appendix area, volume, and mean depth of oceans and seas · 2013. 6. 21. · appendix area, volume,...
TRANSCRIPT
APPENDIX
Area, Volume, and Mean Depth ofOceans and Seas
Table A1
Body Area Volume Mean Depth(106km2) (106km3) (m)
Atlantic Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Indian Ocean
⎫⎬⎭excluding adjacent seas
82.441 323.613 3926
165.246 707.555 4282
73.443 291.030 3963
All oceans (excluding adjacent seas) 321.130 322.198 4117
Arctic Mediterranean 14.090 16.980 1205
American Mediterranean 4.319 9.573 2216
Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea 2.966 4.238 1429
Asiatic Mediterranean 8.143 9.873 1212
Large Mediterranean seas 29.518 40.664 1378
Baltic Sea 0.422 0.023 55
Hudson Bay 1.232 0.158 128
Red Sea 0.438 0.215 491
Persian Gulf 0.239 0.006 25
Small Mediterranean seas 2.331 0.402 172
All Mediterranean seas 31.849 41.066 1289
North Sea 0.575 0.054 94
English Channel 0.075 0.004 54
Irish Sea 0.103 0.006 60
Gulf of St. Lawrence 0.238 0.030 127
Andaman Sea 0.798 0.694 870
Bering Sea 2.268 3.259 1437
Okhotsk Sea 1.528 1.279 838
Japan Sea 1.008 1.361 1350
(Continued)1
2 APPENDIX Area, Volume, and Mean Depth of Oceans and Seas
Table A1 (Continued)
Body Area Volume Mean Depth(106km2) (106km3) (m)
East China Sea 1.249 0.235 188
Gulf of California 0.162 0.132 813
Bass Strait 0.075 0.005 70
Marginal seas 8.079 7.059 874
All adjacent seas 39.928 48.125 1205
Atlantic Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Indian Ocean
⎫⎬⎭including adjacent seas
106.463 354.679 3332
179.679 723.699 4028
74.917 291.945 3897
All oceans (including adjacent seas) 361.059 1370.323 3795
Source: From Knauss, J. A. (1978) An Introduction to Physical Oceanography, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ,
p. 2. Reprinted by permission. Data from E. Kossinna (1921) Annalen fur Geographisch-naturwissenschaft, 9, 70,
Institut fur Meereskunde, Berlin University, Berlin, Germany.
APPENDIX
Important Rock-Forming Minerals
3
Tab
leA
2
Gen
eral
Cla
ssifi
cati
on
Min
eral
Em
pir
ical
Form
ula
Cry
stal
Str
uctu
re
Sulfa
tes
Barite
BaS
O4
Ort
ho
rho
mb
ic
Gyp
sum
CaS
O4·2H
2O
Mo
no
clin
ic
Anhyd
rite
CaS
O4
Ort
ho
rho
mb
ic;
mo
resta
ble
than
gyp
sum
ab
ove
42◦ C
Carb
onate
sC
alc
ite
CaC
O3
Trig
onal.
Mg
-and
Mn-c
alc
ite
Rho
do
chro
site
MnC
O3
Sim
ilar
tocalc
ite
Mag
nesite
Mg
CO
3S
imila
rto
calc
ite
Sid
erite
FeC
O3
Sim
ilar
tocalc
ite
Do
lom
ite
Mg
Ca(C
O3) 2
One
laye
rcalc
ite
co
mb
ined
with
one
laye
rm
ag
nesite
Huntite
Mg
3C
a(C
O3) 4
Ara
go
nite
CaC
O3
Ort
ho
rho
mb
ic
Str
ontianite
SrC
O3
Sim
ilar
toara
go
nite
Iro
no
xid
es
Go
eth
ite
�-F
eO
OH
Sim
ilar
tod
iasp
ore
Lep
ido
cro
cite
�-F
eO
OH
Sim
ilar
tob
oehm
ite
Lim
onite
FeO
OH·nH
2O
Hyd
rate
do
xid
es
of
iro
nw
ith
po
orly
cry
sta
lline
chara
cte
r
Hem
atite
�-F
e2O
3Trig
onal,
occurs
insed
iments
;sp
inel
typ
e
Mag
netite
Fe
3O
48
Fe
2+
in4
co
ord
inatio
n;
16
Fe
3+
in6
co
ord
inatio
n
Ferr
ihyd
rite
5Fe
2O
3·9H
2O
Titaniu
mo
xid
eR
utile
TiO
2Te
trag
onal;
band
of
octa
hed
ra
Mag
nesiu
mhyd
roxid
eB
rucite
Mg
(OH
) 2Trig
onal,
two
sheets
of
OH
para
llel
tob
asal
pla
ne
with
sheet
of
Mg
ions
betw
een
them
Pho
sp
hate
sA
patite
Ca
5(O
H,F
,Cl)(
PO
4) 3
Hexag
onal
Carb
onate
-ap
atite
Ca
5(P
O4,O
H,C
O3) 3
(F,O
H)
Silico
no
xid
es
�-Q
uart
zS
iO2
Trig
onal;
densely
packed
arr
aym
ent
of
SiO
2te
trahed
ra
�-T
rid
ymite
SiO
2O
rtho
rho
mb
ic,
op
en
str
uctu
re
�-C
risto
balit
eS
iO2
Tetr
ag
onal
sheets
of
6-m
em
bere
dring
so
f[S
iO4]
tetr
ahed
ra
Op
al
SiO
2H
ydro
us,
cry
pto
cry
sta
lline
form
of
cristo
balit
e
Alu
min
um
oxid
es
Co
rund
um
�-A
l 2O
3O
xyg
en
inhexag
onal
clo
sest
packin
g
Gib
bsite
Al 2
O3·3H
2O
Mo
no
clin
ic;
ala
yer
of
Al
ions
sand
wic
hed
betw
een
two
sheets
of
clo
sely
packed
hyd
roxid
eio
ns
Bo
ehm
ite
�-A
lOO
HO
rtho
rho
mb
ic;
do
ub
lesheets
of
octa
hed
raw
ith
Al
ions
at
their
cente
rs
Dia
sp
ore
�-A
lOO
HO
rtho
rho
mb
icA
l3+
ino
cta
hed
rally
co
ord
inate
dsites
Two
-laye
rcla
ysK
ao
linite
Al 4
[Si 4
O10](O
H) 8
Sheet
co
nsis
ting
of
two
laye
rs:
(1)
SiO
4te
trahed
rain
(kao
linites)
Hallo
ysite
Al 4
[Si 4
O10](O
H) 8·2H
2O
ahexag
onalarr
ay
and
(2)
laye
ro
fA
lin
6co
ord
inatio
n
Thre
e-laye
rM
icas
min
era
lsM
usco
vite
K2A
l 4[S
i 6A
l 2O
20](O
H,F
) 4A
laye
ro
fo
cta
hed
rally
co
ord
inate
dcatio
ns
(usually
Al)
Bio
tite
K2(M
g,F
e) 6
[Si 6
Al 2
O20](O
H,F
) 4is
sand
wic
hed
betw
een
two
identical
laye
rso
f
Gla
uco
nite
[(S
i,Al)O
4]
tetr
ahed
ra
Illite
KxA
l 4[S
i 1−
xA
l xO
20](O
H) 4
Exp
and
ab
leth
ree-laye
rM
ontm
orillo
nite
(Na,K
) x+
y(A
l 2−
xM
gx) 2
Octa
hed
ral
Al
on
Mg
sheets
,te
trahed
ral
Si
sheets
.A
l
cla
ysVerm
iculit
e[(S
i 1−
yA
l y) 8
O20](O
H)4·nH
2O
part
ially
rep
laced
by
Mg
and
occasio
nally
by
Fe,
Cr,
(Ca,M
g)(M
g3−
xFe
x) 2
Zn.
Inte
trahed
ral
sheet
occasio
nal
rep
lacem
ent
of
Si
[(S
i 6A
l 2) 8
O20](O
H4·8H
2O
by
Al
Oth
er
Silicate
sa
Wo
llasto
nite
CaS
iO3
Chlo
rite
(Mg
,Al) 1
2[(S
i,Al) 8
O20](O
H) 1
6
Sulfi
des
Pyr
ite
FeS
2C
ub
ic,
octa
hed
ral
co
ord
inatio
no
fFe
by
S
Marc
asite
FeS
2O
rtho
rho
mb
ic,
octa
hed
ral
co
ord
inatio
no
fFe
by
S
Pyr
rho
tite
FeS
Mo
no
clin
icp
seud
ohexag
onal
Gale
na
Pb
SC
ub
ic
aA
lso
see
Tab
les
13
.2and
14
.1.
So
urc
e:
Fro
mS
tum
m,
W.
W.
and
J.
J.
Mo
rgan
(19
70
).A
quatic
Chem
istr
y,
Jo
hn
Wile
y&
So
ns,
Inc.,
New
Yo
rk,
pp
.3
88
–3
89
.
APPENDIX
Gas Solubility: NAEC Algorithmsand Look-up Tables
GAS NORMAL ATMOSPHERIC EQUILIBRIUMEQUATIONS
Krypton
To compute[Kr(g)
]in units of ml/kg:
ln[Kr(g)
]= − 112.6840 +
[153.5817 ∗ (100/T)
]+[74.4690 ∗ ln(T/100)
]− [10.0189 ∗ (T/100
)]+ S ∗ (−0.011213 − 0.001844 ∗ T/100
+ 0.0011201 ∗ (T/100)2)
where T is in units of K and S is salinity (‰). To convert to units of �mol/kg, divideby 0.0223511. From: Weiss, R. F. and T. K. Kyser (1978) Solubility of krypton in waterand seawater. Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 23(1), 69–72.
Helium
To compute[He(g)
]in units of ml/kg:
ln[He(g)
]= − 167.2178 +
[216.3442 ∗ (100/T)
]+[139.2032 ∗ ln(T/100)
]− [22.6202 ∗ (T/100)
]+ S ∗ (−0.044781 + 0.023541 ∗ T/100
− 0.0034266 ∗ (T/100)2)
where T is in units of K and S is salinity (‰). To convert to units of �mol/kg, divideby 0.02244257. From: Weiss, R. F. (1971) Solubility of helium and neon in water andseawater. Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, 16(2), 235–241. 7
8 APPENDIX Gas Solubility: NAEC Algorithms and Look-up Tables
Nitrogen
To compute[N2(g)
]in units of �mol/kg:
ln[N2(g)
]= 6.42931 +
(2.92704 ∗ Ts
)+(4.32531 ∗ T 2
s
)+(4.69149 ∗ T 3
s
)+ S ∗ (−7.44129 × 10−3 − 8.02566 × 10−3 ∗ Ts − 1.46775 × 10−2 ∗ T 2
s
)where Ts is
Ts = ln
[(298.15 − T
)(273.15 + T
)]
and T is in units of K and S is salinity (‰). From: Hamme, R. and S. Emerson (2004).The solubility of neon, nitrogen and argon in distilled water and seawater. Deep-SeaResearch I, 51(11), 1517–1528.
Argon
To compute[Ar(g)
]in units of �mol/kg:
ln[Ar(g)
]= 2.79150 +
(3.17609 ∗ Ts
)+(4.13116 ∗ T 2
s
)+(4.90379 ∗ T 3
s
)+ S ∗ (−6.96233 × 10−3 − 7.66670 × 10−3 ∗ Ts − 1.16888 × 10−2 ∗ T 2
s
)where Ts is
Ts = ln
[(298.15 − T
)(273.15 + T
)]
and T is in units of K and S is salinity (‰). From: Hamme, R. and S. Emerson (2004).The solubility of neon, nitrogen and argon in distilled water and seawater. Deep-SeaResearch I, 51(11), 1517–1528.
Neon
To compute[Ne(g)
]in units of �mol/kg:
ln[Ne(g)
]= 2.18156 +
(1.29108 ∗ Ts
)+(2.12504 ∗ T 2
s
)+ S ∗ (−5.94737 × 10−3 − 5.13896 × 10−3 ∗ Ts
)where Ts is
Ts = ln
[(298.15 − T
)(273.15 + T
)]
and T is in units of K and S is salinity (‰). From: Hamme, R. and S. Emerson (2004).The solubility of neon, nitrogen and argon in distilled water and seawater. Deep-SeaResearch I, 51(11), 1517–1528.
Gas Solubility: NAEC Algorithms and Look-up Tables 9
Oxygen
To compute[O2(g)
]in units of �mol/kg:
ln[O2(g)
]= 5.80871 +
(3.20291 ∗ Ts
)+(4.17887 ∗ T 2
s
)+(5.10006 ∗ T 3
s
) − (9.86643 × 10−2 ∗ T 4s
)+(3.80369 ∗ T 5
s
)+ S ∗ (−7.01577 × 10−3 − (7.70028 × 10−3 ∗ Ts
) − (1.13864 × 10−2 ∗ T 2s
)− (9.51519 × 10−3 ∗ T 3
s
)) − (2.75915 × 10−7 ∗ S2)
where Ts is
Ts = ln
[(298.15 − T
)(273.15 + T
)]
and T is in units of K and S is salinity (‰). From: Garcia, H. E. and L. I. Gordon (1992).Oxygen solubility in seawater: Better fitting equations. Limnology and Oceanography,37, 1307–1312.
Water Vapor
To computePH2O
PTat PT = 1 atm:
ln
[PH2O
PT
]= 24.4543 − [67.4509 ∗ (100/T
)] − [4.8489 ∗ ln(T/100
)] − 0.000544 ∗ S
where T is in units of K and S is salinity (‰). From: Weiss, R. F. and B. A. Price, (1980).Nitrous oxide solubility in water and seawater. Marine Chemistry, 8, 347–359.
Tab
leA
3N
orm
alA
tmosp
heric
Eq
uilib
rium
Concentr
ation
of
O2
(�m
ol/kg)
Corr
ecte
dfo
rW
ate
rVap
or
Pre
ssure
.�
��
��
��
��
T(◦
C)
S(◦
/oo
)0
1015
2025
3032
3435
3637
38
−45
12
.14
72
.44
53
.74
35
.74
18
.44
01
.93
95
.43
89
.13
85
.93
82
.83
79
.73
76
.7
−24
81
.84
45
.14
27
.84
11
.13
95
.13
79
.83
73
.83
67
.93
65
.03
62
.13
59
.23
56
.4
04
54
.34
20
.24
04
.23
88
.73
73
.93
59
.63
54
.03
48
.63
45
.83
43
.23
40
.53
37
.8
24
29
.23
97
.63
82
.73
68
.33
54
.53
41
.23
36
.03
30
.93
28
.33
25
.83
23
.43
20
.9
44
06
.43
76
.93
63
.03
49
.63
36
.73
24
.33
19
.43
14
.73
12
.33
10
.03
07
.63
05
.3
53
95
.73
67
.33
53
.83
40
.93
28
.43
16
.43
11
.73
07
.03
04
.83
02
.53
00
.22
98
.0
63
85
.43
58
.03
45
.03
32
.53
20
.43
08
.83
04
.22
99
.72
97
.52
95
.32
93
.22
91
.0
83
66
.23
40
.63
28
.43
16
.73
05
.42
94
.52
90
.22
86
.02
83
.92
81
.92
79
.82
77
.8
10
34
8.6
32
4.5
31
3.1
30
2.1
29
1.5
28
1.2
27
7.2
27
3.3
27
1.3
26
9.4
26
7.5
26
5.6
12
33
2.3
30
9.7
29
9.0
28
8.7
27
8.7
26
9.0
26
5.2
26
1.5
25
9.7
25
7.9
25
6.0
25
4.2
14
31
7.2
29
6.0
28
5.9
27
6.2
26
6.7
25
7.6
25
4.1
25
0.6
24
8.8
24
7.1
24
5.4
24
3.7
15
31
0.1
28
9.5
27
9.7
27
0.2
26
1.1
25
2.3
24
8.8
24
5.4
24
3.7
24
2.0
24
0.4
23
8.7
16
30
3.3
28
3.2
27
3.7
26
4.5
25
5.6
24
7.1
24
3.7
24
0.4
23
8.7
23
7.1
23
5.5
23
3.9
18
29
0.2
27
1.4
26
2.4
25
3.7
24
5.3
23
7.2
23
4.0
23
0.8
22
9.3
22
7.8
22
6.2
22
4.7
20
27
8.1
26
0.2
25
1.8
24
3.5
23
5.6
22
7.9
22
4.9
22
1.9
22
0.4
21
9.0
21
7.5
21
6.1
22
26
6.7
24
9.8
24
1.8
23
4.0
22
6.5
21
9.2
21
6.3
21
3.5
21
2.1
21
0.7
20
9.3
20
8.0
24
25
6.0
24
0.0
23
2.4
22
5.0
21
7.9
21
0.9
20
8.2
20
5.6
20
4.2
20
2.9
20
1.6
20
0.3
25
25
0.9
23
5.3
22
7.9
22
0.7
21
3.7
20
7.0
20
4.3
20
1.7
20
0.4
19
9.2
19
7.9
19
6.6
26
24
5.9
23
0.8
22
3.5
21
6.5
20
9.7
20
3.1
20
0.6
19
8.0
19
6.8
19
5.5
19
4.3
19
3.0
28
23
6.4
22
2.0
21
5.1
20
8.5
20
2.0
19
5.7
19
3.3
19
0.9
18
9.7
18
8.5
18
7.3
18
6.1
30
22
7.3
21
3.6
20
7.1
20
0.8
19
4.6
18
8.7
18
6.4
18
4.0
18
2.9
18
1.8
18
0.6
17
9.5
Tab
leA
4N
orm
alA
tmosp
heric
Eq
uilib
rium
Concentr
ation
of
N2
(�m
ol/kg)
Corr
ecte
dfo
rW
ate
rVap
or
Pre
ssure
.�
��
��
��
��
T(◦
C)
S(◦
/oo
)0
1015
2025
3032
3435
3637
38
−49
23
.88
47
.98
12
.47
78
.47
45
.77
14
.57
02
.36
90
.46
84
.56
78
.76
72
.96
67
.2
−28
72
.38
01
.97
68
.97
37
.37
06
.96
77
.86
66
.56
55
.46
50
.06
44
.56
39
.16
33
.8
08
25
.47
60
.17
29
.36
99
.86
71
.66
44
.46
33
.96
23
.56
18
.46
13
.36
08
.26
03
.2
27
82
.87
21
.86
93
.26
65
.66
39
.26
13
.86
03
.95
94
.25
89
.45
84
.75
79
.95
75
.2
47
43
.86
86
.96
60
.16
34
.36
09
.55
85
.75
76
.55
67
.35
62
.85
58
.45
53
.95
49
.5
57
25
.66
70
.56
44
.56
19
.65
95
.65
72
.55
63
.65
54
.75
50
.45
46
.05
41
.75
37
.5
67
08
.26
54
.86
29
.76
05
.55
82
.25
59
.95
51
.25
42
.65
38
.45
34
.25
30
.05
25
.9
86
75
.46
25
.46
01
.75
79
.05
57
.15
36
.15
27
.95
19
.85
15
.85
11
.95
07
.95
04
.0
10
64
5.3
59
8.2
57
6.0
55
4.5
53
3.9
51
4.1
50
6.3
49
8.7
49
4.9
49
1.2
48
7.5
48
3.8
12
61
7.5
57
3.1
55
2.1
53
1.9
51
2.4
49
3.6
48
6.3
47
9.1
47
5.6
47
2.0
46
8.5
46
5.0
14
59
1.8
54
9.9
53
0.0
51
0.9
49
2.5
47
4.7
46
7.8
46
0.9
45
7.6
45
4.2
45
0.9
44
7.6
15
57
9.6
53
8.9
51
9.6
50
0.9
48
3.0
46
5.7
45
9.0
45
2.3
44
9.0
44
5.8
44
2.5
43
9.3
16
56
7.9
52
8.3
50
9.5
49
1.3
47
3.9
45
7.0
45
0.4
44
4.0
44
0.8
43
7.6
43
4.4
43
1.3
18
54
5.8
50
8.1
49
0.3
47
3.1
45
6.5
44
0.5
43
4.2
42
8.1
42
5.0
42
2.0
41
9.0
41
6.0
20
52
5.1
48
9.3
47
2.4
45
6.0
44
0.2
42
5.0
41
9.0
41
3.2
41
0.3
40
7.4
40
4.5
40
1.7
22
50
5.7
47
1.7
45
5.6
44
0.0
42
4.9
41
0.4
40
4.7
39
9.1
39
6.4
39
3.6
39
0.9
38
8.2
24
48
7.5
45
5.1
43
9.7
42
4.9
41
0.5
39
6.6
39
1.2
38
5.9
38
3.2
38
0.6
37
8.0
37
5.4
25
47
8.8
44
7.2
43
2.1
41
7.6
40
3.6
39
0.0
38
4.7
37
9.5
37
6.9
37
4.4
37
1.8
36
9.3
26
47
0.3
43
9.4
42
4.8
41
0.6
39
6.9
38
3.6
37
8.4
37
3.3
37
0.8
36
8.3
36
5.8
36
3.3
28
45
4.1
42
4.6
41
0.6
39
7.0
38
3.9
37
1.2
36
6.2
36
1.3
35
8.9
35
6.5
35
4.1
35
1.8
30
43
8.7
41
0.5
39
7.1
38
4.1
37
1.5
35
9.3
35
4.6
34
9.9
34
7.6
34
5.3
34
3.0
34
0.7
Tab
leA
5N
orm
alA
tmosp
heric
Eq
uilib
rium
Concentr
ation
of
Ar
(�m
ol/kg)
Corr
ecte
dfo
rW
ate
rVap
or
Pre
ssure
.�
��
��
��
��
T(◦
C)
S(◦
/oo
)0
1015
2025
3032
3435
3637
38
−42
4.9
62
2.9
02
1.9
32
1.0
02
0.1
21
9.2
71
8.9
41
8.6
11
8.4
51
8.3
01
8.1
41
7.9
8
−22
3.5
02
1.5
82
0.6
91
9.8
31
9.0
01
8.2
11
7.9
01
7.6
01
7.4
51
7.3
11
7.1
61
7.0
2
02
2.1
72
0.3
91
9.5
51
8.7
51
7.9
81
7.2
51
6.9
61
6.6
81
6.5
41
6.4
01
6.2
71
6.1
3
22
0.9
61
9.3
01
8.5
21
7.7
71
7.0
61
6.3
71
6.1
01
5.8
41
5.7
11
5.5
81
5.4
51
5.3
2
41
9.8
51
8.3
01
7.5
71
6.8
81
6.2
01
5.5
61
5.3
11
5.0
61
4.9
41
4.8
21
4.7
01
4.5
8
51
9.3
31
7.8
41
7.1
31
6.4
51
5.8
01
5.1
81
4.9
41
4.7
01
4.5
81
4.4
61
4.3
51
4.2
3
61
8.8
41
7.3
91
6.7
11
6.0
51
5.4
21
4.8
21
4.5
81
4.3
51
4.2
41
4.1
21
4.0
11
3.9
0
81
7.9
11
6.5
51
5.9
11
5.2
91
4.7
01
4.1
31
3.9
11
3.6
91
3.5
91
3.4
81
3.3
71
3.2
7
10
17
.05
15
.77
15
.17
14
.59
14
.04
13
.50
13
.29
13
.09
12
.98
12
.88
12
.78
12
.68
12
16
.26
15
.06
14
.49
13
.94
13
.42
12
.91
12
.72
12
.52
12
.43
12
.33
12
.24
12
.14
14
15
.53
14
.39
13
.86
13
.34
12
.85
12
.37
12
.18
12
.00
11
.91
11
.82
11
.73
11
.64
15
15
.18
14
.08
13
.56
13
.06
12
.57
12
.11
11
.93
11
.75
11
.66
11
.57
11
.49
11
.40
16
14
.85
13
.78
13
.27
12
.78
12
.31
11
.86
11
.68
11
.51
11
.42
11
.34
11
.25
11
.17
18
14
.22
13
.20
12
.72
12
.26
11
.81
11
.39
11
.22
11
.05
10
.97
10
.89
10
.81
10
.73
20
13
.63
12
.66
12
.21
11
.77
11
.35
10
.94
10
.78
10
.62
10
.55
10
.47
10
.39
10
.32
22
13
.07
12
.16
11
.73
11
.31
10
.91
10
.52
10
.37
10
.22
10
.15
10
.07
10
.00
9.9
3
24
12
.55
11
.69
11
.27
10
.88
10
.49
10
.13
9.9
89
.84
9.7
79
.70
9.6
39
.56
25
12
.30
11
.46
11
.06
10
.67
10
.30
9.9
49
.79
9.6
69
.59
9.5
29
.45
9.3
8
26
12
.06
11
.24
10
.85
10
.47
10
.10
9.7
59
.61
9.4
89
.41
9.3
49
.28
9.2
1
28
11
.60
10
.81
10
.44
10
.08
9.7
39
.39
9.2
69
.13
9.0
79
.01
8.9
48
.88
30
11
.16
10
.41
10
.05
9.7
19
.38
9.0
58
.93
8.8
18
.74
8.6
88
.62
8.5
6
Tab
leA
6N
orm
alA
tmosp
heric
Eq
uilib
rium
Concentr
ation
of
O2
(mL/L
)C
orr
ecte
dfo
rW
ate
rVap
or
Pre
ssure
.�
��
��
��
��
T(◦
C)
S(◦
/oo
)0
1015
2025
3032
3435
3637
38
−41
1.4
71
10
.62
51
0.2
89
9.9
21
9.5
67
9.2
25
9.0
91
8.9
60
8.8
94
8.8
30
8.7
66
8.7
02
−21
0.7
95
10
.01
39
.70
29
.36
29
.03
48
.71
78
.59
38
.47
18
.41
18
.35
18
.29
28
.23
3
01
0.1
80
9.4
56
9.1
68
8.8
53
8.5
48
8.2
54
8.1
39
8.0
26
7.9
70
7.9
14
7.8
59
7.8
04
29
.62
08
.94
88
.68
08
.38
78
.10
47
.83
07
.72
37
.61
87
.56
57
.51
47
.46
27
.41
1
49
.10
88
.48
28
.23
47
.96
17
.69
77
.44
17
.34
27
.24
37
.19
47
.14
67
.09
87
.05
0
58
.86
88
.26
48
.02
57
.76
17
.50
67
.25
97
.16
27
.06
77
.02
06
.97
36
.92
76
.88
0
68
.63
98
.05
57
.82
47
.56
97
.32
37
.08
46
.99
16
.89
86
.85
36
.80
76
.76
26
.71
8
88
.20
87
.66
37
.44
77
.20
86
.97
86
.75
46
.66
76
.58
06
.53
86
.49
56
.45
36
.41
1
10
7.8
11
7.3
00
7.0
98
6.8
75
6.6
59
6.4
49
6.3
67
6.2
86
6.2
46
6.2
06
6.1
66
6.1
27
12
7.4
45
6.9
66
6.7
76
6.5
67
6.3
64
6.1
66
6.0
89
6.0
13
5.9
75
5.9
38
5.9
01
5.8
64
14
7.1
05
6.6
55
6.4
77
6.2
80
6.0
89
5.9
04
5.8
31
5.7
59
5.7
24
5.6
88
5.6
53
5.6
18
15
6.9
45
6.5
08
6.3
36
6.1
45
5.9
59
5.7
79
5.7
09
5.6
39
5.6
04
5.5
70
5.5
36
5.5
02
16
6.7
90
6.3
66
6.1
99
6.0
14
5.8
34
5.6
59
5.5
90
5.5
23
5.4
89
5.4
56
5.4
22
5.3
90
18
6.4
96
6.0
97
5.9
40
5.7
65
5.5
95
5.4
30
5.3
65
5.3
01
5.2
69
5.2
38
5.2
06
5.1
75
20
6.2
22
5.8
45
5.6
97
5.5
32
5.3
71
5.2
15
5.1
54
5.0
93
5.0
63
5.0
33
5.0
04
4.9
74
22
5.9
65
5.6
08
5.4
69
5.3
12
5.1
60
5.0
13
4.9
55
4.8
97
4.8
69
4.8
41
4.8
13
4.7
85
24
5.7
23
5.3
86
5.2
54
5.1
06
4.9
62
4.8
22
4.7
67
4.7
13
4.6
86
4.6
59
4.6
32
4.6
06
25
5.6
07
5.2
79
5.1
51
5.0
07
4.8
67
4.7
30
4.6
77
4.6
24
4.5
98
4.5
72
4.5
46
4.5
20
26
5.4
95
5.1
75
5.0
50
4.9
10
4.7
74
4.6
41
4.5
89
4.5
37
4.5
12
4.4
87
4.4
61
4.4
36
28
5.2
78
4.9
76
4.8
58
4.7
25
4.5
95
4.4
69
4.4
20
4.3
71
4.3
47
4.3
23
4.2
99
4.2
75
30
5.0
73
4.7
86
4.6
74
4.5
48
4.4
25
4.3
05
4.2
58
4.2
12
4.1
89
4.1
66
4.1
43
4.1
20
Tab
leA
7N
orm
alA
tmosp
heric
Eq
uilib
rium
Concentr
ation
of
N2
(mL/L
)C
orr
ecte
dfo
rW
ate
rVap
or
Pre
ssure
.�
��
��
��
��
T(◦
C)
S(◦
/oo
)0
1015
2025
3032
3435
3637
38
−42
0.6
93
19
.07
41
8.4
24
17
.72
41
7.0
49
16
.40
01
6.1
48
15
.89
91
5.7
76
15
.65
41
5.5
33
15
.41
3
−21
9.5
44
18
.04
31
7.4
40
16
.79
01
6.1
63
15
.56
01
5.3
25
15
.09
31
4.9
79
14
.86
51
4.7
52
14
.64
0
01
8.4
99
17
.10
31
6.5
43
15
.93
81
5.3
54
14
.79
11
4.5
72
14
.35
61
4.2
49
14
.14
31
4.0
38
13
.93
4
21
7.5
45
16
.24
41
5.7
23
15
.15
81
4.6
13
14
.08
71
3.8
82
13
.68
01
3.5
81
13
.48
11
3.3
83
13
.28
5
41
6.6
72
15
.45
71
4.9
71
14
.44
21
3.9
33
13
.44
11
3.2
49
13
.06
01
2.9
66
12
.87
31
2.7
81
12
.68
9
51
6.2
63
15
.08
81
4.6
18
14
.10
71
3.6
13
13
.13
71
2.9
51
12
.76
81
2.6
77
12
.58
71
2.4
98
12
.40
9
61
5.8
72
14
.73
51
4.2
80
13
.78
51
3.3
07
12
.84
51
2.6
65
12
.48
81
2.4
00
12
.31
21
2.2
26
12
.14
0
81
5.1
37
14
.07
01
3.6
44
13
.17
91
2.7
30
12
.29
61
2.1
27
11
.95
91
1.8
77
11
.79
51
1.7
13
11
.63
2
10
14
.45
91
3.4
56
13
.05
61
2.6
19
12
.19
61
1.7
88
11
.62
81
1.4
70
11
.39
21
1.3
15
11
.23
81
1.1
62
12
13
.83
41
2.8
89
12
.51
31
2.1
00
11
.70
21
1.3
16
11
.16
51
1.0
17
10
.94
31
0.8
70
10
.79
71
0.7
25
14
13
.25
41
2.3
63
12
.00
81
1.6
19
11
.24
21
0.8
77
10
.73
51
0.5
94
10
.52
41
0.4
55
10
.38
61
0.3
18
15
12
.98
11
2.1
14
11
.76
91
1.3
90
11
.02
41
0.6
69
10
.53
01
0.3
93
10
.32
61
0.2
58
10
.19
11
0.1
25
16
12
.71
61
1.8
73
11
.53
81
1.1
70
10
.81
31
0.4
68
10
.33
31
0.1
99
10
.13
31
0.0
68
10
.00
39
.93
8
18
12
.21
51
1.4
17
11
.10
01
0.7
51
10
.41
21
0.0
85
9.9
57
9.8
30
9.7
67
9.7
05
9.6
43
9.5
82
20
11
.74
71
0.9
90
10
.68
91
0.3
58
10
.03
79
.72
59
.60
49
.48
39
.42
49
.36
49
.30
69
.24
7
22
11
.30
91
0.5
89
10
.30
49
.98
99
.68
39
.38
79
.27
19
.15
69
.10
09
.04
38
.98
78
.93
1
24
10
.89
71
0.2
11
9.9
40
9.6
40
9.3
49
9.0
67
8.9
56
8.8
47
8.7
93
8.7
39
8.6
86
8.6
33
25
10
.70
01
0.0
31
9.7
66
9.4
73
9.1
89
8.9
13
8.8
05
8.6
99
8.6
46
8.5
93
8.5
41
8.4
89
26
10
.50
89
.85
59
.59
79
.31
19
.03
38
.76
48
.65
88
.55
48
.50
28
.45
18
.40
08
.34
9
28
10
.14
09
.51
79
.27
18
.99
88
.73
28
.47
58
.37
48
.27
48
.22
58
.17
68
.12
78
.07
9
30
9.7
91
9.1
95
8.9
60
8.6
99
8.4
45
8.1
99
8.1
03
8.0
07
7.9
60
7.9
13
7.8
66
7.8
20
Tab
leA
8N
orm
alA
tmosp
heric
Eq
uilib
rium
Concentr
ation
of
Ar(m
L/L
)C
orr
ecte
dfo
rW
ate
rVap
or
Pre
ssure
.�
��
��
��
��
T(◦
C)
S(◦
/oo
)0
1015
2025
3032
3435
3637
38
−40
.55
90
.51
50
.49
70
.47
80
.46
00
.44
20
.43
50
.42
90
.42
50
.42
20
.41
90
.41
5
−20
.52
60
.48
60
.46
90
.45
10
.43
40
.41
80
.41
20
.40
50
.40
20
.39
90
.39
60
.39
3
00
.49
70
.45
90
.44
40
.42
70
.41
10
.39
60
.39
00
.38
40
.38
10
.37
80
.37
50
.37
3
20
.47
00
.43
40
.42
00
.40
50
.39
00
.37
60
.37
00
.36
50
.36
20
.35
90
.35
70
.35
4
40
.44
50
.41
20
.39
90
.38
40
.37
00
.35
70
.35
20
.34
70
.34
40
.34
20
.33
90
.33
7
50
.43
30
.40
10
.38
90
.37
50
.36
10
.34
80
.34
30
.33
80
.33
60
.33
30
.33
10
.32
9
60
.42
20
.39
10
.37
90
.36
50
.35
20
.34
00
.33
50
.33
00
.32
80
.32
60
.32
30
.32
1
80
.40
10
.37
20
.36
10
.34
80
.33
60
.32
40
.32
00
.31
50
.31
30
.31
10
.30
80
.30
6
10
0.3
82
0.3
55
0.3
44
0.3
32
0.3
21
0.3
10
0.3
05
0.3
01
0.2
99
0.2
97
0.2
95
0.2
93
12
0.3
64
0.3
39
0.3
28
0.3
17
0.3
06
0.2
96
0.2
92
0.2
88
0.2
86
0.2
84
0.2
82
0.2
80
14
0.3
48
0.3
24
0.3
14
0.3
03
0.2
93
0.2
83
0.2
80
0.2
76
0.2
74
0.2
72
0.2
70
0.2
68
15
0.3
40
0.3
17
0.3
07
0.2
97
0.2
87
0.2
77
0.2
74
0.2
70
0.2
68
0.2
66
0.2
65
0.2
63
16
0.3
32
0.3
10
0.3
01
0.2
91
0.2
81
0.2
72
0.2
68
0.2
64
0.2
63
0.2
61
0.2
59
0.2
57
18
0.3
18
0.2
97
0.2
88
0.2
79
0.2
69
0.2
61
0.2
57
0.2
54
0.2
52
0.2
50
0.2
49
0.2
47
20
0.3
05
0.2
84
0.2
76
0.2
67
0.2
59
0.2
50
0.2
47
0.2
44
0.2
42
0.2
41
0.2
39
0.2
38
22
0.2
92
0.2
73
0.2
65
0.2
57
0.2
49
0.2
41
0.2
38
0.2
34
0.2
33
0.2
31
0.2
30
0.2
28
24
0.2
81
0.2
62
0.2
55
0.2
47
0.2
39
0.2
31
0.2
29
0.2
26
0.2
24
0.2
23
0.2
21
0.2
20
25
0.2
75
0.2
57
0.2
50
0.2
42
0.2
34
0.2
27
0.2
24
0.2
21
0.2
20
0.2
19
0.2
17
0.2
16
26
0.2
70
0.2
52
0.2
45
0.2
37
0.2
30
0.2
23
0.2
20
0.2
17
0.2
16
0.2
14
0.2
13
0.2
12
28
0.2
59
0.2
42
0.2
36
0.2
28
0.2
21
0.2
14
0.2
12
0.2
09
0.2
08
0.2
07
0.2
05
0.2
04
30
0.2
49
0.2
33
0.2
27
0.2
20
0.2
13
0.2
07
0.2
04
0.2
02
0.2
00
0.1
99
0.1
98
0.1
97
APPENDIX
Pressure and Density Look-upTables
Table A9 Pressure to Depth Conversion (dbar to Meters) at Various Latitudes.
Pressure Latitude (Degrees)(Decibars) 0 15 30 45 60 75 90
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
500 496.65 496.48 496.00 495.34 494.69 494.21 494.03
1,000 992.12 991.77 990.81 989.50 988.19 987.24 986.88
1,500 1486.41 1485.88 1484.45 1482.49 1480.53 1479.10 1478.57
2,000 1979.55 1978.85 1976.94 1974.33 1971.72 1969.81 1969.11
2,500 2471.55 2470.67 2468.29 2465.03 2461.77 2459.39 2458.51
3,000 2962.43 2961.38 2958.52 2954.61 2950.71 2947.85 2946.81
3,500 3452.20 3450.98 3447.65 3443.09 3438.54 3435.22 3434.00
4,000 3940.88 3939.49 3935.68 3930.49 3925.30 3921.50 3920.10
4,500 4428.49 4426.93 4422.65 4416.81 4410.98 4406.71 4405.14
5,000 4915.04 4913.30 4908.56 4902.08 4895.60 4890.87 4889.13
5,500 5400.55 5398.64 5393.43 5386.31 5379.19 5373.99 5372.08
6,000 5885.02 5882.95 5877.27 5869.51 5861.75 5856.08 5854.00
6,500 6368.49 6366.24 6360.09 6351.70 6343.31 6337.17 6334.92
7,000 6850.95 6848.53 6841.92 6832.89 6823.86 6817.26 6814.84
7,500 7332.43 7329.84 7322.76 7313.10 7303.44 7296.37 7293.78
8,000 7812.93 7810.17 7802.63 7792.34 7782.04 7774.51 7771.76
8,500 8292.47 8289.54 8281.54 8270.61 8259.69 8251.70 8248.77
9,000 8771.07 8767.97 8759.51 8747.95 8736.40 8727.94 8724.85
9,500 9248.73 9245.46 9236.54 9224.36 9212.17 9203.26 9200.00
10,000 9725.47 9722.04 9712.65 9699.84 9687.03 9677.66 9674.23
From: Knauss, J. A. (2005) Introduction to Physical Oceanography, 2nd ed. Prentice Hall, 309 pp. (Table A3.4 on p. 303).
17
18 APPENDIX Pressure and Density Look-up Tables
Tab
leA
10The
Density
of
Pure
Wate
rand
Seaw
ate
r(k
gm
−3)
und
er
aTo
tal
Pre
ssure
of
1atm
as
aFunction
of
Tem
pera
ture
and
Salin
ity.
STe
mp
erat
ure
(˚C)
�2
05
1015
2025
3035
40
09
99
.67
09
99
.84
39
99
.96
79
99
.70
29
99
.10
29
98
.20
69
97
.04
89
95
.65
19
94
.03
69
92
.22
0
51
00
3.7
80
10
03
.91
31
00
3.9
49
10
03
.61
21
00
2.9
52
10
02
.00
81
00
0.8
09
99
9.3
80
99
7.7
40
99
5.9
06
10
10
07
.86
01
00
7.9
55
10
07
.90
71
00
7.5
01
10
06
.78
41
00
5.7
93
10
04
.55
61
00
3.0
95
10
01
.42
99
99
.57
5
15
10
11
.92
81
01
1.9
86
10
11
.85
81
01
1.3
85
10
10
.61
31
00
9.5
76
10
08
.30
11
00
6.8
09
10
05
.11
81
00
3.2
44
20
10
15
.99
21
01
6.0
14
10
15
.80
71
01
5.2
69
10
14
.44
31
01
3.3
62
10
12
.05
01
01
0.5
27
10
08
.81
01
00
6.9
15
25
10
20
.05
41
02
0.0
41
10
19
.75
81
01
9.1
57
10
18
.27
91
01
7.1
54
10
15
.80
61
01
4.2
52
10
12
.50
91
01
0.5
93
30
10
24
.11
91
02
4.0
72
10
23
.71
41
02
3.0
51
10
22
.12
21
02
0.9
54
10
19
.57
01
01
7.9
86
10
16
.21
71
01
4.2
78
32
10
25
.74
61
02
5.6
85
10
25
.29
81
02
4.6
11
10
23
.66
11
02
2.4
77
10
21
.07
81
01
9.4
82
10
17
.70
21
01
5.7
55
33
10
26
.55
91
02
6.4
92
10
26
.09
01
02
5.3
91
10
24
.43
11
02
3.2
38
10
21
.83
31
02
0.2
30
10
18
.44
61
01
6.4
94
34
10
27
.37
31
02
7.2
99
10
26
.88
31
02
6.1
72
10
25
.20
21
02
4.0
01
10
22
.58
81
02
0.9
79
10
19
.19
01
01
7.2
34
35
10
28
.18
71
02
8.1
07
10
27
.67
71
02
6.9
53
10
25
.97
31
02
4.7
63
10
23
.34
31
02
1.7
29
10
19
.93
41
01
7.9
73
36
10
29
.00
11
02
8.9
14
10
28
.46
91
02
7.7
34
10
26
.74
41
02
5.5
26
10
24
.09
91
02
2.4
79
10
20
.67
91
01
8.7
14
38
10
30
.63
11
03
0.5
30
10
30
.05
61
02
9.2
98
10
28
.28
81
02
7.0
54
10
25
.61
31
02
3.9
80
10
22
.17
01
02
0.1
96
40
10
32
.26
11
03
2.1
48
10
31
.64
51
03
0.8
63
10
29
.83
41
02
8.5
83
10
27
.12
81
02
5.4
83
10
23
.66
21
02
1.6
79
Valu
es
calc
ula
ted
fro
mth
ealg
orith
mg
iven
inTab
le3
.4p
art
I.Fo
rsalin
itie
sle
ss
than
ab
out
35
densitie
sat−
2◦ C
refe
rto
sup
erc
oo
led
wate
r.S
ourc
e:
Fro
m
Pils
on,
M.
E.
Q.
(19
98
).A
nIn
tro
ductio
nto
the
Chem
istr
yo
fth
eS
ea.
Pre
ntice-H
all,
43
1p
p.
(Tab
les
C.1
.&
C.2
on
pp
.3
79
–3
82
).
Pressure and Density Look-up Tables 19
Table A11 The Density of Freshwater and Seawater (kg/m3) under Pressures up to
1000 Bar.
S Temperature (˚C)
0 2 5 10 15 20 25
0 bars
0 999.843 999.943 999.967 999.702 999.102 998.206 997.048
30 1024.072 1023.968 1023.714 1023.051 1022.122 1020.954 1019.570
32 1025.685 1025.569 1025.298 1024.611 1023.661 1022.477 1021.078
33 1026.492 1026.370 1026.090 1025.391 1024.431 1023.238 1021.833
34 1027.299 1027.171 1026.883 1026.172 1025.202 1024.001 1022.588
35 1028.107 1027.972 1027.676 1026.953 1025.973 1024.763 1023.343
36 1028.914 1028.774 1028.469 1027.734 1026.744 1025.526 1024.099
38 1030.530 1030.378 1030.056 1029.298 1028.288 1027.054 1025.613
100 bars
0 1004.873 1004.902 1004.830 1004.430 1003.721 1002.739 1001.512
30 1028.826 1028.666 1028.335 1027.563 1026.545 1025.307 1023.866
32 1030.422 1030.250 1029.903 1029.109 1028.072 1026.818 1025.364
33 1031.221 1031.043 1030.688 1029.883 1028.837 1027.574 1026.113
34 1032.020 1031.836 1031.473 1030.657 1029.601 1028.330 1026.863
35 1032.819 1032.629 1032.259 1031.431 1030.366 1029.087 1027.613
36 1033.618 1033.423 1033.045 1032.205 1031.131 1029.845 1028.364
38 1035.218 1035.011 1034.617 1033.756 1032.663 1031.361 1029.867
200 bars
0 1009.789 1009.750 1009.586 1009.058 1008.244 1007.178 1005.884
30 1033.477 1033.263 1032.858 1031.982 1030.879 1029.572 1028.076
32 1035.057 1034.832 1034.412 1033.515 1032.394 1031.072 1029.564
33 1035.848 1035.617 1035.190 1034.282 1033.152 1031.823 1030.308
34 1036.638 1036.402 1035.968 1035.049 1033.911 1032.574 1031.053
35 1037.429 1037.188 1036.746 1035.817 1034.670 1033.325 1031.798
36 1038.221 1037.974 1037.525 1036.585 1035.429 1034.077 1032.544
38 1039.804 1039.547 1039.083 1038.123 1036.949 1035.582 1034.037
300 bars
0 1014.595 1014.491 1014.240 1013.587 1012.674 1011.526 1010.167
30 1038.029 1037.762 1037.287 1036.311 1035.126 1033.753 1032.204
32 1039.593 1039.316 1038.827 1037.831 1036.630 1035.242 1033.681
33 1040.375 1040.093 1039.598 1038.592 1037.382 1035.987 1034.421
34 1041.158 1040.871 1040.369 1039.353 1038.135 1036.733 1035.161
35 1041.941 1041.649 1041.140 1040.114 1038.888 1037.479 1035.901
36 1042.725 1042.428 1041.912 1040.876 1039.642 1038.226 1036.642
38 1044.293 1043.986 1043.456 1042.401 1041.150 1039.721 1038.125
(Continued)
20 APPENDIX Pressure and Density Look-up Tables
Table A11 (Continued)
S Temperature (˚C)
0 2 5 10 15 20 25
400 bars
0 1019.293 1019.128 1018.793 1018.022 1017.012 1015.787 1014.365
30 1042.482 1042.166 1041.624 1040.552 1039.289 1037.852 1036.252
32 1044.031 1043.705 1043.150 1042.060 1040.781 1039.330 1037.719
33 1044.806 1044.476 1043.914 1042.815 1041.528 1040.071 1038.454
34 1045.581 1045.246 1044.678 1043.569 1042.275 1040.811 1039.189
35 1046.356 1046.017 1045.443 1044.325 1043.023 1041.552 1039.925
36 1047.133 1046.789 1046.208 1045.081 1043.771 1042.294 1040.661
38 1048.686 1048.333 1047.739 1046.594 1045.268 1043.778 1042.134
500 bars
0 1023.885 1023.661 1023.247 1022.364 1021.262 1019.962 1018.479
30 1046.840 1046.477 1045.871 1044.709 1043.370 1041.871 1040.222
32 1048.374 1048.003 1047.385 1046.204 1044.852 1043.340 1041.680
33 1049.142 1048.766 1048.142 1046.953 1045.593 1044.075 1042.410
34 1049.910 1049.530 1048.900 1047.702 1046.335 1044.811 1043.140
35 1050.678 1050.294 1049.658 1048.451 1047.077 1045.547 1043.871
36 1051.447 1051.058 1050.416 1049.201 1047.820 1046.284 1044.603
38 1052.986 1052.589 1051.935 1050.703 1049.307 1047.758 1046.067
600 bars
0 1028.373 1028.094 1027.606 1026.616 1025.427 1024.055 1022.513
30 1051.105 1050.698 1050.032 1048.782 1047.372 1045.814 1044.117
32 1052.625 1052.210 1051.533 1050.267 1048.843 1047.273 1045.566
33 1053.386 1052.967 1052.284 1051.009 1049.579 1048.004 1046.292
34 1054.147 1053.724 1053.035 1051.753 1050.316 1048.735 1047.018
35 1054.908 1054.481 1053.787 1052.497 1051.053 1049.466 1047.744
36 1055.670 1055.239 1054.539 1053.241 1051.790 1050.198 1048.471
38 1057.195 1056.756 1056.045 1054.731 1053.267 1051.663 1049.927
700 bars
0 1032.760 1032.430 1031.871 1030.781 1029.508 1028.068 1026.470
30 1055.279 1054.831 1054.107 1052.776 1051.298 1049.683 1047.940
32 1056.786 1056.330 1055.596 1054.249 1052.758 1051.133 1049.380
33 1057.540 1057.080 1056.341 1054.986 1053.489 1051.858 1050.101
34 1058.294 1057.831 1057.086 1055.724 1054.221 1052.585 1050.823
35 1059.049 1058.582 1057.832 1056.463 1054.953 1053.311 1051.545
36 1059.804 1059.333 1058.579 1057.201 1055.685 1054.038 1052.268
38 1061.317 1060.838 1060.073 1058.681 1057.152 1055.494 1053.714
(Continued)
Pressure and Density Look-up Tables 21
Table A11 (Continued)
S Temperature (˚C)
0 2 5 10 15 20 25
800 bars
0 1037.048 1036.670 1036.045 1034.860 1033.509 1032.003 1030.353
30 1059.365 1058.878 1058.101 1056.691 1055.148 1053.480 1051.692
32 1060.859 1060.364 1059.577 1058.154 1056.599 1054.921 1053.124
33 1061.607 1061.108 1060.317 1058.886 1057.325 1055.642 1053.841
34 1062.355 1061.853 1061.056 1059.618 1058.052 1056.363 1054.558
35 1063.103 1062.598 1061.796 1060.352 1058.779 1057.085 1055.276
36 1063.852 1063.343 1062.537 1061.085 1059.507 1057.808 1055.995
38 1065.352 1064.836 1064.020 1062.554 1060.963 1059.255 1057.433
900 bars
0 1041.240 1040.816 1040.130 1038.856 1037.431 1035.864 1034.162
30 1063.365 1062.841 1062.013 1060.531 1058.927 1057.207 1055.376
32 1064.846 1064.316 1063.479 1061.983 1060.368 1058.639 1056.800
33 1065.588 1065.054 1064.213 1062.710 1061.089 1059.356 1057.513
34 1066.330 1065.792 1064.947 1063.438 1061.811 1060.073 1058.226
35 1067.072 1066.532 1065.681 1064.166 1062.534 1060.791 1058.940
36 1067.815 1067.271 1066.417 1064.894 1063.257 1061.509 1059.654
38 1069.303 1068.752 1067.888 1066.353 1064.704 1062.947 1061.085
1000 bars
0 1045.337 1044.872 1044.128 1042.772 1041.277 1039.652 1037.902
30 1067.280 1066.722 1065.848 1064.297 1062.635 1060.866 1058.995
32 1068.750 1068.186 1067.303 1065.740 1064.067 1062.290 1060.411
33 1069.486 1068.918 1068.031 1066.462 1064.784 1063.002 1061.119
34 1070.222 1069.651 1068.760 1067.184 1065.501 1063.715 1061.829
35 1070.959 1070.385 1069.489 1067.907 1066.219 1064.429 1062.539
36 1071.696 1071.119 1070.219 1068.631 1066.938 1065.143 1063.249
38 1073.172 1072.589 1071.681 1070.080 1068.376 1066.573 1064.671
The temperature is the value in situ. Density values were calculated using the algorithm given in Table 3.4.
APPENDIX
Stability Constants for theFormation of Complexes
and Solids from Metalsand Ligands
23
Tab
leA
12S
tab
ility
Consta
nts
for
Form
ation
of
Com
ple
xes
and
Solid
sfrom
Meta
lsand
Lig
and
s.
OH
�C
O2� 3
SO
2� 4C
l�B
r�F�
NH
3B
i(OH
) 4
H+
HL
10
.33
HL
1.9
9H
L3
.2H
L9
.24
HL
9.2
4
HL·W
14
.00
H2L
16
.68
L·g
−1.8
HL
31
0.4
H2L·g
18
.14
H2L
32
0.4
H2L
42
1.0
H4L
53
8.8
Na
+N
aL
1.2
7N
aL
1.0
6
NaH
L1
0.0
8
K+
KL
0.9
6
Ca
2+
CaL
1.1
5C
aL
3.2
CaL
2.3
1C
aL
1.1
CaH
L1
1.5
9C
aL·s
4.6
2C
aL
2·s
10
.4
CaL
2·s
5.1
9C
aL·s
8.2
2
CaL·s
8.3
5
Mg
2+
Mg
L2
.56
Mg
L3
.4M
gL
2.3
6M
gL
1.8
Mg
4L
41
6.2
8M
gH
L1
1.4
9M
gL
2·s
8.2
Mg
L2·s
11
.16
Mg
L·s
4.5
4
Mg
L·s
7.4
5
Sr2
+S
rL·s
9.0
SrL
2.6
SrL
2·s
8.5
SrL·s
6.5
Ba
2+
BaL
2.8
BaL
2.7
BaL
2·s
5.8
BaL·s
8.3
BaL·s
10
.0
Cr3
+C
rL1
0.0
CrL
3.0
CrL
.23
CrL
5.2
CrL
21
8.3
CrL
29
.2
CrL
32
4.0
CrL
31
2.0
CrL
42
8.6
Cr 3
L4
47
.8
CrL
3·s
30
.0
(Continued
)
Tab
leA
12(C
ontinued
)
OH
�C
O2� 3
SO
2� 4C
l�B
r�F�
NH
3B
i(OH
) 4
Al3
+A
lL9
.0
AlL
21
8.7
AlL
7.0
AlL
32
7.0
AlL
21
2.6
AlL
43
3.0
AlL
31
6.7
Al 3
L4
42
.1A
lL4
19
.1
AlL
3·s
33
.5
Fe
3+
FeL
11
.8FeL
4.0
FeL
1.5
FeL
0.6
FeL
6.0
FeL
22
2.3
FeL
25
.4FeL
22
.1FeL
21
0.6
FeL
43
4.4
FeL
31
3.7
Fe
2L
22
5.0
FeL
3·s
42
.7
FeL
3·s
38
.8
Mn
2+
MnL
3.4
MnH
L1
2.1
MnL
2.3
MnL
0.6
MnL
1.3
MnL
1.0
MnL
25
.8M
nL·s
9.3
MnL
21
.5
MnL
37
.2
MnL
47
.7
MnL
2·s
12
.8
Fe
2+
FeL
4.5
FeL·s
10
.7FeL
2.2
FeL
1.4
FeL
27
.4
FeL
31
1.0
FeL
2·s
15
.1
Co
2+
Co
L4
.3C
oL·s
10
.0C
oL
2.4
Co
L0
.5C
oL
1.0
Co
L2
.0
Co
L2
9.2
Co
L2
3.5
Co
L3
10
.5C
oL
34
.4
Co
L2·s
15
.7C
oL
45
.0
Ni2
+N
iL4
.1N
iL·s
6.9
NiL
2.3
NiL
1.1
NiL
2.7
NiL
29
.0N
iL2
4.9
NiL
31
2.0
NiL
36
.6
NiL
2·s
17
.2N
iL4
7.7
NiL
48
.3
Tab
leA
12(C
ontinued
)
OH
�C
O2� 3
SO
2� 4C
l�B
r�F�
NH
3B
i(OH
) 4
Cu
2+
CuL
6.3
CuL
6.7
CuL
2.4
CuL
0.5
CuL
1.5
CuL
4.0
CuL
21
1.8
CuL
21
0.2
Cu
4(O
H) 6
L·s
68
.6C
uL
27
.5
CuL
41
6.4
CuL·s
9.6
CuL
31
0.3
Cu
2L
21
7.7
Cu
2(O
H) 2
L·s
33
.8C
uL
41
1.8
CuL
2·s
19
.3C
u3(O
H) 2
L2·s
46
.0
CuL
2·s
20
.4
Zn
2+
ZnL
5.0
ZnL·s
10
.0Z
nL
2.1
ZnL
0.4
ZnL
1.2
ZnL
2.2
ZnL
21
1.1
ZnL
23
.1Z
nL
20
.2Z
nL
24
.5
ZnL
31
3.6
ZnL
30
.5Z
nL
36
.9
ZnL
41
4.8
Zn
2(O
H) 3
L·s
26
.8Z
nL
48
.9
ZnL
2·s
15
.5
ZnL
2·s
16
.8
Pb
2+
Pb
L6
.3P
bL
2.8
Pb
L1
.6P
bL
1.8
Pb
L2
.0
Pb
L2
10
.9P
bL·s
13
.1P
bL·s
7.8
Pb
L2
1.8
Pb
L2
2.6
Pb
L2
3.4
Pb
L3
13
.9P
bL
31
.7P
bL
33
.0P
bL
2·s
7.4
Pb
L2·s
15
.3P
bL
41
.4P
bL
2·s
5.7
PB
L2·s
4.8
Hg
2+
Hg
L1
0.6
Hg
L2
.5H
gL
7.2
Hg
L9
.6H
gL
1.6
Hg
L8
.8
Hg
L2
21
.8H
gL
23
.6H
gL
21
4.0
Hg
L2
18
.0H
gL
21
7.4
Hg
L3
20
.9H
gL
31
5.1
Hg
L3
20
.3H
gL
31
8.4
Hg
L2·s
25
.4H
gL
41
5.4
Hg
L4
21
.6H
gL
41
9.1
Hg
OH
L1
8.1
Hg
L2·s
19
.8
Cd
2+
Cd
L3
.9C
dL·s
13
.7C
dL
2.3
Cd
L2
.0C
dL
2.1
Cd
L1
.0C
dL
2.6
Cd
L2
7.6
Cd
L2
3.2
Cd
L2
2.6
Cd
L2
3.0
Cd
L2
1.4
Cd
L2
4.6
Cd
L2·s
14
.3C
dL
32
.7C
dL
32
.4C
dL
35
.9
Cd
L4
1.7
Cd
L4
6.7
Ag
+A
gL
2.0
Ag
2L·s
11
.1A
gL
1.3
Ag
L3
.3A
gL
4.7
Ag
L0
.4A
gL
3.3
Ag
L0
.6
Ag
L2
4.0
Ag
2L·s
4.8
Ag
L2
5.3
Ag
L2
6.9
Ag
L2
7.2
Ag
HL
2·s
22
.9
Ag
L·s
7.7
Ag
L3
6.4
Ag
L3
8.7
Ag
L·s
9.7
Ag
L4
9.0
Ag
L·s
12
.3
(Continued
)
Tab
leA
12(C
ontinued
)
SiO
2� 3S
2�S
2O
2� 3P
O3� 4
P2O
4� 7P
3O
3� 10C
N�
H+
HL
13
.1H
L1
3.9
HL
1.6
HL
12
.35
HL
9.4
HL
9.3
HL
9.2
H2L
23
.0H
2L
20
.9H
2L
2.2
H2L
19
.55
H2L
16
.1H
2L
18
.8
H2L
22
6.6
H2L·g
21
.9H
3L
21
.70
H3L
18
.3H
3L
21
.3
H4L
45
5.9
H4L
19
.7H
4L
22
.3
H6L
47
8.2
H2L·s
25
.7
Na
+N
aL
0.5
NaH
L1
3.5
NaL
2.3
NaL
2.7
Na
2L
4.2
NaH
L1
1.6
NaH
L1
0.8
K+
KL
1.0
KH
L1
3.4
KL
2.1
KL
2.8
Ca
2+
CaL
4.2
CaL
2.0
CaL
6.5
CaL
6.8
CaL
8.1
CaH
L1
4.1
CaH
L1
5.1
CaH
L1
3.4
CaH
L1
4.1
CaH
2L
22
9.9
CaH
2L
21
.0C
aO
HL
8.9
CaO
HL
10
.4
CaH
L·s
19
.0C
a2L·s
14
.7
Mg
2+
Mg
L5
.3M
gL
1.8
Mg
L4
.8M
gL
7.2
Mg
L8
.6
Mg
HL
14
.3M
gH
L1
5.3
Mg
HL
14
.1M
gH
L1
4.5
Mg
H2L
23
0.8
Mg
H2L
20
.0M
gO
HL
9.3
Mg
OH
L1
1.0
Mg
3L
2·s
25
.2
Mg
HL·s
18
.2
Sr2
+S
rL2
.0S
rL5
.5S
rL5
.4S
rL7
.2
SrH
L1
4.5
SrO
HL
7.7
SrH
L1
3.6
SrH
2L
20
.3S
r 2L·s
12
.9S
rOH
L9
.3
SrH
L·s
19
.3
Ba
2+
BaL
2.3
BaH
L·s
19
.8B
aL
6.3
BaL·s
4.8
BaH
L1
2.9
Ba
2L·s
16
.1
Tab
leA
12(C
ontinued
)
SiO
2� 3S
2�S
2O
2� 3P
O3� 4
P2O
4� 7P
3O
3� 10C
N�
Cr3
+
Al3
+
Fe
3+
FeH
L2
2.7
FeL
3.3
FeH
L2
2.5
FeL
64
3.6
FeH
2L
23
.9
FeL·s
26
.4
Mn
2+
MnL·s
10
.5M
nL
2.0
MnL
9.9
13
.5M
nH
L1
4.8
Fe
2+
FeL·s
18
.1FeH
L1
6.0
FeL
63
5.4
FeH
2L
22
.3
Fe
3L
2·s
36
.0
Co
2+
Co
L·s
21
.3C
oL
2.1
Co
HL
15
.5C
oL
7.9
Co
L9
.7
Co
L·s
25
.6C
oH
L1
4.1
Co
HL
14
.8
Ni2
+N
iL·s
19
.4N
iL2
.1N
iHL
15
.4N
iL7
.7N
iL9
.5N
iL7
.3
NiL·s
24
.9N
iHL
14
.4N
iHL
14
.7N
iL4
30
.2
NiL·s
26
.6N
iH2L
44
0.8
NiH
L4
36
.1
Cu
2+
CuL·s
36
.1C
uH
L1
6.5
CuL
9.8
CuL
11
.1C
uL
21
6.3
CuH
2L
21
.3C
uH
L1
5.5
CuH
L1
5.5
CuL
32
1.6
CuL
21
2.5
CuL
42
3.1
CuH
2L
19
.2
Zn
2+
ZnL
16
.6Z
nL
2.4
ZnH
L1
5.7
ZnL
8.7
ZnL
10
.3Z
nL
5.7
ZnL·s
24
.7Z
nL
22
.5Z
nH
2L
21
.2Z
nL
21
1.0
ZnH
L1
4.9
ZnL
21
1.1
ZnL
33
.3Z
n3L
23
5.3
ZnO
HL
13
.1Z
nO
HL
13
.6Z
nL
31
6.1
Zn
2L
27
.0Z
nL
41
9.6
ZnL
2·s
15
.9
(Continued
)
Tab
leA
12(C
ontinued
)
SiO
2� 3S
2�S
2O
2� 3P
O3� 4
P2O
4� 7P
3O
3� 10C
N�
Pb
2+
Pb
L·s
27
.5P
bL
3.0
Pb
HL
15
.5P
bL
9.5
Pb
L2
5.5
Pb
H2L
21
.1P
bL
21
0.2
Pb
L3
6.2
Pb
3L
2·s
43
.5
Pb
L4
7.3
Pb
HL·s
23
.8
Hg
2+
Hg
L7
.9H
gL
22
9.2
Hg
OH
L1
8.6
Hg
L1
7.0
Hg
L2
14
.3H
gL
33
0.6
Hg
L3
32
.8
Hg
OH
L1
8.5
Hg
L3
36
.3
Hg
L·s
52
.7H
gL
43
9.0
Hg
L·s
53
.3H
gO
HL
29
.6
Cd
2+
Cd
L1
9.5
Cd
L3
.9C
dL
8.7
Cd
L9
.8C
dL
6.0
Cd
HL
22
.1C
dL
26
.3C
dO
HL
11
.8C
dH
L1
4.6
Cd
L2
11
.1
Cd
H2L
24
3.2
Cd
L3
6.4
Cd
OH
L1
2.6
Cd
L3
15
.7
Cd
H3L
35
9.0
Cd
L4
8.2
Cd
L4
17
.9
Cd
H4L
47
5.1
Cd
2L
21
2.3
Cd
L·s
27
.0
Ag
+A
gL
19
.2A
gL
8.8
Ag
3L·s
17
.6A
gL
22
0.5
Ag
HL
27
.7A
gL
21
3.7
Ag
L3
21
.4
Ag
HL
23
5.8
Ag
L3
14
.2A
gO
HL
13
.2
Ag
H2L
24
5.7
Ag
2L
42
6.3
Ag
L·s
15
.7
Ag
2L·s
50
.1A
g3L
53
9.8
Ag
6L
87
8.6
Eth
ylen
e-N
TAE
DTA
CD
TAID
AP
ico
linat
eC
yste
ine
Des
ferr
i-d
iam
ine
oxa
min
eB
H+
HL
9.9
3H
L1
0.3
3H
L1
1.1
2H
L1
3.2
8H
L9
.73
HL
5.3
9H
L1
0.7
7H
L1
0.1
H2L
16
.78
H2L
13
.27
H2L
17
.8H
2L
20
.0H
2L
12
.63
H2L
6.4
0H
2L
19
.13
H2L
19
.4
H3L
14
.92
H3L
21
.04
H3L
23
.98
H3L
14
.51
H3L
20
.84
H3L
27
.8
H4L
16
.02
H4L
23
.76
H4L
26
.62
H5L
24
.76
H5L
28
.34
Na
+N
aL
1.9
NaL
2.5
NaL
0.8
K+
KL
1.7
Ca
2+
CaL
7.6
CaL
12
.4C
aL
15
.0C
aL
3.5
CaL
2.2
CaL
3.5
CaH
L1
6.0
CaL
23
.8
Mg
2+
Mg
L0
.4M
gL
6.5
Mg
L1
0.6
Mg
L1
2.8
Mg
L3
.8M
gL
2.6
Mg
L5
.2
Mg
HL
15
.1M
gL
24
.0
Sr2
+S
rL6
.3S
rL1
0.5
SrL
12
.4S
rL3
.1S
rL1
.8S
rL3
.1
SrH
L1
4.9
SrL
23
.0
Ba
2+
BaL
5.9
BaL
9.6
BaL
10
.5B
a2
.5B
aL
1.6
BaH
L1
4.6
BaH
L1
7.8
Cr3
+C
rL2
6.0
CrL
12
.2
CrH
L2
8.2
CrL
23
.2
CrO
HL
32
.2
(Continued
)
Tab
leA
12(C
ontinued
)
Eth
ylen
e-N
TAE
DTA
CD
TAID
AP
ico
linat
eC
yste
ine
Des
ferr
i-d
iam
ine
oxa
min
eB
Al3
+A
IL1
3.4
AIL
18
.9A
IL2
2.1
AIL
9.9
A1
OH
L2
2.1
A1
HL
21
.6A
1H
L2
4.3
A1
L2
17
.5
A1
OH
L2
6.6
A1
OH
L2
8.1
A1
(OH
) 2L
30
.0
Fe
3+
FeL
17
.9FeL
27
.7FeL
32
.6FeL
12
.5FeL
21
3.9
FeL
31
.9
FeL
22
6.3
FeH
L2
9.2
FeO
HL
36
.5FeO
HL
22
4.9
FeH
L3
2.6
FeO
HL
33
.8
Fe(O
H) 2
L3
7.7
Mn
+M
nL
2.8
MnL
8.7
MnL
15
.6M
nL
19
.2M
nL
4.0
MnL
5.6
MnL
23
.7M
nL
21
1.6
MnH
L1
9.1
MnH
L2
2.4
MnL
27
.1
MnL
35
.8M
nL
38
.8
Fe
2+
FeL
4.3
FeL
9.6
FeL
16
.1FeL
20
.8FeL
6.7
FeL
5.3
FeH
L1
8.7
FeL
27
.7FeL
21
3.6
FeH
L1
9.3
FeH
L2
3.9
FeL
21
1.0
FeL
29
.7FeH
2L
21
.0
FeL
39
.7FeO
HL
12
.6FeO
HL
20
.4FeL
31
3.0
Fe(O
H) 2
L2
3.7
Co
2+
Co
L6
.0C
oL
11
.7C
oL
18
.1C
oL
21
.4C
oL
7.9
Co
L6
.4C
oL
11
.2
Co
L2
10
.8C
oL
21
5.0
Co
HL
21
.5C
oH
L2
4.7
Co
L2
13
.2C
oL
21
1.3
Co
HL
18
.0
Co
L3
14
.1C
oO
HL
14
.5C
oL
31
4.8
Co
HL
23
.6
Tab
leA
12(C
ontinued
)
Eth
ylen
e-N
TAE
DTA
CD
TAID
AP
ico
linat
eC
yste
ine
Des
ferr
i-d
iam
ine
oxa
min
eB
Ni2
+N
iL7
.4N
iL1
2.8
NiL
20
.4N
iL2
2.1
NiL
9.1
NiL
7.2
NiL
10
.7N
iL1
1.8
NiL
21
3.6
NiL
21
7.0
NiH
L2
4.0
NiH
L2
5.4
NiL
21
5.7
NiL
21
2.5
NiL
22
0.9
NiH
L1
8.3
NiL
31
7.9
NiO
HL
15
.5N
iOH
L2
1.8
NiL
31
7.9
NiH
2L
23
.8
Cu
2+
CuL
10
.5C
uL
14
.2C
uL
20
.5C
uL
23
.7C
uL
11
.5C
uL
8.4
Cu(II
)→C
u(I)
CuL
15
.0
CuL
21
9.6
CuL
21
8.1
CuH
L2
3.9
CuH
L2
7.3
CuL
21
7.6
CuL
21
5.6
CuH
L2
4.1
CuO
HL
11
.8C
uO
HL
18
.6C
uO
HL
22
.6C
uH
2L
27
.0
Zn
2+
ZnL
5.7
ZnL
12
.0Z
nL
18
.3Z
nL
21
.1Z
nL
8.2
ZnL
5.7
ZnL
10
.1Z
nL
11
.0
ZnL
21
0.6
ZnL
21
4.9
ZnH
L2
1.7
ZnH
L2
4.4
ZnL
21
3.5
ZnL
21
0.3
ZnL
19
.1Z
nH
L1
7.5
ZnL
31
3.9
ZnO
HL
15
.5Z
nO
HL
19
.9Z
nL
31
3.6
ZnH
L1
6.4
ZnH
2L
22
.9
Pb
2+
Pb
L7
.0P
bL
12
.6P
bL
19
.8P
bL
22
.1P
bL
8.3
Pb
L5
.0P
bL
12
.5
Pb
L2
8.5
Pb
HL
23
.0P
bH
L2
5.3
Pb
L2
8.6
Hg
2+
Hg
L1
4.3
Hg
L1
5.9
Hg
L2
3.5
Hg
L2
6.8
Hg
L1
1.7
Hg
L8
.1H
gL
15
.3
Hg
L2
23
.2H
gH
L2
7.0
Hg
HL
30
.3H
gL
21
6.2
Hg
OH
L2
4.2
Hg
OH
L2
7.7
Hg
OH
L2
9.7
Hg
HL
22
8.0
Cd
2+
Cd
L5
.4C
dL
11
.1C
dL
18
.2C
dL
21
.7C
dL
6.6
Cd
L5
.0C
dL
8.8
Cd
L2
9.9
Cd
L2
15
.1C
dH
L2
1.5
Cd
HL
25
.1C
dL
21
1.1
Cd
L2
8.3
Cd
HL
16
.2
Cd
L3
11
.7C
dO
HL
13
.4C
dL
31
1.4
Cd
H2L
22
.7
Ag
+A
gL
4.7
Ag
L5
.8A
gL
8.2
Ag
L9
.9A
gL
3.6
Ag
L2
7.7
Ag
HL
14
.9A
gL
26
.1
Ag
HL
11
.9
(Continued
)
Tab
leA
12(C
ontinued
)
Gly
cine
Glu
tam
ate
Ace
tate
Gly
cola
teC
itra
teM
alo
nate
Sal
icyl
ate
Pht
hala
te
H+
HL
9.7
8H
L9
.95
HL
4.7
6H
L3
.83
HL
6.4
0H
L5
.70
HL
13
.74
HL
5.5
1
H2L
12
.13
H2L
14
.47
H2L
11
.16
H2L
8.5
5H
2L
16
.71
H2L
8.3
6
H3L
16
.70
H3L
14
.29
Na
+N
aL
1.4
NaL
0.7
NaL
0.7
K+
KL
1.3
Ca
2+
CaL
1.4
CaL
2.1
CaL
1.2
CaL
1.6
CaL
4.7
CaL
2.4
CaL
0.4
CaL
2.4
CaH
L9
.5C
aH
L6
.6
CaH
2L
12
.3
Mg
2+
Mg
L2
.7M
gL
2.8
Mg
L1
.3M
gL
1.3
Mg
L4
.7M
gL
2.9
Mg
HL
9.2
Mg
HL
7.1
Sr2
+S
rL0
.9S
rL2
.3S
rL1
.1S
rL1
.2S
rL4
.1S
rL2
.1
SrH
L6
.5
Ba
2+
BaL
0.8
BaL
2.2
BaL
1.1
BaL
1.1
BaL
4.1
BaL
2.1
BaL
0.2
BaL
2.3
BaH
L9
.0
BaH
2L
12
.4
Cr3
+C
rL5
.4C
rL9
.6
CrL
28
.4
CrL
31
1.2
Tab
leA
12(C
ontinued
)
Gly
cine
Glu
tam
ate
Ace
tate
Gly
cola
teC
itra
teM
alo
nate
Sal
icyl
ate
Pht
hala
te
Al3
+A
lL2
.4A
lL1
4.2
AlL
5.0
AlL
22
5.1
AlL
28
.7
AlL
33
1.1
Fe
3+
FeL
10
.8FeL
13
.8FeL
4.0
FeL
3.7
FeL
13
.5FeL
9.3
FeL
17
.6
FeL
27
.6FeO
HL
19
.6Fe
2(O
H) 2
L2
56
.3FeL
22
8.6
FeL
39
.6FeO
HL
22
2.3
FeL
33
6.2
FeO
HL
32
3.8
Mn
2+
MnL
3.2
MnL
1.4
MnL
1.6
MnL
5.5
MnL
3.3
MnL
6.8
MnL
2.7
MnH
L9
.4M
nL
21
0.7
Fe
2+
FeL
4.3
FeL
4.6
FeL
1.4
FeL
1.9
FeL
5.7
FeL
7.4
FeH
L9
.9FeL
21
2.1
Co
2+
Co
L5
.1C
oL
5.4
Co
L1
.5C
oL
2.0
Co
L6
.3C
oL
3.7
Co
L7
.5C
oL
2.8
Co
L2
9.0
Co
L2
8.7
Co
L2
3.0
Co
HL
10
.3C
oL
25
.1C
oL
21
2.3
Co
HL
7.2
Co
L3
11
.6C
oH
2L
12
.9C
oH
L7
.0
Ni2
+N
iL6
.2N
iL6
.5N
iL1
.4N
iL2
.3N
iL6
.7N
iL4
.1N
iL7
.8N
iL3
.0
NiL
21
1.1
NiL
21
0.6
NiL
23
.4N
iHL
10
.5N
iL2
5.8
NiL
21
2.6
NiH
L6
.6
NiL
31
4.2
NiL
33
.7N
iH2L
12
.9N
iHL
7.2
Cu
2+
CuL
8.6
CuL
8.8
CuL
2.2
CuL
2.9
CuL
7.2
CuL
5.7
CuL
11
.5C
uL
4.0
CuL
21
5.6
CuL
21
5.0
CuL
23
.6C
uL
24
.7C
uH
L1
0.7
CuL
28
.2C
uL
21
9.3
CuH
L7
.1
CuL
34
.7C
uH
2L
13
.8C
uH
L8
.3
CuO
HL
16
.4
Cu
2L
21
6.3
(Continued
)
Tab
leA
12(C
ontinued
)
Gly
cine
Glu
tam
ate
Ace
tate
Gly
cola
teC
itra
teM
alo
nate
Sal
icyl
ate
Pht
hala
te
Zn
2+
ZnL
5.4
ZnL
5.8
ZnL
1.6
ZnL
2.4
ZnL
6.1
ZnL
3.8
ZnL
7.7
ZnL
2.9
ZnL
29
.8Z
nL
29
.5Z
nL
21
.8Z
nL
23
.6Z
nL
26
.8Z
nL
25
.4Z
nL
24
.2
ZnL
31
2.3
ZnL
39
.8Z
nL
33
.9Z
nH
L1
0.3
ZnH
L7
.1
ZnH
2L
13
.3
Pb
2+
Pb
L5
.5P
bL
2.7
Pb
L2
.5P
bL
5.4
Pb
4.0
Pb
L2
8.9
Pb
L2
4.1
Pb
L2
3.7
Pb
L2
8.1
Pb
L2
4.5
Pb
L3
3.6
Pb
HL
10
.2
Pb
H2L
13
.1
Hg
2+
Hg
L1
0.9
Hg
L6
.1H
gL
12
.2
Hg
L2
20
.1H
gL
21
0.1
Hg
L3
14
.1
Hg
L4
17
.6
Cd
2+
Cd
L4
.7C
dL
4.8
Cd
L1
.9C
dL
1.9
Cd
L5
.0C
dL
3.2
Cd
L6
.4C
dL
3.4
Cd
L2
8.4
Cd
L2
3.2
Cd
L2
2.7
Cd
L2
7.2
Cd
L2
4.0
Cd
L3
10
.7C
dH
L9
.5C
dH
L6
.9
Cd
H2L
12
.6
Ag
+A
gL
3.5
Ag
L0
.7A
gL
0.4
Ag
L2
6.9
Ag
L2
0.6
Ag
L2
0.5
No
te:
Co
nsta
nts
are
giv
en
as
log
arith
ms
of
the
ove
rall
form
atio
nco
nsta
nts
,�
,fo
rco
mp
lexe
sand
as
log
arith
ms
of
the
ove
rall
pre
cip
itatio
nco
nsta
nts
for
so
lids,
at
zero
ionic
str
eng
thand
25◦ C
.Fo
rmatio
nco
nsta
nts
take
the
form
illustr
ate
db
yE
qs.
5.1
2and
5.1
6.
See
Mo
rel
and
Herr
ing
(19
93
)fo
rd
ata
so
urc
es.
So
urc
e:
Fro
mM
ore
l,F.
M.
M.,
and
J.
G.
Herr
ing
(19
93
)P
rincip
les
and
Ap
plic
atio
ns
of
Aq
uatic
Chem
istr
y.
Jo
hn
Wile
y&
So
ns,
58
8p
p.
(Tab
le6
.3o
np
p.
33
2–3
42
).
APPENDIX
Rules for Assigning OxidationNumbers
Table A13
1. The sum of all the oxidation numbers of the atoms in an electrically neutral chemical substance
must be zero. In H2S, for example, each H atom has an oxidation number of +1, and the
oxidation number of the S atom is −2. The sum is 2(+1) + (−2) = 0.
2. In polyatomic ions, the sum of oxidation numbers must equal the charge on the ion. For
example, in NH+4, each H atom has an oxidation number of +1, and the oxidation number of
the N atom is −3, making the total 4(+1) + (−3) = +1, which is the charge on the ion. In SO2−4 ,
each O atom has an oxidation number of −2 (see Rule 5). The sum of oxidation numbers for
the ion must be −2, which is the charge on the ion. Since the sum of the oxidation numbers
of the four O atoms is −8, the oxidation number of the S atom must be +6.
3. The oxidation number of an atom in a monatomic ion is its charge. In Na+, sodium has an
oxidation number of +1. In S2−, sulfur has an oxidation number of −2.
4. The oxidation number of an atom in a single-element neutral substance is 0. Thus, the
oxidation number of every sulfur atom in S2, S6, and S8 is 0; the oxidation number of chlorine
in Cl2 is 0; the oxidation number of oxygen in O2 or O3 is 0. Every element has at least one
form in which its oxidation state is 0.
5. Some elements have the same oxidation number in all or nearly all of their compounds. When
F combines with other elements, its oxidation number is always −1. The halogens Cl, Br, and
I have the oxidation number −1 except when they combine with oxygen or a halogen of lower
atomic number. Oxygen usually has the oxidation number −2, except when it combines with
F or with itself in such compounds as the peroxides or superoxides. Hydrogen always has the
oxidation number +1 when com- bined with nonmetals and −1 when combined with metals. A
metal in Group IA of the periodic table always has an oxidation number of +1. A metal in Group
IIA always has an oxidation number of +2.
6. Metals almost always have positive oxidation numbers.
(Continued)
37
38 APPENDIX Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers
Table A13 (Continued)
7. A bond between identical atoms in a molecule makes no contribution to the oxidation number
of that atom because the electron pair of the bond is divided equally. In hydrogen peroxide,
H2O2, for example, the two O atoms are bonded to one another. We can calculate the oxidation
number of O by determining the contribution of the two H atoms, each of which has an oxidation
number of +1. Since the sum of the oxidation numbers of the H atoms is +2 and the molecule
is neutral, the sum of the oxidation numbers of the two O atoms is −2, giving each an oxidation
number of −1.
8. In a primary alcohol or hydrocarbon, the R—C bond is between two carbon atoms and is
assigned zero polarity. Each C—H bond and the O—H bond are assigned polarities with the
negative end at carbon or oxygen and the positive end at hydrogen. The C—O bond is assigned
a polarity with the positive end at carbon and the negative end at oxygen. The same is true for
each bond of the double bond in the carboxyl group of the acid.
H
C11
210011
1121212111
H
R O H
O
C11
00 11 21 21 11
1121 21
R O H
The algebraic sum of the charges on any atom is its polar number or oxidation number. Thus,
the polar number of carbon in a primary alcohol group is 0 − 1 + 1 − 1 = −1, and that in a
carboxyl group is 0 + 1 + 1 + 1 = +3.
Source: After Boikess, R. S. and E. Edelson (1981). Chemical Principles, 2nd ed., by Harper & Row, New York,
p. 241.
APPENDIX
Solubility Products ofVarious Minerals
Table A14 Solubility Products of Various Minerals. log Ka
ChloridesHalite NaCl(s) = Na+ + Cl− 1.54
Sylvite KCl(s) = K+ + Cl−
0.98
Chlorargyrite AgCl(s) = Ag+ + Cl− −9.74
SulfatesGypsum CaSO4 · 2H2O(s) = Ca
2++ SO
2−4 + 2H2O −4.62
Celestite SrSO4(s) = Sr2+
+ SO2−4 −6.50
Barite BaSO4(s) = Ba2+ + SO2−4 −9.96
Oxides and HydroxidesCalcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2(s) = Ca
2++ 2OH
− −5.19
CaOH+
= Ca2+
+ OH− −1.15
Brucite Mg(OH)2(s) = Mg2+ + 2OH− −11.1
MgOH+
= Mg2+ + OH− −2.6
Mg4(OH)4+4 = 4Mg2+ + 4OH
− −16.3
Gibbsite Al(OH)3(s) = Al3+ + 3OH− −33.5
AlOH2+
= Al3+ + OH− −9.0
Al(OH)+2 = Al3+ + 2OH
− −18.7
Al(OH)3 = Al3+ + 3OH− −27.0
Al(OH)−4 = Al3+ + 4OH
− −33.0
Al2(OH)4+2 = 2Al3+ + 2OH
− −20.3
Al3(OH)5+4 = 3Al3+ + 4OH
− −42.1
Manganous hydroxide Mn(OH)2(s) = Mn2+ + 2OH− −12.8
MnOH+
= Mn2+ + OH− −3.4
Ferrous hydroxide Fe(OH)2 = Fe2+ + 2OH− −15.1
FeOH+
= Fe2+ + OH− −4.5
Fe(OH)2 = Fe2+ + 2OH− −7.4
Fe(OH)−3 = Fe2+ + 3OH
− −11.0
Fe(OH)2−4 = Fe2+ + 4OH
− −10.0
(Continued) 39
40 APPENDIX Solubility Products of Various Minerals
Table A14 (Continued) log Ka
Oxides and HydroxidesGoethite �FeOOH(s) + H2O = Fe3+ + 3OH
− −41.5
Ferric hydroxide am·Fe(OH)3(s) = Fe3+ + 3OH− −38.8
Hematite 12
�·Fe2O3(s) + 32H2O = Fe3+ + 3OH
− −42.7
FeOH2+
= Fe3+ + OH− −11.8
Fe(OH)+2 = Fe3+ + 2OH
− −22.3
Fe(OH)−4 = Fe3+ + 4OH
− −34.4
Fe2(OH)4+2 = 2Fe3+ + 2OH
− −25.1
Fe3(OH)5+4 = 3Fe3+ + 4OH
− −49.7
Tenorite CuO(s) + H2O = Cu2+
+ 2OH− −20.4
Cupric hydroxide Cu(OH)2(s) = Cu2+
+ 2OH− −19.4
Cu(OH)2−4 = Cu
2++ 4OH
− −16.4
Cu2(OH)2+2 = 2Cu
2++ 2OH
− −17.6
Litharge (red) PbO(s) + H2O = Pb2+ + 2OH− −15.3
Massicot (yellow) PbO(s) + H2O = Pb2+ + 2OH− −15.1
PbOH+
= Pb2+ + OH− −6.3
Pb(OH)2 = Pb2+ + 2OH− −10.9
Pb(OH)−3 = Pb2+ + 3OH
− −13.9
Pb2(OH)3+
= 2Pb2+ + OH− −7.6
Pb3(OH)2+4 = 3Pb2+ + 4OH
− −32.1
Pb4(OH)4+4 = 4Pb2+ + 4OH
− −35.1
Pb6(OH)4+8 = 6Pb2+ + 8OH
− −68.4
CarbonatesAragonite CaCO3(s) = Ca
2++ CO
2−3 −8.22
Calcite CaCO3(s) = Ca2+
+ CO2−3 −8.35
Magnesite MgCO3(s) = Mg2+ + CO2−3 −7.46
Nesquehonite MgCO3·3H2O(s) = Mg2+ + CO2−3 + 3H2O −4.67
Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2(s) = calcite + magnesite −1.70
Disordered dolomite CaMg(CO3)2(s) = calcite + magnesite −0.08
Strontianite SrCO3(s) = Sr2+
+ CO2−3 −9.0
Rhodochrosite MnCO3(s) = Mn2+ + CO2−3 −9.3
Siderite FeCO3(s) = Fe2+ + CO2−3 −10.7
Malachite Cu2CO3(OH)2(s) = 2Cu2+ + CO2−3 + 2OH− −33.8
Azurite Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2(s) = 3Cu2+ + 2CO2−3 + 2OH− −46.0
Cerussite PbCO3(s)=Pb2+ + CO2−3 −13.1
PhosphatesBrushite CaHPO4·2H2O(s) = Ca2+ + HPO2−
4 + 2H2O −6.6
Hydroxylapatite Ca5(PO4)3OH(s) = 5Ca2+ + 3PO3−4 + OH− −55.6
Solubility Products of Various Minerals 41
Table A14 (Continued) log Ka
PhosphatesNewberyite MgHPO4·3H2O(s) = Mg2+ + HPO2−
4 + 3H2O −5.8
Bobierrite Mg3(PO4)2·8H2O(s) = 3Mg2+ + 2PO3−4 + 8H2O −25.2
Vivianite Fe3(PO4)2·8H2O(s) = 3Fe2+ + 2PO3−4 + 8H2O −36.0
Strengite FePO4·2H2O(s) = Fe3+ + PO3−4 + 2H2O −26.4
Berlinite AlPO4(s) = Al3+ + PO3−4 −20.6
SulfidesPyrrhotite FeS(s) = Fe2+ + S2− −18.1
Pyrite FeS2(s) = pyrrhotite + S◦ −10.4
Alabandite MnS(s) = Mn2+ + S2− −13.5
Covellite CuS(s) = Cu2+ + S2− −36.1
Galena PbS(s) = Pb2+ + S2− −27.5
Chalcopyrite CuFeS2(s) = covellite + pyrrhotite −6.0
Silicates (Silic acid is shown as H2SiO3)Quartz (� + �) SiO2(s) + H2O = H2SiO3 −4.00
Cristobalite (� + �) SiO2(s) + H2O = H2SiO3 −3.45
Amorphous silica SiO2(s) + H2O = H2SiO3 −2.71
Forsterite 14(2MgO·SiO2)(s) + H+ = 1
2Mg2+ + 1
4H2SiO3 + 1
4H2O 7.11
Fayalite 14(2FeO·SiO2)(s) + H+ = 1
2Fe2+ + 1
4H2SiO3 + 1
4H2O 4.21
Enstatite 12(MgO·SiO2)(s) + H+ = 1
2Mg2+ + 1
2H2SiO3 5.82
Wollastonite 12(CaO·SiO2)(s) + H+ = 1
2Ca2+ + 1
2H2SiO3 6.82
Hedenbergite 14(CaO·FeO·2SiO2)(s) + H+ 4.60
= 14Ca2+ + 1
4Fe2+ + 1
2H2SiO3
Diopside 14(CaO·MgO·2SiO2)(s) + H+ 5.30
14Ca2+ + 1
4Mg2+ + 1
2H2SiO3
Tremolite 114
(2CaO·5MgO·8SiO2·H2O)(s) + H+ 4.46
= 17Ca2+ + 5
14Mg2+ + 4
7H2SiO3
AluminosilicatesGibbsite Al(OH)3(s) + H2SiO3 = 1
2kaolinite + 3
2H2O 4.25
Phlogopite 114
(K2O·6MgO·Al2O3·6SiO2·2H2O)(s) + H+ 5.01
= 114
kaolinite + 17K+ + 3
7Mg2+ + 2
7H2SiO3 + 3
14H2O
Muscovite 12(K2O·3Al2O3·6SiO2·2H2O)(s) + H+ + 3
2H2O 3.51
= 32kaolinite + K+
Anorthite 12(Ca2O·Al2O3·2SiO2)(s) + H+ + 1
2H2O = 1
2kaolinite + Ca2+ 9.83
(Continued)
42 APPENDIX Solubility Products of Various Minerals
Table A14 (Continued) log Ka
Aluminosilicates
= 12kaolinite + 1
2Ca2
Albite 12(Na2O·Al2O3·6SiO2)(s) + H+ + 5
2H2O −0.68
= 12kaolinite + 2H2SiO3 + Na+
K-feldspar 12(K2O·Al2O3·6SiO2)(s) + H+ + 5
2H2O −3.54
= 12kaolinite + 2H2SiO3 + K+
Na-montmorilloniteb 12(Na2O·7Al2O3·22SiO2·6H2O)(s) + H+ −9.1
+ 152
H2O = 72kaolinite + 4H2SiO3 + Na+
Ca-montmorilloniteb 12(CaO·7Al2O3·22SiO2·6H2O)(s) + H+ −7.7
+ 152
H2O = 72kaolinite + 4H2SiO3 + 1
2Ca2+
am = amorphousaExcept where noted, all constants are valid for 25◦C and ionic strength I = 0 m.bThermodynamic properties of minerals with continuously variable stoichiometric composition (e.g., montmoril-
lonites and illites) are not simply defined. The values reported here allow for representative calculations of water
composition not rigorous thermodynamic geochemical analysis.
Source: From Morel, F. M. M. and J. G. Herring (1993) Principles and Applications of Aquatic Chemistry. John
Wiley & Sons, 588 pp. (Table 6.3 on pp. 332–342).
APPENDIX
Oceanic Residence Times andElemental Concentrations
in River Water and Seawater
43
Tab
leA
15O
ceanic
Resid
ence
Tim
es
and
Ele
menta
lC
oncentr
ations
inR
iver
Wate
rand
Seaw
ate
r.
Ato
mic
#E
lem
ent
Ato
mic
Mas
sR
iver
Co
ncen
trat
ion
Mea
nO
cean
Co
ncen
trat
ion
Res
iden
ceT
imea
g/m
ol
pp
bnm
ol/
kgng
/kg
nmo
l/kg
Rat
iona
lU
nits
Uni
ty
1H
+1
.20
E+
01
12
nm
ol/kg
2H
e4
.00
26
7.6
0E
+0
01
.90
E+
00
1.9
nm
ol/kg
3Li
6.9
41
1.8
42
65
1.8
0E
+0
52
.59
E+
04
25
.9�
mo
l/kg
2,8
00
,00
0
4B
e9
.01
22
0.0
08
91
2.1
0E−
01
2.3
3E−
02
23
pm
ol/kg
1,0
00
5B
10
.81
11
0.2
94
34
.50
E+
06
4.1
6E
+0
54
16
�m
ol/kg
9,6
00
,00
0
6C
12
.01
11
0,2
00
84
9,2
22
2.7
0E
+0
72
.25
E+
06
2.2
48
mm
ol/kg
83
,00
0
12
.01
15
75
04
78
,72
8
7N
as
N2
14
.00
67
26
01
85
63
8.3
0E
+0
65
.93
E+
05
59
0�
mo
l/kg
N(a
snitra
te)
14
.00
67
11
68
28
24
.20
E+
05
3.0
0E
+0
43
0�
mo
l/kg
3,0
00
8O
21
5.9
99
42
.80
E+
06
1.7
5E
+0
51
75
�m
ol/kg
9F
18
.99
84
10
05
26
41
.30
E+
06
6.8
4E
+0
46
8�
mo
l/kg
50
0,0
00
10
Ne
20
.17
97
1.6
0E
+0
27
.93
E+
00
7.9
nm
ol/kg
11
Na
22
.98
98
55
18
24
0,0
00
1.0
8E
+1
04
.69
E+
08
46
9m
mo
l/kg
55
,00
0,0
00
12
Mg
24
.30
52
97
71
22
,50
01
.28
E+
09
5.2
7E
+0
75
2.7
mm
ol/kg
13
,00
0,0
00
13
Al
26
.98
15
32
11
86
3.0
0E
+0
11
.11
E+
00
1.1
1nm
ol/kg
20
0
14
Si
28
.08
55
26
82
.80
E+
06
9.9
7E
+0
49
9.7
�m
ol/kg
20
,00
0
15
P(a
sp
ho
sp
hate
)3
0.9
73
81
03
23
6.2
0E
+0
42
.00
E+
03
2�
mo
l/kg
69
,00
0
16
S3
2.0
66
28
06
87
,50
08
.98
E+
08
2.8
0E
+0
72
8m
mo
l/kg
8,7
00
,00
0
17
Cl
35
.45
27
59
21
16
7,0
00
1.9
4E
+1
05
.46
E+
08
54
6m
mo
l/kg
87
,00
0,0
00
18
Ar
39
.94
86
.20
E+
05
1.5
5E
+0
41
5.5
�m
ol/kg
19
K3
9.0
98
31
72
04
4,0
00
3.9
9E
+0
81
.02
E+
07
10
.2m
mo
l/kg
12
,00
0,0
00
20
Ca
40
.07
81
1,9
03
29
7,0
00
4.1
2E
+0
81
.03
E+
07
10
.27
mm
ol/kg
1,1
00
,00
0
21
Sc
44
.95
59
1.2
27
7.0
0E−
01
1.5
6E−
02
16
pm
ol/kg
22
Ti
47
.88
0.4
89
10
6.5
0E
+0
01
.36
E−
01
13
6p
mo
l/kg
15
0
23
V5
0.9
41
50
.71
14
2.0
0E
+0
33
.93
E+
01
39
nm
ol/kg
50
,00
0
24
Cr(
VI)
51
.99
60
.71
32
.10
E+
02
4.0
4E
+0
04
nm
ol/kg
8,0
00
25
Mn
54
.93
83
46
19
2.0
0E
+0
13
.64
E−
01
36
0p
mo
l/kg
60
26
Fe
55
.84
76
61
18
23
.00
E+
01
5.3
7E−
01
54
0p
mo
l/kg
50
0
27
Co
58
.93
32
0.1
48
31
.20
E+
00
2.0
4E−
02
20
pm
ol/kg
34
0
28
Ni
58
.69
34
0.8
01
14
4.8
0E
+0
28
.18
E+
00
8.2
nm
ol/kg
6,0
00
29
Cu
63
.54
61
.48
23
1.5
0E
+0
22
.36
E+
00
2.4
nm
ol/kg
5,0
00
30
Zn
65
.39
0.6
93
.50
E+
02
5.3
5E
+0
05
.4nm
ol/kg
50
,00
0
31
Ga
69
.72
30
.03
0.4
1.2
0E
+0
01
.72
E−
02
17
pm
ol/kg
50
0
32
Ge
72
.61
0.0
06
80
.15
.50
E+
00
7.5
7E−
02
75
pm
ol/kg
20
,00
0
(Continued
)
Tab
leA
15(C
ontinued
)
Ato
mic
#E
lem
ent
Ato
mic
Mas
sR
iver
Co
ncen
trat
ion
Mea
nO
cean
Co
ncen
trat
ion
Res
iden
ceT
ime
g/m
ol
pp
bnm
ol/
kgng
/kg
nmo
l/kg
Rat
iona
lU
nits
Uni
ty
33
As
74
.92
16
0.6
28
1.2
0E
+0
32
.00
E+
01
20
nm
ol/kg
39
,00
0
34
Se
78
.96
0.0
71
1.5
5E
+0
21
.96
E+
00
1.9
nm
ol/kg
26
,00
0
35
Br
79
.90
42
02
50
6.7
0E
+0
78
.39
E+
05
84
0�
mo
l/kg
13
0,0
00
,00
0
36
Kr
83
.83
.10
E+
02
3.7
0E
+0
03
.7nm
ol/kg
37
Rb
85
.46
78
0.0
00
40
.00
51
.20
E+
05
1.4
0E
+0
31
.4�
mo
l/kg
3,0
00
,00
0
38
Sr
87
.62
60
68
57
.80
E+
06
8.9
0E
+0
48
9�
mo
l/kg
5,1
00
,00
0
39
Y8
8.9
05
90
.04
0.4
1.7
0E
+0
11
.91
E−
01
19
0p
mo
l/kg
5,1
00
40
Zr
91
.22
40
.03
90
.41
.50
E+
01
1.6
4E−
01
16
0p
mo
l/kg
5,6
00
41
Nb
92
.90
64
0.0
01
70
.02
5.0
0E
+0
05
.38
E−
02
3.8
pm
ol/kg
42
Mo
95
.94
0.4
24
1.0
0E
+0
41
.04
E+
02
10
0nm
ol/kg
76
0,0
00
43
Tc
44
Ru
10
1.0
75
.00
E−
03
4.9
5E−
05
<4
9fm
ol/kg
45
Rh
10
2.9
05
58
.00
E−
02
7.7
7E−
04
78
0fm
ol/kg
46
Pd
10
6.4
20
.02
80
.36
.00
E−
02
5.6
4E−
04
56
0fm
ol/kg
10
,00
0
47
Ag
10
7.8
68
0.3
32
.00
E+
00
1.8
5E−
02
18
pm
ol/kg
48
Cd
11
2.4
10
.08
17
.00
E+
01
6.2
3E−
01
62
0p
mo
l/kg
50
,00
0
49
In1
14
.82
1.0
0E−
02
8.7
1E−
05
87
fmo
l/kg
10
0
50
Sn
11
8.7
10
.04
0.3
5.0
0E−
01
4.2
1E−
03
4.2
pm
ol/kg
4
51
Sb
12
1.7
57
0.0
71
2.0
0E
+0
21
.64
E+
00
1.6
nm
ol/kg
5,7
00
52
Te1
27
.67
.00
E−
02
5.4
9E−
04
55
0fm
ol/kg
10
0
53
I1
26
.90
45
75
55
.80
E+
04
4.5
7E
+0
24
60
nm
ol/kg
34
0,0
00
54
Xe
13
1.2
96
.60
E+
01
5.0
3E−
01
50
0p
mo
l/kg
55
Cs
13
2.9
05
40
.01
10
.13
.06
E+
02
2.3
0E
+0
02
.3nm
ol/kg
33
0,0
00
56
Ba
13
7.3
32
31
67
1.5
0E
+0
41
.09
E+
02
10
9nm
ol/kg
10
,00
0
57
La
13
8.9
05
50
.12
15
.60
E+
00
4.0
3E−
02
40
pm
ol/kg
1,0
00
58
Ce
14
0.1
20
.26
22
7.0
0E−
01
5.0
0E−
03
5p
mo
l/kg
10
0
59
Pr
14
0.9
07
70
.04
0.3
7.0
0E−
01
4.9
7E−
03
5p
mo
l/kg
50
0
60
Nd
14
4.2
40
.15
21
3.3
0E
+0
02
.29
E−
02
23
pm
ol/kg
60
0
61
Pm
62
Sm
15
0.3
60
.03
60
.25
.70
E−
01
3.7
9E−
03
3.8
pm
ol/kg
70
0
63
Eu
15
1.9
65
0.0
09
80
.11
.70
E−
01
1.1
2E−
03
1.1
pm
ol/kg
60
0
64
Gd
15
7.2
50
.04
0.3
9.0
0E−
01
5.7
2E−
03
5.7
pm
ol/kg
80
0
65
Tb
15
8.9
25
30
.00
55
0.0
31
.70
E−
01
1.0
7E−
03
1.1
pm
ol/kg
80
0
66
Dy
16
2.5
0.0
30
.21
.10
E+
00
6.7
7E−
03
6.8
pm
ol/kg
1,0
00
(Continued
)
Tab
leA
15(C
ontinued
)
Ato
mic
#E
lem
ent
Ato
mic
Mas
sR
iver
Co
ncen
trat
ion
Mea
nO
cean
Co
ncen
trat
ion
Res
iden
ceT
ime
g/m
ol
pp
bnm
ol/
kgng
/kg
nmo
l/kg
Rat
iona
lU
nits
Uni
ty
67
Ho
16
4.9
30
30
.00
71
0.0
43
.60
E−
01
2.1
8E−
03
2.2
pm
ol/kg
2,7
00
68
Er
16
7.2
60
.02
0.1
1.2
0E
+0
07
.17
E−
03
7.2
pm
ol/kg
2,7
00
69
Tm
16
8.9
34
20
.00
33
0.0
22
.00
E−
01
1.1
8E−
03
1.2
pm
ol/kg
5,0
00
70
Yb
17
3.0
40
.01
70
.11
.20
E+
00
6.9
3E−
03
6.9
pm
ol/kg
2,2
00
71
Lu
17
4.9
67
0.0
02
40
.01
2.3
0E−
01
1.3
1E−
03
1.3
pm
ol/kg
6,2
00
72
Hf
17
8.4
90
.00
59
0.0
33
.40
E+
00
1.9
0E−
02
0.7
1p
mo
l/kg
1,3
00
73
Ta1
80
.94
79
0.0
01
10
.01
2.5
0E
+0
01
.38
E−
02
0.2
pm
ol/kg
74
W1
83
.85
0.1
11
.00
E+
01
5.4
4E−
02
54
pm
ol/kg
61
,00
0
75
Re
18
6.2
07
1.6
39
7.8
0E
+0
04
.19
E−
02
41
pm
ol/kg
76
Os
19
0.2
0.0
00
80
10
.00
42
.00
E−
03
1.0
5E−
05
56
fmo
l/kg
40
,00
0
77
Ir1
92
.22
1.3
0E−
04
6.7
6E−
07
68
0am
ol/kg
2,0
00
78
Pt
19
5.0
85
.00
E−
02
2.5
6E−
04
25
0fm
ol/kg
79
Au
19
6.9
66
50
.00
20
.01
9.8
5E−
03
5.0
0E−
05
50
fmo
l/kg
38
0
80
Hg
20
0.5
90
.07
0.3
1.4
0E−
01
6.9
8E−
04
70
0fm
ol/kg
35
0
81
Tl
20
4.3
83
1.3
0E
+0
16
.36
E−
02
64
pm
ol/kg
82
Pb
20
7.2
0.0
79
0.4
2.7
0E
+0
01
.30
E−
02
13
pm
ol/kg
80
83
Bi
20
8.9
80
43
.00
E−
02
1.4
4E−
04
14
0fm
ol/kg
84
Po
20
93
.00
E−
11
30
zmo
l/kg
10
0
85
At
21
0
86
Rn
22
23
.00
E−
12
3zm
ol/kg
0.0
10
87
Fr
22
3
88
Ra
22
6.0
25
42
41
06
1.3
0E−
04
5.7
5E−
07
58
0am
ol/kg
89
Ac
27
7.0
28
2.0
0E−
11
20
zmo
l/kg
90
Th
23
2.0
38
10
.04
10
.22
.00
E−
02
8.6
2E−
05
90
fmo
l/kg
45
91
Pa
23
1.0
35
91
.80
E−
08
18
am
ol/kg
20
0
92
U2
38
.02
90
.37
22
3.2
0E
+0
31
.34
E+
01
13
.4nm
ol/kg
40
0,0
00
93
Np
23
7.0
48
94
Pu
24
4
aIn
many
cases,
this
isth
etu
rno
ver
tim
ew
ith
resp
ect
toth
ed
om
inant
inp
ut,
rive
rru
no
ff.
Data
So
urc
es:
Riv
er
co
ncentr
atio
ns
fro
mW
hitfie
ld,
M.,
and
D.
R.
Turn
er
(19
87
).T
he
role
of
part
icle
sin
reg
ula
ting
the
co
mp
ositio
no
fseaw
ate
r.In
:A
quatic
Surf
ace
Chem
istr
y,W
.S
tum
m,
ed
.,p
p.
45
7–4
93
.Jo
hn
Wile
y;M
eyb
eck,
M.
(20
03
)G
lob
al
Occurr
ence
of
Majo
rE
lem
ents
inR
ivers
,In
:Tre
atise
on
Geo
chem
istr
y,H
.H
olla
nd
and
K.
Ture
kian,
ed
s.,
pp
.2
07
–2
23
.E
lsevi
er;
Meyb
eck,
M.
(19
82
)C
arb
on,
nitro
gen
and
pho
sp
ho
rus
transp
ort
by
wo
rld
rive
rs,
Am
erican
Jo
urn
alo
fS
cie
nce
28
2,
40
1–4
50
;G
aillard
et,
J.,
J.
Vie
rsand
B.
Dup
re(2
00
3).
Tra
ce
Ele
ments
inR
iver
Wate
rs,
In:
Tre
atise
on
Geo
chem
istr
y,H
.H
olla
nd
and
K.
Ture
kian,
ed
s.,
pp
.2
25
–2
72
,E
lsevi
er.
Ocean
Co
ncentr
atio
ns
and
resid
ence
tim
es
fro
mM
onte
rey
Bay
Aq
uarium
Researc
hIn
stitu
te,
The
Perio
dic
Tab
leo
fth
eE
lem
ents
inth
eO
cean,
htt
p:/
/ww
w.m
bari.o
rg/c
hem
senso
r/ab
out.
htm
land
asso
cia
ted
sum
mary
tab
le,
htt
p:/
/ww
w.m
bari.o
rg/c
hem
senso
r/sum
mary
.htm
l,accessed
July
20
08
.
APPENDIX
Derivation of EquilibriumSpeciation Equations for
the Carbonate System
The equilibrium speciation of dissolved inorganic carbon can be computed from thefollowing equations: [
H2CO∗3
]=[H2CO3
]+[CO2(aq)
]= �oCT (A1)
[HCO−
3
]= �1CT (A2)
[CO2−
3
]= �2CT (A3)
To simplify speciation calculations, CO2(aq) and H2CO3 and are combined into a newterm, H2CO∗
3. This is a pragmatic simplification because the equilibrium constant forCO2(aq) + H2O � H2CO3 is so large that
[H2CO∗
3
] � [CO2(aq)].
The � term represents the fractions of the total dissolved inorganic carbon (CT)present as the inorganic species of interest. They are defined as:
�o =
(1 +
K1
[H+]+
K1K2
[H+]2
)−1
(A4)
�1 =
(1 +
[H+]K1
+K2
[H+]
)−1
(A5)
�2 =
(1 +
[H+]K2
+
[H+]2
K1K2
)−1
(A6)
where the equilibrium constants K1 and K2 are for the reactions shown in Eqs. 5.54and 5.55.
A derivation of �o is shown in the next section and closely follows the generalapproach developed in Section 5.7 for computing speciation as a result of competitivecomplexing. 51
52 APPENDIX Derivation of Equilibrium Speciation Equations
Combination of Eqs. A1 and A4 leads to the following:
CT =
[H2CO∗
3
]�o
=KHPCO2
�o
= KHPCO2
(1 +
K1
[H+]+
K1K2
[H+]2
)(A7)
that enables calculation of CT from pH and PCO2for a given temperature and salinity.
Note that[CO2(aq)
]= KHPCO2
(Henry’s Law constant is discussed in Section 6.3). As
described above,[H2CO∗
3
] � [CO2(aq)]
so[H2CO∗
3
] � KHPCO2.
The total dissolved inorganic carbon concentration can be computed from a watersample’s carbonate alkalinity and pH by first substituting into the definition of C.A.(Eq. 15.11) where the negligible contributions of hydroxide ion and hydrogen ion havebeen included:
C.A. =[HCO−
3
]+ 2[CO2−
3
]+[OH−] − [H+
]= �1CT + 2�2CT +
[OH−] − [H+
]= CT
(�1 + 2�2
)+[OH−] − [H+
](A8)
and then rearranging to solve for CT:
CT =C.A. − [OH−] +
[H+](
�1 + 2�2
) (A9)
Eq. A9 enables calculation of all the inorganic carbon species via substitution of CT in
Eqs. A2 and A3, e.g.,[CO2−
3
]= �2CT and
[HCO−
3
]= �1CT. Note that the units of C.A.
are equivalents of chargekg seawater and the ion concentrations are in units of molinity ( mol ion
kg seawater ).Semi-empirical equations have been developed for all of the equilibrium constants
used in the preceding expressions and are presented below. No single set of thesesemi-empirical equations has been recognized as a universal standard. References forthe ones shown herein can be found in: Pilson, M.E.Q. (1998) An Introduction to theChemistry of the Sea, Prentice Hall, NJ. Another compilation can be found in: Zeebe,R.E., and D. Wolf-Gladrow (2001) CO2 in Seawater: Equilibrium, Kinetic, Isotopes,Elsevier Oceanography Series, 65.
Marine scientists now use widely-available computer programs, such as MINEQL, topredict species concentrations (Table 5.4). These programs include algorithms, such asthe ones presented in this appendix, for estimating equilibrium constants and activitycoefficients at desired temperature, salinity and pressures. Students can easily replicateenough of these programs in a spreadsheet to enable computation of the calcite oraragonite saturation of a seawater sample from its measured pH, alkalinity, salinity, insitu temperature, and pressure using the equations presented in this appendix.
Derivation of Equilibrium Speciation Equations 53
DERIVATION OF �o
Starting with the mass balance equation∑CO2 = CT =
[H2CO3
]+[HCO−
3
]+[CO2−
3
](A10)
First eliminate[HCO−
3
]and
[CO2−
3
]by substituting expressions written in terms of[
H2CO3
]. This is accomplished in stepwise fashion by rearranging the equilibrium
constant expressions: [H+][HCO−
3
][H2CO3
] = K1 for H2CO3 � H+ + HCO−3 (A11)
and [H+][CO2−
3
][HCO−
3
] = K2 for HCO−3 � H+ + CO2−
3 (A12)
into
[HCO−
3
]= K1
[H2CO3
][H+]
(A13)
and
[CO2−
3
]= K2
[HCO−
3
][H+]
= K2
(K1
[H2CO3][H+]
)[H+]
= K1K2
[H2CO3
][H+]2
(A14)
These equations are then substituted into mass balance equation to yield:
∑CO2 = CT =
[H2CO3
]+ K1
[H2CO3
][H+]
+ K1K2
[H2CO3
][H+]2
(A15)
∑CO2 = CT =
[H2CO3
](1 +
K1
[H+]+
K1K2
[H+]2
)(A16)
[H2CO3
]= CT
(1 +
K1
[H+]+
K1K2
[H+]2
)−1
= �oCT (A17)
where
�o =
(1 +
K1
[H+]+
K1K2
[H+]2
)−1
(A18)
The definitions of �1 and �2 can be similarly derived.
54 APPENDIX Derivation of Equilibrium Speciation Equations
SEMI-EMPIRICAL EQUATIONS FOR ESTIMATINGINORGANIC CARBON EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS
The solubility of CO2 (Eq. 5.53) can be estimated from Henry’s Law,[CO2(aq)
]= KHPCO2
(A19)
where
ln KH =9345.17
T− 167.8108 + 25.3585(ln T) +
(0.023517 − 2.3656 × 10−4T
+ 4.7036 × 10−7T 2)
S (A20)[CO2(aq)
]has the units of mol CO2
kg seawater , PCO2is in atmospheres, T = temperature in degrees
Kelvin and S = salinity in psu.The stoichiometric equilibrium constants, K1 and K2 (for Eqs. 5.54 and 5.55), can
be estimated from:
pK1 = − log K1 = 17.788 − 0.073104T − 0.0051087S − 1.1463 × 10−4T 2 (A21)
pK2 = − log K2 = 20.919 − 0.064209T − 0.011887S − 8.7313 × 10−5T 2 (A22)
where T = temperature in degrees Kelvin and S = salinity in psu.
SEMI-EMPIRICAL EQUATIONS FOR ESTIMATINGCALCIUM CARBONATE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS
The stoichiometric equilibrium constants [Kosp(c) and Ko
sp(a)] for the dissolution of calciteand aragonite at a given temperature in pure water (Eq. 15.4) are given by:
log Kosp(c) = −171.9065 − 0.077993T +
2839.319
T+ 71.595 log T (A23)
log Kosp(a) = −171.945 − 0.077993T +
2839.293
T+ 71.595 log T (A24)
where T = temperature in degrees Kelvin.Their values at a given salinity (K∗
sp) can be estimated from:
log K∗sp = log Ko
sp +
(bo + b1T +
b2
T
)S0.5 + coS + doS1.5 (A25)
where S = salinity in psu and the constants, bo, b1, b2, co, and do are:bo b1 b2 co do
Calcite −0.77712 0.0028426 178.34 −0.007711 0.0041249Aragonite −0.068393 0.0017276 88.135 −0.10018 0.0059415
Derivation of Equilibrium Speciation Equations 55
PRESSURE CORRECTIONS FOR EQUILIBRIUMCONSTANTS
Increased pressure affects the magnitude of the acid dissociation and mineral solubilityequilibrium constants. This effect can be estimated from
lnKp
Ko
=−�V
RTP +
0.5�K
RTP2 (A26)
where Ko = stoichiometric equilibrium constant at 1 atm pressure (sea surface),Kp = stoichiometric equilibrium constant at pressure p, P = pressure in bars,
T =temperature in degrees Kelvin, and R = 83.144 cm3◦barmol◦K . −�V and �K are the partial
molal volume change and partial molal compressibility for the ion dissociation reaction,respectively. They are estimated from the following semi-empirical equations:
−�V = ao + a1
(S − 34.8
)+ a2t + a3t (A27)
�K =(bo + b1
(S − 34.8
)+ b2t
) × 10−3 (A28)
where t = temperature in degrees Celsius and the values of the constants are
Solute ao a1 a2 a3 bo b1 b2
H2CO3 25.50 0.151 −0.1271 3.08 0.578 −0.0877HCO−
3 15.82 −0.321 0.0219 −1.13 0.314 0.1475H3BO3 29.48 −0.295 −0.1622 0.002608 2.84 −0.354
CaCO3(c) 48.76 −0.5304 11.76 −0.3692CaCO3(a) 45.96 −0.5304 11.76 −0.3692
From a computational standpoint, equilibrium constants should first be estimatedat the appropriate temperature and salinity. The resulting equilibrium constant is then“corrected” for any pressure effect.
A NOTE ABOUT pH
The operational measurement of pH using the typical pH meter and NBS-certified buffersyields an estimate of the hydrogen ion activity. This is transformed into a concentrationfor use in the preceding speciation equations through the use of an appropriate activity
coefficient, i.e.,[H+] =
{H+}fH+
= 10−pH
fH+where
fH+ = 0.739 + 0.0307S + 0.0000794S2 + 0.00006443T − 0.000117ST (A29)
and S = salinity in psu and T = temperature in degrees Kelvin. A discussion of ion activityis presented in Section 5.6.
56 APPENDIX Derivation of Equilibrium Speciation Equations
The units of the computed[H+] are molality
(molH+
kg water
)and are converted to molinity(
mol H+
kg seawater
)for use in the preceding speciation equations via:
mol H+
kg water×(
1000 − S
1000
)=
mol H+
kg seawater(A30)
As shown in the next section, the hydroxide ion concentration is required for thecalculation of C.A. from the measured alkalinity. The
[OH−] can be calculated from a
sample’s pH using the equilibrium expression for the dissociation of water, i.e., H2O �H+ + OH−, where Kw =
[H+][OH−]. This dissociation constant can be estimated from
ln Kw = 148.9802 − 13847.26
T− 23.6521 ln T
+
(−5.977 +
118.67
T+ 1.0495 ln T
)S 0.05 − 0.01615S (A31)
in which S = salinity in psu and T = temperature in degrees Kelvin. The ion con-
centrations computed from Kw are in units of molinity(
mol H+or OH−
kg seawater
).
CONVERSION OF TOTAL ALKALINITY TOCARBONATE ALKALINITY
The acid titration performed to measure the alkalinity of a seawater sample titrates otherspecies, such as borate, in addition to the inorganic carbon species. To convert from totalalkalinity to carbonate alkalinity, the following equation can be used:
C.A. = T.A. − [B(OH)−4] − [OH−] +
[H+]
(A32)
= T.A. − KB × [TB]
[H+] + KB
− Kw
[H+]+[H+]
where [TB] =[B(OH)−4
]+[B(OH)3
]= 11.88 × 10−6S reflecting the near conservative
behavior of borate in seawater. The units of C.A. and T.A. are equivalents of chargekg seawater .
This equation ignores the minor contributions of other species, such as nitrate andphosphate, to seawater’s total alkalinity.
The stoichiometric equilibrium constant KB for B(OH)3 + H2O � B(OH)−4 + H+ canbe estimated from
ln KB =
(−8966.90 − 2890.53S0.5 − 77.942S + 1.728S1.5 − 0.0996S2)T
+(148.0248 + 137.1942S0.5 + 1.62142S
)+(−24.4344 − 25.085S0.5 − 0.2474S
)ln T +
(0.053105S0.5
)T (A33)
where S = salinity in psu and T = temperature in degrees Kelvin.