVEDERE) 0 12 0 0 4 0 068110 22 34S 017 06E WINDHOEK 62 56 96 5 0 0 068588 29 58S 030 57E DURBAN INTNL. AIRPORT 89 57 58 46 50 56 8668816 33 58S 018 36E CAPE TOWN INTNL. AIRPORT 96 96 96 75 74 78 86
68906 40 21S 009 53W GOUGH ISLAND 96 95 85 61 85 87 8868994 46 53S 037 52E MARION ISLAND 66 69 98 84 100 58 6770026 71 17N 156 47W BARROW/W. POST W. ROGERS 96 92 100 93 100 93 9770308 57 09N 170 13W "ST. PAUL ISLANDS, AK" 61 93 100 93 100 91 8570398 55 02N 131 34W "ANNETTE ISLAND, AK" 90 84 100 93 100 95 9371082 82 30N 062 20W "ALERT UA, NU" 98 97 100 98 100 98 9971816 53 18N 060 22W "GOOSE BAY, NFLD" 99 99 100 100 100 96 9971836 51 16N 080 39W "MOOSONEE, ONT" 90 92 100 98 100 96 9871925 69 08N 105 04W "CAMBRIDGE BAY UA, NWT" 100 99 100 98 100 97 9871934 60 02N 111 56W "FORT SMITH UA, NWT" 97 96 100 95 100 98 99
72201 24 33N 081 45W "KEY WEST/INT., FL" 91 91 100 95 100 96 9472250 25 55N 097 25W "BROWNSVILLE/INT., TX" 89 92 100 98 100 97 9872293 32 50N 117 07W "SAN DIEGO/MIRAMAR, NAS, CA." 93 96 100 97 100 94 9972451 37 45N 099 58W "DODGE CITY/MUN., KS." 87 91 100 96 100 96 9772520 40 31N 080 13W "PITTSBURGH/MOON TOWNSHIP, PA. 89 92 95 94 100 96 9372597 42 23N 122 53W "MEDFORD/MEDFORD-JACKSON COUNT 94 96 100 98 100 98 9872776 47 27N 111 23W "GREAT FALLS, MT." 91 95 100 98 100 96 9876654 19 03N 104 19W "MANZANILLO, COL." 45 40 50 39 43 33 3178016 32 22N 064 41W BERMUDA NAVAL AIR STATION KIND 68 70 100 69 87 93 9478397 17 56N 076 47W KINGSTON/NORMAN MANLEY 30 30 45 50 52 22 28
78526 18 25N 065 59W "SAN JUAN/INT., PUERTO RICO" 92 95 100 97 100 96 9778583 17 32N 088 18W BELIZE/PHILLIP GOLDSTON INTL. 34 45 62 30 53 50 4378762 09 59N 084 13W JUAN SANTAMARIA INT. AIRPORT 27 21 32 25 0 18 3778954 13 04N 059 29W GRANTLEY ADAMS 41 42 54 58 60 47 5078988 12 12N 068 58W "HATO AIRPORT, CURACAO" 47 31 45 37 44 33 4180222 04 42N 074 09W BOGOTA/ELDORADO 22 37 58 35 43 37 1481405 04 50N 052 22W ROCHAMBEAU 94 96 100 88 100 95 9382193 01 23S 048 29W BELEM (AEROPORTO) 14 72 89 76 59 57 7582332 03 09S 059 59W MANAUS (AEROPORTO) 19 76 61 70 57 79 3282397 03 46S 038 36W FORTALEZA 16 10 79 34 43 41 40
83378 15 52S 047 56W BRASILIA (AEROPORTO) 29 40 72 74 41 85 8183779 23 31S 046 38W MARTE CIV/MIL 0 0 0 0 0 50 9384008 00 54S 089 37W SAN CRISTOBAL (GALAPAGOS) 0 1 1 0 3 2 084628 12 00S 077 07W LIMA-CALLAO/AEROP. INTERNACION 21 4 40 7 13 14 1785442 23 26S 070 27W ANTOFAGASTA 47 44 69 46 50 46 4285469 27 10S 109 26W ISLA DE PASCUA 26 44 62 42 47 42 3485586 33 39S 071 37W SANTO DOMINGO 0 33 100 89 99 75 7985799 41 26S 073 06W PUERTO MONTT 82 68 54 46 53 42 4485934 53 00S 070 51W PUNTA ARENAS 51 45 60 47 49 45 4487155 27 27S 059 03W RESISTENCIA AERO 41 47 69 42 0 11 34
87576 34 49S 058 32W EZEIZA AERO 76 68 100 69 52 46 4987860 45 47S 067 30W COMODORO RIVADAVIA AERO 36 48 68 38 0 0 3588889 51 49S 058 27W MOUNT PLEASANT AIRPORT 92 88 100 95 100 96 9489002 70 40S 008 15W NEUMAYER 49 44 52 42 50 54 4689009 90 00S 000 00W AMUNDSEN-SCOTT 19 47 46 44 61 48 5289022 75 30S 026 39W HALLEY 30 35 59 45 47 45 4189055 64 14S 056 43W BASE MARAMBIO (CENTRO MET. ANT 13 21 15 21 4 17 689512 70 46S 011 50E NOVOLAZAREVSKAJA 48 48 57 53 52 52 5689532 69 00S 039 35E SYOWA 95 95 100 91 100 94 8989564 67 36S 062 52E MAWSON 86 94 100 95 100 91 88
ID LAT LON NAME 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
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89571 68 35S 077 58E DAVIS 91 93 96 98 100 96 7789592 66 33S 093 01E MIRNYJ 60 66 66 48 57 52 5389611 66 17S 110 32E CASEY 94 89 100 91 98 92 6989642 66 40S 140 01E DUMONT D'URVILLE 47 45 53 46 50 46 4589664 77 51S 166 40E MCMURDO 25 31 52 54 65 60 5391212 13 28N 144 47E "NWSO AGANA, GUAM, MARIANA IS. 0 0 0 0 0 0 2491285 19 43N 155 03W "HILO/GEN. LYMAN, HAWAII, HAWA 95 97 100 96 100 95 9791334 07 27N 151 50E "CHUUK, ECI" 79 88 100 96 100 91 9491376 07 05N 171 23E MAJURO/MARSHALL IS. INTNL. 78 76 98 92 100 94 9791408 07 20N 134 29E "KOROR, PALAU WCI." 77 93 100 94 100 97 95
91517 09 25S 159 58E HONIARA 0 13 0 0 0 0 091557 17 42S 168 18E BAUERFIELD (EFATE) 8 0 0 0 0 0 091592 22 16S 166 27E NOUMEA (NLLE-CALEDONIE) 99 98 100 99 100 96 9191610 01 21N 172 55E TARAWA 33 35 53 26 17 35 3491643 08 31S 179 13E FUNAFUTI 38 42 62 30 46 30 4091765 14 20S 170 43W PAGO PAGO/INT.AIRP. 79 78 100 89 100 92 9891801 09 00S 158 03W PENRHYN 0 0 0 0 0 0 791925 09 48S 139 02W ATUONA 48 46 52 50 100 94 9591938 17 33S 149 37W TAHITI-FAAA 52 57 100 96 100 96 9691958 27 37S 144 20W RAPA 40 38 58 70 75 51 40
92035 09 23S 147 13E PORT MORESBY W.O. 0 2 44 11 2 0 193417 40 54S 174 59E PARAPARAUMU AERODROME 95 97 100 98 100 98 9893844 46 25S 168 19E INVERCARGILL AERODROME 91 94 100 94 100 94 9693986 43 57S 176 34W CHATHAM ISLAND 47 45 66 47 43 34 3393997 29 15S 177 55W "RAOUL ISLAND, KERMADEC IS." 46 45 75 44 38 34 3294120 12 25S 130 53E DARWIN AIRPORT 91 97 100 97 100 95 9794203 17 57S 122 14E BROOME AIRPORT 61 61 99 62 68 62 6494294 19 15S 146 46E TOWNSVILLE AERO 47 48 100 48 52 48 5094302 22 14S 114 05E LEARMONTH AIRPORT 94 91 100 94 100 95 9494461 25 02S 128 17E GILES METEOROLOGICAL OFFICE 48 50 100 50 54 48 49
94510 26 25S 146 16E CHARLEVILLE AERO 62 57 100 96 100 95 9494610 31 56S 115 58E PERTH AIRPORT 92 97 100 98 100 97 9994659 31 09S 136 49E WOOMERA AERODROME 48 54 100 98 100 96 9594975 42 50S 147 30E HOBART AIRPORT 95 95 100 95 100 96 9994995 31 32S 159 04E LORD HOWE ISLAND AERO 46 52 100 62 66 60 6294996 29 02S 167 56E NORFOLK ISLAND AERO 48 48 70 49 48 48 4794998 54 30S 158 57E MACQUARIE ISLAND 95 91 100 93 94 93 9796315 04 56N 114 56E BRUNEI AIRPORT 87 86 100 81 98 78 8796935 07 22S 112 46E SURABAYA/JUANDA 46 26 7 9 15 14 1996996 12 11S 096 50E COCOS ISLAND AERO 84 83 100 94 99 88 88
98223 18 11N 120 32E LAOAG 47 36 0 7 34 8 21