appendix i - shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15828/18/18_appendix.pdf ·...
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xviii
APPENDIX II
Scheduled Castes and their Population in Kerala
Sl. No. Code Name of SCs Population
Percentage to total SC
population
Total Male Female Total Male Female
1 000 All Scheduled Castes 3123941 1525114 1598827
2 001 Adi Andhra 4311 2184 2127 0.14 0.14 0.13
3 002 Adi Dravida 3063 1699 1364 0.10 0.11 0.09
4 003 Adi Karnataka 1640 810 830 0.05 0.05 0.05
5 004 Ajila 146 72 74 0.00 0.00 0.00
6 005 Arunthathiyar 2256 1137 1119 0.07 0.07 0.07
7 006 Ayyanavar 11823 5722 6101 0.38 0.38 0.38
8 007 Baira 900 472 428 0.03 0.03 0.03
9 008 Bakuda 5568 2774 2794 0.18 0.18 0.17
10 009 Bandi 32 18 14 0.00 0.00 0.00
11 010 Bathada 8 2 6 0.00 0.00 0.00
12 011 Bellara 56 41 15 0.00 0.00 0.00
13 012 Bharatar 2804 1412 1392 0.09 0.09 0.09
14 013 Boyan 5311 2682 2629 0.17 0.18 0.16
15 014 Chakkiliyan 40125 20199 19926 1.28 1.32 1.25
16 015 Chamar, Muchi 326 195 131 0.01 0.01 0.01
17 016 Chandala 45 25 20 0.00 0.00 0.00
18 017 Cheruman 316518 154540 161978 10.13 10.13 10.13
19 018 Domban 630 350 280 0.02 0.02 0.02
20 019 Gavara 975 492 483 0.03 0.03 0.03
21 020 Godagali 21 9 12 0.00 0.00 0.00
22 021 Godda 202 108 94 0.01 0.01 0.01
23 022 Gosangi 60 36 24 0.00 0.00 0.00
24 023 Hasla 2 1 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
25 024 Holeya 1250 627 623 0.04 0.04 0.04
26 025 Kadaiyan 3137 1505 1632 0.10 0.10 0.10
27 026 Kakkalan 6513 3217 3296 0.21 0.21 0.21
28 027 Kalladi 37336 18249 19087 1.20 1.20 1.19
29 028 Kanakkan, Padanna 227857 111634 116223 7.29 7.32 7.27
30 029 Karimpalan 13629 6767 6862 0.44 0.44 0.43
31 030 Kavara 13872 6821 7051 0.44 0.45 0.44
32 031 Koosa 274 137 137 0.01 0.01 0.01
33 032 Kootan, Koodan 4878 2383 2495 0.16 0.16 0.16
34 033 Kudumban 3620 1747 1873 0.12 0.11 0.12
35 034 Kuravan, Sidhanar 273617 131511 142106 8.76 8.62 8.89
Appendices xix
36 035 Maila 358 179 179 0.01 0.01 0.01
37 036 Malayan 9383 4602 4781 0.30 0.30 0.30
38 037 Mannan 90962 44237 46725 2.91 2.90 2.92
39 038 Mavilan 29590 14546 15044 0.95 0.95 0.94
40 039 Moger 25580 12892 12688 0.82 0.85 0.79
41 040 Mundala 281 127 154 0.01 0.01 0.01
42 041 Nalakeyava 266 140 126 0.01 0.01 0.01
43 042 Nalkadaya 1483 765 718 0.05 0.05 0.04
44 043 Nayadi 3322 1621 1701 0.11 0.11 0.11
45 044 Padannan 4519 2234 2285 0.14 0.15 0.14
46 045 Pallan 51773 26051 25722 1.66 1.71 1.61
47 046 Palluvan 5758 2790 2968 0.18 0.18 0.19
48 047 Pambada 54 25 29 0.00 0.00 0.00
49 048 Panan 51464 24881 26583 1.65 1.63 1.66
50 049 Panchama 117 53 64 0.00 0.00 0.00
51 050 Paraiyan, Parayan,
Sambavar 232411 114518 117893 7.44 7.51 7.37
52 051 Paravan 50188 24252 25936 1.61 1.59 1.62
53 052 Pathiyan 10227 4978 5249 0.33 0.33 0.33
54 053 Perumannan 25554 12343 13211 0.82 0.81 0.83
55 054 Pulayan, Cheramar 1041540 508199 533341 33.34 33.32 33.36
56 055 Pulaya Vettuvan 1378 654 724 0.04 0.04 0.05
57 056 Puthirai Vannan 211 102 109 0.01 0.01 0.01
58 057 Raneyar 13 7 6 0.00 0.00 0.00
59 058 Samagara 129 70 59 0.00 0.00 0.00
60 059 Samban 2666 1302 1364 0.09 0.09 0.09
61 060 Semman 1868 919 949 0.06 0.06 0.06
62 061 Thandan 191711 92732 98979 6.14 6.08 6.19
63 062 Thoti 276 141 135 0.01 0.01 0.01
64 063 Vallon 476 229 247 0.02 0.02 0.02
65 064 Valluvan 18518 8936 9582 0.59 0.59 0.60
66 065 Vannan 40070 19286 20784 1.28 1.26 1.30
67 066 Velan 74789 36494 38295 2.39 2.39 2.40
68 067 Vetan 26007 12444 13563 0.83 0.82 0.85
69 068 Vettuvan 143294 70336 72958 4.59 4.61 4.56
70 069 Generic Castes etc. 4900 2451 2449 0.16 0.16 0.15 Source: Census of India 2001
xx
APPENDIX III
Scheduled Castes and their Population in Kottayam District
Sl. No. Name of SCs Population
Total Male Female
0 All Scheduled Castes 150282 73885 76397
1 Adi Andhra 12 6 6
2 Adi Dravida 183 88 95
3 Arunthathiyar 377 190 187
4 Ayyanavar 16 9 7
5 Bakuda 5 5 0
6 Bellara 1 1 0
7 Bharatar 2373 1190 1183
8 Boyan 769 396 373
9 Chakkiliyan 1712 867 845
10 Chamar, Muchi 14 9 5
11 Cheruman 156 75 81
12 Domban 36 19 17
13 Gavara 4 3 1
14 Gosangi 34 22 12
15 Kakkalan 781 381 400
16 Kanakkan, Padanna 45 23 22
17 Karimpalan 4 2 2
18 Kavara 1 0 1
19 Kudumban 293 138 155
20 Kuravan, Sidhanar 402 207 195
21 Maila 4 2 2
22 Mannan 4774 2333 2441
23 Mavilan 1 0 1
24 Nayadi 58 24 34
Appendices xxi
25 Pallan 784 401 383
26 Palluvan 91 42 49
27 Panan 945 463 482
28 Paraiyan, Parayan, Sambavar 22391 10962 11429
29 Paravan 11172 5426 5746
30 Pathiyan 531 256 275
31 Perumannan 28 14 14
32 Pulayan, Cheramar 84620 41664 42956
33 Pulaya Vettuvan 24 10 14
34 Puthirai Vannan 1 1 0
35 Raneyar 4 2 2
36 Samagara 3 2 1
37 Samban 349 178 171
38 Semman 408 207 201
39 Thandan 107 51 56
40 Thoti 4 3 1
41 Vallon 58 28 30
42 Valluvan 15 7 8
43 Vannan 1199 599 600
44 Velan 12835 6259 6576
45 Vetan 1256 628 628
46 Vettuvan 903 443 460
47 Generic Castes etc. 499 249 250
Source: Census of India 2001
xxii
APPENDIX IV Districtwise SC Population in Kerala
State/District
Population Percentage to
total
population Total Male Female
Kerala 3123941 1525114 1598827 9.8
Kasargod 90218 44904 45314 7.5
Kannur 98991 48275 50716 4.1
Wayanad 33364 16738 16626 4.3
Kozhikode 200983 98386 102597 7.0
Malappuram 285442 140535 144907 7.9
Palakkad 432578 210624 221954 16.5
Thrissur 354226 171443 182783 11.9
Ernakulam 263518 129706 133812 8.5
Idukki 159362 79389 79973 14.1
Kottayam 150282 73885 76397 7.7
Alappuzha 199231 96900 102331 9.4
Pathanamthitta 162002 78731 83271 13.1
Kollam 322887 156880 166007 12.5
Thiruvananthapuram 370857 178718 192139 11.5
Source: Census of India 2001
Appendices xxiii
APPENDIX V
Ayyankali's Speech in the Sri Mulam Popular Assembly
and the Dewan's Reply: Minutes of Assembly Proceedings
27 FEBRUARY 1912
Ayyankali (nominated member) first of all thanked the
government for nominating him as a member of the assembly to represent
the pulaya community and also thanked the members of the last session
for having unanimously acceded to the request made by their
representative that a man from the pulaya commmunity itself should be
allowed this time. He said that in accordance with the reply given to the
representation made on their behalf last time as regards the registration of
puduvals to them, many petitions were put in for the registration of certain
puduvals in the Neyyattinkarai, Vilavankode, Trivandrum and
Nedumangad taluks but to no purpose. Many obstacles were thrown in
their way by the inhabitants of the locality, assisted by some of the
subordinate revenue officials. The effect of this was that the puduvals
which were hitherto unknown to the people, but sought and found out by
the pulayas, were obtained by the rich higher classes and the pulayas were
persecuted and driven out from their habitations and even the little they
had before was lost to them now. They had no other alternative but to
appeal to the mercy of the paternal government. The member prayed that
some puduval at least be registered to the members of his community and
that out of the registered waste lands lying useless, some might be given
to them as an experimental measure for their comfort and convenience.
The member pointed out also the hardship they suffered at the hands of
the rich landowners in that they were evicted out of the holdings where
they had been allowed to live and which by their own exertions they had
made habitable and productive. Besides this, he said that some of the
officials of the forest department, with the connivance of some of the rich
xxiv
men of the locality, forced them to go out of their habitations in the
forests, bringing in the plea of forest reserves and at the same permitting
others to take possession of those places . . . He prayed that grievances
such as these should be remedied.
In his reply to Ayyankali, the dewan said: “His Highness‟s
government are doing what they can to help the pulayas. Out of 779
petitions for the registration of puduvals preferred on behalf of the pulayas
so many as 769 related to poramboke lands which could not be assigned.
There were more than 500 acres of waste lands in the Vilappil Pakuthi
available for registry. If the Pulayas would like to go over there, the
Peishkar may be approached”.
11 MARCH 1932
Mr Ayyankali (nominated) said that the pulayas were still
experiencing difficulties in getting lands registered. The pulayas generally
did not like to shift their abodes. The member therefore prayed that the
lands occupied by them, not more than 8 cents in extent in each case, be
acquired and assigned to the occupants and that the compensation paid be
recovered from the assignees in four or five instalments.
His next prayer was for the assignment, on concessional terms, of
an extent of 100 cents of land in the Trivandrum town for the construction
of a building for the common use of the pulayas.
Another request of the member was that the survey charges for the
lands assigned on concessional terms should be remitted.
Lastly, a certain percentage of the swampy areas within reserved
forests might be set apart for pulayas and assigned to them on
concessional terms.
Appendices xxv
The dewan's reply: “Mr Ayyankali, you want land in Trivandrum.
You may apply through the proper channel in the ordinary way and
government will see what they can do.”
18 MARCH 1932
Ayyankali thanked the government for the several concessions
already granted to his community in the matter of education and in regard
to entertainment in public service. He then spoke about the necessity of
granting further concessions to his community.
The member wanted the students of the pulaya community to be
granted concessions in the matter of school fees and examination fees.
The community was still backward in education. There was not a single
graduate in the community. At least five students in the community should
be given scholarship every year to enable them to prosecute their studies
in the colleges. There were a few pulaya students who had to discontinue
their studies for financial reasons, though qualified for the college
course...
Another request of the member was that qualified members of the
community should be given preference in the matter of entertainment in
public service for a period of 15 years and they should also be exempted
from the rules regarding age limit. Members of the community who had
studied up to classes VI and VII in vernacular schools should be appointed
as peons in all departments of the state service.
The member said that scholarship should be awarded to pulaya
students studying in classes VI and above in vernacular schools and from
II and above in English schools. Pulaya students admitted for survey
training should be exempted from the payment of fees. A special grant
should be sanctioned for the weaving school conducted by the community.
xxvi
Boys and girls of the community undergoing training in weaving and
other handicrafts should be awarded scholarships.
The dewan in his reply said: “The question of granting further
concessions in the matter of fees and scholarships will be considered but
probably will have to wait until the financial conditions improve”.
“The appointment of members of your community as peons and in
other posts is being tried wherever possible. Applications from the
members of your community, as well as others, will always be
considered.”
Source : K.Saradamoni, Emergence of a Slave Caste: Pulayas of Kerala,
People‟s Publishing House, New Delhi, 1980, pp.159-161.
Appendices xxvii
APPENDIX VI
DALIT ORGANISATIONS IN KERALA
Sl.No. Name of organisation Abbreviation Headquarters
I. Caste-Based Organizations
A. Pulayan/Cheramar Category
1. Kerala Pulayar Maha Sabha KPMS Thiruvananthapuram
2. Kerala Pulayan Maha Sabha KPMS Ernakulam
3 All Kerala Pulayar Maha Sabha AKPMS Kollam
4. Kerala State Pulayar Maha Sabha KSPMS Chengannur
5. Akhila Kerala Cheramar Hindu Maha
Sabha
AKCHMS Changanacherry
6. Kerala Cheramar Sangham KCS Thiruvananthapuram
7. Hindu Cheramar Maha Sabha HCMS Kottayam
8. Kerala Cheramar Service Society KCSS Mavelikkara
B. Kuravan/Sidhanar Category
9. Sidhanar Service Society SSS Kottarakkara
10. Kerala Sidhnar Service Society KSSS Kollam
11. Sidhanar Maha Sabha SMS Pathanamthitta
12. Akhila Kerala Kuravar Maha Sabha AKKMS Kottarakkara
13. Kerala Kurava Samudayaudharana
Sangham
KKSS Kasargod
C. Parayan/Sambavar Category
14. Kerala Sambavar Society KSS Ernakulam
15. Sambava Maha Sabha SMS Chengannur
16. Akhila Kerala Hindu Sambavar Maha
Sabha
AKHSMS Chengannur
17. Kerala Hindu Sambava Maha Sabha KHSMS Thiruvalla
18. Hindu Sambava Maha Sabha HSMS Mundakkayam
D. Other Caste Organisations
19. Kerala Thandan Maha Sabha KTMS Kollam
20. Kerala Thandan Service Society KTSS Kollam
21. Thandan Service Society TSS Ranny
22. Thiruvithamkur Ayyanavar Mahajana
Sangham
TAMS Neyyattinkara
23. Kerala Ayyanavar Service Society KASS Thiruvananthapuram
xxviii
24. Kerala Chakkiliyan Maha Sabha KCMS Kollam
25. Akhila Kerala Chakkiliyar Sangham AKCS Ernakulam
26. Kerala Panan Maha Sabha KPMS Neyyattinkara
27. Akhila Kerala Panar Samajam AKPS Kollam
28 Kerala Kakkalan Maha Sabha KKMS Changanacherry
29. Kerala Velan Mahajana Sabha KVMS Alappuzha
30. Bharatiya Velan Society BVS Alappuzha
31. Velan Maha Sabha VMS Cherthala
32. Kerala Velan Maha Sabha KVMS Cherthala
33. Bharatiya Velan Service Society BVSS Cherthala
34. Kerala Padanna Maha Sabha KPMS Mavelikkara
35. Bharatan Maha Sabha BMS Alappuzha
36. Bharatar Maha Sabha BMS Thiruvananthapuram
37. Akhila Kerala Mannan Maha Sabha AKMMS Calicut
38. All Kerala Mannan Maha Sabha AKMMS Calicut
39. Akhila Kerala Paravar Maha Sabha AKPMS Idukki
40 All Kerala Vannar Maha Sabha AKVMS Changanacherry
41. Akhila Kerala Vannar Sangham AKVS Ambalappuzha
42. All Kerala Varnava Society AKVS Changanacherry
43. All Kerala Vannan Maha Sabha AKVMS Mannar
44. Kerala Perumannan Maha Sabha KPMS Idukki
45. Vettuvar Mahajana Sabha VMS Kasargod
46. Kerala Vettuva Maha Sabha KVMS Kasargod
47. Akhila Kerala Mavilan Samajam AKMS Kasargod
48. Bharatiya Vettuva Maha Sabha BVMS Kannur
49. Kerala Valluvan Maha Sabha KVMS Palakkad
50. Akhila Bharatiya Pathiyan Mahajana
Sabha
ABPMS Idukki
51. Vettuva Punarudhana Sabha VPS Perumbavoor
II. General Dalit organisations
52. Kerala Dalit Panthers KDP Chengannur
53. Indian Dalit Federation IDF Peermade
54. Dalit Aikya Samithy DAS Idukki
55. Kerala Dalit Federation KDF Kollam
Appendices xxix
56. Ambedkar Study Circle ASC Alappuzha
57. Dalit Liberation Front DLF Thrissur
58. Ambedkar Mission AM Thiruvananthapuram
59. Ambedkar Mission, Kerala AM (K) Mavelikkara
60. National Dalit Liberation Front NDLF Kottayam
61. Desiya Dalit Federation DDF Kottayam
62. Dalit Service Society DSS Kochi
63. Dalit Ekopana Samithy DES Ernakulam
64. Kerala Dalit Vichara Ranga KDVR Kasargod
65. All India Dalit Federation AIDF Kasargod
66. Dalit Avakasa Samrakshana Samithy DASS Thrissur
67. Dalit Samskarika Vedi DSV Sooranad
68. Dalit-Adivasi Ekopana Samithy DAES Kuttanad
69 Ambedkar Vichara Vedi AVV Kannur
70 Ambedkar Darsana Vedi ADV Thiruvananthapuram
71 Ambedkar Foundation AF Wayanad
72 Ambedkar Educational Cultural
Society
AECS Aroor
73 Thiruvithamkur Sadhu Jana
Paripalana Sangham
TSJPS Thiruvananthapuram
74 Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangham SJPS Kottayam
75 Ayyankali Samskarika Vedi ASV Sooranad
76 Ayyankali Dharma Paripalana
Sangham
ADPS Kurichy
77 Ayyankali Samskarika Maha Sabha ASMS Pathanamthitta
78 Ayyankali Dharma Seva Sangham ADSS Mavelikkara
79 Samvarana Samrakshana Sena SSS Thiruvananthapuram
80 Samvarana Samrakshana Samithy SSS Idukki
81 SC/ST: Vikasana Samrakshana
Samithy
SC/ST:VSS Ernakulam
82 SC/ST: Ekopana Samithy SC/ST:ES Ernakulam
83 Kerala SC/ST: Samrakshana Samithy K/SC/ST:SS Kadavanthara
84 SC/ST: Association SC/ST:A Mundakayam
85 SC/ST: Raksha Samithy SC/ST:RS Cherthala
86 Adhakrutha Varga Aikya Vedi AVAV Kottayam
87 Bharatiya Pattika Samajam BPS Calicut
xxx
88 Kerala State Harijan Samajam KSHS Ernakulam
89 SC/ST: Samvarana Council SC/ST:SC Ernakulam
90 SC/ST: Vikasana Samithy SC/ST:VS Ernakulam
91 SC/ST: Aikya Vedi SC/ST:AV Thiruvananthapuram
92 All India Pattika Jaathy Federation AIPJF Idukki
93 Dravida Class United Front DCUF Pathanamthitta
94 Aadi Bharatiyar Federation ABF Calicut
95 All India Dalit Women Forum AIDWF Kottayam
96 State Vetan-Kuravan
Samudayodharana Sangham
SVKSS Ernakulam
97 Dalit Unity Centre DUC Thiruvananthapuram
III. Dalit Christian Organisations
98 Backward Class Christian Federation BCCF Alappuzha
99 National Dalit Christian Federation NDCF Kottayam
100 Deseeya Avasa Christava Federation DACF Kottayam
101 Federation of Indian Christian FIC Kottayam
102 All India Christian Council AICC Thiruvananthapuram
103 Council of Dalit Christian CDC Thiruvananthapuram
104 Dalit Catholica Mahajana Sabha DCMS Ernakulam
105 Dalit Christian Federation of India DCFI Ranni
106 Dalit Christian Forum DCF Harippad
107 Kerala Pattika Jaathy Christian
Service Society
KPJCSS Kottayam
108 Dalit Christian Federation of India DCFI Puthupally
109 Sidhanar Christian Maha Sabha SCMS Pathanamthitta
110 Kerala Dalit Christian Federation KDCF Idukki
IV. Dalit Socio-Religious
Organisations
111 Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha PRDS Eraviperoor
112 Bharata Budhamatha Maha Sabha BBMS Kollam
113 Sree Subhananda Dharma Paripalana
Sangham
SSDPS Mavelikkara
V. Dalit Feeder Organisations of
Political Parties
114 Bharatiya Dalit Congress
(Congress(I))
BDC New Delhi/
Thiruvananthapuram
Appendices xxxi
115 Bharatiya Pattika Jaathy Morcha
(BJP)
BPJM New Delhi/
Thiruvananthapuram
116 Kerala Dalit Front
(Kerala Congress (M))
KDF Kottayam
VI. Dalit Political Parties
117 Bahujan Samaj Party BSP New Delhi / Ernakulam
118 Republican Party of India RPI Mumbai/Kottayam
119 Dalit Rashtriya Munnani DRM Idukki
120 Rashtriya Maha Sabha RMS Ernakulam
VII. SC/ST Co-ordination Fronts
121 Pattika Jaathy/Pattika Varga
Samyuktha Samithy
PJ/PV/SS Thiruvananthapuram
122 Pattika Jaathy/Pattika Varga
Samyuktha Samara Samithy
PJ/PV/SSS Kochi
123 Pattika Jaathy/Pattika Varga
Samyuktha Vedi
PJ/PV/SV Thiruvananthapuram
124 Pattika Jaathy/Pattika Varga
Confederation
PJ/PV/C Alappuzha
125 Adisthana Varga Aikya Munnani AVAM Thiruvananthapuram
126 SC/ST: Aikya Munnani SC/ST:AM Alappuzha
127 Adivasi/Dalit Samara Samithy ADSS Calicut
128 Adivasi Vimochana Munnani AVM Calicut
Note : The above list of dalit organizations was prepared based on the data collected regarding
them during the period of this study. As the number of existing organizations is large and
the formation of new organizations continues, the present list is not of a permanent and
exhaustive nature.
Source: The Field Survey
xxxii
APPENDIX VII
QUESTIONNAIRE ADMINISTERED TO THE DALIT
POPULATION
Personal Details
1. Name of the respondent :
2. Place of Birth :
3. Age :
4. Male/Female :
5. Married/Unmarried :
6. Urban/Rural :
7. Caste :
8. Religion :
9. Educational Qualification : Illiterate Primary education
High school Plus Two
Degree Any other
10. Occupation :
11. Financial position
Extent of landed property of the family :
Monthly Income (from all sources) :
EMPOWERMENT
12. Have you heard the term „empowerment‟?
Yes No
13. If yes, can you define it?
Self-reliance through organisation
Acquiring political power
Utilization of reservation benefits
Development through govt. and NGO‟s support
Integral growth through education
Any other (specify)
14. Do you think that dalits are duly empowered?
Yes No
Appendices xxxiii
15. If no, what are the reasons?
Socio-economic, educational backwardness
Underutilization of reservation benefits
Politically unorganised
Ineffective dalit movements
Dalit political parties are weak
Any other (specify)
16. In your opinion, what are the important steps for dalit empowerment?
Education Avail reservation
Strengthen dalit movements Strengthen dalit political parties
Share political power with dalits Any other (specify)
17. It is said that, dalit empowerment needs a dalit liberation ideology. If so, can you
describe the content of that ideology?
Sympathetic to dalit empowerment Strengthen dalit unity
Share political power with dalits Practical and dynamic
Any other (specify)
18. Do you think that Land Reform Acts have benefited the dalits?
Yes No Any other (specify)
19. It is said that PRIs are helpful for dalit empowerment. How far is this true?
Completely True True to some extent
Not true Do not know
Any other (specify)
20. Do you think that the absence of a vibrant middle class of dalits hinders the
empowerment.
Yes No
Do not know No opinion
Any other (specify)
xxxiv
CASTE SYSTEM AND RELIGION
21. Do you think that the caste system which prevails among dalits hinders their unity?
Yes No
Do not know No opinion
Any other (specify)
22. Do you favour intercaste marriages among dalits?
Favour Do not favour
No opinion Do not know
Any other (specify)
23. Do you feel that intercaste marriages promote dalit unity?
Yes No Do not know No opinion Any other (specify)
24. Are intercaste marriages practical?
Yes No Do not know No opinion Any other (specify)
25. Do you favour the marriage between dalits and uppercastes?
Favour Do not favour No opinion Any other (specify)
26. Is there any substantial change in the discriminatory attitude of upper castes
towards dalits?
Yes No Do not know No opinion Any other (specify)
27. Have you been a victim of caste discrimination?
Yes No Any other (specify)
28. Where is caste discrimination most high?
Villages Towns Both villages and towns Any other (specify)
29. Do you observe the customs, rituals and beliefs of the Hindu religion?
Yes No
30. Do you or your family members regularly visit temples?
Yes No Occasionally Any other (specify)
31. Have the religious conversion of dalits brought about any change in their social
condition?
Yes No Do not know No opinion Any other (specify)
Appendices xxxv
RESERVATION AND EMPOWERMENT
32. Is reservation inevitable for dalit empowerment?
Yes No Do not know Any other (specify)
33. Explain how far reservation has helped dalit empowerment?
Helped socio-economic, educational growth Provided employment
Ensured social justice Shared political power Any other (specify)
34. If reservation has not produced the desired goals, what are its reasons?
Intervention of middle men Ignorance in utilizing reservation
Delay on the part of govt. No proper monitoring by govt.
Rendered dalits indolent Any other (specify)
35. Should reservation be continued for the present beneficiaries as well as for their
future generations?
Yes No
36. If yes, give your reasons
No other immediate remedy Survival will be in danger
Played crucial role in their growth Part of social justice
Any other (specify)
37. Can you prioritize the demands raised by the pro-reservation struggles of dalit
organizations?
Reservation in private sector Check adverse judicial interventions
Do not extend SC/ST list Protect the interests of reserved castes
Check the threats of globalization Any other (specify)
ROLE OF DALIT MOVEMENTS
38. Are you a member of any dalit organisation?
Yes No
39. If yes, what is the reason for taking membership?
Hereditary family tradition Matter of routine
To strengthen dalit unity To protect dalit interests
Supported personally Any other (specify)
40. If you are a member, can you mention your organization‟s name?
41. How long have you been working in the organization?
xxxvi
42. Are you active in the organization?
Yes No
43. Are you an office bearer?
Yes No
44. If yes, name your post
45. If you are not a member of any organization, give the reasons. Why?
Ignore interests of dalits Uninterested
Organizational multiplicities Do not solve dalit concerns
Any other (specify)
46. In your opinion, which is the most appropriate dalit organization working for the
welfare of dalits?
47. Can you explain the reasons for its excellence?
Vibrant policies and programmes Efficient leadership
Maximum members and branches Spread throughout the state
Permanent functioning Any other (specify)
MOBILIZATION STRATEGIES OF DALIT MOVEMENTS
48. Are dalit organisations actively engaged in mobilizing the dalits?
Yes No Do not know No opinion Any other (specify)
49. Can you explain the mobilization strategies of dalit organizations?
Strengthen unity among dalits
Organise family and religion based traditions
Conscientization programmes Confront dalit problems
Programmes of political interests Employment opportunities
Any other (specify)
50. Can you mention the limitations in the mobilization programmes of dalit
organizations?
Community remain unorganized Decline in interest for organizations
Unable to unite dalits Conscientization turned mechanical
Politicization is ineffective Any other (specify)
Appendices xxxvii
51. Are educated dalits actively cooperating in the activities of the organization?
Yes No Any other (specify)
52. If no, give your reasons.
Imitate upper castes Underestimate social status
Activity of ordinary dalits Hesitate to mingle with ordinary dalits
Any other (specify)
53. There is a criticism that caste-based organizations often ignore common concerns
of dalit welfare. Give your opinion.
Retain mainly family, religious rituals Uphold the jati identity system
Ignore common dalit concerns Lack of policies and programmes
Any other (specify)
54. Why do general dalit movements often fail in their main objective of fostering
unity among dalits?
Lack of dalit communitarian political support
Socio-economic, educational backwardness
Subcaste system
Absence of an action - plan
Absence of a vibrant organizational setup
Any other (specify)
EMPOWERMENT STRATEGIES OF DALIT MOVEMENTS
55. Are dalit organizations functioning effectively in empowering dalits?
Yes No Any other (specify)
56. If no, give reasons.
Unavailability of talented leaders
Declining interests among people
Lack of effective policies and programmes
Absence of coordination among movements
Any other (specify)
57. Can you describe the empowerment strategies of dalit organizations?
Conscientization programmes Agitations
Programmes to foster dalit unity Dalit political advancement endeavours
Any other (specify)
xxxviii
58. Can you explain the politicization strategies of dalit organizations?
Conscientization programmes Social interventions and agitations
Contest elections Political interests of leaders Mobilize dalits politically
Any other (specify)
59. How far is it true that the multiplicity and disunity of dalit organizations are a
hindrance to dalit empowerment?
Totally true True to some extent Not true
Do not know Any other (specify)
60. What are the obstacles to the co-ordination and unity of dalit organizations?
Competition among leaders for power Political interests of leaders
Subcaste system Ideological differences
Property disputes Any other (specify)
ROLE OF LEADERSHIP OF DALIT MOVEMENTS
61. Is the absence of talented leadership adversely affecting dalit empowerment?
Yes No Do not know No opinion Any other (specify)
62. Is the allegation that the younger generation is not given leadership roles in
accordance with changing times, true?
True Untrue
63. If true, give your reasons
Leaders continue for long years New leaders are not groomed
Declining interest for organizations Any other (specify)
64. What are the reasons for the allegation that dalit leaders sometimes exploit the dalit
masses?
Stepping stone for political gains Means to gain economic benefits
Ignore the interest of the community Means to establish supremacy
Any other (specify)
65. Is there internal democracy in dalit organizations?
Yes No Any other (specify)
66. If no, give reasons
Leaders remain in office for long years
Programmes, policies are not critically evaluated
New ideas and criticisms are not welcomed
Any other (specify)
Appendices xxxix
ROLE OF POLITICAL PARTIES
67. Are you a member/sympathizer of any political party?
Member Sympathizer None
68. If a member/sympathizer, which is your party?
Congress(I) CPI(M) BJP Any other (specify)
69. Can you explain why you are a member/sympathizer of this particular party.
Family background Party helped to overcome certain concerns in life
Party protects interests of lower castes Any other (specify)
70. If a member, how long have you belonged to the party?
71. As a member, do you hold any post in the party?
Yes No
72. If yes, name your designation.
73. If you are not a member/sympathizer of any party, what are its reasons?
Uninterested No social commitment Corruption and extravagance
Any other (specify)
74. Do you regularly vote in the elections?
Yes No Occasionally Any other (specify)
POLITICAL INTERVENTION OF MAINSTREAM PARTIES IN DALIT SOCIETY
75. Are mainstream political parties striving for dalit empowerment?
Yes No Any other (specify)
76. If the role of mainstream political parties is unfavourable, what are its reasons?
Dalits are only vote banks
Dalit feeder organizations cater to party interests
Dalits are not properly represented in the leadership and policy-making process
Support upper castes Any other (specify)
77. Among the Congress(I), CPI(M) and BJP, which party upholds dalit interests the
most?
Congress(I) CPI(M) BJP Any other (specify)
78. Do you feel that Communist parties are falling back in protecting dalit interests?
Yes No Do not know No opinion Any other (specify)
79. If yes, give your reasons.
Dalits are only vote banks Party protects upper caste interests
xl
Adequate number of dalits are not recruited into leadership
Any other (specify)
80. Are mainstream political parties giving due recognition to dalit leaders?
Yes No Any other (specify)
81. If no, give reasons.
Caste discrimination Upper caste domination
Lack of talented leaders Absence of support from the community
Any other (specify)
82. Do dalit leaders have a crucial role in decision-making within the party?
Yes No
83. How far is it true that dalit political leaders holding posts in political parties uphold
the interests of the party and not the dalits?
Totally true True to some extent Not true
Do not know Any other (specify)
84. Are dalit MLAs/MPs given important portfolios in the Ministry?
Yes No
85. Do you think that political parties should allow dalit candidates to contest from the
general constituencies?
Yes No Do not know No opinion Any other (specify)
86. Why are political parties reluctant to field dalits in the general constituencies?
Dalit candidates will be defeated
Talented dalit candidates are rare
No crucial change in caste discrimination
Any other (specify)
ROLE OF DALIT POLITICAL PARTIES
87. What is the significance of political empowerment of dalits?
Key to integral dalit liberation
Remedy for socio-economic, educational backwardness
Essential for communitarian integration
Any other (specify)
88. Are dalit political parties needed for political empowerment of dalits?
Yes No Any other (specify)
Appendices xli
89. Are you aware of the following dalit political parties functioning in Kerala?
Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) Republican Party of India (RPI)
Dalit Rashtriya Munnani (DRM) Do not Know
Any other (specify)
90. If you are aware of any of these parties, are you a member/sympathizer of any of
them.
BSP RPI DRM
Not member/sympathizer Any other (specify)
91. If your are a member/sympathizer, what are its reasons?
Mainstream parties do not protect dalit interests
To transform dalits into an organized political power
To solve dalit concerns properly
Any other (specify)
92. If your are not a member/sympathizer, what are its reasons?
Not aware
Particular dalit parties are not needed
Mainstream parties are enough
Dalit parties do not protect dalit interests
Any other (specify)
93. If you are a member of any dalit political party, are you holding any official post?
Yes No Any other (specify)
94. If yes, name your post.
95. Were you a member/sympathizer of any mainstream party before?
Congress(I) CPI(M) BJP
Not member/sympathizer Any other (specify)
POLITICAL MOBILIZATION STRATEGIES OF DALIT POLITICAL PARTIES
96. Are dalit political parties functioning effectively in politically mobilizing dalits?
Yes No Any other (specify)
97. If no, give your reasons.
Incapable of tackling dalit concerns
Lack of coordination No attractive policies and programmes
Opposition of mainstream political parties Any other (specify)
xlii
98. What are the politicization strategies of dalit political parties?
Conscientization programmes Intervene to tackle dalit problems
Lead agitations Electoral contests
Try to transform dalits as a vote bank Any other (specify)
99. Do you think that the disunity among dalit political parties is a hindrance to
political empowerment of dalits?
Yes No Any other (specify)
100. If yes, can you suggest remedies for the disunity?
Strengthen unity among parties Strengthen unity among leaders
Intervene unitedly to tackle common dalit issues Any other (specify)
101. What are the ways in which dalits can be organized into a social and political
power?
Unity beyond caste divisions
Growth in socio-economic, educational fields
Consolidation of the community
Realisation of dalit communitarian politics
Dalits should become an organised vote bank
Any other (specify)
102. Is it true that recently dalits are striving to organize themselves into a political
power?
Yes No
103. If yes, what are its indicators?
Growing dalit solidarity even by deserting mainstream parties
Emerging concept of „dalit-backward-minority alliance‟
Signs of intervening collectively to confront dalit problems
Emerging concept of dalit communitarian politics
Any other (specify)