Appendix: List of Interviews

The unification of Germany

1) APELT Andreas, Berlin, 23 October 2007.2) BERGMANN-POHL Sabine, Berlin, 13 December 2007.3) BIEDENKOPF Kurt, Berlin, 5 December 2007.4) BIRTHLER Marianne, Berlin, 18 December 2007.5) CHROBOG Jürgen, Berlin, 13 November 2007.6) EGGERT Heinz, Dresden, 14 December 2007.7) EPPELMANN Rainer, Berlin, 21 November 2007.8) GAUCK Joachim, Berlin, 20 December 2007.9) GLÄSSNER Gert-Joachim, Berlin, 7 November 2007.

10) HELBIG Monika, Berlin, 5 November 2007.11) HOFMANN Gunter, Berlin, 30 July 2007.12) KERWIEN Antonie, Berlin, 31 October 2007.13) KLINGST Martin, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 7 December 2006.14) KLOSE Hans-Ulrich, Berlin, 31 October 2007.15) KRAA Detlev, Berlin, 31 October 2007.16) KRALINSKI Thomas, Potsdam, 16 October 2007.17) LENGSFELD Vera, Berlin, 3 December 2007.18) LIPPERT Barbara, Berlin, 25 July 2007.19) MAIZIÈRE Lothar de, Berlin, 4 December 2007.20) MAIZIÈRE Thomas de, Berlin, 20 November 2007.21) MECKEL Markus, Berlin, 29 November 2007.22) MERTES Michael, Boston, Massachusetts, 17 November 2006.23) MEYER Hans Joachim, Berlin, 13 December 2007.24) MISSELWITZ Hans, Berlin, 6 November 2007.25) MODROW Hans, Berlin, 28 November 2007.26) MÜLLER Hans-Peter, Berlin, 13 November 2007.27) NOOKE Günther, Berlin, 27 November 2007.28) PAU Petra, Berlin, 13 December 2007.29) PLATZECK Matthias, Potsdam, 12 December 2007.30) SABATHIL Gerhard, Berlin, 31 October 2007.31) SARAZZIN Thilo, Berlin, 30 November 2007.32) SCHABOWSKI Günther, Berlin, 3 December 2007.33) SCHÄUBLE Wolfgang, Berlin, 19 December 2007.34) SCHRÖDER Richard, Berlin, 4 December 2007.35) SEGERT Dieter, Vienna, 18 June 2008.36) SEITERS Rudolf, Berlin, 28 June 2009.37) TELTSCHIK Horst, Munich, 29 April 2008.38) TUSCHHOFF Christian, Berlin, 8 August 2007.39) WAIGEL Theo, Munich, 30 April 2008.40) WEICHSEL Volker, Berlin, 1 November 2007.41) WEISS Konrad, Berlin, 29 November 2007.

189

190 Appendix: List of Interviews

42) WEIZSÄCKER Richard von, Berlin, 27 November 2007.43) WEYRAUCH Martina, Potsdam, 16 October 2007.44) ZIEL Alwin, Potsdam, 14 November 2007.45) ZÜRN Michael, Berlin, 10 October 2007.

Eastern enlargement of the EU

46) AVERY Graham, Brussels, 24 January 2011.47) BARTÁK Karel, Brussels, 15 July 2008.48) BRODSKÝ Jirí, Prague, 26 February 2009.49) BUSEK Erhard, Vienna, 2 June 2008.50) CERNOCH Pavel, Brussels, 3 March 2011.51) CHRISTOFFERSEN Poul Skytte, Brussels, 10 February 2011.52) DANIELSSON Christian, Brussels, 5 April 2009.53) ERLER Petra, Potsdam, 6 June 2011.54) FREUDENSTEIN Roland, Hamburg, 15 November 2007.55) FRIŠTENSKÁ Hana, Prague, 23 February 2009.56) GREGER Petr, Prague, 8 August 2008.57) HORÁCEK Milan, Prague, 21 August 2008.58) JACQUES Katerina, Prague, 29 May 2008.59) JARAB Josef, Prague, 2 July 2008.60) JEŽEK Petr, Prague, 21 August 2007.61) KAVAN Jan, Prague, 7 August 2008.62) KOHOUT Jan, Prague, 16 May 2008.63) KOVANDA Karel, Brussels, 16 July 2008.64) KREUTER Josef, Prague, 7 April 2008.65) KUBERNÁT Petr, Prague, 16 May 2008.66) KUCHTA Tomáš, Prague, 5 January 2007.67) KYAW Dietrich von, Berlin, 7 August 2007.68) LAŠTUVKA Vladimír, Lázne Belohrad u Jicína, 18 August 2008.69) LEIGH Michael, Brussels, 15 April 2009.70) MCDONAGH-PAJEROVÁ Monika, Prague, 28 May 2008.71) MORNINGSTAR Richard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2 December 2008.72) MRACEK Milan, Prague, 29 May 2008.73) RANSDORF Miloslav, Prague, 12 August 2008.74) RINGROSE David, Brussels, 16 March 2011.75) ROUCEK Libor, Prague, 27 June 2008.76) ROVNÁ Lenka, Prague, 8 April 2008.77) RYCHETSKÝ Pavel, Brno, 18 February 2009.78) SECKA Libor, Prague, 15 August 2007.79) SEFZIG Ludek, Prague, 12 August 2008.80) SOBOTKA Premysl, Prague, 1 July 2008.81) ŠPIDLA Vladimír, Brussels, 15 July 2008.82) SVOBODA Cyril, Prague, 8 April 2008.83) TELICKA Pavel, Berlin, 21 November 2007.84) VAN DER PAS Nikolaus, Brussels, 15 April 2009.85) VERHEUGEN Günther, Potsdam, 6 June 2011.

Appendix: List of Interviews 191

86) WISSELS Rutger, Brussels, 16 July 2008.87) WOLTE Wolfgang, Vienna, 24 June 2008.88) ZAHRADIL Jan, Prague, 2 July 2008.89) ZAORÁLEK Lubomír, Prague, 21 August 2008.90) ZEMAN Miloš, Nové Veselí, 22 August 2008.

Notes

3 The Unification of Germany: A Case of theTransplantation Model of Political Integration

1. My interview with Marianne Birthler, Berlin, 18 December 2007.2. The masses were mobilized after the clear manipulation of the May 1989

municipal elections in which the communists were declared to have wonover 90 percent of the vote (see e.g. Weidenfeld and Korte, 1999).

3. My interview with Günther Nooke, Berlin, 27 November 2007.4. My interview with Rudolf Seiters, Berlin, 28 June 2009.5. The SED’s general secretary, Erich Honecker, was forced to resign for ‘health

reasons’ after an intraparty coup on 18 October 1989 (see e.g. Fulbrook,2005).

6. For video recording of the press conference (in German only), seehttp://youtu.be/TQiriTompdY (accessed: 7 February 2014). For the orig-inal German transcript of the press conference, see http://www.chronik-der-mauer.de/index.php/de/Media/TextPopup/day/9/id/1579592/month/November/oldAction/Detail/oldModule/Chronical/year/1989 (accessed:7 February 2014). For the English transcript, see Günter Schabowski,‘Guenter Schabowski’s Press Conference in the GDR International PressCenter,’ Making the History of 1989, Item #449, http://chnm.gmu.edu/1989/items/show/449 (accessed: 7 February 2014). For further detailson 9 November 1989 (in German), see http://www.chronik-der-mauer.de/index.php/de/Chronical/Detail/day/9/month/November/year/1989(accessed: 7 February 2014).

7. For a well-written example of such a scholarly account of a ‘bungled pressconference,’ see Sarotte (2014).

8. For the German text of the travel law, see http://www.chronik-der-mauer.de/index.php/de/Media/TextPopup/day/9/id/1261627/month/November/oldAction/Detail/oldModule/Chronical/year/1989 (accessed: 7 February2014).

9. My interview with Günther Schabowski, Berlin, 3 December 2007.10. My interview with Günther Schabowski, Berlin, 3 December 2007.11. For the German text of ‘Schabowskis Zettel,’ the government mea-

sure, see http://www.chronik-der-mauer.de/index.php/de/Start/Detail/id/618085/page/23 (accessed: 7 February 2014).

12. For Schabowski’s handwritten notes on the order of the agendaat the press briefing (in German), see a PDF file under the title‘Schabowskis handschriftlicher Fahrplan′ at http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa= t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source= web&cd=1&ved=0CCEQFjAA&url=http%3A% 2F%2Fwww.chronik-der-mauer.de%2Fsystem% 2Ffiles%2Fdokument_pdf%2F54241_cdm-891109-fahrplan.pdf&ei=YASVVc3EBYGvsQGP2pGIDA&usg= AFQjCNHr5SYM6EbF8WMq3yRjaOHzWqCyDA&sig2=vIxKIoWyuED7Ph1s5fp 4CA&bvm=bv.96952980,d.ZGU (accessed: 7 February 2014).

192

Notes 193

13. My interview with Günther Schabowski, Berlin, 3 December 2007.14. The report on the ‘mysterious phone call’ was for the first time made pub-

lic by German TV news broadcaster MDR on 19 April 2009 http://www.daserste.de/ttt/sendung_dyn∼datum,19.04.2009∼cm.asp (report no longeravailable). Cf. a Spiegel Online (in German) article on the same topic: Grotheand Kloth, 2009 http://einestages.spiegel.de/static/topicalbumbackground/3990/bei_anruf_mauerfall.html (accessed: 7 February 2014) and a Time arti-cle (in English) Kirchner, 2009 http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1892408,00.html (accessed: 7 February 2014).

15. See also Kirchner (2009) at http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1892408,00.html (accessed: 7 February 2014).

16. The Time article at http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,969637,00.html (accessed: 7 February 2014). See also New YorkTimes, Schmemann, 1990 at http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/13/world/upheaval-east-2-german-chiefs-prepare-meet-steamroller-vs-lame-duck.html(accessed: 7 February 2014).

17. The text is also available at http://www.ddr89.de/ddr89/d/modrow.html(accessed: 7 February 2014).

18. My interview with Hans Modrow, Berlin, 28 November 2007. Cf. Modrow(1999, p. 419).

19. My interview with Rudolf Seiters, Berlin, 28 June 2009.20. My interviews with Christian Tuschhoff, Berlin, 8 August 2007 and Gert-

Joachim Glässner, Berlin, 7 November 2007.21. For the German text of Kohl’s speech, see Kohl (1989b) at http://www

.2plus4.de/chronik.php3?date_value=10.11.89&sort=000-003 (accessed:7 February 2014).

22. My interview with Dietrich von Kyaw, Berlin, 7 August 2007.23. My interview with Martin Klingst, Cambridge, MA, 7 December 2006.24. My interview with Richard von Weizsäcker, Berlin, 27 November 2007. Von

Weizsäcker shared with me a story showing how the day after the BerlinWall came down was confusing for both the West and East German author-ities: President von Weizsäcker decided to walk alone across the PotsdamerPlatz to see how he would be received and whether he would be let inand out. When he approached the police station, an East German offi-cer came out, saluted, and said: ‘Herr Bundespräsident, ich melde Ihnenkeine besondere Vorkommnisse’ [Nothing extraordinary to report]. VonWeizsäcker commented that East Germans knew his face from TV and sim-ply did not know how to react to a West German president crossing theborder.

25. My interview with Matthias Platzeck, Potsdam, 12 December 2007.26. My interview with Detlev Kraa, Berlin, 31 October 2007.27. My interviews with Gunter Hofmann, Berlin, 30 July 2007 and Andreas

Apelt, Berlin, 23 October 2007. Rainer Eppelmann suggests just 500–800people in the whole GDR prior to the Leipzig demonstrations (my interviewwith Rainer Eppelmann, Berlin, 21 November 2007.

28. My interview with Konrad Weiss, Berlin, 29 November 2007.29. The Rostock branch of NF had a much clearer and stronger line advocating

unification by Gauck and others prior to November 1989 (Gauck, 2009,pp. 227–228).

194 Notes

30. My interview with Andreas Apelt, Berlin, 23 October 2007.31. My interviews with Andreas Apelt, Berlin, 23 October 2007 and Alwin Ziel,

Potsdam, 14 November 2007.32. My interview with Rainer Eppelmann, Berlin, 21 November 2007.33. My interview with Markus Meckel, Berlin, 29 November 2007.34. Many thanks to Markus Meckel for providing me with a typewritten leaflet

with the declaration. The German text is also available at http://www.chronikderwende.de/dateien/619_SPD__Erklaerung_zur_deutschen_Frage.pdf (accessed: 7 February 2014).

35. My interview with Richard Schröder, Berlin, 4 December 2007.36. My interview with Marianne Birthler, Berlin, 18 December 2007. The Round

Table was chaired by three moderators from Catholic, Protestant, and smallchurches. From 7 December 1990 to 12 March 1990, it met 16 times (Korte,1994, pp. 59–69). For a detailed discussion of the goals, functioning, andresults of the Round Table, see Thysen, 1990.

37. My interviews with Vera Lengsfeld, Berlin, 3 December 2007 and MatthiasPlatzeck, Potsdam, 12 December 2007.

38. My interview with Joachim Gauck, Berlin, 20 December 2007.39. At the Round Table the opposition comprised NF with three representatives,

Vereinigte Linke (United Left (VL)), SDP, DJ, Grüne Partei (the Greens), Ini-tiative Frieden und Menschenrechte (Initiative Peace and Human Rights),Grüne Liga (the Greens No. 2), and Unabhängiger Frauenverband (Indepen-dent Women Group) with two representatives each. The old regime con-sisted of SED/PDS (communists), the CDU, the Demokratische BauernparteiDeutschlands (Democratic Farmers’ Party of Germany (Agrarians, latera part of the CDU)), Liberal-Demokratische Partei Deutschlands (LiberalDemocratic Party of Germany, later a part of the FDP), and NDPD (LiberalsNo. 2, later a part of the FDP) with a pair of representatives each. In addi-tion, the old regime included members representing the mass organizations(trade unions) – that is, the Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (FreeGerman Trade Union Federation) and the Vereinigung der gegenseitigenBauernhilfe (Peasants Mutual Aid Association) – with two representativeseach. For further details, see Thysen (1990, pp. 45, 47) and Korte (1994,p. 69).

40. My interview with Matthias Platzeck, Potsdam, 12 December 2007.41. In interview with me in Potsdam, 12 December 2007, Matthias Platzeck

argued that Modrow agreed to bringing the elections forward in return forrepresentatives of the opposition joining his government and creating theGovernment of National Responsibility.

42. Before unity, there was freedom. My translation.43. My interview with Dieter Segert, Vienna, 18 June 2008.44. My interviews with Andreas Apelt, Berlin, 23 October 2007; Günther

Nooke, Berlin, 27 November 2007; Markus Meckel, Berlin, 29 Novem-ber 2007; Rainer Eppelmann, Berlin, 21 November 2007; MartinaWeyrauch, Potsdam, 16 October 2007; Konrad Weiss, Berlin, 29 November2007; Marianne Birthler, Berlin, 18 December 2007; Heinz Eggert,Dresden, 14 December 2007; and Joachim Gauck, Berlin, 20 December2007.

45. My interview with Günther Nooke, Berlin, 27 November 2007.

Notes 195

46. In interview with me, Berlin, 20 December 2007, Gauck referred to EastGermans in this context as ‘revolutionaries against their own will’ (wider-willigere Revolutionäre).

47. My interview with Markus Meckel, Berlin, 29 November 2007.48. My interview with Andreas Apelt, Berlin, 23 October 2007.49. My interview with Andreas Apelt, Berlin, 23 October 2007. Many thanks to

Andreas Apelt who shared with me his article written at the end of October1989 and published by L’Express, in which he argues that, after opening upthe political system in the GDR, unification will be the inevitable next step.

50. My interview with Marianne Birthler, Berlin, 18 December 2007.51. Parts of the speech are available in English. See Kohl, 1989c; the remaining

translations are mine.52. My interview with Martin Klingst, Cambridge, MA, 7 December 2006.53. My interview with Horst Teltschik, Munich, 29 April 2008.54. My interview with Horst Teltschik, Munich, 29 April 2008.55. My interview with Rudolf Seiters, Berlin, 28 June 2009.56. My interview with Vera Lengsfeld, Berlin, 3 December 2007.57. My interview with Vera Lengsfeld, Berlin, 3 December 2007.58. My interview with Vera Lengsfeld, Berlin, 3 December 2007.59. Based on my interview with Michael Mertes, Boston, MA, 17 Novem-

ber 2006.60. My interview with Horst Teltschik, Munich, 29 April 2008.61. My interview with Horst Teltschik, Munich, 29 April 2008.62. My interview with Horst Teltschik, Munich, 29 April 2008.63. My interview with Martin Klingst, Cambridge, MA, 7 December 2006.64. Despite his annoyance about not knowing of Kohl’s plans until the last

minute, Genscher allegedly told Kohl in his office after the speech: ‘Helmut,that was a big speech’ (Teltschik, 1991, p. 57).

65. My interview with Vera Lengsfeld, Berlin, 3 December 2007.66. My interview with Kurt Biedenkopf, Berlin, 5 December 2007.67. My interview with Hans Modrow, Berlin, 28 November 2007.68. My interview with Rudolf Seiters, Berlin, 28 June 2009.69. My interview with Martin Klingst, Cambridge, MA, 7 December 2006.70. My interview with Rudolf Seiters, Berlin, 28 June 2009.71. My interview with Hans-Ulrich Klose, Berlin, 31 October 2007.72. My interview with Horst Teltschik, Munich, 29 April 2008. Moreover,

Teltschik and others worried that given the possibly impeding break-down in East Germany, there was considerable danger unless the issue wasgrabbed and steered. Many of Kohl’s inner circle therefore encouraged himto get a firm grip of the situation. See also Chapter 7 on the opinion surveyamong the West German elites.

73. My interview with Günther Nooke, Berlin, 27 November 2007.74. For a copy of the manuscript with Kohl’s handwritten comments, see Jäger

and Walter (1998, pp. 26–46).75. My interview with Günther Nooke, Berlin, 27 November 2007.76. My interview with Rudolf Seiters, Berlin, 28 June 2009.77. According to Martin Klingst, Kohl did not show the speech to Genscher

until 5.00 am on the day of the budget debate. My interview with MartinKlingst, Cambridge, MA, 7 December 2006.

196 Notes

78. My interview with Rudolf Seiters, Berlin, 28 June 2009.79. My interview with Martin Klingst, Cambridge, MA, 7 December 2006.80. My interview with Rudolf Seiters, Berlin, 28 June 2009.81. My interview with Martin Klingst, Cambridge, MA, 7 December 2006.82. My interviews with, for example, Horst Teltschik, Munich, 29 April 2008

and Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007. Nonetheless, JoachimBitterlich, another one from Kohl’s closest staff circle, omits Mitterand andemphasizes that ‘there are three people to thank for the German Unity –Bush, Gorbachev, Delors; we can forget the others.’ I should like to thankone of the series editors for bringing this to my attention.

83. My interview with Hans-Ulrich Klose, Berlin, 31 October 2007.84. My interview with Rudolf Seiters, Berlin, 28 June 2009.85. My interview with Martin Klingst, Cambridge, MA, 7 December 2006.86. Lecture by Douglas Hurd, 2 November 2010. ‘Welcoming the Inevitable:

Reflections on German Unification.’ University of Birmingham.87. My interview with Hans-Ulrich Klose, Berlin, 31 October 2007.88. My interview with Hans-Ulrich Klose, Berlin, 31 October 2007.89. My interviews with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007 and with

Vera Lengsfeld, Berlin, 3 December 2007.90. My interviews with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007 and with

Thomas de Maizière, Berlin, 20 November 2007.91. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007.92. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007.93. My interview with Thomas de Maizière, Berlin, 20 November 2007.94. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007.95. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007.96. My interview with Günther Nooke, Berlin, 27 November 2007.97. My own translation.98. My interview with Konrad Weiss, Berlin, 29 November 2007.99. My interview with Andreas Apelt, Berlin, 23 October 2007.

100. Many thanks to Andreas Apelt for providing me with a typewritten copy ofthe press statement produced by DA’s programmatic commission.

101. My interview with Konrad Weiss, Berlin, 29 November 2007. Weiss claimsthat DJ was the first opposition group whose goal was from the very begin-ning unification even if in a different context, further in the future, andunder different conditions.

102. My interview with Andreas Apelt, Berlin, 23 October 2007.103. My interview with Hans Modrow, Berlin, 28 November 2007.104. I should like to thank one of the series editors for sharing this private

conversation with me.105. My interview with Rudolf Seiters, Berlin, 28 June 2009.106. My interview with Rainer Eppelmann, Berlin, 21 November 2007.107. My interview with Horst Teltschik, Munich, 29 April 2008.108. My interview with Kurt Biedenkopf, Berlin, 5 December 2007.109. My interview with Matthias Platzeck, Potsdam, 12 December 2007.110. My interview with Kurt Biedenkopf, Berlin, 5 December 2007.111. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007.112. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007. Cf.

Schäuble (1991, p. 19).113. My interview with Rudolf Seiters, Berlin, 28 June 2009.

Notes 197

114. My interview with Volker Weichsel, Berlin, 1 November 2007.115. My interview with Wolfgang Schäuble, Berlin, 19 December 2007; cf. Kohl

(2007, p. 39).116. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007.117. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007.118. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007. Cf. de

Maizière (1996, p. 74).119. In part thanks to the revelation on the eve of polling that Wolfgang Schnur,

DA’s leader, was a Stasi agent. My interview with Rainer Eppelmann, Berlin,21 November 2007.

120. My interview with Andreas Apelt, Berlin, 23 October 2007.121. My interview with Vera Lengsfeld, Berlin, 3 December 2007.122. My interview with Michael Mertes, Boston, MA, 17 November 2006.123. My interview with Matthias Platzeck, Potsdam, 12 December 2007.124. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007.125. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007.126. My interview with Matthias Platzeck, Potsdam, 12 December 2007.127. Joachim Gauck (2009, p. 232) remembers how his supporters from NF

in Rostock had to collect money to be able to print Gauck’s electionposters.

128. My interview with Andreas Apelt, Berlin, 23 October 2007.129. My interview with Andreas Apelt, Berlin, 23 October 2007.130. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007.131. My interview with Andreas Apelt, Berlin, 23 October 2007.132. My interview with Thomas de Maizière, Berlin, 20 November 2007. Cf. de

Maizière (1996, pp. 78–79).133. Brandt and Kohl nevertheless frequently met until Brandt’s death in 1992

(see e.g. Schwan and Jens, 2014, pp. 118–19).134. My interview with Hans Misselwitz, Berlin, 6 November 2007.135. My interview with Matthias Platzeck, Potsdam, 12 December 2007.136. My interview with Rainer Eppelmann, Berlin, 21 November 2007.137. The CDU/CSU received 41.0 percent, SPD 22.0 percent, PDS 16.5 percent,

DSU 6.3 percent, FDP 5.3 percent, Bündnis ’90 (Alliance 90) 2.9 percent,Agrarians 2.2 percent, the Greens 2.0 percent, DA 0.9 percent, NDPD0.4 percent, the Women’s Association 0.3 percent and VL 0.2 percent.Of 400 seats, the CDU/CSU won 163, SPD 88, PDS 66, DSU 25, FDP 21,Bündnis ’90 12, Agrarians 9, the Greens 8, DA 4, NDPD 2 and the Women’sAssociation together with VL 1 seat each. For further details, see Jäger andWalter (1998, p. 414), Weidenfeld and Korte (1999, p. 189).

138. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007.139. My interview with Wolfgang Schäuble, Berlin, 19 December 2007.140. My interview with Wolfgang Schäuble, Berlin, 19 December 2007. Others,

such as Martina Weyrauch (my interview in Potsdam, 16 October 2007),claimed that de Maizière could not take any autonomous decisions becauseof his Western advisors.

141. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007.142. My interview with Joachim Gauck, Berlin, 20 December 2007.143. My interview with Andreas Apelt, Berlin, 23 October 2007.144. Stuhler (2010, pp. 20–21) recounts, for instance, a case of Herbert

Schirmer (CDU minister of culture) who was appointed without any prior

198 Notes

consultation and Regine Hildebrandt (SPD minister for social affairs) wholearnt about her nomination during a choir rehearsal.

145. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007.146. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007.147. My interview with Richard Schröder, Berlin, 4 December 2007.148. My interview with Rainer Eppelmann, Berlin, 21 November 2007.149. The Liberals also left the coalition on 24 July 1990; nonetheless, the two

liberal ministers stayed in the government.150. My interview with Horst Teltschik, Munich, 29 April 2008.151. My interview with Thomas de Maizière, Berlin, 20 November 2007.152. Although EMU is the widely used acronym for the process of European

Economic and Monetary Union, which was in its nascent stages at the timeof German Economic and Monetary Union, EMU in this book is used torefer to the German process.

153. My interview with Theo Waigel, Munich, 30 April 2008.154. Vertrag über die Schaffung einer Währungs-, Wirtschafts- – und Sozialunion

zwischen der BRD und der DDR (Treaty establishing a monetary, eco-nomic, and social union between the FRG and GDR) or Staatsvertrag (StateTreaty) was agreed on 18 May 1990 and approved by both German parlia-ments on 21 June 1990 (Weidenfeld et al., 1999: 162). The German textof the treaty is available at http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/dokumente/DieDeutscheEinheit_vertragWaehrungsWirtschaftsSozialunion/ (accessed:7 February 2014); the English text is available at http://www.cvce.eu/viewer/-/content/1b40b140-9898-48f3-b659-17b603099228/9847e49d-43c7-4c0e-b625-ff732673a06e/en (accessed: 7 February 2014).

155. Lothar de Maizière even quipped that he felt like the administratoroverseeing a company which had gone bust (Stuhler, 2010, p. 143).

156. The draft was written by Gert Haller, director in the ministry of finance. SeeHaller (1994).

157. A decision which was central to Haussmann’s decision to leave frontline politics soon after. See Haussmann’s profile at http://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/0,1518,606491,00.html (accessed: 7 February 2014).

158. On 6 February 1990, Pöhl met with the East German Staatsbank governorand reassured him that a quick monetary union was out of question. AfterKohl’s announcement of the EMU the same day, Pöhl had to withdrew hisprevious statement (Sarrazin, 1994, p. 90). Kohl commended Pöhl’s perfor-mance on TV as ‘a particularly good example of how to “sell” well a difficultpolitical decision’ (Teltschik, 1991, p. 133).

159. The slogan ‘Kommt die D-Mark nicht zu uns, gehen wir zu ihr!’ (If theDeutschmark does not come to us, we will come to get it!) has becomeno less famous than the previous slogans chanted at East Germandemonstrations. My interview with Vera Lengsfeld, Berlin, 3 December2007.

160. My interview with Vera Lengsfeld, Berlin, 3 December 2007.161. Although some economists considered the conversion rate to be irrele-

vant as wages would have adjusted anyway. See Gros and Steinherr (2004,p. 167).

162. Children up to 16 years could have exchanged 2,000 Ostmarks, adults4,000 Ostmarks, and pensioners over 65 years 6,000 Ostmarks. Cf. my

Notes 199

interviews with Martin Klingst, Cambridge, MA, 7 December 2006 andMichael Mertes, Boston, MA, 17 November 2006.

163. Also my interview with Thilo Sarrazin, Berlin, 30 November 2007.164. My interview with Hans Misselwitz, Berlin, 6 November 2007.165. My interview with Günther Nooke, Berlin, 27 November 2007.166. My interview with Günther Nooke, Berlin, 27 November 2007.167. My interview with Matthias Platzeck, Potsdam, 12 December 2007.168. My interview with Theo Waigel, Munich, 30 April 2008.169. My interview with Martin Klingst, Cambridge, MA, 7 December 2006.170. My interview with Matthias Platzeck, Potsdam, 12 December 2007.171. The SPD’s Inge Matthäus-Maier (1990) published her seven theses on EMU,

leading to a joint German Währungsbund (monetary association).172. My interview with Kurt Biedenkopf, Berlin, 5 December 2007.173. My interview with Thilo Sarrazin, Berlin, 30 November 2007.174. My interview with Theo Waigel, Munich, 30 April 2008.175. As Günther Verheugen told me in an interview in Potsdam, 6 June 2011,

he is still proud of his decision.176. Many thanks to Thilo Sarrazin for providing me with his Vermerk, an unof-

ficial internal document from 29 January 1990. My interview with ThiloSarrazin, Berlin, 30 November 2007.

177. My interview with Theo Waigel, Munich, 30 April 2008.178. Also my interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007.179. My interviews with Konrad Weiss, Berlin, 29 November 2007 and Hans

Misselwitz, Berlin, 6 November 2007.180. My interview with Theo Waigel, Munich, 30 April 2008.

4 Negotiating the East German Accession: Act II ofGerman Unification

1. My interviews with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007 and RichardSchröder, Berlin, 4 December 2007.

2. My interviews with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007 andMatthias Platzeck, Potsdam, 12 December 2007.

3. My interview with Richard Schröder, Berlin, 4 December 2007.4. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007.5. My interview with Horst Teltschik, Munich, 29 April 2008.6. My interview with Hans Misselwitz, Berlin, 6 November 2007.7. My interview with Markus Meckel, Berlin, 29 November 2007.8. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007.9. Schäuble ‘psychologisch kein Mensch ist, der Streicheleinheiten verteilt’ (my

translation).10. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007.11. My interviews with Wolfgang Schäuble, Berlin, 19 December 2007 and

Thomas de Maizière, Berlin, 20 November 2007.12. My interview with Wolfgang Schäuble, Berlin, 19 December 2007.13. My interview with Thomas de Maizière, Berlin, 20 November 2007.14. My interview with Detlev Kraa, Berlin, 31 October 2007.15. My interview with Martina Weyrauch, Potsdam, 16 October 2007.

200 Notes

16. My interview with Thomas de Maizière, Berlin, 20 November 2007.17. Although Telicka in contrast with Krause cared about the terms of accession.18. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007.19. I will discuss the GDR’s accession to the EC later in this chapter.20. The Justice Ministry was controlled by the FDP.21. My interview with Jürgen Chrobog, Berlin, 13 November 2007.22. My interview with Konrad Weiss, Berlin, 29 November 2007.23. My interview with Konrad Weiss, Berlin, 29 November 2007.24. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007.25. The German title for the treaty, ‘Einigungsvertrag,’ is not a proper word in

German; it should be ‘(Wieder)vereinigungsvertrag’ (Stuhler, 2010, p. 110).Cf. my interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007.

26. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007.27. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007.28. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007.29. My interview with Markus Meckel, Berlin, 29 November 2007.30. For the full German text of the Unification Treaty, including appendices,

see http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/einigvtr/index.html; the English text(without appendices) is available at http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=78 (both accessed: 8 January 2015).

31. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007.32. Goetz (1993) argues that even though there was an institutional transfer

from West to East Germany throughout the process of unification, it led notto uniform but to differentiated institutional results due to different admin-istrative arrangements among the West German Länder. Although we wouldbe well-advised to insert some nuance into the account of institutional trans-fer, this book does not nevertheless explore further developments at thesubnational levels after the unification was completed in October 1990.

33. My interview with Vera Lengsfeld, Berlin, 3 December 2007.34. My interview with Markus Meckel, Berlin, 29 November 2007.35. The unwillingness to open up the Stasi files was also discussed by Marianne

Birthler during her lecture ‘Dealing with the Communist Past in a UnifiedGermany,’ IEREES, George Washington University, 7 November 2011.

36. My interview with Michael Mertes, Boston, 17 November 2006.37. My interview with Joachim Gauck, Berlin, 20 December 2007.38. My interview with Miloš Zeman, Nové Veselí, 22 August 2008.39. For the minutes of several sessions, see Keller and Scholz, 1990.40. My interview with Sabine Bergmann-Pohl, Berlin, 13 December 2007.41. My interview with Günther Nooke, Berlin, 27 November 2007.42. Others, such as Bergmann-Pohl, provide slightly different figures, but all

agree that the number of laws was immense.43. My interview with Sabine Bergmann-Pohl, Berlin, 13 December 2007.44. My interview with Martina Weyrauch, Potsdam, 16 October 2007.45. My interview with Sabine Bergmann-Pohl, Berlin, 13 December 2007.46. My interview with Matthias Platzeck, Potsdam, 12 December 2007.47. My interviews with Hans Misselwitz, Berlin, 6 November 2007; Joachim

Gauck, Berlin, 20 December 2007; and Rainer Eppelmann, Berlin,21 November 2007.

48. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007.

Notes 201

49. My interview with Günther Nooke, Berlin, 27 November 2007.50. My interview with Vera Lengsfeld, Berlin, 3 December 2007.51. My interview with Günther Nooke, Berlin, 27 November 2007.52. My interview with Thomas de Maizière, Berlin, 20 November 2007.53. My interview with Thomas de Maizière, Berlin, 20 November 2007.54. My interview with Petra Pau, Berlin, 13 December 2007.55. My interview with Markus Meckel, Berlin, 29 November 2007.56. My interview with Rudolf Seiters, Berlin, 28 June 2009.57. My interview with Marianne Birthler, Berlin, 18 December 2007.58. In fact, the unified German Parliament agreed to few amendments to the

Basic Law (on its legal analysis, see Pile, 2001), but it did not substantiallychange the original text so it was not worth invoking a plebiscite.

59. My interview with Hans Misselwitz, Berlin, 6 November 2007.60. The EC was transformed into the EU following the Maastricht Treaty, which

came into force in November 1993. Although at times it is appropriateto refer to the EC when discussing the broad process, this book refers tothe EU.

61. For an analysis of the GDR’s accession to the EC, see Spence (1991, 1992)and Heisenberg (1991), and for the Eastern Bundesländer EU membership,see Lippert et al. (1993) and Krämer (2002).

62. My interviews with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007 and PetraErler, Potsdam, 6 June 2011.

63. In addition, Kohl did not want to slow down the unification process byrenegotiating Germany’s EC membership. Nonetheless, in the end, as a partof the Amsterdam Treaty, the number of MEPs for Germany did increase.My interview with Petra Erler, Potsdam, 6 June 2011.

64. In the end, however, the new Bundesländer have been integrated into theEU’s solidarity structures, including the structural funds, although cities suchas Berlin were soon removed from the ‘Objective I’ (i.e. the poorest) category.My interview with Monika Helbig, Berlin, 5 November 2007.

65. I should like to thank one of the series editors for bringing this to myattention.

66. My interview with Petra Erler, Potsdam, 6 June 2011.67. My interview with Petra Erler, Potsdam, 6 June 2011.68. My interview with Thomas de Maizière, Berlin, 20 November 2007.69. My interview with Markus Meckel, Berlin, 29 November 2007.70. My interview with Petra Pau, Berlin, 13 December 2007.71. My interview with Thomas Kralinski, Potsdam, 16 October 2007.72. My interview with Thomas Kralinski, Potsdam, 16 October 2007.

5 Eastern Enlargement of the EU: A Case of theAdaptation Model of Political Integration

1. Lecture and book launch by Zbigniew Brzezinski, 8 February 2012. ‘StrategicVision: America and the Crisis of Global Power.’ Center for Strategic andInternational Studies.

2. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 June 2011.3. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008.

202 Notes

4. Cf. Chapter 4. My interviews with Markus Meckel, Berlin, 29 November2007 and Hans Misselwitz, Berlin, 6 November 2007.

5. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 June 2011.6. My interview with Dietrich von Kyaw, Berlin, 7 August 2007.7. My interview with Dietrich von Kyaw, Berlin, 7 August 2007.8. My interviews with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011; Rutger

Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008; David Ringrose, Brussels, 16 March 2011;Wolfgang Wollte, Vienna, 24 June 2008; and Vladimír Špidla, Brussels,15 July 2008.

9. My interview with Vladimír Špidla, Brussels, 15 July 2008.10. My interviews with Katerina Jacques, Prague, 29 May 2008 and Monika

McDonagh-Pajerová, Prague, 28 May 2008.11. My interview with Monika McDonagh-Pajerová, Prague, 28 May 2008.12. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011.13. My interview with Dietrich von Kyaw, Berlin, 7 August 2007.14. My interview with Roland Freudenstein, Hamburg, 15 November 2007.15. My interview with Richard Morningstar, Cambridge, MA, 2 December 2008.16. My interview with Roland Freudenstein, Hamburg, 15 November 2007.17. My interview with Roland Freudenstein, Hamburg, 15 November 2007.18. My interview with Josef Jarab, Prague, 2 July 2008.19. Norway applied for and negotiated accession, but the Norwegians rejected

EU entry in a referendum.20. My interview with Nikolaus van der Pas, Brussels, 15 April 2009.21. My interviews with Wolfgang Wollte, Vienna, 24 June 2008 and Graham

Avery, Brussels, 24 January 2011.22. My interview with Wolfgang Wollte, Vienna, 24 June 2008.23. My interview with Petra Erler, Potsdam, 6 August 2011.24. My interviews with Gerhard Sabathil, Berlin, 31 October 2007 and Antonie

Kerwien, Berlin, 31 October 2007.25. My interview with Petra Erler, Potsdam, 6 August 2011.26. ‘Agreement on Trade in Industrial Products,’ http://eur-lex.europa.eu/

JOHtml.do?uri=OJ:L:1989:088:SOM:EN:HTML (accessed: 14 May 2014).27. ‘Agreement between the European Economic Community and the

European Atomic Energy Community, of the One Part, and the Czechand Slovak Federal Republic, of the Other Part, on Trade and Commer-cial and Economic Cooperation,’ http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:21990A1023(04)&rid=3 (accessed: 14 May 2014)and ‘Interim Agreement between the European Economic Communityand the European Coal and Steel Community, of the One Part, and theCzech and Slovak Federal Republic, of the Other Part, on Trade and Trade-Related Matters,’ http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:21992A0430(02)&rid=1 (accessed: 14 May 2014).

28. My interview with Josef Kreuter, Prague, 7 April 2008.29. My interview with Dietrich von Kyaw, Berlin, 7 August 2007.30. My interview with Nikolaus van der Pas, Brussels, 15 April 2009.31. My interview with Vladimír Laštuvka, Lázne Belohrad u Jicína, 18 August

2008. Despite its eventual rejection in referenda, inclusion of represen-tatives from the CEE candidate state into the convention gatheringsdrafting the European Constitution in the 2000s provided similar training

Notes 203

experience; see my interviews with two Czech members of the convention.My interview with Lenka Rovná, Prague, 8 April 2008 and Jan Kohout,Prague, 16 May 2008.

32. There is a large body of literature on the break-up of Czechoslovakia. See,for example, Innes (2001), Stein (2000), Henderson (1995) and Rychlík(2002).

33. ‘Europe Agreement, Establishing an Association between the EuropeanCommunities and their Member States, of the One Part, and the CzechRepublic, of the Other Part,’ http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:21994A1231(34)&rid=3 (accessed: 14 May 2014) and‘Europe Agreement Establishing an Association between the EuropeanCommunities and their Member States, of the One Part, and the SlovakRepublic, of the other Part,’ http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:21994A1231(30)&qid=1400089135115&from=EN(accessed: 14 May 2014).

34. My interview with Nikolaus van der Pas, Brussels, 15 April 2009.35. The last application was submitted by Slovenia on 10 June 1996; this late

application was, however, due to the political turmoil in the Balkans andthe Slovenes did so at the first moment available to them – on the day ofthe signing of the Europe Agreement. For the dates of the applications andEurope Agreements, see Cernoch (2003, p. 62).

36. My interviews with Jirí Brodský, Prague, 26 February 2009; Josef Kreuter,Prague, 7 April 2008; and Jan Kavan, Prague, 7 August 2008.

37. My interview with Josef Kreuter, Prague, 7 April 2008.38. My interviews with Miloš Zeman, Nové Veselí, 22 August 2008; Lubomír

Zaorálek, Prague, 21 August 2008; Libor Roucek, Prague, 27 June 2008; andJan Kavan, Prague, 7 August 2008.

39. See also my interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011.40. My interview with Michael Leigh, Brussels, 15 April 2009.41. My interview with Roland Freudenstein, Hamburg, 15 November 2007.42. Rome Treaty, http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/emu_history/documents/

treaties/rometreaty2.pdf (accessed: 14 May 2014).43. Maastricht Treaty (on European Union), 1991, http://www.eurotreaties

.com/maastrichtec.pdf (accessed: 14 May 2014).44. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011.45. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011.46. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008.47. ‘European Council in Copenhagen 21–22 June 1993, Conclusions of

the Presidency,’ http://www.europarl.europa.eu/summits/copenhagen/co_en.pdf (accessed: 14 May 2014).

48. European Commission, 1997c, see http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/enlargement/2004_and_2007_enlargement/l60001_en.htm (accessed: 14May 2014).

49. ‘European Council in Luxembourg 12–13 December 1997, Conclusionsof the Presidency,’ http://www.cvce.eu/viewer/-/content/8719c6c3-776a-4d6e-8ee5-95dec39eae37/en (accessed: 14 May 2014).

50. My interview with Roland Freudenstein, Hamburg, 15 November 2007 andCyril Svoboda, Prague, 8 April 2008.

51. My interview with Dietrich von Kyaw, Berlin, 7 August 2007.

204 Notes

52. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011.53. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011.54. My interview with Roland Freudenstein, Hamburg, 15 November 2007.55. My interviews with Dietrich von Kyaw, Berlin, 7 August 2007 and Roland

Freudenstein, Hamburg, 15 November 2007.56. My interview with Dietrich von Kyaw, Berlin, 7 August 2007.57. The United States encouraged the EU to enlarge, but expressed no prefer-

ence as to how it should be arranged and how many countries in how manysteps should join. My interview with Richard Morningstar, Cambridge, MA,2 December 2008.

58. The Visegrad Group consists of the Czech and Slovak republics, Hungary,and Poland (Dangerfield, 2008).

59. My interview with Miloš Zeman, Nové Veselí, 22 August 2008.60. My interviews with Cyril Svoboda, Prague, 8 April 2008; Lubomír Zaorálek,

Prague, 21 August 2008; and Petr Greger, Prague, 8 August 2008.61. My interview with Jirí Brodský, Prague, 26 February 2009 and Petr Ježek,

Prague, 21 August 2007.62. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011.63. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011.64. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011.65. Until then, enlargement matters were dealt with by a special task force on

enlargement within DG RELEX and led by Nikolaus van der Pas.66. My interview with Nikolaus van der Pas, Brussels, 15 April 2009.67. My interview with Poul Skytte Christoffersen, Brussels, 10 February 2011.68. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011.69. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011.70. My interview with Jan Kohout, Prague, 16 May 2008.71. My interview with Poul Skytte Christoffersen, Brussels, 10 February 2011.72. My interview with Jan Kavan, Prague, 7 August 2008.73. EU member states receive most of their payments in the second half of the

year, while they have to pay in at the beginning of the year. My interviewwith Poul Skytte Christoffersen, Brussels, 10 February 2011.

74. My interview with Pavel Cernoch, Brussels, 3 March 2011.75. My interviews with Jirí Brodský, Prague, 26 February 2009; Josef

Kreuter, Prague, 7 April 2008; and Lubomír Zaorálek, Prague, 21 August2008.

76. My interview with Vladimír Špidla, Brussels, 15 July 2008.77. My interviews with Petr Ježek, Prague, 21 August 2007 and Libor Secka,

Prague, 15 August 2007.78. My interviews with Jirí Brodský, Prague, 26 February 2009 and Petr Ježek,

Prague, 21 August 2007.79. My interview with Nikolaus van der Pas, Brussels, 15 April 2009.80. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008.81. My interview with Petra Erler, Potsdam, 6 August 2011.82. My interview with Nikolaus van der Pas, Brussels, 15 April 2009.83. My interviews with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011 and

Vladimír Špidla, Brussels, 15 July 2008.84. My interview with Petr Greger, Prague, 8 August 2008.85. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008.

Notes 205

86. My interview with a senior diplomat from an EU member state who forprofessional reasons wishes to remain anonymous.

87. My interviews with Nikolaus van der Pas, Brussels, 15 April 2009 and alsowith a senior diplomat from an EU member state who for professionalreasons wishes to remain anonymous.

88. My interview with Petra Erler, Potsdam, 6 August 2011.89. There is some disagreement among the officials as to where the balance of

the writing lay. While an official from the EU delegation in Prague empha-sized the reports were written by the desk officer in Prague (Ringrose),others based in Brussels were keener to stress the role of Brussels-based offi-cials (Erler). Wherever the emphasis is placed, both views stress that theprocess was collective, involving both Brussels-based officials and the dele-gations. My interviews with David Ringrose, Brussels, 16 March 2011 andPetra Erler, Potsdam, 6 August 2011.

90. My interviews with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011; MichaelLeigh, Brussels, 15 April 2009; David Ringrose, Brussels, 16 March 2011 andNikolaus van der Pas, Brussels, 15 April 2009.

91. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011; MichaelLeigh, Brussels, 15 April 2009; Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008; DavidRingrose, Brussels, 16 March 2011; and Nikolaus van der Pas, Brussels,15 April 2009.

92. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008.93. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008.94. The chief negotiator for the Czech Republic, Telicka, however, felt that his

country was looked at more strictly than the other candidates (Telicka andBarták, 2003, p. 75).

95. My interviews with David Ringrose, Brussels, 16 March 2011; RutgerWissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008; and Petra Erler, Potsdam, 6 August 2011.

96. My interviews with Jirí Brodský, Prague, 26 February 2009 and Jan Kavan,Prague, 7 August 2008.

97. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011.98. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011.99. My interview with David Ringrose, Brussels, 16 March 2011.

100. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011.101. My interview with Miloš Zeman, Nové Veselí, 22 August 2008.102. My interview with Karel Barták, Brussels, 15 July 2008.103. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008.104. My interview with Miloš Zeman, Nové Veselí, 22 August 2008.105. My interview with David Ringrose, Brussels, 16 March 2011.106. My interview with Pavel Rychetský, Brno, 18 February 2009.107. My interview with Petr Greger, Prague, 8 August 2008.108. My interview with David Ringrose, Brussels, 16 March 2011.109. My interviews with David Ringrose, Brussels, 16 March 2011 and Petr

Greger, Prague, 8 August 2008.110. My interviews with Michael Leigh, Brussels, 15 April 2009 and Petr Greger,

Prague, 8 August 2008.111. My interview with Petr Greger, Prague, 8 August 2008.112. My interview with David Ringrose, Brussels, 16 March 2011.113. My interview with David Ringrose, Brussels, 16 March 2011.

206 Notes

114. Instrument for Structural policy for Pre-Accession, see http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/enlargement/2004_and_2007_enlargement/l60022_en.htm (accessed: 14 May 2014), focused particularly on the envi-ronmental issues and Special Accession Programme for Agricultureand Rural Development, see http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/agriculture/enlargement/l60023_en.htm (accessed: 14 May 2014), focusedparticularly on agriculture.

115. Between 1998 and 2004 there were around 700 twinning projects in thecandidate states (Christoffersen, 2007c, p. 39). Cf. Phinnemore (2004).

116. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011.117. The United States also offered significant aid for similar purposes in

this period. My interview with Richard Morningstar, Cambridge, MA,2 December 2008.

118. My interview with Milan Mracek, Prague, 29 May 2008.119. My interview with Hana Frištenská, Prague, 23 February 2009.120. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011.121. My interview with Pavel Rychetský, Brno, 18 February 2009.122. My interview with Pavel Rychetský, Brno, 18 February 2009.123. My interview with Jirí Brodský, Prague, 26 February 2009.124. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008.125. My interview with Pavel Rychetský, Brno, 18 February 2009.126. My interview with Pavel Rychetský, Brno, 18 February 2009.127. My interview with Miloš Zeman, Nové Veselí, 22 August 2008.

6 Negotiating the Czech Accession to the EU: Act II of EUEastern Enlargement

1. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008.2. My interview with Nikolaus van der Pas, Brussels, 15 April 2009.3. My interviews with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008; Nikolaus van

der Pas, Brussels, 15 April 2009; and Jan Zahradil, Prague, 2 July 2008. Theexception among those interviewed by me was the European Commission’sDavid Ringrose who worked at the European Commission Delegation inPrague and was keen to stress accession was not a ‘one-way process’ dic-tated by Brussels. My interview with David Ringrose, Brussels, 16 March2011.

4. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008.5. My interview with Dietrich von Kyaw, Berlin, 7 August 2007.6. My interviews with Vladimír Špidla, Brussels, 15 July 2008; Pavel Telicka,

Berlin, 21 November 2007; and Petr Ježek, Prague, 21 August 2007.7. My interview with Poul Skytte Christoffersen, Brussels, 10 February 2011.8. My interviews with Jan Kohout, Prague, 16 May 2008 and Lenka Rovná,

Prague, 8 April 2008. Participation of Czech parliamentarians in the JointCommittee (of candidate states’ parliaments and the EP representatives)and observer status in the EP a year before the accession had analogouseffects. My interview with Vladimír Laštuvka, Lázne Belohrad u Jicína,18 August 2008.

9. My interview with Petr Kubernát, 16 May 2008, Prague.

Notes 207

10. I am grateful to Jakob Thomsen from the General Secretariat of the Coun-cil (see official website at: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/general-secretariat/) for providing me with the General EU Position on the CzechEU accession as well as other EU common positions, notably in Chapter 20,culture and audiovisual policy, and Chapter 22, environment.

11. After 2007 enlargement there are currently 35 accession chapters. Seehttp://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/policy/conditions-membership/chapters-of-the-acquis/index_en.htm (accessed: 7 February 2014).

12. The 31 accession chapters covered 1 (free movement of goods), 2 (freemovement for persons), 3 (freedom to provide services), 4 (free move-ment of capital), 5 (company law), 6 (competition policy), 7 (agricul-ture), 8 (fisheries), 9 (transport policy), 10 (taxation), 11 (EMU), 12(statistics), 13 (employment and social policy), 14 (energy), 15 (indus-trial policy), 16 (SMEs), 17 (science and research), 18 (education andtraining), 19 (telecom and information technologies), 20 (culture andaudiovisual policy), 21 (regional policy and coordination), 22 (environ-ment), 23 (consumers and health protection), 24 (justice and homeaffairs), 25 (customs union), 26 (external relations), 27 (common for-eign and security policy), 28 (financial control), 29 (financial and bud-getary provisions), 30 (institutions), 31 (other). Based on the list ofchapters provided on the European Commission, DG Enlargement’sarchives, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/enlargement_process/future_prospects/negotiations/eu10_bulgaria_romania/chapters/index_en.htm (accessed: 17 December 2014).

13. My interview with Petra Erler, Potsdam, 6 August 2011.14. A diplomat from the COREPER who wishes for professional reasons to

remain anonymous, 5 April 2009, Brussels.15. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011.16. I have formulated Figure 6.1 on the basis of the multiple interviews.17. My interviews with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011 and Petr

Ježek, Prague, 21 August 2007.18. My interview with Petr Ježek, Prague, 21 August 2007.19. My interview with Petr Kubernát, 16 May 2008, Prague.20. My interview with Petr Kubernát, 16 May 2008, Prague.21. A diplomat from the COREPER who wishes for professional reasons to

remain anonymous, 5 April 2009, Brussels.22. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008.23. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008.24. I have formulated Figure 6.2 on the basis of multiple interviews.25. My interviews with Pavel Telicka, Berlin, 21 November 2007 and a senior

diplomat from an EU member state who for professional reasons wishes toremain anonymous.

26. My interview with Pavel Telicka, Berlin, 21 November 2007.27. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011.28. My interview with a senior diplomat from an EU member state who for

professional reasons wishes to remain anonymous.29. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011.30. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011.31. My interview with Michael Leigh, Brussels, 15 April 2009.

208 Notes

32. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008.33. My interview with Poul Skytte Christoffersen, Brussels, 10 February 2011.34. My interview with Poul Skytte Christoffersen, Brussels, 10 February 2011.35. My interview with Petr Ježek, Prague, 21 August 2007.36. An interesting point is that many of the lead negotiators for the

Luxembourg Six were of a similar age – in their 30s. My interview withPetr Kubernát, 16 May 2008, Prague.

37. My interviews with Miloš Zeman, Nové Veselí, 22 August 2008; and PavelRychetský, Brno, 18 February 2009.

38. My interviews with Michael Leigh, Brussels, 15 April 2009; Rutger Wissels,Brussels, 16 July 2008; Nikolaus van der Pas, Brussels, 15 April 2009; andDietrich von Kyaw, Berlin, 7 August 2007.

39. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008.40. My interview with Poul Skytte Christoffersen, Brussels, 10 February 2011.41. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008.42. My interview with a senior diplomat from an EU member state who for

professional reasons wishes to remain anonymous.43. My interview with Nikolaus van der Pas, Brussels, 15 April 2009.44. My interview with Michael Leigh, Brussels, 15 April 2009.45. My interview with Michael Leigh, Brussels, 15 April 2009.46. My interview with a leading official who wishes to remain anonymous.47. My interview with Vladimír Špidla, Brussels, 15 July 2008.48. My interview with Jan Kavan, Prague, 7 August 2008.49. My interview with Cyril Svoboda, Prague, 8 April 2008.50. My interview with Pavel Telicka, Berlin, 21 November 2007.51. There was a late-night impromptu meeting between the Czech negotia-

tors and the Danish Presidency on this issue (Telicka and Barták, 2003,p. 221). My interviews with Pavel Telicka, Berlin, 21 November 2007;Petr Ježek, Prague, 21 August 2007; and Tomáš Kuchta, Prague, 5 January2007.

52. However, the only time when hardball tactics did pay off was at theCopenhagen Summit to which this chapter will return. My interviewswith Pavel Telicka, Berlin, 21 November 2007 and Petr Ježek, Prague,21 August 2007.

53. My interview with Pavel Telicka, Berlin, 21 November 2007.54. My interview with Pavel Telicka, Berlin, 21 November 2007.55. My interview with a senior diplomat from an EU member state who for

professional reasons wishes to remain anonymous.56. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008.57. My interviews with Petr Kubernát, 16 May 2008, Prague and Tomáš Kuchta,

Prague, 5 January 2007.58. My interview with Petr Kubernát, 16 May 2008, Prague.59. My interview with Petr Ježek, Prague, 21 August 2007.60. My interview with Petr Ježek, Prague, 21 August 2007.61. My interview with Petr Kubernát, 16 May 2008, Prague.62. My interview with Petr Kubernát, 16 May 2008, Prague.63. My interview with Petr Kubernát, 16 May 2008, Prague.64. My interview with Petr Kubernát, 16 May 2008, Prague.65. My interview with Miloš Zeman, Nové Veselí, 22 August 2008.

Notes 209

66. My interviews with David Ringrose, Brussels, 16 March 2011 and LiborRoucek, Prague, 27 June 2008.

67. My interview with Vladimír Špidla, Brussels, 15 July 2008.68. My interview with Jan Zahradil, Prague, 2 July 2008.69. My interviews with Jan Kavan, Prague, 7 August 2008; Petr Kubernát,

16 May 2008, Prague; Petr Ježek, Prague, 21 August 2007; and TomášKuchta, Prague, 5 January 2007.

70. My interview with Barbara Lippert, Berlin, 25 July 2007.71. My interview with Libor Roucek, Prague, 27 June 2008.72. My interview with Jan Kavan, Prague, 7 August 2008.73. My interviews with Pavel Rychetský, Brno, 18 February 2009 and Jan Kavan,

Prague, 7 August 2008.74. My interview with Pavel Telicka, Berlin, 21 November 2007.75. My interview with Miloš Zeman, Nové Veselí, 22 August 2008. Even

the hard-line communists did not exercise much by way of resistance.My interview with Miloslav Ransdorf, Prague, 12 August 2008.

76. My interview with Premysl Sobotka, Prague, 1 July 2008.77. My interview with Libor Roucek, Prague, 27 June 2008.78. My interview with Ludek Sefzig, Prague, 12 August 2008.79. My interviews with Michael Leigh, Brussels, 15 April 2009; Rutger Wissels,

Brussels, 16 July 2008; Jan Kohout, Prague, 16 May 2008; Pavel Rychetský,Brno, 18 February 2009; Lubomír Zaorálek, Prague, 21 August 2008; PetrKubernát, 16 May 2008, Prague; and a senior diplomat from an EU memberstate who for professional reasons wishes to remain anonymous.

80. My interview with Pavel Telicka, Berlin, 21 November 2007.81. My interviews with Nikolaus van der Pas, Brussels, 15 April 2009 and

Wolfgang Wollte, Vienna, 24 June 2008.82. My interviews with Vladimír Špidla, Brussels, 15 July 2008; Jan Kohout,

Prague, 16 May 2008; and Libor Secka, Prague, 15 August 2007.83. My interviews with Petr Ježek, Prague, 21 August 2007 and Tomáš Kuchta,

Prague, 5 January 2007.84. My interview with Petr Ježek, Prague, 21 August 2007.85. My interview with Pavel Rychetský, Brno, 18 February 2009.86. My interview with Pavel Telicka, Berlin, 21 November 2007.87. My interviews with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011 and

Michael Leigh, Brussels, 15 April 2009.88. My interview with Nikolaus van der Pas, Brussels, 15 April 2009.89. My interview with Jan Kohout, Prague, 16 May 2008.90. My interview with a senior diplomat from an EU member state who for

professional reasons wishes to remain anonymous.91. My interviews with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008 and Pavel Telicka,

Berlin, 21 November 2007.92. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008.93. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008.94. My interviews with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011 and Petr

Ježek, Prague, 21 August 2007.95. My interview with Roland Freudenstein, Hamburg, 15 November 2007.96. My interviews with Michael Leigh, Brussels, 15 April 2009; Miloš Zeman,

Nové Veselí, 22 August 2008; Pavel Rychetský, Brno, 18 February 2009; Petr

210 Notes

Kubernát, 16 May 2008, Prague; and a senior diplomat from an EU memberstate who for professional reasons wishes to remain anonymous.

97. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008.98. My interview with Graham Avery, Brussels, 24 January 2011.99. Based on Lippert (2004, p. 53), modified and translated by me.

100. My interview with Petr Ježek, Prague, 21 August 2007.101. At the time of the publication of this book, all transition periods for the

2004 EU entrants are nearly over.102. My interviews with Miloš Zeman, Nové Veselí, 22 August 2008 and Pavel

Telicka, Berlin, 21 November 2007.103. My interviews with Miloš Zeman, Nové Veselí, 22 August 2008 and Tomáš

Kuchta, Prague, 5 January 2007.104. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008.105. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008.106. My interview with Nikolaus van der Pas, Brussels, 15 April 2009.107. My interviews with Petra Erler, Potsdam, 6 August 2011; Gerhard Sabathil,

Berlin, 31 October 2007; and Antonie Kerwien, Berlin, 31 October2007.

108. My interview with Libor Secka, Prague, 15 August 2007.109. There are a number of studies which deal with the impact of the CEE migra-

tion (Traser, 2005; Summa, 2008; European Commission, 2009; Guardiaand Pichelmann, 2006; Coats, 2008; Hillion, 2004). Despite large num-bers of particularly Polish workers in the UK, all of the studies agree thatmigration from CEE countries has had largely positive effects (e.g. HMGovernment, 2014a, p. 6).

110. My interviews with Erhard Busek, Vienna, 2 June 2008 and Dietrich vonKyaw, Berlin, 7 August 2007.

111. My interviews with Nikolaus van der Pas, Brussels, 15 April 2009 and RutgerWissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008.

112. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011.113. Since 1993 there has been a bilateral agreement between the Czech Repub-

lic and Germany allowing a certain quota of Czech temporary workers intothe German job market. These quotas were filled only by about half in the1990s and by a tenth in the 2000s. I am grateful to Cyril Svoboda for provid-ing me these statistics and the text of his speech on this topic. My interviewwith Cyril Svoboda, Prague, 8 April 2008.

114. Purchase of land by foreigners has always been possible in the Czech Repub-lic, provided that a foreign company created a joint venture with domesticowners residing in Czech territory. My interview with Libor Secka, Prague,15 August 2007.

115. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011.116. My interviews with Jan Kavan, Prague, 7 August 2008; Petr Greger,

Prague, 8 August 2008; and Vladimír Laštuvka, Lázne Belohrad u Jicína,18 August 2008.

117. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011.118. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008.119. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008.120. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011.121. My interview with Milan Horácek, Prague, 21 August 2008.

Notes 211

122. My interviews with Erhard Busek, Vienna, 2 June 2008 and WolfgangWollte, Vienna, 24 June 2008.

123. My interview with Milan Horácek, Prague, 21 August 2008.124. The French stance was well known to Zeman and Telicka and was a factor

in their negotiating tactics (Telicka and Barták, 2003, p. 164). My interviewwith Miloš Zeman, Nové Veselí, 22 August 2008.

125. My interview with Libor Secka, Prague, 15 August 2007.126. My interview with Jan Kavan, Prague, 7 August 2008.127. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011.128. My interview with Petr Ježek, Prague, 21 August 2007.129. My interview with Vladimír Špidla, Brussels, 15 July 2008.130. For the list and some texts (in Czech) of the Decrees, see http://www.psp

.cz/docs/laws/dek/ (accessed: 7 February 2014).131. Initially, on 15 April 1999, the EP passed a resolution (European Parliament,

1999) asking to repeal the Beneš Decrees.132. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011.133. My interview with Miloš Zeman, Nové Veselí, 22 August 2008.134. An e-mail correspondence between me and Rutger Wissels, 24 June 2008.135. My interview with Poul Skytte Christoffersen, Brussels, 10 February 2011.136. An e-mail correspondence between me and Rutger Wissels, 24 June 2008.137. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011.138. The other two reports were written by Ulf Bernitz from Sweden and

Christopher Prout from the UK (Müller, 2004, p. 46).139. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011.140. My interview with Miloš Zeman, Nové Veselí, 22 August 2008; Pavel

Rychetský, Brno, 18 February 2009; and Jan Kavan, Prague, 7 August 2008.141. My interview with Vladimír Špidla, Brussels, 15 July 2008; Cyril Svoboda,

Prague, 8 April 2008; Pavel Telicka, Berlin, 21 November 2007; Petr Ježek,Prague, 21 August 2007; Libor Secka, Prague, 15 August 2007; Jan Kohout,Prague, 16 May 2008; Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011; PoulSkytte Christoffersen, Brussels, 10 February 2011; and a senior diplomatfrom an EU member state who for professional reasons wishes to remainanonymous.

142. Two notable exceptions to this general trend were written by key partici-pants (Vassiliou, 2007) and a close observer of European summits (Ludlow,2004).

143. My interview with Poul Skytte Christoffersen, Brussels, 10 February 2011.144. My interview with Karel Barták, Brussels, 15 July 2008.145. My interview with Jan Zahradil, Prague, 2 July 2008; Premysl Sobotka,

Prague, 1 July 2008, and Miloslav Ransdorf, Prague, 12 August 2008.146. My interview with Petr Ježek, Prague, 21 August 2007. Cf. Yakova, 2007.147. My interview with Pavel Telicka, Berlin, 21 November 2007.148. It is interesting to note that in the unification negotiations there were only

four rounds, while in EU accession negotiations only the final summit wascompleted within four rounds.

149. My interview with Poul Skytte Christoffersen, Brussels, 10 February 2011.150. My interview with Poul Skytte Christoffersen, Brussels, 10 February 2011.151. My interview with a senior diplomat from an EU member state who for

professional reasons wishes to remain anonymous.

212 Notes

152. My interviews with Jan Zahradil, Prague, 2 July 2008 and Jirí Brodský,Prague, 26 February 2009.

153. My interview with Jan Zahradil, Prague, 2 July 2008; Premysl Sobotka,Prague, 1 July 2008; and Miloslav Ransdorf, Prague, 12 August 2008.

154. Czech accession was approved by 489 out of 565 voting MEPs on 9 April2003. Although a clear majority in favor of Czech entry, thanks to the votesof the CSU MEPs and their allies, Czech accession received the lowest levelof support in the EP (Müller, 2004, p. 48). My interview with VladimírLaštuvka, Lázne Belohrad u Jicína, 18 August 2008.

155. In fact, two prominent ODS politicians, Ivan Langer and Martin Ríman,publically declared they would vote against the Czech EU accession(Hanley, 2004b, p. 702).

156. My interviews with Tomáš Kuchta, Prague, 5 January 2007 and Petr Greger,Prague, 8 August 2008.

157. My interview with Vladimír Špidla, Brussels, 15 July 2008.158. My interview with Miloš Zeman, Nové Veselí, 22 August 2008.159. My interview with Premysl Sobotka, Prague, 1 July 2008.160. Exit polls indicated 86 percent of ODS voters voted yes (Balík, 2004, p. 106).161. My interview with Monika McDonagh-Pajerová, Prague, 28 May 2008.162. From the late 1990s until 2003, when asked ‘What would be your deci-

sion in case there was a referendum on the EU accession?’, 40–48 percentof the Czech respondents tended to support the EU accession. However,from early 2003, public opinion ‘in favour’ of EU accession increased to59 percent in March 2003, 58 percent in April 2003 and 63 percent inMay 2003. This period corresponds with the Yes for Europe campaign. Forthe results of public opinion polls, see Uhrová (2003), Rezková (2003a,2003b).

163. Yes for Europe organized 25 percent of its events in places with a popu-lation of more than 500,000 inhabitants; 10 percent with a population of100,000–500,000; 20 percent with a population of 50,000–100,000; 23 per-cent with a population of 10,000–50,000; 8 percent with a population of5,000–10,000; 7 percent with a population of 2,000–5,000; 5 percent witha population of 1,000–2,000 and 2 percent with a population of less than1,000 inhabitants. I am grateful to Monika McDonagh-Pajerová for provid-ing me with internal Yes for Europe materials. My interview with MonikaMcDonagh-Pajerová, Prague, 28 May 2008.

164. Not least because of the money and access to Phare projects. See Chapter 5.165. Poland was perhaps more of an exception in massive celebrations. My inter-

view with Roland Freudenstein, Hamburg, 15 November 2007.166. The winning ODS received 30 percent of votes (9 seats), the Communists

came second with 20 percent (6 seats) and they were followed by the Lib-erals (Sdružení nezávislých kandidátu – Evropští Demokraté (Associationof Independent Lists – European Democrats (SNK/ED)) with 11 percent (3seats), the Christian Democrats (KDU-CSL) with 10 percent (2 seats) and theSocial Democrats with 9 percent (2 seats). In addition, two independentcandidates crossed the threshold and won seats. For detailed results, seethe Czech Statistical Office, http://www.volby.cz/pls/ep2004/ep11?xjazyk=EN (accessed: 7 February 2014).

167. Nevertheless, Špidla was made an EU Commissioner.

Notes 213

168. See http://www.heritage.org/events/2011/09/vaclav-klaus (accessed: 7 February2014; the video is no longer available).

7 Evaluating the Unification of Germany and the EasternEnlargement of the EU

1. The ‘don’t knows’ were 9 percent among West Germans and 3 percentamong East Germans. The question asked was: ‘Are you personally in favourof, or opposed to, unification . . . ?’ The fieldwork took place in late October1990. For further details, see European Commission (1991).

2. The fieldwork for Eurobarometer 62 (European Commission, 2004, p. 68)took place in October-November 2004. The question asked was: ‘Member-ship of the EU is . . . ’ with possible responses being ‘a good thing,’ ‘neithergood nor bad,’ and ‘a bad thing.’ The responses by new EU member statesfrom CEE were the following: a good thing (45 percent in the Czech Repub-lic, 52 percent in Estonia, 49 percent in Hungary, 69 percent in Lithuania,40 percent in Latvia, 50 percent in Poland, 57 percent in Slovakia, 52 per-cent in Slovenia); neither good nor bad (42 percent in the Czech Republic,36 percent in Estonia, 36 percent in Hungary, 22 percent in Lithuania, 43 per-cent in Latvia, 37 percent in Slovakia, 38 percent in Slovenia) and a badthing (10 percent in the Czech Republic, Estonia and Hungary, 6 percent inLithuania, 14 percent in Latvia, 8 percent in Poland, 4 percent in Slovakia,5 percent in Slovenia). Don’t know answers are not included.

3. The question asked was: ‘the unification of Germany was . . . ’ with theoptions being ‘right decision,’ ‘wrong decision’ (12 percent among WestGermans and 8 percent among East Germans) and ‘no answer’ (3 percent and1 percent, respectively; my translation). The fieldwork took place in October2009. For further details and polls, see appendices to Petersen (2009).

4. The question asked was: ‘is the German unification rather a reason for joy orrather for concern?’ with the options being ‘rather for joy,’ ‘rather for con-cern’ (5 percent among East Germans and 8 percent among West Germans)with the remaining answers undecided (my translation). The fieldwork tookplace in November 2014. For further details and polls, see Petersen (2014).

5. The remaining options are that the unification benefitted nobody (12 per-cent among West Germans and 14 percent among East Germans) and don’tknow (2 percent among both West and East Germans; my translation). Thefieldwork took place in October 2009. For further details and polls, seeappendices to Petersen (2009).

6. The question asked was: ‘Would you say that the German unificationbrought you overall more rather advantages or disadvantages?’, to which15 percent of East Germans and 26 percent of West Germans chose theanswer ‘rather disadvantages’ and 9 percent of East Germans and 18 percentof West Germans answered that the balance was about equal. The remain-der of respondents provided no answers (my translation). The fieldwork tookplace in August-September 2014. For further details and polls, see InfratestDimap (2014).

7. In German: ‘Vierzig Jahre Teilung brauchen vierzig Jahre Heilung.’ My inter-view with Marianne Birthler, Berlin, 4 December 2007.

214 Notes

8. The Eurobarometer survey discontinued the longstanding question aboutthe benefits of EU membership in 2011.

9. The question asked was: ‘taking everything into consideration, would yousay that your country benefitted from EU membership?’ The proportionsof respondents answering ‘benefitted’ were 54 percent in the Czech Repub-lic, 68 percent in Estonia, 40 percent in Hungary, 67 percent in Lithuania,47 percent in Latvia, 73 percent in Poland, 72 percent in Slovakia and 53 per-cent in Slovenia. The proportions of respondents answering ‘not benefitted’were 39 percent in the Czech Republic, 24 percent in Estonia, 49 percent inHungary, 20 percent in Lithuania, 47 percent in Latvia, 18 percent in Poland,22 percent in Slovakia, and 42 percent in Slovenia. The remaining answerswere ‘don’t know.’ The fieldwork took place in May 2011.

10. The question asked was: ‘are you satisfied with membership in the EuropeanUnion’? The respondents answered each April as ‘very satisfied’ with 6 per-cent in 2005, 7 percent in 2006, 5 percent in 2007, 8 percent in 2008,6 percent in 2009, 7 percent in 2010, and 4 percent in 2011, 2012, 2013, and2014; ‘fairly satisfied’ with 24 percent in 2005, 29 percent in 2006, 27 per-cent in 2007, 32 percent in 2008, 34 percent in 2009, 29 percent in 2010,24 percent in 2011, 21 percent in 2012, 22 percent in 2013, and 24 percentin 2014; ‘neither satisfied nor dissatisfied’ with 39 percent in 2005, 41 per-cent in 2006, 36 percent in 2007, 39 percent in 2008, 38 percent in 2009,39 percent in 2010 and 2011, 31 percent in 2012, 37 percent in 2013, and38 percent in 2014; ‘rather dissatisfied’ with 13 percent in 2005, 14 percent in2006, 18 percent in 2007, 12 percent in 2008 and 2009, 15 percent in 2010,20 percent in 2011, 27 percent in 2012, and 22 percent in 2013 and 2014;‘very dissatisfied’ with 5 percent in 2005 and 2006, 9 percent in 2007, 3 per-cent in 2008 and 2009, 6 percent in 2010, 10 percent in 2011, 14 percent in2012, 12 percent in 2013, and 9 percent in 2014. The remaining percentagescover the ‘don’t know’ answers. The fieldwork took place in April each year(my translation).

11. The Czech government commissioned the Ipsos polling agency in 2012 and2015 to ask: ‘to what extent do you think that the Czech Republic benefitsfrom its membership in the European Union?’ The Czechs found their EUmembership to be ‘very beneficial’ with 4 percent in 2012 and 7 percent in2015, ‘fairly beneficial’ with 26 percent in 2012 and 44 percent in 2015, ‘notvery beneficial’ with 38 percent in 2012 and 31 percent in 2015, ‘not bene-ficial at all’ with 20 percent in 2012 and 10 percent in 2015. The remainingpercentages cover the ‘don’t know’ answers (my translation). The fieldworktook place in January 2012 and 2015. For further details, see Úrad vládyCeské republiky (2015).

12. That is: ‘unification went smoothly without any problems,’ ‘went asexpected,’ and ‘went well although there were some unavoidable mistakesmade.’

13. I have formulated figures 7.1–7.17 on the basis of the multiple interviews.14. That is: ‘enlargement went smoothly without any problems’ (answered by

53 percent of EU officials and by 48 percent of the Czechs), ‘went as expected’(answered by 27 percent of EU officials and by 33 percent of the Czechs) and‘went well although there were some unavoidable mistakes made’ (answeredby 20 percent of the Czechs but no EU officials). About 19 percent of the

Notes 215

Czechs mention avoidable mistakes while no EU officials were aware of anyavoidable mistakes.

15. My interview with Horst Teltschik, Munich, 29 April 2008.16. My interview with Vera Lengsfeld, Berlin, 3 December 2007.

8 Lessons Learnt from the Transplantation andAdaptation Models of Political Integration: A Conclusion

1. The first countries that may join the EU in future may in fact be the‘microstates,’ such as Andorra and San Marino.

2. Nevertheless, Gauck only became president in March 2012 thanks to a finan-cial scandal surrounding his predecessor, Christian Wulff, who had actuallybeaten Gauck in the last presidential vote two years previously.

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Index

accession date, 35, 186East German, 79, 94, 171, 186EU (enlargement), 68, 93–5, 109–10,

152, 175, 186acquis, 10, 92, 97, 102, 103, 117, 120,

121, 133, 135, 137, 143, 145, 175,178

adaptation, 2–3, 6–7, 10–11, 12–22,24, 56, 90–1, 93, 95, 97–9, 101–3,105, 107, 109–10, 118, 119–22,134, 140, 150–4, 155–6, 159, 162,166–7, 176, 179–81, 183–8

African Union, 187Agenda 2000, 94, 105–6Alexanderplatz, 26, 61Allianz für Deutschland, 46, 48, 51–2Allies, 3, 30American Civil War, 21, 185applicability, 185–6application for EU membership, 100Article 23, 54, 67, 72, 78, 83Article 146, 72, 83–5ASEAN (Association of Southeast

Asian Nations), 3, 187Association Agreement, see Europe

AgreementAustria, 97, 130, 141, 143

Basic Law (Grundgesetz), 54, 67, 68,69, 75, 76, 83, 85, 157

Beitritt, 42, 54, 72, 83–4, 94Beneš Decrees, 92, 112, 135, 137, 142,

144–5, 153, 182Berlin Wall, 1, 7, 8, 23, 24, 25–6, 28,

29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 38, 42,44, 51, 54, 64, 79, 91, 157, 158,182

Birthler, Marianne, 4, 158Blair, Tony, 108, 129blizzard of legislation (state of

legislative emergency), 81, 115,118, 133

Brandt, Willy, 30, 31, 37, 46, 50, 89

building (of institutions, elites), 3, 6,12–13, 17, 21, 93, 111

Bulgaria, 69, 93, 95, 106, 108, 110,122, 186

Bundesbank, 55, 57, 60, 62Bundesrat, 69, 78Bundesrepublik, see FRGBundestag, 37–8, 68–9, 77–8, 99, 120,

182Bush, George, 40, 49

CAP (Common Agricultural Policy),77, 97, 100, 126, 137, 141, 147

cashflow facility, 149CDU (Christian Democratic Union)

East, 8, 46–52, 53, 58, 59, 74, 82West, 30, 35, 40, 46–9, 52, 53, 57,

69, 72, 77, 156, 164chapters (of accession negotiations),

123, 124, 135, 137, 147closing, 134, 135–6, 147difficult, 135, 136easy, 135opening, 124, 129, 135–6, 186

characterconsensual, 12, 15procedural, 12, 14

chief negotiator, 5, 58, 74, 79, 94, 101,110, 114, 119, 124–5, 127–9, 131

Chirac, Jacques, 110, 141Christoffersen, Poul Skytte, 9, 105,

118, 122, 126, 127, 145, 146, 149Commissioner, 5, 62, 94, 95, 100, 107,

108, 109, 119, 127, 141, 142, 143Commission, see European

Commissioncommon position, 9, 124, 125, 127conditionality, 2, 5, 6, 10, 12, 13, 14,

93, 100, 101–3, 121, 143, 186confederation, 7, 37confederative structures, 7, 37continuum, 7, 11, 21, 22, 162

230

Index 231

contractual community, seeVertragsgemeinschaft

Cook, Robin, 123coordination

abroad, 9, 119, 129, 131–3at home, 119, 129, 134–5

Copenhagencriteria, 8, 93, 100, 101–4, 105, 106,

108, 1211993 summit, 10, 94, 95–6, 100,

104, 105, 1182002 summit, 8, 109, 111, 120, 122,

126, 128, 135, 141, 143,145–50, 152, 153, 154

COREPER (Committee of PermanentRepresentatives to the EU), 124,126, 131

correlation (negative), 7, 19, 24Council of Economic Advisors, 55, 62Council (of the European Union), 9,

87, 94, 95, 99, 101, 106, 109, 118,122, 124, 127, 147, 148

Croatia, 1, 93, 145CSSD (Czech Social Democratic Party),

151, 152, 154CSU (Christian Social Union), 57, 69,

72, 77, 144, 150Cyprus, 3, 104, 106, 122, 136Czechoslovakia, 21, 26, 90, 98, 99,

100, 144, 185

DA (Democratic Awakening), 32, 42,43, 48

Danishpackage, 147–8Presidency, 10, 109, 146–8

Delegation (EC/EU), 115–16Delors, Jacques, 87, 104de Maizière, Lothar

government, 48, 52–4, 133prime minister, 4, 41, 47, 48, 49, 50,

52–4, 59, 60, 61, 70, 71, 73–6,78–82, 86–9

de Maizière, Thomas, 41, 88democratization, 2–3, 14–15, 24, 25–6,

31, 32, 33, 34, 64, 65, 178, 182Deutschmark (DM), 24, 56, 61, 62,

160, 183

DG (Directorate General)ENL (Enlargement), 112, 113, 115,

117RELEX (External Relations), 112,

121dissident, see oppositionistDJ (Democracy Now), 32, 42, 43,

46, 50DSU (German Social Union), 48,

69, 83proposal (for immediate Beitritt),

83–4

East German government, see deMaizière, Lothar government

EFTA (European Free TradeAssociation), 96, 97, 103

electionsBundestag December 1990

(common, federal all-German),67–71, 80, 82, 152, 154, 156,163

EP June 2004, 10, 68, 109, 152, 154,165

Landtag, 68, 71municipal, 52, 57Volkskammer March 1990, 7, 23–4,

29, 32, 33, 34, 43, 45–6, 47–8,51–2, 53, 56, 58–9, 64–5, 68, 69,166, 167, 188

electorallaw (Wahlgesetz), 67, 79threshold, 51, 67–70

EMU (Economic and monetaryunion), 7, 23, 24, 52, 54–64, 66,76, 77

enlargement, 2–3, 21big bang, 1, 95, 108–9, 112EU (Eastern), 1–2, 4–5, 7–10, 13,

20–4, 35, 39–40, 50, 54–5,59–60, 64, 68–9, 77, 87–9, 90–8,102–15, 117–18, 119–24, 126,128–9, 135–6, 141–5, 150, 153,155–6, 158–61, 164, 167–71,174–80, 181–2, 185–7

regatta, 107wave(s), 93, 100, 103–4, 107–8, 110,

122

232 Index

entity (unit, part, side)accepting (admitting), 2, 6–7,

14–17, 21, 25, 34, 39, 40, 44,45, 65, 72, 77, 91, 93, 102, 104,118, 119, 122, 152, 155, 156,166, 171, 178, 183–4

entering, 2, 6, 9, 11, 14–19, 21,23–4, 64, 66, 91, 102, 110,118–20, 133, 142, 152, 155–6,166, 178, 183–4, 187–8

EP (European Parliament), 69, 109,111, 144, 150

2004 elections, 10, 68, 109, 152,154, 165

Eppelmann, Rainer, 48, 54, 56Estonia, 106, 108, 133European Commission, 5, 8, 9, 74, 87,

93, 94, 98, 103, 104, 105, 108,109, 111–18, 119, 121, 124,126–7, 128, 133, 141, 143, 145,146, 147, 149, 153, 164, 182

European Council, see CouncilEurope (Association) Agreement, 8,

93, 97–9, 100, 118euroskeptic, 2, 100, 114, 121, 132,

158, 188exchange rate, 56, 58, 60, 63

FDP (Free Democratic Party), 37, 38,40, 53, 55, 57, 69, 72, 86

Finanzausgleich/Finanzverfassung, seetransfer union

1 July 1990, 56, 66flourishing landscapes, 49, 61, 183free movement

of capital, 137, 141–2of labor, 15, 63, 112, 137, 141–2for persons, see free movement, of

laborFRG, 8, 75–6, 78, 80, 82, 84–5, 87, 120funds (structural and cohesion), 77,

104, 117, 149

Gauck, Joachim, 4, 33, 59, 81, 188GDR, 3–4, 27, 31, 36, 39, 41, 43–4, 49,

55, 58–9, 62, 68, 70–1, 75–6, 79,82, 84–8, 157

accession to the EU, 85–8

Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 30, 37, 40,46, 86–7, 89

Gorbachev Mikhail, 40, 59, 86grand coalition, 53–4, 131Greece, 3, 87, 104, 152Grundgesetz, see Basic Law

harmonization, 55, 88, 117–18, 120,134–5, 150

Honecker, Erich, 27, 43, 61Hungarian(s), see HungaryHungary, 26, 27, 97, 98, 100, 106, 107,

110, 111, 127, 133, 134, 136, 144,147, 148, 149, 158

ideal type (case), 7, 11, 13, 19, 20–2,24, 26, 162, 180, 186

IGC (intergovernmental conference),9, 111, 112, 122

Ignalina power plant, 136, 147issues (during enlargement)

political, 9, 92, 112, 119, 142–4technical, 119, 128, 135, 142

Kavan, Jan, 5, 115, 129, 133KDU-CSL (Czech Christian

Democrats), 132, 134Kinkel, Klaus, 61, 96Klaus, Václav, 99, 100, 101, 114, 117,

131, 145, 151, 154, 179, 188Kohl, Helmut, 7, 26, 28, 29–31, 34–45,

46, 47, 48–52, 55, 56, 57, 58, 62,63, 64, 70–1, 72–3, 79, 80–1,84, 86–7, 89, 107, 110, 152, 153,182

Korea, 3, 187–8Kosovo, 1, 108, 165Krause, Günther, 8, 59, 73–4, 75, 76,

80, 84, 127Krenz, Egon, 27, 28KSCM (Czech Communist Party), 150,

160

Lafontaine, Oskar, 51, 62, 71, 89Latvia, 102, 106, 108, 156Leigh, Michael, 5, 9, 128Leipzig demonstrations, see Monday

demonstrationsLengsfeld, Vera, 35, 163

Index 233

leverage, 6, 94, 175, 187Lithuania, 106, 136, 147, 156lobbying in the capitals, 10, 129,

130–1see also spanilé jízdy

local (domestic) actors (players)impact of, 2, 6–7, 10, 12, 18–22,

23–5, 55, 64, 66–7, 72, 76–7,80–1, 83, 85–7, 89, 93, 110,120–1, 123, 129, 134, 137, 140,155, 159, 162, 164, 166–71,174–6, 178–9, 182–3

Malta, 106, 122, 136Meciar, Vladimír, 100, 134Meckel, Markus, 53, 85, 86Melk agreement, 129, 143memorandum, 100–1MENA (Middle East and North Africa),

3, 187Mertes, Michael, 29, 34, 36Mitterrand, François, 40, 43, 87Modrow, Hans, 4, 28–9, 33, 37, 38, 41,

42, 43, 53, 56, 57Momper, Walter, 27, 30Monday demonstrations, 27, 31, 33,

79, 163

NATO (North Atlantic TreatyOrganization), 3, 21, 52, 84, 86,96–7, 135, 185

negotiation, 2, 4, 5, 8–9, 18, 97–8,119, 170–1, 184

accession to the EU, 5, 7, 8–10, 59,74, 77, 81, 87, 91–101, 104–9,111–12, 116–18, 119–37,140–50, 152–3, 156, 167, 174,176, 182

chapters, see chapterstactics, 127, 129–30, 146, 149–50,

153team, 5, 9, 54–5, 57–9, 72, 75–6, 78,

98, 127–8, 129–31, 133, 141,147–8, 149, 153

unification, 7, 8, 23, 45, 53–6,58–61, 63–4, 66–7, 70–81, 83,85–8, 94, 98, 120–3, 140, 153,167, 170–1, 174–6, 182

new constitution, 42, 72, 83–5, 160see also Article, 146

NF (New Forum), 32, 46, 501918, 3, 219 November 1989, 27, 32, 33Nooke, Günter, 33, 41, 81

ODS (Civic Democratic Party), 114,131, 132, 134, 150

older brother strategy, 129, 131Opposition Agreement, 131, 132, 150oppositionist (dissident), 31, 39, 41–2,

48, 51, 53, 61, 70, 163ownership (sense of), 40, 83, 157, 159,

167, 187

PDS (Party of Democratic Socialism),47, 51, 70, 82, 85, 88

PHARE program, 87, 112, 115–17see also pre-accession programs

Platzeck, Matthias, 4, 31, 33, 44, 61Poland, 29, 52, 97, 98, 106, 107, 108,

110, 112, 114, 129, 132, 134, 136,141, 149, 158, 181

Polish, see Polandpower asymmetry, 5, 55, 93, 121, 144,

145, 153, 168, 171, 174, 176, 182,183

pre-accession programs, 8, 93, 111–12,116, 118

see also PHARE programPresidency

Danish, see Danish Presidencyrotating, 94, 99, 109, 119, 122, 123,

124, 126, 127, 145, 146–8, 158,182

progress reports, 94, 112–15, 133, 147see screening; regular reports

purchase of property by foreigners,137, 141–2

see free movement of capital

Rasmussen, Anders Fogh (Danishprime minister), 128, 148, 149

ratification (of EU accession treaties),107, 109, 144, 151

referendum, 6, 10, 14, 42, 50, 83, 120,151–2, 154

reform communists, 27–8, 49

234 Index

regular reports (annual progress), 94,112–15, 133, 147

restitution (of property in EastGermany), 56, 58, 60–1, 78, 142,160

return to Europe, 8, 90, 95, 153revolution

in CEE, 96, 103, 129peaceful (democratic) in East

Germany, 25, 34, 42, 84, 157Velvet, 95

rhetorical trap, 103Romania, 11, 69, 93, 95, 106, 108,

110, 122, 133, 167, 186Romberg, Walter, 59, 71, 78Round Table, 31, 33, 56, 85Russia, 96, 187

Sarrazin, Thilo, 60, 62–3Schabowski, Günter, 4, 27–8, 30Schäuble, Wolfgang, 4, 8, 32, 38, 41,

45, 47, 52, 54, 55, 69, 72–81, 85–6Schröder, Gerhard, 62, 84, 129, 141Schröder, Richard, 49, 61Schüssel Wolfgang, 143screening, 105, 112, 117, 118SDP (Social Democratic Party)-East, see

SPD EastSED (Socialist Unity Party of

Germany), 27, 33, 36, 45, 47Seiters, Rudolf, 5, 35, 38–40, 43, 46, 78Serbia, 1, 108

see also Kosovoshock therapy, 52, 62, 63Slovakia, 3, 21, 100, 106, 108, 134–5,

136, 144, 147, 148, 156, 158, 185Slovak(s), see SlovakiaSlovene(s), see SloveniaSlovenia, 106, 110, 145, 147, 148Sobotka, Bohuslav, 145, 159Soviet

bloc, 63troops, 84, 86Union, 58, 90, 96

spanilé jízdy, 10, 129, 130–1see also lobbying in the capitals

SPD (Social Democratic Party)East, 32, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54,

61, 70–1, 74, 78, 85, 86, 171

West, 30, 32, 37, 38, 49, 50, 51, 55,62, 63, 69, 71, 73, 74, 78, 84,85, 89, 112

speech by Kohlin Dresden (Frauenkirche), 43–4at Rathaus Schöneberg, 29–30, 49

speed, 1, 6–7, 9, 12–14, 16, 18–22,23–5, 29, 64, 66, 69, 72, 80, 83,91, 93–4, 110, 118, 119, 123, 126,131, 153–4, 155–6, 159, 162, 164,166, 171, 176, 178–9, 182–3, 186,188

Špidla, Vladimírcoalition government, 132, 151prime minister, 5, 95, 114, 128–9,

143, 144, 147, 148, 149, 151,152, 153, 154

Stasi law (dealing with Stasi files), 9,78, 80–1, 182, 188

state of legislative emergency, seeblizzard of legislation

Summit, 99Copenhagen, 8, 10, 94, 96, 100,

104, 109, 120, 122, 126, 128,135, 143–9, 153

Helsinki, 8, 93, 94, 105, 108–9, 110,118, 122, 156

Luxembourg, 8, 94, 105–6, 108, 110,118, 122, 156

Nice, 8, 93, 111, 118regatta, 107wave(s), 93, 100, 103–4, 107–8, 110,

122Svoboda, Cyril, 5, 129, 160

Telicka, Pavel, 5, 9, 74, 101, 114, 124,126, 127–9, 130, 133–6, 145, 147,149, 153, 160

Teltschik, Horst, 35, 37–40, 44, 52, 162Temelín nuclear power plant, 92, 112,

129, 135, 137, 142–5, 153, 18210-Point Program, 7, 23, 24, 28,

34–45, 50, 57, 64, 101, 166, 182Thatcher, Margaret, 40theoretical framework, 6–7, 10, 12–13,

15, 22, 91, 1793 October 1990, 66, 88, 89Tietmeyer, Hans, 57–9Toleration Patent, 115, 132

Index 235

Topolánek, Mirek, 158, 175transfer (of institutions, elites), 2–3, 6,

9, 12, 15–16, 18, 21, 65, 79, 157,160, 171, 183, 186

transfer union(Finanzausgleich/Finanzverfassung),76, 78–9, 84, 116

transition to democracy, 3, 13–14see also democratization

transition periods (arrangements), 9,59, 75, 78, 87–8, 97, 125, 127–31,135–42, 153, 182

transplantation, 2–3, 6–7, 9–11,12–22, 23–4, 34, 39, 44–6, 48, 50,52–6, 60–1, 64–5, 67, 72, 76, 79,88, 90–1, 93, 97–8, 100, 110, 119,120, 133, 152, 155–60, 162,166–7, 175–6, 179–80, 181–8

travel law, 26–30Treaty

Accession, 72, 95, 143–5, 150, 152,154

Amsterdam, 111Lisbon, 111, 145Maastricht, 97, 103, 111Nice, 105, 111Rome, 87, 103State, 7, 54–6, 58, 61Unification, 8, 23, 55, 66–7, 72,

73–4, 76–80, 83, 91Treuhandanstalt (THA), 61Turkey, 3, 1862+4, 75, 79, 85–6

Ukraine, 187unit (accepting, entering), see entity

(accepting entering)

van den Broek, Hans, 100, 107van der Pas, Nikolaus, 5, 121Verheugen, Günther, 5, 62, 94, 108–9,

112–13, 127, 129, 141–3Vertragsgemeinschaft (contractual

community), 29, 36, 38, 41Visegrad Group (V4), 108, 134, 135,

149von Kyaw, Dietrich, 31, 95, 107von Weizsäcker, Richard, 4, 31, 79, 89

Wahlgesetz, see electoral lawWaigel, Theo, 4, 55–, 59–60, 62, 64, 77Weiss, Konrad, 32, 42Western Balkans, 1, 3, 108, 136, 186West German chancellor, see KohlWest German Länder, 52, 72–8, 144,

153, 182Wissels, Rutger, 5, 9, 137Wolfgangsee, 70–1, 76

Yes for Europe, 50, 151–2

Zemanminority government, 114, 117,

118, 131, 133, 134, 137, 150prime minister, 5, 81, 108, 114, 127,

128, 132, 133, 134, 143