appendix for dissertation

Daniel Bassilios 11000878

Appendix

Appendix A:

European map following the Concert of Europe. The German and Italian realms are numerous and

fragmented. Prussia stands out as the most dominant German state with regards its size and its

presence at Vienna. Note the Ottoman Empire’s vast presence in Eastern Europe as well as that of

Russia.

Source: Boston College. "Europe after the Congress of Vienna, 1815." https://www2.bc.edu/.

January 9, 2011. https://www2.bc.edu/~heineman/maps/1815label.html

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Appendix B:

Comprehensive European Map of 1914. No change in native British territory. France’s major loss is

Alsace-Lorraine to the neighbouring German Empire, the smaller states having been absorbed by the

Prussian kingdom. Italy unified with control over Sardinia and Sicily. Austrian Empire now Austria-

Hungary with Bosnian territory annexed. Many self-governing Balkan states inhabit the region once

under the dominion of the Ottoman Turks, who have lost their vast European territory.

Source: London Geographical Institute_The Peoples Atlas_1920: Europe at the Outbreak-of War."

http://www.hipkiss.org/. 1920. http://www.hipkiss.org/data/maps/london-geographical-

institute_the-peoples-atlas_1920_europe-at-the-outbreak-of-war_3992_3012_600.jpg

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Appendix C:

Comprehensive European Map of 1919. The First World War’s territorial effects illustrated by the fall

of the German, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman and Russian Empires. A significant growth in self-

governing states east of Germany, most prominent is Poland and the new Yugoslav state under

Serbian dominion. The Paris Peace Conference recognised the numerous newly independent states.

It did not formally create them. France repossesses Alsace-Lorraine, Italy receives Tyrol and parts of

present day Slovenia.

Source: London Geographical Institute_The Peoples Atlas_1920: Europe after the Great War 1919."."

http://www.hipkiss.org/. 1920. http://www.hipkiss.org/data/maps/london-geographical-

institute_the-peoples-atlas_1920_europe-after-the-great-war-1919_3992_3012_600.jpg

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Appendix D:

‘The only question was whether the word "honour" was to be expunged from the British dictionary.’

The quote from Paul Cambon, the French Ambassador the Britain in 1914 reveals tensions between

the governments of the would-be war allies during escalating tensions with Germany and Austria-

Hungary a few days before WWI.

Source: Lloyd George, David. In The War Memoirs of David Lloyd George, 47. Boston. Little, Brown

and Company, 1933.

Appendix E:

"I (the Christian name and surname of the joining member), by entering into the organisation

"Unification or Death", do hereby swear by the Sun which shineth upon me, by the Earth which

feedeth me, by God, by the blood of my forefathers, by my honour and by my life, that from this

moment onward and until my death, I shall faithfully serve the task of this organisation and that I

shall at all times be prepared to bear for it any sacrifice. I further swear by God, by my honour and

by my life, that I shall unconditionally carry into effect all its orders and commands. I further swear

by my God, by my honour and by my life, that I shall keep within myself all the secrets of this

organisation and carry them with me into my grave. May God and my comrades in this organisation

be my judges if at any time I should wittingly fail or break this oath!"

An extract from the constitution of the Black Hand (Printed Belgrade, 1911). This oath towards the

Black Hand vehemently dictates that members are bound for life to their authority and commands.

The will of the individual is directly overridden by this unbounded loyalty, under the shadow of

divine judgement. Gavrilo Principe allegedly pursued to assassinate the Austrian Archduke while

acting as an instrument of the Black Hand.

Source: Pozzi, Henri. Black Hand Over Europe. London: The Francis Mott Co. 1935.

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Appendix F:

Benezet’s broad illustration of the European continent, with states divided solely on ethnic

boundaries. The map highlights the pre-1914 borders, clearly showing the multi-ethnic nature of

Austria-Hungary. It also clearly displays the German ethnicity as largest and most widespread in

Europe, with German peoples outside borders of the former German Empire and more so the border

of 1919. This map constructed in 1918 closely corresponds to the map in appendix C, however

discounts certain minorities of the Russian empire, such as the Ukrainians.

Source: Benezet, L. P. "XXVI: Europe as it Should be." In The World War and What Was Behind It (The

Story of the Map of Europe). Chicago: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1918.

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Appendix G:

The painting by Philipp Veit in 1848 is the personification of Germania, a nationalistic, patriotic figure

similar to Marianne in France. Wielded by the symbolic figure is German tri-colour, a representation

of a unified German state under a single flag and a brandished sword with connotations of security

and defence. She does not appear aggressive but stands tall and steadfast amidst the rising sun. She

also stands unshackled, symbolic of restored freedom and release from oppression by exterior

forces from the past. This denotes ideals that the attempted unification of Germany in 1848

represented. More flexible, liberal and equal than perhaps would be the case under Prussian

administration.

Source: Deutsche Bundestag. "The Constitution of March 27, 1849." http://www.bundestag.de/.

September 2008. http://www.bundestag.de/kulturundgeschichte/geschichte/ausstellungen/

verfassung/tafel11/index.html#

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Appendix H:

‘France will have but one thought, to reconstitute her forces, gather her energy, nourish her sacred

anger, raise her young generation to form an army of the whole people, to work without cease, to

study the methods and skills of our enemies, to become again a great France, the France of 1792,

the France of an idea with a sword. Then one day she will be irresistible. Then she will take back

Alsace-Lorraine.’

The quote from Victor Hugo demonstrates the passionate feelings, the stimulation and continuation

of nationalist fervour in the French state’s disposition. Aroused by these sentiments towards the lost

province, the primary motive in impending conflict with Germany was the recapture of this territory.

These feelings of bitterness and hurt would be passed down from the generation which fought the

Franco-Prussian war to that which fought in World War I.

Source: Tuchman, Barbara. ‘The Guns of August, page 30. New York: Macmillan, 1962.

Appendix I:

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Appendix J:

‘Thus we belong to each other— l and the army; thus we were born for

one another; thus we will stand together in an indissoluble bond. In peace or storm, as God may will

it, you now take the oath of fidelity and obedience, and I swear ever to remember that the eyes of

my ancestors look down upon 'me from another world, and that I shall someday have to render an

account to them of the glory and honour of the army.’

The newspaper extract from 1888 reveals the Wilhelm II’s devotion to his country’s army. The

Prussian monarch was the head of an exceptionally efficient and successful military entity and

conveyed his pride and loyalty within hours of his ascent to the throne.

Source: California Digital Newspaper Collection. "Daily Alta California, Volume 42, Number 14169, 17

June 1888." http://cdnc.ucr.edu/. June 17, 1888. http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?

a=d&d=DAC18880617.2.42.1#

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The German Emperor Wilhelm II,

King of Prussia

Tsar Nicholas II, Emperor and

Autocrat of all the Russians

Franz Joseph, Emperor of Austria.


Appendix K:

‘If the war ends in victory, the putting down of the Socialist movement will not offer any

insurmountable obstacles. There will be agrarian troubles, as a result of agitation for compensating

the soldiers with additional land allotments; there will be labour troubles during the transition from

the probably increased wages of war time to normal schedules; and this, it is to be hoped, will be all,

so long as the wave of the German social revolution has not reached us. But in the event of defeat,

the possibility of which in a struggle with a foe like Germany cannot be overlooked, social revolution

in its most extreme form is inevitable.’

A minister of Tsar Nicholas II revealed what he forecasted as an inevitable confrontation with the

German Empire. He was especially concerned with the societal implications of war with a formidable

and unrelenting enemy for the second time in a decade and also predicted that the consequences

will have drastic changes on Russian society.

Source: Durnovo, Pyotr. "Durnovo's Memorandum; February 1914." In Documents Of Russian

History: 1914 1917, by Frank Alfred Golder, 3-23. London: The Century Co., 1927.

Appendix L:

‘I see in the Free Trade principle that which shall act on the moral world as the principle of

gravitation in the universe, drawing men together, thrusting aside the antagonism of race, and

creed, and language, and uniting us in the bonds of eternal peace.’

[Richard Cobden, Speeches, (London, 1870), vol. I, pp. 362-3]

The major British voice behind trade liberalisation was statesman Richard Cobden; his numerous

speeches on the topic convey the message that free trade is the natural and moral guide towards

stability, prosperity and harmony in the world. Similarly, Cobden’s legacy advocates that political

integration is first conceived when economic integration has been achieved.

Source: Cobden, Richard. "Vol. 1 (Free Trade and Finance) [1870]." In Speeches on Questions of

Public Policy., by John Bright & J.E. Thorold Rogers, 188. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1870.

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Appendix M:

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The poster reveals a re-established relationship between the United States and Great Britain. It

draws on the shared norms, identities and values which dominate both states personalities. As with

France and Russia, Britain reconciled past enmity with its former colony and took a view of

reconstituting this transatlantic relationship along friendlier lines. In spite of the increasing US

challenges to British economic hegemony.

Source: United States Library of Congress. "A union in the interest of humanity - civilization -

freedom and peace for all time." http://www.loc.gov/. 1898.

http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/99472459/

Appendix N:

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The map roughly illustrates the European trading posts in China. Although not a former colony,

various concessions by the inept Qing dynasty throughout the nineteenth allowed Europeans to

operate with little restriction in their designated regions. In conjunction with its inferior strengths

across Africa and Asia, Germany was to remain a second-rate power in China as well.

Source: Caswell, Thomas. "Global History: Imperialism (China)." http://www.regentsprep.org/. 2003.

www.regentsprep.org

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