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Appendix: List of Seminar Participants
Below is a list of the participants at the International Seminar on 'Dilemmas of National Security and Cooperation in South Asia', in honour of Dr Justice Javid Iqbal, formerly of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, 16-17 November 1990.
Dr Justice Javid Iqbal, Lahore, Pakistan
Professor Nasira Iqbal, Lahore, Pakistan
H.E. Mr Najam-ud-Din Shaikh, Ambassador of Pakistan to the United States
Dr Vyacheslav Ya. Belokrinitsky, Chairman, Department of Middle East Studies, Institute of Oriental Studies, Moscow
Fr. Kail C. Ellis, Dean. Arts and Sciences. Villanova University
Maj. Gen. lmtiaz Ali, former Military Secretary to the late Prime Minister Z. A. Bhutto, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Mr Mushahid Hussain, Islamabad, Pakistan
Dr Shireen Hunter, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, DC
Dr Saleem Qureshi and Dr Regula Qureshi. Alberta, Canada
Col. James McWilliams. Freedom Eve House, Fairfax Station, Virginia
Dr Arshad S. Karim, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
Commander Charles J. Dale, US Navy, Office of Assistant Secretary of Defense. for International Security Affairs. Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs, Country Director. India/Nepal/Sri Lanka/Bhutan, Washington, DC
Michael L. Waldron, Department of the Army
Maj. James W. Hertsch, Jr. Department of the Army
Dr John Schultz, National War College. Washington. DC
311
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312 Dilemmas of National Security and Cooperation
Dr Paul Gutland, National War College, Washington, DC
Lt Col. Roger Cunningham, Pentagon
Col. James Corcoran, Director of Asian Studies, US Army War College
Col. Donald Boose, Director, National Secmity Secretary, US Almy War College
Mrs Lil Boose, Carlisle, Pennsylvania
Col. Rich Crites, Pentagon
Lt Col. Lawrence Velte, Pentagon
Dr Thomas P. Thornton, School of Advanced International Studies, Washington, DC
Dr Raju G.C. Thomas, Marquette University
Dr Melvin Goodman, National War College. Washington, DC
Dr Alvin Z. Rubinstein, University of Pennsylvania
Dr Maya Chadda, William Paterson College
Dr Robert Wirsing, University of South Carolina
Dr Sumit Ganguly, Hunter College, New York
Dr Lawrence Ziring, Western Michigan University
Dr Craig Baxter, Juniata College
Dr Riaz Ahmad, Detroit, Michigan
Dr Sakhawat Hussain, Indus Society of North Alnerica
Dr Robert LaPorte, Penn State University
Professor Saroj Khanna, York College, York
Dr Loretta Butler, Mount Saint Mary College, New York
Dr Grace Clark, Baltimore, Maryland
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List qf Seminar Participants 313
Dr Naseem Sahibzada, University of the District of Columbia, Washington, DC
Dr Niaz Sahibzada, Greenbelt, Maryland
Dr Rashid-ud-Zaman, Glassboro State College, Glassboro, N.T
Dr Russell Blackwood, Clinton College, New York
Dr Zaheer Chaudhary and Mrs Shahida Chaudhary, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania
Mr Horace L. Kephart and Mrs Dolores Kephart, Newtown Square, Pennsylvania
Mr Magdy Barsoum and Mrs Nadia Barsoum, Newtown Square, Pennsylvania
Mr Haroon Chaudhri and Mrs Fauziyeh Chaudhri, Berwyn, Pennsylvania
Dr Aftab-ud-Din Ahmed and Mrs Naheed Aftab-ud-Din Ahmed, Downingtown, Pennsylvania
Mr Abdul Malik and Mrs Khadija Malik, West Chester, Pennsylvania
DrS. M. Iqbal, New Castle, Delaware
Dr Zia-ur-Khan, Akron, Ohio
Mr Richard Coe and Mrs Patricia Coe, Williamstown, N.T
Dr Arif Malik and Mrs Ghazala Malik, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania
Dr Riaz Malik and Mrs Mahjabeen Malik, Villanova, Pennsylvania
Mr Amin Jan and Dr Rehana Jan, Gulph Mills, Pennsylvania
Mr Lowell Sibole, The West Company, Phoenixville, Pennsylvania
Dr Sanli Khan and Dr Meher Khan, Merion, Pennsylvania
Mr Lawrence Hausman and Mrs Susan Hausman, Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania
Dr Helen Lafferty, Associate Dean of Arts and Sciences, Villanova University
Dr Hafeez Malik, Department of Political Science, Villanova University
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314 Dilem11Uls of National Security and Cooperation
Dr Lynda Malik, Department of Sociology, Villanova University
Dr Patrick Nolan, Department of English, Villanova University
Dr Robert Langran, Department of Political Science, Villanova University
Dr Priscilla Hopkirk, Department of Political Science, Villanova University
Dr Jack Hopkirk, Widener University
Dr John J. Schrems, Chairperson, Department of Political Science, Villanova University
Dr Donald Dowd, Law SchooL Villanova University
Dr Miriam Vosburgh, Department of Sociology, Villanova University
Dr Thomas Kessinger, President, Haverford College and Mrs Varyam Kessinger
Dr Arshad Mirza. Chairman Elect and Treasurer, Indus Society of North America, Illinois
Tariq Khan, Secretary, Indus Society of North America, Illinois
Dr Ghayyur K. Ghori, Joint Secretary, Indus Society of North America, Illinois
Dr H. Wasiullah Khan, Member, Advisory Board, Indus Society of North America, Illinois
Dr M. Jafar Shah Member, Advisory Board, Indus Society of North America, Illinois
Dr Shaukat A. Shah, Member. Advisory Board, Indus Society of North America, Illinois
Mohammed Zaffar, D.D.S., Member, Advisory Board, Indus Society of North America, Illinois
Atta U. Arain, Indus Society of North America, Illinois
M. Murtaza Arain, Indus Society of North America, Illinois
Javed Bangash, Indus Society of North America, Illinois
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List of Seminar Participants
Muhammad M. Haque, Indus Society of North America, Illinois
Manzoor Hussain, Indus Society of North America, Illinois
Mohammad Toor, Indus Society of North America, Illinois
Kamran Khan, Chicago
Rashid Chaudhary, Washington, DC
315
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Index
Abdullah, Dr Farooq, 166 Afghan economic dependence, 91,
92,95 Afghan Shiites based in Iran, Afghanistan's foreign trade, A.ka1i Dal, 220, 223 Ali, Chaudhri Muhammad,
103, 104 95
16 Ali, Mir Laik, on secret mission to
Washington, 9 Aliyev, Geydar. 70 Amedkar, B. R., 14, 15 Amin, Hafizullah, 63 Andrapov, Yuri. 70, 79 Arc of Crises, 41 Asian Relations Conference (1974),
274-5 Azad, Abu! Kalam, 13 Azeri nationalism, 105 Aziz, Sartaj, 300
Babari Mosque, 255 Baghdad Pact, 55; see also CENTO Baquio Conference ( 1950). 275 Baker, James, 148 Balanced imbalance in South Asia 49 Bandung Conference ( 1955 ), 8. 276 Bangladesh, 3, 136, 242, 273, 277 Beg, General Mirza Aslam. 177, 179,
308 Belokrenitsky, Vyacheslav Ya.. 18,
19,20 Bengali nationalism, 208, 219, 273,
294 Bharatiya Janata Party (B.IP), 208,
226 Bhindranwale, .larnail Singh, 223 Bhutto, Benazir. 44. 106, 145. 162.
167, 173, 175, 179. 180. 186. 221. 264,308
Bhutto, Z. A., 25. 57, 135, 136. 137. 138. 139, 140, 141. 143. 242. 262, 294
Bovin, Aleksandr, 73 Brezhnev, Leonid, 78, 79, 93 British Raj, 212 Bu1ganin, Nikolai A., 56 Burke, S. M., 17
Carnegie Endowment for Peace, 301 Carter Doctrine, 41, 142 CENTO, 135, 258, 260 Central Asia, 48, 90, 92 Central Conunand, 36, 142 Chadda, Maya, 27, 28 Colombo Conference ( 1954 ), 295 Conceptual foundations of Pakistan,
235 Congress Party's loss of dominant
position, 219 Conventional military balance in South
Asia, 113
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (ORA), 95
Deoband, Dar al-Ulam, 12 Diego. Garcia, 141 Dulles, John Foster, 134
Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), 270
Ellis, Kail C., 18, 24, 25, 131 Ethnic nationalism, I 06 Ethnic religious confticts in India,
207
fundamentalist regime, 104-106
Gandhi, Indira, 57. 221, 222, 225, 263
Gandhi, Mahatma, 10, 15 Gandhi, Rajiv. 3, 20, 45. 68, 101,
125, 168, 173, 180,221 222 225 283 287
Ganguly, Sumit, 30
316
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Index 317
Gankovsky, Yuri, 86 Ghazali, a!-, Abu Hamid, 244 Golden Temple of Am1itsar, 223 Goodman, Melvin, 21, 22, 62 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 20, 22, 43, 47;
in India, 58, 62, 70, 71, 72, 77. 79, 82, 84, 90, 97, 101
Gromyko, Andrei, 63, 71 Gulf Cooperative Council, 148 Gulf Region, 41, 46 Gwadar, 66, 140
Haq, Zia-ul, 25, 66, 75, 98, 106, 143, 145, 167, 173, 183.242,258,264, 269, 294, 297
Harrison, Selig, 5 Harshvardhana, 211.213 Hekmatyar. Gulbuddin, 100, 103,
105, 106, 266 Hezb-i-Islami Party, 100 Hindu fundamentalism. 186 Hindu imperialism, 232 Hindu Maha Sabha, 14 Hindu nationalism. 222. 223 Hindu Rashtra ideology. 222, 223,
226 Hindu Vishwa Parishad, 226 Horn of Africa, 69 Hunter. Shireen T., 30, 31 Hussain, Mushahid, 25, 26 Hussain, Saddam, 225
Indian collaboration with USSR, 3 Indian Empire's ideological order,
212,214 Indian Expeditionary force in Sri
Lanka, 154 Indian hegemonial role, x; secularism,
5, 17, 39, 49, 153,222,224,255 Indian military build-up in 1990s,
125-6 Indian military power. 111-12 Indian National Congress, 10, 232 Indian naval exercises. 319 Indian Ocean, 21. 43. 46. 47. 48, 68.
119, 125. 137, 141. 262, 263, 303 Indian security policy, 109-26 Indira Doctrine. 139 Indo-Chinese War ( 1962), 56
India-Pakistan nuclear stand-off, 40 Indo-Pakistan relations, 109 Indo-Pakistan War (1965):
consequences, 36 Indo-Soviet threat to Pakistan, 113 Indus Waters Treaty (1960), 170 Iqbal, Dr Justice Javid, 29, 30 Iqbal, Muhammad, 14, 241, 249 Iranian Revolution (1979), 261 Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, 4, 81, 84,
145, 146 Iraq's invasion of Iran (1980), 65 Islamic bomb, 139 Islamic Conference Organization
(ICO), 68 Islamic fundamentalism, 106 Islamic ideology. 235, 245, 246
Jamiat-i-Islami Party, 100, 106 Jamiat ulama-i Hind, 12 Janata Party, 221. 277 Jatoi, Ghulam Mustafa, 295 Jawaharlal Nehru's negative attitude
towards India-Pakistan relations, 4-5; relations with USSR, 20
Jayewardene. J. R., 3 .linnah, Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali,
12. 233; political articulation. 235, 240, 241
Junagarh's accession to Pakistan, 6 Junejo, Mohammad Khan, 283
Kahuta nuclear plant, 139 Kautilya' s political ideas, 212 Karma!, Babrak, 70 Kashmir conflict between India and
Pakistan, ix-x. 3, 5, 36, 40, 45, 55, 76, 84; Kashmiri rebels, 99, 113; uprising, 158-60, 166; US-Russian positions, 162; Simla Agreement, 165; Siachin glacier negotiatiOns, 173-80; elite orientations in India and Pakistan, 184-6; chronology of bilateral negotiations, and mediation efforts, 191-7; sale of Kashmir to Dogras, 250,302
Khad, Afghan secret police, 99, 100, 101. 104
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318
Khalis, Yunis, 106 Khalistan, 226 Khan, Abdul Ghaffar, Khan, Ghulam Ishaq,
307
16 146, 147, 162,
Khan, Prime Minister Liaquat Ali, 10, 133
Khan, Muhammad Ayub, 5, 136 Khan, Muhammad Daud, 91,93 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 71, 105, 141,
144 Khrushchev, Nikita, 5, 56, 91. 93 Khyber Pass, 67 Kosygin, AlexiN., 56, 74
Lahore Resolution (1940), 249 Lamb, Alastair, 17 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
(LITE). 3 Limits of India-Pakistan bilateralism.
180 Line of Control (LOC) in Kashmir,
167, 172, 178, 184,252
Majlis-i Ahrar, 12 Maldives, Indian intervention, 112 Massood, Ahmad Shah, 100, 102,
103 Maududi, Sayyid Abu! Ala, 12, 13 Maury a, Asoka, 211, 212, 213 Medina Covenant, 13 'Military risk-reduction centre' 80 Missile Technological Regime
(MTCR), 88 n.40 Mitterand, President Franc;ois, 301 Mountbatten, Lord Louis, 6, 14, 16 Movement for Restoration of
Democracy, 66 Mughal Empire, 211, 212; Islamic
system, 212 Mujahideen Coalition in Peshawar.
96
Nadkarni, Admiral.!. G., 26 Najibullah, 22, 90, 94, 97. 98. 101 Narayan, Jay Prakash, 220 N a tiona! emergency in India ( 1975 ),
220 NATO. 79
Index
Nehru, .lawaharlal, 20, 170, 171,215, 221,275
Nepal's blockade by India, 156 New Arab Order, 148 New World Order, 148 Non-alignment as Indian foreign
policy, 8; principles of, 8-9 Non-Aligned Movement (NAM),
276 Northern Tier States, 134-260, 261 Nuclear balance in South Asia,
119-21 Nuclear free zone, 21, 292 Nuclear non-Proliferation Treaty
(NPT), 256, 293
Obey, David, 299
Pakistan's alternating application of ideological pragmatic realism, 24
Pakistan's · Arabization', 264 Pakistan's Arab links, 262 Pakistan-India ratio of military
balance, 117 Pakistan-Iran bilateral relations,
263-5 Pakistan's Islamic ideology 131 Pakistani military's anti-Sovietism,
83 Pakistan's military missions abroad,
143 Pakistan's nuclear option, 131,
138-40 Pakistan's nuclear reprocessing plant
agreement with France ( 1976 ), 138, 141
Pakistan's pragmatic realism, 131, 132
Pakistan's strategic role, Pan-Islamism, 131 Patel, Sardar Vallabhbhai, 14 Pentagon Confabulations (1947, 1950,
1952 and 1954 ), 10 People's Democratic Party of
Afghanistan (PDPA), 22, 95, 97, 101, 106, 107
Perestroika, 94 Petrovsky, Vladimir. 74 Ponomarev, Boris, 78
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Iruiex 319
'Principles of Mutual Relations • for USA and USSR. 85
Problems of nation-building in Pakistan, 236-7. 244-5
Qureshi, Saleem M. M., 28
Rabbani, Burhanuddin, 106 Radcliffe, Sir Cyril, 6 Rafsanjani, Ali Akbar Hashmi, 71,
72, 83; visit to Moscow, 83 Rahman, Fazlur, 241 Rai, Lala Lajpat, 14 Rajagopalachri, 15 Ram Temple in Ayodhya, 223, 226,
227 Rapid Deployment Force, 142 Reagan, Ronald, 298 Regional Cooperation for
Development Scheme (RC'D). 270 Regional impact on Pakistan and Iran.
265 Regional nationalism in India, 221 Rehman, General Ziaur. 274. 277.
278, 282 'Risk-reduction centre' 85 'Rodney Dangerfield' syndrome of
India, 125 Rubinstein, Alvin Z., 22. 90 Russian interest in India, 54, 84 Russian-Persian Treaty ( 1921 ). 64:
abrogation by Iran, 65 Ryzhkov, Prime Minister Nikolai,
71
SALT II. US-USSR agreement ( 1979), 78
Saudi military preparedness. 149 Saudi-Soviet diplomatic relations
established, 82 Savarkar, V. D.. 14, 15 Second Islamic Summit in Lahore,
138 Secularism, 28-9 Secularism as a nation-building
strategy. 23 7--8 Security complex of South Asia. ll:n Separatist movements in Pakistan,
230
Shah, King Muhanunad Zahir. 98 Shahi, Agha, 139 Sharif, Nawaz, 186, 264, 295, 305 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 21, 71, 73,
75, 80, 82, 85,98,162 Shia Afghan refugees in Iran, 266 Shia political mobilisation, 264 Shiva Sena, 226 Siachen glacier, 112, 124, 166-7,
168, 169, 173-80, 183, 188, 190, 191,221,251,252,256,283
Sikh separatism, 186, 295 Simla Agreement (1972), 165 Simla Conference, 165, 172 Singh, V. P., 39, 45, 166, 186, 208,
308 Sino-Indian thaw, 41 Sino-Indian War (1962), 41. q5 Sino-Pakistani threat to India. 113,
119 Sino-Soviet relations, 168 Sokolov, Marshal Sergei, 67 Solarz, Stephen, 299, 306 South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation (SAARC), 31,274. 282. 283, 284; contentious issues, 285: achievements. 287-8
Southwest Asian security system, 258 Soviet abandonment of Iraq, 85 Soviet-Afghan Treaty ( 1921 ), 106 Soviet-American relations, 79 Soviet arms agreement with Iraq, 63 Soviet-Indian relations, 19-20,
54-60; economic ties. 58-9; 62, 66, 67, 76-8; fiiendship of treaty (1971). 78
Soviet-Indian Treaty of Friendship (1971). 3,20
Soviet industrialisation of India, 20, 58
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. 20, 37. 41. 63, 68, 74, 78, 132, 141. 145. 265-6
Soviet-Iranian relations, 63, 64, 268: impact of withdrawal from Afghanistan. 71-4, credits to Iran, 73: 74
Soviet mediation at Tashkent, 36, 56, 74: see also Tashkent Agreement
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320 Index
Soviet-Pakistan relations. 57. 68, 74-5
Soviet sale of weapons to Pakistan, 57
Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, 70,83,86,90,94, 107,148
Spector, Leonard, 301 Stalinist orientation toward India, 55 Strait of Hormuz, 72 Suez crisis, 135 Symington-Glenn Amendment to
Security Assistance Act, 141, 298, 300,305
Tamil nationalism, 220, 225 Tanai, Lt General Shah Nawaz. 97 Tashkent Agreement ( 1966 ), 74, 172 Telingana rebellion (1948-9), 55 Thomas, Raju G. C., 18, 23 Thornton, Thomas PeiTy, 18, 20, 22 Turkey-Iran relations, 267, 269 Two Nation Theory, 10, 11; Muslim
opponents, 12; Hindu supporters of, 14, 152, 233, 245
US arms sales to Pakistan, 67
US-Pakistan Mutual Defence Agreement, 135
US security policy toward South Asia, 35
US strategic interests in South Asia, 34
US suspension of aid to Pakistan, 300 US terminates military and economic
assistance to Pakistan, 2 US trade sanctions against India and
Russia, 311 USSR's condemnation by Islamic
states, 69 USSR's submarine lease to India, 81 USSR-US detente collapse ( 1979),
78 Ustinov, Defense Minister Dmitri,
67, 70, 76
Verghese, B. J., 252. 255 Vorontsov, Yulii M., 98
Warsaw Pact, Wirsing, Robert, 26, 27
Ziring, Lawrence, 30