323© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 K. Horsthemke, Animal Rights Education, The Palgrave Macmillan Animal Ethics Series, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98593-0

Appendix: The Architecture of Moral Status

Primary moral status—directly morally considerable Secondary moral status—indirectly morally considerable

All living organisms All non-living natu-ral/ environmental entities that enable the existence of living organisms

Moral subjects Moral objects Moral objects

All organisms with a central nervous system, who are the subjects of a life that can be better or worse for them: humans, more complex animals

All organisms lacking subjectivity/ indi-viduality: simpler animals, plants

Soil, air, water, rocks, minerals, sand, ozone layer, the sun, etc.

Moral agents Moral recipients Moral recipients Moral recipients

All individuals capable of acting on principle/reconsidering their motives, who can be held morally accountable

All individuals lacking, but who can be harmed/benefited by, moral agency

All organisms lacking subjectivity/individ-uality who can be harmed/ benefited by, agency (the actions and omis-sions of agents)

All inanimate natu-ral/environmental entities at the receiving end of agency (the actions and omissions of agents)

Adapted from Horsthemke (2010; see also Horsthemke 2015: 157)

325© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 K. Horsthemke, Animal Rights Education, The Palgrave Macmillan Animal Ethics Series, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98593-0

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Index

AAboriginal communities 147Adams, M. 168affection 45, 158, 165, 216, 311, 312Africa 132, 137Africans 12, 137, 306, 307aggression 184, 191, 216, 255Agorram, Boujemaa 132, 133ahimsā 76, 80, 220Alam, Khorshed 141Alsop, Steve 117altruism 36, 216, 255, 309, 314America 134. See also United States

(US)American Band of Mercy 157American Humane Education Society

157Anderson, Elizabeth 267Angell, George Thorndike 157, 169Animal Anti-Cruelty League 159

animal emancipation 301, 316, 320. See also emancipation

animal liberation 103–105, 107, 161, 162, 197, 301, 309, 310, 314–316. See also liberation

Animal Liberation Front 186, 225, 229

animal minds 9animal rights 63, 124, 125, 156,

161, 162, 197, 198, 229, 244, 247, 248, 254, 256, 257, 259, 271–273, 276, 305, 306, 310, 312, 313, 315, 316, 320. See also rights

animal standpoint theory 206, 209–214, 216

animal studies 128, 176, 197–199, 202, 204. See also critical animal studies

animal welfare 4, 186, 199, 247

346 Index

anthropocentrism 36, 57, 127, 133, 137, 139, 140, 146, 177, 182, 299, 312. See also moral anthropocentrism

anthropomorphism 19, 27, 167apes 5, 8, 20, 28, 29Aquinas, Thomas 37, 38, 159, 165argument from marginal cases 35,

52, 86. See also argument from non-paradigmatic cases

argument from non-paradigmatic cases 54, 55, 60, 65, 86

argument from speciesism 35, 57, 60–62, 65, 86

Aristotle 7, 10, 38ascidians 66Asmal, Kader 172Audubon, John James 134Austria 224autists 14autonomy 25, 39, 42, 56, 58, 74,

101, 148, 204, 205, 212, 216, 243, 253, 256

avian species 45, 74. See also birds

BBackster, Cleve 293, 294bacteria 62, 66Bai, Heeson 229baobabs 67bats 23, 24, 260bears 55, 56, 132, 249. See also polar

bearsBeaumont, Narelle 141Beavington, Lee 229, 230, 317bees 26, 74, 184, 247, 291. See also

honeybees

Beetz, Andrea 116, 158, 167, 169

behaviourism 7Bekoff, Marc 79, 111, 125beliefs 5, 7, 13–21, 28, 31, 52, 55,

61, 96, 206, 208, 209, 216, 231, 232, 260, 306

Bentham, Jeremy 5, 85–89, 94, 248, 296

Bentley, Christopher 117Best, Steve 129, 134–136, 184–187,

191, 197, 198, 201–206, 209–216, 218, 226–228, 232

Bexell, Sarah 121biocentrism 119, 120, 148, 297biology 8, 126, 229, 230, 232, 295,

317biophilia 118, 119, 149–152, 190,

191bioregionalism 144, 150birds 12, 13, 20–22, 24, 26, 29, 42,

66, 84, 170, 172, 190, 265, 289

Blake, William 134bodies 7, 167, 178, 183, 215,

293Bonnett, Michael 135, 139, 151botho. See ubuntuBowers, Chet 192brains 22, 292Brazil 319brine shrimp 291Brundtlandt Report 136, 139Buchanan, Allen 36, 44, 48, 49, 54,

55, 69, 70Buddhism 80, 236Burke, Edmund 217butterflies 184

Index 347

CCambridge Declaration on

Consciousness 11cannibals 307capabilities 3, 56, 115, 267, 268capitalism 201, 210, 224, 228care/caring 20, 38, 40, 54, 57, 69,

72, 78, 79, 84, 114, 116, 117, 121, 123, 126, 133, 150, 152, 163, 169–173, 205, 215, 229, 246, 269, 287, 293, 296, 297, 309, 311, 312, 314

Carson, Rachel 135Cartesian/Cartesianism. See DescartesCategorical Imperative 36, 39, 57,

95, 96, 241, 311cats 170, 172cattle 125, 288cetaceans 9, 29, 40, 256Chavez, Hugo 187chickens 254children 8, 14, 18, 19, 35, 43, 47,

48, 51, 79, 89, 92, 95, 99, 105, 114, 117–127, 137, 143, 151, 156–158, 161, 164, 167–173, 183, 211, 219, 229, 231, 238, 246, 261, 266, 267, 269, 270, 273, 298, 317, 319

chimpanzees 8, 14, 22, 23, 25, 40, 74, 260, 264, 266, 267, 269

China 134, 227Chinn, Pauline 147circuses 3, 124, 218Clark, Stephen 24, 164–166, 257,

266, 269classrooms 125, 128, 155, 158, 185,

200, 204cock-fights 218

Code, Lorraine 207Coetzee, John M. 124, 125cognitively disabled human beings

39, 51, 76, 100. See also incapacitated human beings

Cohen, Michael 155, 156, 173Cole, Matthew 167communalism 213communitarianism 149companion animals 19, 69, 111, 122,

169compassion 44, 79, 80, 82, 114,

116, 117, 154, 157, 158, 161, 167, 170, 173, 183, 186, 309–311, 316. See also sympathy

conceptual thinking/conceptual thought 19, 24, 25, 27–29, 256

Conference on Environmental Education 135

consciousness 4, 6–13, 16, 17, 21, 22, 25, 27–29, 71, 75, 95, 98, 99, 167, 202, 247, 250, 256, 289, 291, 292, 296–298

consequences 36, 49, 85, 93–95, 97, 104–107, 141, 144, 181, 190, 210, 214, 243, 246, 258, 276, 287, 320

consequentialism/consequentialist theories 222, 225, 282

considerability 72, 301. See also moral considerability

construction/constructivism 179, 199, 319

contractarianism 35, 49–51contractualism. See contractarianismCook, Francis 236Cook, Michelle 236corals 31, 66, 74, 87, 290–292

348 Index

Corman, Lauren 204, 320cows 167critical animal pedagogy 185, 187critical animal studies 198, 201, 202,

204critical empathy 186critical pedagogy 185–188, 205, 218crows 45cruelty 4, 38, 39, 45, 81, 112, 126,

139, 158–160, 168, 318crustaceans 66, 289, 292culture 30, 58, 74, 112, 118–120, 122,

123, 134, 136, 137, 153, 161, 163, 178, 189, 192–194, 202, 213, 220, 234–236, 307, 311

DDaniels, Eugene 171Darwin, Charles 9, 75, 134Davidson, Donald 17–20, 23death 32, 78, 83, 88, 90, 98, 99, 118,

163, 167, 179, 188, 190, 215, 226, 248, 281, 283, 288, 294, 311

De Beer, Josef 132, 133, 143Declaration of Independence 262,

305Declaration of the Rights of Man

262, 269, 305deep ecology 144, 296, 299DeMello, Margo 197, 199, 200deontology/deontological 36, 37, 67,

114, 116, 173, 222, 241, 244, 272, 288, 312

Descartes, René 6–8, 165desires 7, 13–15, 17, 18, 28, 31, 98,

100, 101, 161, 166, 206, 216, 224, 247, 260, 265

Dewey, John 79, 203dignity 88, 100, 116, 143, 179, 218,

268, 315Dinker, Karin Gunnarsson 163, 167,

169, 181, 183, 185, 187, 188, 218, 219

Dioum, Baba 151, 152direct action 135, 217, 218, 222,

224–229, 233dissection 111, 126, 127, 176, 187,

200, 229, 230dog children 264dogs 16, 19, 20, 29, 55, 56, 170–

172, 256, 266, 278, 283, 284, 286, 288

Dolby, Nadine 230dolphins 9, 12, 40, 74, 201, 215,

264, 266, 278, 291Dombrowski, Daniel 52domestic fowl 264, 269dominance 216Donaldson, Sue 177, 183donkeys 167, 172, 215Donovan, Josephine 206, 310–312Dopico, Eduardo 200Dreyer, Johann 132, 133, 143, 145, 148dualism 6, 7, 10, 233, 234, 236, 309dung beetles 184duties/duty 4, 20, 35–42, 44, 46–51,

54, 80, 84, 85, 95, 116, 117, 159, 165, 169, 173, 190, 242–244, 254, 257–261, 269, 271, 272, 275–280, 287, 298, 304, 309

EEarth Day 135earthworms 184. See also worms

Index 349

echinodermata 66ecocentrism 133ecofeminism 144, 309, 314eco-justice 189ecopedagogy 151, 153, 185, 188–

193, 195, 202ecophilia 149–152ecosphere 152, 295education for sustainability 136,

138, 139, 190, 319. See also sustainability

egoism/egoists 49, 50, 203, 204, 308Egypt 134elephants 12, 18, 265, 278emancipation 306, 307, 316Emerson, Ralph Waldo 134, 135emotions 7, 11, 13–16, 18, 40, 114,

115, 151, 153, 158, 165, 188, 216, 233, 309, 310

empathy 30, 116, 117, 154, 157, 158, 161, 167, 169, 172, 173, 183, 211, 215, 230, 311, 315

Engels, Friedrich 206environmental education 128,

132–136, 138–141, 145, 146, 148, 150, 156, 168, 188, 189, 198, 276, 301, 319

equality 6, 42–47, 55, 58, 61, 66, 69–71, 73, 75, 90, 94–96, 102, 103, 210, 212, 245, 247, 250, 267, 270, 271, 306

ethical individualism 68, 69, 72–74, 259, 286, 288, 296, 299, 300

ethics (definition) 35ethnocentrism 233, 234ethology 17–19, 128, 176, 216Europe 134, 135evolution 7, 12, 72, 74, 75, 165, 210,

213, 214, 249, 294, 296, 308

FFassbinder, Samuel Day 133–135feminism 209, 310. See also

ecofeminismFinger, Matthias 118fire-ants 67fish 3, 33, 42, 66, 74, 83, 98, 199,

289, 293, 318fishing 150, 218, 318flies 16folkbiology/folkbiologists 119Fox, Warwick 295, 296foxes 256, 288Francione, Gary 178, 217–229, 232,

267freedom 143, 148, 162, 185, 193,

216, 243, 257, 261, 262, 264, 266, 267, 269, 278, 279, 320. See also liberty

free-ranging animals 163free-roaming animals 104, 125, 183free will 39–41, 256Freire, Paulo 129, 185, 190, 191, 206Frey, R.G. 13–15, 17–20, 251frogs 27, 126fur 3, 104, 215, 218, 224, 228

GGadotti, Moacir 135, 136, 138,

140, 142, 143, 146, 149, 150, 189–191, 317

game parks 3Gandhi, Mohandas Mahatma 76,

222, 223Garcia-Vazquez, Eva 200gastro-aesthetic pedagogy 180Gauthier, David 45–50, 96Geddes, Patrick 135

350 Index

geography 128, 197, 209Germany 222Gestaltungskompetenz 142Godlovitch, Roslind xiiiGodlovitch, Stanley xiiiGolden Rule 93, 95, 96, 144, 311Gore, Al 168gorillas 8, 14, 23, 25, 40, 264, 269Greece 134, 241Gresse, Wikus 170greyhounds 218Griffiths, Morwenna 29, 153Grimshaw, Jean 309, 312Gross, Paul 128Gruen, Lori 309, 312Gutmann, Amy 117

HHaeckel, Ernst 135Hall, G. Stanley 122Happel-Parkins, Alison 193Harding, Sandra 206, 207harm 32, 67–69, 77, 80–83, 89, 90,

100, 105–107, 127, 160, 164, 229, 280, 281, 283–285, 300, 304, 311

Harris, John xiiiHartsock, Nancy 206Hatano, Giyoo 119Hattingh, Johan 144–146Hazard, Holly 113, 158Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich

206Hensley, Nathan 149, 151hierarchy 56, 72, 74, 165, 209, 210,

213history 4, 80, 128, 145, 158, 182,

186, 193, 195, 197, 200, 206,

210, 213, 214, 216, 221, 229, 247, 304, 305, 308

Hitler, Adolf 223holism 141, 149honeybees 26, 291. See also beeshorses 20, 47, 167, 172, 256, 267human-animal relations 209human-centred ethics/human-

centredness. See anthropocen-trism; moral anthropocentrism

humane education 156–159, 161, 167–173, 228, 273

Humane Education Trust 170–172Humane Society 158, 159Human Sciences Research Council

(HSRC) 140Humes, Brandy 169Hung, Ruyu 147, 149–153hunhu. See ubuntuhunting 105, 163, 181, 218, 321

IIllinois Humane Society 157imbeciles 55, 56, 89, 100, 246Imran, Sophia 136, 141Inagaki, Kayoko 119incapacitated human beings 39, 76.

See also cognitively disabled human beings

India 134, 227indigenous knowledge 138, 147indirect duty views 35, 51, 159individualism 205, 308. See also

ethical individualismindoctrination 152, 231, 232infants 18, 19, 39, 43, 47, 50, 55, 56,

89, 99, 100, 246, 260, 278innocent shields 280, 281, 288

Index 351

innocent threats 67, 280, 281, 286, 288

insects 12, 47, 66, 67, 74, 77, 288, 289, 293

integrity 100, 108, 170, 184, 204, 315, 320

intelligence 5, 19, 39, 54, 71, 166, 169, 216, 248–250, 293, 294

intentions/intentionality 7, 13, 15, 16, 19, 85, 158–160, 168, 256, 293, 294

interests 3, 13, 17, 18, 29–31, 33, 38, 46, 50, 53, 54, 60, 67, 78, 81, 84, 91, 94–99, 101–105, 107, 111, 119, 121, 128, 142, 151, 161, 163, 166, 178, 185, 198, 231, 241, 243, 244, 246, 251–253, 257, 260, 261, 266, 268–270, 272, 273, 275, 277–279, 288–291, 299, 305, 316

International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources 135

intersectionality 181Inuit 82, 83invertebrates 12, 21, 26, 29, 66, 289,

291Irwin, Pat 134–136, 138, 139,

146

JJainism 76Jakubiak, Cori 201Jefferies, Alexandra West 199jellyfish 66, 74, 112Jeong, Sophia 143, 146Jews 125, 222, 223

justicejustice as reciprocity 36, 45, 46,

49, 54social justice 114–118, 135, 153,

154, 181, 190, 201, 208, 209, 227

subject-centred justice 36, 54, 55, 69

justification 36, 93, 96, 177, 181, 207, 221, 245, 246, 260, 281, 289, 304

KKafka, Franz 14, 22Kahn, Richard 185, 189–192, 195,

198, 201, 203, 206–208Kahn Jr., Peter 119, 120, 273Kant, Immanuel 36, 37, 39, 40, 57,

105, 159, 165Karlan, Jimmy 199karma 76Kelbessa, Workineh 194!khoba cactus 194killing 32, 49, 51, 67, 78, 83, 87–91,

94, 95, 97–100, 102, 126, 141, 187, 188, 247, 281, 283, 288

kindness 40, 112, 116, 157–161, 167–170, 173, 245

knowledge 15–17, 19–22, 63, 66, 81, 119, 134, 137, 145–147, 152, 155, 157, 166, 173, 175–177, 184, 189, 190, 192–195, 200, 204, 207–209, 212, 216, 295, 308, 310, 311, 315, 317

Koko (gorilla) 256Kropotkin, Peter 134Krueger, David 119

352 Index

Krueger, Lauren 119Kymlicka, Will 177, 183

LLaird, Susan 112language 4, 7–9, 14, 15, 17–19, 21,

23–26, 40, 41, 54, 84, 145, 182, 205, 214, 241–243, 246, 304, 312

law 7, 113, 127, 128, 166, 242, 247, 267, 272, 276, 288, 303, 307

Lawrence, John 248Leahy, Michael 126leather 218legal standing 113legislation 19, 27, 66, 67, 106, 113,

116, 127, 173, 186, 252, 255, 291, 306, 312

Le Grange, Lesley 139, 140, 145Le Roux, Cheryl 146Levitt, Norman 128liberation 113, 142, 185, 188, 198,

210, 212–214, 308, 314–316liberty 143, 262–265, 267, 269–271,

305, 320. See also freedomlife

right to life 245, 254, 262, 263, 265, 266, 268, 270, 271, 289

sanctity of life 78, 79, 94lifeboat ethicsLinzey, Andrew 112, 113, 229lions 14, 18, 23, 278Lloro-Bidart, Teresa 179, 230locus standi. See legal standingLorenz, Konrad 27Lotz-Sisitka, Heila 134–136,

138–140

Loubser, Callie 132, 133, 139, 140, 143, 145, 148, 168

Louv, Richard 117, 119, 120Lucy (chimpanzee) 14Lukács, Georg 206Lupinacci, John 193Lyndgaard, Kyhl 135, 149, 150, 152Lyons, Renée 114, 118

MMacCormack, Patricia 182, 183, 188,

312MacIntyre, Alasdair 304Mackinnon, Catherine 313magpies 12mammals 12, 13, 21, 22, 26, 29, 42,

66, 99, 126, 265, 289Mandela, Nelson 171Martin, Jane Roland 112Martin Luther King Jr. School 219,

220Marx, Karl 206, 213, 307, 308materialism 7, 22, 170Matthews, Michael 200McGinn, Colin 165, 166McLaren, Peter 129, 185–187, 205,

218Mead, Margaret 112medical school 230medusas 66Melson, Gail 119, 121, 122metasomatosis 81metempsychosis 7, 81mice 24microbes 66, 292Mill, John Stuart 5, 87, 89, 90, 93minding 153, 154

Index 353

minds 6, 7, 9, 13, 22, 56, 77, 95, 112, 121, 129, 151, 153, 154, 163, 202, 221, 233, 256, 265, 292, 295. See also animal minds

moles 32molluscs 12, 66, 67, 289monkeys 8, 29moral agency/agents 29, 37, 38, 66,

70, 72, 73, 75, 77–79, 89, 90, 94, 97, 107, 165, 214, 216, 235, 244, 246, 252–254, 256, 258, 259, 261, 266, 267, 269–272, 275–279, 288, 316, 323

moral anthropocentrism 35, 36, 56, 299

moral considerability 75, 85, 86, 108, 250, 251, 299–301. See also considerability; moral status

moral education 114–116, 118, 124, 128, 134, 168, 231, 269, 276

morality (definition) 29, 36, 46, 76moral objects/moral object status 29,

35, 65, 248, 290, 295, 296, 323

moral recipients 50, 66, 70, 73, 89, 258, 259, 261, 272, 277, 278, 290, 323

moral rights 47, 241, 242, 247–249, 251, 253, 259, 260, 268, 275, 278, 289–291, 295, 300, 301, 303–305, 321

basic moral rights 241, 252, 258, 261–263, 265–267, 270, 272

non-basic moral rights 259, 261, 270, 272

moral standing 29, 30, 72, 95, 165, 248, 262, 263, 304

moral status 26, 29, 38, 43, 54, 55, 59, 72, 73, 85, 101, 128, 148, 162, 165, 230, 238, 275, 289, 299, 323

architecture of moral status 148, 323

moral subjects/moral subject status 29, 56, 59, 65–71, 75, 96, 247, 248, 252, 258, 259, 261–263, 265, 275, 290, 291, 321, 323

mosquitoes 67mountains 290, 291, 299Mueller, Michael 193, 199Muir, John 135multiculturalism 178Murray, Rosa 30, 153Myers, Gene 119, 121, 122, 273

NNagel, Thomas 17, 22–24, 30, 32,

72, 83, 84, 255Narveson, Jan 49–54, 60, 62nationalism 58natural science/natural scientists. See

science/scientistsneeds 8, 13, 16, 22, 28, 31, 54, 56,

69, 71, 77–79, 81, 101, 104, 105, 111, 114, 116, 121, 122, 126, 129, 133, 136, 138, 139, 143, 151, 153, 156, 158, 160, 161, 163, 164, 173, 182, 184, 187, 189, 192, 194, 199, 204, 206, 210, 211, 216, 235, 246, 248–251, 253, 254, 260–263, 265, 267, 268, 277–279, 289–291, 294, 299, 300, 304, 305, 309, 313, 315, 317, 321

354 Index

neocortex 12, 13neoliberalism 189, 190, 201, 210neurology 10neurophysiology 10, 12Nietzsche, Friedrich 212Nocella II, Anthony 185–188, 202,

205, 218Noddings, Nel 114, 312non-anthropocentric views 108non-rights 36, 243, 257, 259, 260,

265, 269, 271non-violence 76, 80, 220, 222, 223, 229North Korea 232Nozick, Robert 63Nussbaum, Martha 114–116, 252,

267, 308

Oobligation/obligations 10, 36, 37, 41,

51, 68, 85, 103, 108, 124, 213, 235, 242, 243, 259, 260, 272, 275, 279, 280, 282, 286–288

octopuses 13, 21, 66, 291Odora Hoppers, Catherine 135–137orang-utans 8, 264Orr, David 231Orwell, George 73, 304

Ppacifism 217, 222, 227, 228pain 5, 8, 10, 11, 14, 16, 22, 33, 44,

48, 76, 78, 80, 82, 85, 87–95, 97–99, 215, 250, 254, 265, 276, 291, 292, 298

pandas 122parrots 12, 269

paternalism 307Pedersen, Helena 163, 167, 169,

175–178, 181, 183–185, 187, 188, 199, 218, 219

personhood/persons 42, 44, 46, 48, 54, 55, 57, 69, 70, 123, 152, 159, 220, 242, 248, 254, 255, 261, 266, 276

Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich 135Petrarch 157‘pests’ 199, 288‘pets’. See companion animalsphilosophy 128, 137, 200, 236, 308,

316pigs 105, 167, 215, 247, 256Pini, Barbara 184planetarity 142, 190–192plankton 66plants 10, 13, 31, 55, 78, 81, 87,

114, 119, 123, 144, 194, 215, 275, 290–295, 299, 300, 317, 323

pleasure/pleasures 5, 30, 44, 76, 82, 85, 87, 88, 90–95, 97–99, 102, 104, 162, 186, 218, 219, 230, 250, 298

polar bears 83, 201, 215Pollsmoor prison 170positivism 146posthumanism 141, 176, 180, 199postmodernism 205postpositivism 146poultry 74, 318preferences 7, 13, 15, 24, 28, 31,

94–96, 98–103, 107, 121, 144, 177, 206, 211, 216, 257, 260, 280, 283, 311

primates 256, 265

Index 355

property 30, 56, 220, 221, 225, 226, 228, 229, 252, 262–265, 267, 270, 286

proto-humans 15, 19, 25protozoa 66, 290, 291psychology 9, 13, 17–19, 22, 27, 77,

85, 128, 176, 199, 210, 292, 310

Rracism 35, 58–62, 71, 123, 172, 181,

213, 306, 307, 316radical environmentalism 144, 296,

299, 300rationality 24, 25, 28, 29, 39, 49–51,

54, 56, 58, 61, 74, 128, 138, 193, 254, 255, 298

rats 74, 200Raup, David 308Rawls, John 42–46, 48, 50, 70, 96,

267receptacles 91, 97–99, 101, 102, 106,

283redwoods 67Regan, Tom 21, 28, 30, 54, 91,

102, 103, 105, 159, 197, 217, 277, 279–284, 298, 309, 310, 314–316, 320

Reiss, Michael 200relativism 30, 117, 147, 173, 194,

212, 213religion 128replaceability 98, 99, 102, 301reptiles 21, 29, 42, 66, 289reverence for life 76, 77, 79Rice, Suzanne 111, 179, 220, 318

rights 4, 6, 13, 36, 37, 43, 44, 48–50, 52, 54, 62, 63, 84–86, 94, 113, 115–117, 156, 161, 169, 173, 241–263, 266–272, 275–284, 287, 289, 290, 300, 301, 303–309, 312, 313, 315, 316, 320, 321. See also animal rights; moral rights

choice conception of rights 244, 253–255

interest conception of rights 244, 245

Rio Earth Summit 136rivers 190, 290, 291, 295, 299Robertson, Ian 113rodeos 218Rolston III, Holmes 296Romanyica, Serenna Celeste 229roosters 247Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 135Roux, P.W. 170Rowe, Bradley 179, 180RSPCA. See Society for the

Prevention of Cruelty against Animals

Rud, A.G. 79, 111, 179Rudy, Kathy 161–163Russell, Constance 230Ryder, Richard 58, 60, 61, 248

Ssafety 262, 265Salt, Henry 5San 147, 194sangoma 194Schaffner, Joan 113, 167

356 Index

school 138, 142, 155, 172, 176, 187, 199, 200, 203, 204, 219, 229, 317

Schopenhauer, Arthur 41, 76, 80–84

Schweitzer, Albert 76–79science/scientists 9, 27, 127, 128,

132, 137, 147, 167, 176, 200, 212, 230, 272, 284

Scott, William 141Scruton, Roger 53, 55, 56, 62, 63,

74, 157, 246, 254, 276sea urchins 66security 262, 265, 266, 270, 271self-consciousness 25, 28, 39–41, 54,

74, 95, 99, 101, 254, 255sentience 76, 85, 86, 94, 95, 235,

248, 250, 251, 291, 294, 298, 319

sexism 35, 58, 59, 62, 71, 123, 172, 181, 306, 307, 316

Shapiro, Kenneth 197, 199, 200sharks 278show jumping 218Sierra Club 135sign language 8, 14, 23, 28, 74, 256,

266, 267Singer, Peter 30, 33, 60, 61, 91,

93–99, 102, 103, 105, 217, 252, 284, 309, 310, 314

Slote, Michael 116, 117Smith, Andrew 293, 294snails 291social contract theory. See

contractarianismsocialisation 167, 231social justice. See justicesocial science/social scientists. See

science/scientists

Society for the Prevention of Cruelty against Animals 159

soil 290, 301, 323Sorenson, John 201souls 4, 7, 80–82South Africa 132, 137, 170, 171, 232Spannring, Reingard 197, 198, 209,

318, 320SPCA. See Society for the Prevention

of Cruelty against Animalsspecies 5, 9, 12, 14, 17, 19, 20, 22,

24, 28, 44, 45, 55–63, 69, 74, 75, 84, 131, 132, 137, 138, 148, 150, 156, 163, 166, 167, 176, 179, 184, 187, 188, 201, 205, 249, 254, 260, 266, 268, 276, 278, 288, 291, 297, 310

speciesism 35, 57–63, 101, 105, 123, 127, 167, 177, 181, 182, 203, 205, 212–214, 230, 251, 290, 306, 307. See also argument from speciesism

sponges 31, 66, 290–292Sprigge, Timothy 297, 298squids 66, 291squirrels 252, 264Stables, Andrew 182Standish, Paul 124, 128, 273standpoint theory 206. See also

animal standpoint theoryStanley, Steven 308starfish 66Stewart, Arthur 137Stewart, Kate 199Stich, Stephen 17, 20–22, 28Stockholm Conference Declaration

on the Environment 135Stone, Christopher 295, 296, 300,

301, 307

Index 357

subjectivity 15, 22, 23, 66, 70, 146, 176, 182, 209, 260, 289–291, 294, 323

subjects of a life 33, 66, 67, 77–79, 206, 215, 251, 263, 265, 270, 290, 291, 323

suffering 4, 5, 32, 67, 78, 80–82, 88, 94, 95, 104, 107, 158, 159, 161, 164, 167, 179, 186, 187, 191, 205, 223, 225, 228, 246, 265, 276, 291, 293

Sultan (chimpanzee) 20Sunstein, Cass 252sustainability 136, 138–143, 150,

151, 153, 179, 189–191, 193, 198, 210–212, 220, 319. See also education for sustainability

sustainable development 135–139, 141–143, 188–190. See also sustainability

sympathy 41, 44, 76, 80–84, 116, 157, 160, 225, 245, 310, 315, 316. See also compassion

TTaylor, Paul 266, 295, 297, 298theriophilia 164, 165, 287Thomas, Jeff 127, 230Thomism. See Aquinas, ThomasThoreau, Henry David 134thoughts 4, 6, 7, 12, 13, 17, 19, 20,

25, 26, 31, 43, 60, 76, 86, 115, 154, 158, 182, 216, 241, 252, 289

tigers 236, 264, 269Tippins, Deborah 199Tobin, Kenneth 147

traditional healer(s) 194trees 215, 291, 293, 295, 301truth 18, 19, 74, 90, 146, 147, 168,

177, 194, 202, 208, 212, 213, 231, 232, 309

tsetse flies 67Tutu, Desmond 171

Uubuntu 137, 138UN Conference on the Human

Environment 135UNESCO Biosphere Conference

133United Nations Declaration of Rights

245United Nations Ubuntu Declaration

137United States (US) 127, 134, 231. See

also AmericaUniversal Declaration of Human

Rights 262universalisability 93, 95, 96, 311universalism 234universities 128, 192utilitarianism

classical utilitarianism 85–87, 89, 91, 93–95, 100, 107, 165

contemporary utilitarianism 93hedonistic utilitarianism 86, 91preference utilitarianism 95, 97,

105, 107utility 97, 102–104, 107, 122, 241

principle of utility 85–87, 90, 91, 93, 96, 102, 103

358 Index

Vvalue 5, 10, 21, 24, 26, 28, 31, 32,

36, 39, 41, 58, 71, 72, 75, 77, 79, 82, 85, 87, 91, 95–97, 99, 101, 103, 105–107, 120, 122, 125, 134, 136, 138, 139, 141, 144–148, 152, 153, 155, 167, 170, 171, 177, 185, 194, 200, 201, 205, 207, 208, 211, 212, 232, 243, 268, 283, 295–298, 300, 304, 309

Van der Merwe, Louise 171–173Vandrovcová, Tereza 204Van Hoven, Wouter 293Vedic thought 80vegan education 128, 218–220,

226–228, 232, 233veganism 104, 105, 162, 181, 218,

220, 222, 233–236, 238, 293vegetarianism 104, 159, 181, 293veterinarians 20, 126veterinary school 272violence 80, 81, 112, 127, 168,

169, 171, 200, 204, 205, 210, 213, 214, 220–223, 225, 226, 228–230, 233

Virginia Declaration of Rights 262vivisection 105, 111, 176, 193, 198,

204, 230

WWaldau, Paul 124–128, 150, 159,

230, 272, 273Warbington Wells, Mary 229Watson, Lyall 293, 294weaver birds 252, 264, 291

Wertheimer, Roger 59Western Cape Education Department

170whales 74, 215, 264‘wildlife’ 35, 125, 156Wilson, Edward 112, 118Wittgenstein, Ludwig 14, 16, 32wolves 278women 23, 84, 163, 190, 201, 206,

207, 211, 214, 226, 260, 270, 306, 307, 309–313

wool 218Wordsworth, William 134World Commission on Environment

and Development (WCED) 136, 139

World Summit on Sustainable Development 137

World Wildlife Fund (WWF) 135worms 66, 67, 126, 184. See also

earthworms

YYoung, Thomas 248

Zzebra finches 12zebras 18Zinn, Howard 202zoophilia/zoophily 164. See also

theriophiliazoophytes 66, 291zoos 3, 124, 125, 187, 201, 218, 230