APPENDIX ALIST OF ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS,AND SYMBOLS

� Degree(s)% Percent‰ Parts per thousand�C Degree(s) Celsius�F Degree(s) Fahrenheitmg/g Microgram(s) per grammg/L Microgram(s) per litermm Micrometer(s)mmol Micromole(s)2D Two-dimensional3D Three-dimensionalAAM American Academy

of Microbiologyac AcreAL AlabamaAPG Angiosperm Phylogeny

GroupAPHA American Public Health

Associationatm AtmosphereAUV Autonomous underwater

vehiclebbl Barrel(s)BEACH Beaches Environmental

Assessment, Closure, andHealth Program

BEG Bureau of EconomicGeology

BIMS Baseline InformationManagement System

BL Body lengthBLM Bureau of Land

Management

BMLD Below mud-line depthBOD Biochemical oxygen

demandBOEM Bureau of Ocean Energy

ManagementBOEMRE Bureau of Ocean Energy

Management,Regulation, andEnforcement

BP BP Exploration &Production Inc.

BRD Bycatch reduction deviceBSR Bottom simulating

reflector(s)BTEC Barataria-Terrebonne

Estuarine ComplexBTNEP Barataria-Terrebonne

National Estuary ProgramBW Body weightcal yr BP Calibration year Before

PresentCBBE Coastal Bend Bays and

EstuariesCBBEP Coastal Bend Bays

and Estuaries ProgramCCA Chromated copper

arsenateCEC Commission for

EnvironmentalCooperation

CENR Committee on theEnvironment and NaturalResources

# The Author(s) 2017C.H. Ward (ed.), Habitats and Biota of the Gulf of Mexico: Before the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill,DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-3447-8

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CFH Critical fisheries habitatCFMC Caribbean Fishery

Management Councilcm Centimeter(s)cm3 Cubic centimetersCMDA Centro Mexicano de

Derecho AmbientalCNCYT Consejo Nacional de

Ciencia y Technologıa(National Council ofScience and Technology)

CONAPESCA Comisi�on Nacionalde Acuacultura y Pesca(National Commissionof Aquaculture andFisheries)

CPUE catch per unit effortCSA Coastal Study AreaCSA Continental Shelf

AssociatesCU Cubacy Cubic yardsDAPI 40,6-Diamidino-2-

phenylindole (fluorescentstain for DNA)

DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichlo-roethane

DGoMB Deep Gulf of MexicoBenthos

DHS U.S. Department ofHomeland Security

DIN Dissolved inorganicnitrogen

DIP Dissolved inorganicphosphorus

DO Dissolved oxygenDOC Dissolved organic carbonDoD U.S. Department of

DefenseDOE U.S. Department of

EnergyDOI U.S. Department of the

InteriorDOM Dissolved organic matterdpm Disintegrations per

minute

DSC Deep sea coralDW/dw Dry weightEEZ Exclusive Economic ZoneEFH Essential fish habitatELI Environmental Law

InstituteEMAP Environmental

Monitoring andAssessment Program

EMAP-E EnvironmentalMonitoringand Assessment ProgramEstuaries

ERL Effects range lowERM Effects range medianESA Ecological Society of

AmericaESR Echo-sounder recorderFAQ Frequently asked

questionsFAO Food and Agriculture

OrganizationFB Florida BayFDEP Florida Department of

Environmental ProtectionFFWCC- Florida Fish and WildlifeFWRI Conservation

Commission—Fish andWildlife ResearchInstitute and ResearchPlanning

FGBNMS Flower Gardens BanksNational MarineSanctuary

FL FloridaFMG Florida Middle GroundsFMP Fishery Management PlanFNAI Florida Natural Areas

Inventoryft Foot/feetft3 Cubic feetg Gram(s)gal Gallon(s)GBEP Galveston Bay Estuary

ProgramGCRL Gulf Coast Research

Laboratory

842 List of Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols

GERG Geochemical andEnvironmental ResearchGroup

GMFMC Gulf of Mexico FisheryManagement Council

GMSAFMC Gulf of Mexico andSouth Atlantic FisheryManagement Councils

GoM/GOMEX Gulf of MexicoGoMRI Gulf of Mexico Research

InitiativeGOOMEX Gulf of Mexico Offshore

Operations MonitoringExperiment

GSMFC Gulf States MarineFisheries Commission

GT Gigatonne(s)h Hour(s)ha Hectare(s)HAB Harmful algal bloomHRI Harte Research Institute

for Gulf of MexicoStudies

ICES InternationalCommission for theExploration of the Seas

IMaRS/USF Institute for MarineRemote Sensing,University of SouthFlorida

in. Inch(es)IPN Instituto Nacional de

Pesca (National FisheryInstitute)

kg Kilogram(s)km Kilometer(s)km2 Square kilometer(s)km3 Cubic kilometer(s)L/l Liter(s)LA LouisianaLb/lb Pound(s)LC Loop currentLCS/lcs Loop current systemLDWF Louisiana Department

of Wildlife and Fisheries

LME Large Marine EcosystemLSU Louisiana State UniversityLTA Long-term averagem Meter(s)m2 Square meter(s)m3 Cubic meter(s)m3/s Cubic meter(s) per secondMAFAC Marine Fisheries

Advisory CommitteeMAFLA Mississippi-Alabama-

FloridaMAMES Mississippi Alabama

Marine Ecosystem StudyMDM Mid-depth maximumMDS Multidimensional scalingmg Milligram(s)mg/L Milligram(s) per litermi Mile(s)mi2 Square mile(s)mi3 Cubic mile(s)min Minute(s)MIP Ministerio de la Industria

Pesquera (Ministry ofFishing Industries)

mL/ml Milliliter(s)mm Millimeter(s)mM millimolarMMS Minerals Management

ServiceMPA Marine protected areaMRFSS Marine Recreational

Fisheries Statistics SurveyMRIP Marine Recreational

Information ProgramMS MississippiMsCIP Mississippi Coastal

Improvements ProgrammV Millivolt(s)MX MexicoNASA National Aeronautics

and Space AdministrationNCA National Coastal

AssessmentNCCR National Coastal

Condition Report

List of Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols 843

NDBC National Data Buoy CenterNEGOM-CME Northeastern Gulf of

Mexico-Coastal andMarine EcosystemProgram

NEP National EstuaryProgram

NEP CCR National EstuaryProgram CoastalCondition Report

ng Nanogram(s)NGoMCS Northern Gulf of Mexico

Continental SlopeNHC National Hurricane

CenterNJ New JerseyNLFWA National Listing of Fish

and Wildlife AdvisoriesNMFS National Marine Fisheries

ServiceNOAA National Oceanic and

AtmosphericAdministration

NOAA/OER NOAA Office ofOcean Explorationand Research

NOAA/CCMA NOAA Center forCoastal Monitoring andAssessment

NOS National Ocean ServiceNPDES National Pollutant

Discharge EliminationSystem

NRC National ResearchCouncil

NS&T National Status andTrends

NWCM National WaterCommission of Mexico

NWI National WetlandsInventory

OCS Outer continental shelfONR Office of Naval

ResearchPAH Polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbonPAR Photosynthetically active

radiation

PBS Public BroadcastingSystem

PCB Polychlorinatedbiphenyl

PDB Pee Dee BelemnitePEMEX Petr�oleos Mexicanos

(Mexican Petroleums)PFA Provisional Fishing

AssociationsPOC Particulate organic

carbonPOTW Publicly owned treatment

workPP Primary productionppb Part(s) per billionppm Part(s) per millionppt Part(s) per thousandPRAWN Program Tracking,

Advisories, WaterQuality Standards, andNutrients

PSMSL Permanent Service forMean Sea Level

psu Practical salinity unitREMAP Regional Environmental

Monitoring andAssessment Program

RPD Redox potentialdiscontinuity

ROV Remotely operated(underwater) vehicle

s/sec Second(s)SAGARPA Secretaria de Agricultura,

Ganaderia, DesarrolloRural, Pesca, yAlimentacion (Ministryof Agriculture, Livestock,Rural Development,Fisheries, and Foods)

SAP Sigsbee Abyssal PlainSAV Submerged aquatic

vegetationSBNEP Sarasota Bay National

Estuary ProgramSCAR Scientific Committee on

Antarctic ResearchSCOC Sediment community

oxygen consumption

844 List of Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols

SCOPE Scientific Committee onProblems of theEnvironment

SCUBA Self-containedunderwater breathingapparatus

SEAMAP Southeast AreaMonitoring andAssessment Program

SeaWiFS Sea-viewing wide field-of-view sensor

SEDAR Southeast Data,Assessment, and Review

SEMARNAT Secretary of Environmentand Natural Resources,Mexico (Ministry of theEnvironment and NaturalResources)

SEPM Society for SedimentologySERDP Strategic Environmental

Research andDevelopment Program

SIMB Society of IndustrialMicrobiology andBiotechnology

SIMPROF Similarity profileanalysis

SJRWMD St. Johns River WaterManagement District

SLM Southern Laguna MadreSOFLA Southwest Florida ShelfSTOCS South Texas Outer

Continental ShelfSTP Standard temperature

and pressureSVOC Semivolatile organic

compoundSWFSC Southwest Fisheries

Science CenterTAMU Texas A&M UniversityTAMU-CC Texas A&M University at

Corpus ChristiTAMUG Texas A&M University at

GalvestonTB Tampa BayTBEP Tampa Bay Estuary

Program

TCEQ Texas Commission forEnvironmental Quality

TCM Trillion cubic metersTDS Total dissolved solidsTED Turtle excluder deviceTOC Total organic carbonTSS Total suspended solidsTX TexasUCM Unresolved complex

mixtureUNEP United Nations

Environment ProgramUNEP/GPA United Nations

Environment Program/Global Programme ofAction

U.S. United StatesUSA United States of AmericaUSACE U.S. Army Corps of

EngineersUSDA U.S. Department of

AgricultureUSEPA U.S. Environmental

Protection AgencyUSF University of South FloridaUSFWS U.S. Fisheries and

Wildlife ServiceUSGS U.S. Geological SurveyUSM The University of

Southern MississippiVME Vulnerable Marine

EcosystemVOC Volatile organic

compoundVPDB Vienna PDBWAVCIS Wave-Current-Surge

Information System forCoastal Louisiana

WCI Water clarity indicatorWHO World Health

OrganizationWHOI Woods Hole

OceanographicInstitution

ww Wet weightWWF World Wildlife Fundyr Year

List of Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols 845

.

APPENDIX BUNIT CONVERSION TABLE

Multiply By To Obtain

Acres 0.405 Hectares

Acres 1.56 E–3 Square miles (statute)

Centimeters 0.394 Inches

Cubic feet 0.028 Cubic meters

Cubic feet 7.48 Gallons (U.S. liquid)

Cubic feet 28.3 Liters

Cubic meter 35.3 Cubic feet

Cubic yard 0.76 Cubic meter

Feet 0.305 Meters

Gallons (U.S. liquid) 3.79 Liters

Hectares 2.47 Acres

Inches 2.54 Centimeters

Kilograms 2.20 Pounds (avoir)

Kilometers 0.62 Miles (statue)

Liters 0.035 Cubic feet

Liters 0.26 Gallons (U.S. liquid)

Meters 3.28 Feet

Metric ton(ne)s 1.102 U.S. short tons

Miles (statue) 1.61 Kilometers

Pounds (avoir) 0.45 Kilograms

Square feet 0.093 Square meters

Square kilometers 0.386 Square miles

Square miles 640 Acres

Square miles 2.59 Square kilometers

# The Author(s) 2017C.H. Ward (ed.), Habitats and Biota of the Gulf of Mexico: Before the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill,DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-3447-8

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INDEX

AAbyssal plain, 1, 13, 18, 22, 47, 48, 165, 168, 181,

183, 209, 331, 333, 344, 641, 644–646,720–738, 741, 742, 744, 747, 749

Acanthocybium solandri, 666Achiridae, 562, 571Achirus lineatus, 523, 562, 571Adinia xenica, 486, 523, 541African pompano, 661Agricultural runoff, 5, 61, 96, 219, 710Alabama Pinnacles, 18, 20, 713, 716, 748, 749Alaminos Canyon, 338Alectis, 662Alectis ciliaris, 661Algae, 27, 61, 63, 64, 73, 152, 491, 555, 559,

580, 705, 712, 713, 790, 824Algal bloom, 4, 5, 7, 34, 46, 62, 75, 131, 145,

146, 156, 157, 652, 823Aliger costatus, 775Alligator, 368, 453, 478, 489Alpheus heterochaelis, 558Amberjack, 26, 28, 49, 661, 669Americamysis almyra, 558American horse mussel, 23, 776, 782American silver perch, 665Americardia guppyi, 557Ampelisca

A. abdita, 473A. holmesi, 558A. mississippiana, 725, 741

Amphipod, 472, 473, 476, 506, 507, 521, 537,539, 548, 557, 559, 560, 569, 570, 573,709, 725, 741, 790

Anadara transversa, 776Anchoa

A. cayorum, 486, 541A. cubana, 486A. hepsetus, 486, 507, 541A. lamprotaenia, 486A. lyolepis, 486, 507A. mitchilli, 485, 486, 507, 523, 524, 541,

562, 572, 585Anchovie, 484, 507, 540, 543, 544, 699,

700, 703Anemone, 342, 713, 733, 824

Annelid, 472, 520, 521, 524, 538, 539,570, 709, 792, 824

Annual rainfall, 56, 58, 368, 370, 470Anthias, 667, 702Anthias nicholsi, 667Anthiinae, 667, 717Apalachicola Bay, 196–197, 199, 225, 366,

383, 552, 788, 818Apocorophium louisianum, 558Arabella iricolor, 557Aransas Bay, 91, 92, 204, 205Archea, 276Archosargus

A. probatocephalus, 486, 494, 542, 824A. rhomboidalis, 486

ArgopectenA. gibbus, 557A. irradians, 556, 560, 584, 776

Ariidae, 483, 484, 525, 562, 571Ariopsis felis, 562Armandia agilis, 557Armases cinereum, 558Arsenic (As), 9, 67, 97, 160, 219, 223, 239,

253, 258, 267, 268Arthropod, 824Artificial reef, 20Asteroid, 473Astichopus multifidus, 779Astropecten, 473Atchafalaya Bay, 87, 710Atchafalaya drainage basin(s), 15, 583Atherinidae, 484, 508, 522, 540, 541, 562Atherinomorus stipes, 486, 541Atlantic bluefin tuna, 26, 28, 49, 659, 692Atlantic bonito, 666Atlantic brief squid, 776Atlantic bumper, 661, 669, 672, 700–703Atlantic croaker, 573, 665, 685, 700, 702, 703Atlantic mackerel, 666Atlantic menhaden, 663Atlantic moonfish, 662Atlantic rangia, 24, 777, 782Atlantic seabob, 23, 777, 782, 786–787Atlantic thread herring, 26, 663, 670, 674,

701–703

# The Author(s) 2017C.H. Ward (ed.), Habitats and Biota of the Gulf of Mexico: Before the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill,DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-3447-8

849

Atlantic white marlin, 26Atrina rigida, 776Atwater Valley, 342Authigenic calcium carbonate, 244Authigenic mineral(s), 13, 306, 312, 318,

337, 344Auxis, 665, 688, 702Avicennia germinan, 177, 442, 445, 448,

452, 471, 497, 514, 515, 517, 527–536,578, 583

Avrainvillea, 447, 584

BBacteria, 5, 13, 14, 61, 63, 72, 102, 146, 290,

302–304, 327, 329, 331, 336, 496, 540,569, 707, 719–721, 739, 741, 742, 795

Bacterial contamination/contaminants, 7,46, 102

Baffin Bay, 75, 91, 177, 206–208, 570Bairdiella chrysoura, 486, 562, 572, 665Banded drum, 665, 702Banded rudderfish, 662Banded tulip, 23, 775, 782Barataria Basin, 93Barataria-Terrebonne Estuarine Complex

(BTEC), 95–97, 236, 238, 239Barataria-Terrebonne Estuary, 93, 94Barataria-Terrebonne National Estuary

Program (BTNEP), 95Barium (Ba), 139, 219, 244, 246–248, 251,

253, 258Barracuda, 494, 540Barrier island, 7, 8, 15, 91, 97, 100, 175–177,

190, 201, 208, 209, 359, 360, 365, 366,368, 393, 399–401, 405–412, 415–424,426, 437, 438, 440, 442, 443, 449–456,459–467, 491, 494–498, 505–508, 552,554, 567, 582, 584, 685

Barrier strand, 359, 387, 438–443, 461, 464,492, 494–508, 570

Basslets, 667, 702Batea catharinensis, 558Batfish, 488, 489Bathyanthias mexicanus, 668Bathygobius soporator, 486, 542Bathymetric provinces, 7, 165–177Bathymetry, 169, 172, 174, 184, 186, 192,

193, 323, 338, 340, 342, 344, 372, 383,644, 719

BathymodiolusB. brooksi, 335, 719B. childressi, 333, 335, 719B. heckeri, 335

Bathynomus giganteus, 732Batis, 462Batrachoididae, 544, 572Bay scallop, 23, 556, 557, 559, 560, 578,

584, 776, 782Beach advisory(ies), 7, 46, 122, 124, 155Beach closing(s), 7, 46, 71, 72, 124, 126Beach Environmental Assessment Closure

and Health (BEACH) Program, 72,153, 155

BEG. See Bureau of Economic Geology(BEG)

Belonesox belizanus, 486, 542Belonidae, 484, 544, 562Benthos systems, 2Benzene, 159, 266, 302Bhawania goodei, 557Bigeye scad, 661, 702Bigeye tuna, 659Biloxi Bay, 225, 226Bioaccumulation, 158, 218, 226, 251, 265Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 130Biocline, 21, 48, 749Biodegradation, 22, 158, 265, 301, 303–305,

357, 750Biodiversity, 2, 18, 22, 48, 224, 336, 488,

494, 538, 641, 642, 707, 711, 716, 728,747, 749, 750, 769

Biogenic organic debris, 9, 46Biogenic sediment(s), 8, 9, 16, 165, 180–181,

189, 398, 585Biogenic seeps, 12, 14Biological contamination/contaminants,

71–72, 117, 118, 124, 126, 145Biological tissue(s), 5, 7, 9, 46, 67, 71, 105,

106, 126, 139, 145, 146, 218, 225, 258Biomagnification, 67, 164, 218, 273Biomarkers, 298, 300, 357Bivalves, 71, 160, 224, 226, 267, 329, 472, 490,

506, 507, 520, 521, 559, 560, 569, 573,584, 709, 715, 781, 794, 824

Black drum, 26, 665, 702, 795, 824Blackfin tuna, 659, 666Black mangrove, 366, 368, 370, 448, 453,

463, 495, 514, 515, 527, 539, 541, 583

850 Index

Black needlerush, 366, 452, 512, 521Black seabass, 667BLM. See Bureau of Land Management

(BLM)Blue crab, 23–25, 28–30, 44, 48, 49, 123,

473, 490, 507, 519–521, 526, 539, 548,549, 559, 573, 578, 579, 584, 769, 771,772, 778, 779, 782, 786, 789, 796–799,819–822, 824–827

Blue land crab, 24, 779, 782Blue marlin, 26, 28, 49, 663, 699Blue runner, 661, 669, 701, 702Bluntnose jack, 662Bocourt swimming crab, 778BOEM. See Bureau of Ocean Energy

Management (BOEM)Bonito, 658, 665, 666, 688, 691, 699Boonea impressa, 824Boring polychaetes, 795, 824Boring sponge, 824Borrichia, 462, 501, 503, 504, 516, 517BP Exploration & Production Inc.

(BP), 2, 299BRD. See Bycatch reduction device (BRD)Brevoortia patronus, 485, 486, 491, 523,

524, 541, 572, 663, 670Bromine, 66Broomsedge, 495, 497Brown rangia, 24, 777, 782Brown shrimp, 23, 521, 526, 539, 561, 573,

709, 769, 777, 782, 789–793, 799,802–806, 809, 811, 812, 823

Bryozoans, 555, 715, 792, 824BTEC. See Barataria-Terrebonne Estuarine

Complex (BTEC)Bubble streams/plumes, 13, 312, 315Bulla striata, 557Bullet tuna, 702Bumperfish, 662Bureau of Economic Geology (BEG), 201,

458, 460, 463Bureau of Land Management (BLM), 472,

643, 707Bureau of Ocean Energy Management

(BOEM), 323, 324, 379, 383–385, 472,643, 707, 718, 729

Busycon perversum, 775Butane, 108, 298Buttonwood, 448, 498, 527

Butyltin, 163, 164, 273Bycatch reduction device (BRD), 799,

800, 825

CCabo Catoche, Mexico, 1, 774, 791Cadmium (Cd), 5, 9, 67, 146, 160, 162, 219,

225, 226, 228, 239, 246, 248, 251–253,257, 258, 268, 271

Caecum plicatum, 557Cakile edentula, 439Calamus arctifrons, 486Calappa, 472, 570Calcasieu River, 81Calcium (Ca), 7, 61, 179–181, 192, 195, 244,

303, 318, 362, 447, 470, 721, 746, 824Calcium carbonate, 7, 180–181, 192, 195, 244,

303, 318, 362, 447, 470, 721, 746, 824Callianassa, 472, 569Callinectes

C. bocourti, 778C. danae, 778C. ornatus, 488, 563, 778C. rathbunae, 778C. sapidus, 473, 488, 507, 521–523, 526,

539, 542, 549, 558, 559, 563, 572, 573,584, 778, 796, 824

C. similis, 472, 488, 563, 571, 572, 778Calliostoma pulchrum, 557Calytogena ponderosa, 333Campeche Bank, 2, 16, 173, 193, 384, 585,

644, 653, 711, 783, 788Campeche Bay, 165, 193, 209, 777Campeche Canyon, 18, 748Campeche/Yucatan Carbonate Beach, 425,

432–434, 468Cantharus, 472Cape Sable, 1, 365, 371, 398, 400Capitella capitata, 521, 548, 557, 570, 584Carangidae, 484, 507, 508, 658, 660, 661,

669, 670, 697, 704, 705Caranx

C. bartholomai, 661C. crysos, 661, 669C. hippos, 26, 507, 661C. latus, 662

Carbonate deposit(s), 15, 317, 376, 396, 582Carbonate platform(s), 1, 8, 165, 167, 183,

185, 372, 653, 711

Index 851

Carbonate sediment(s), 9, 15, 46, 167, 181, 186,188, 193, 207–209, 375, 396, 434, 467,582, 715

Carbon cycling, 738–744Carbon dating, 356Cardiosoma guanhumi, 558, 779Caribbean Fishery Management Council

(CFMC), 775, 783Caribbean Sea, 1, 19, 142, 209, 361, 363,

382, 385, 434–436, 447, 470, 478,706, 783, 786

Caribbean Sea marine ecoregion, 361,434–436, 470

Caridean shrimp, 478, 522, 554, 559, 564Carolina marsh clam, 23, 776, 782Catch per unit effort (CPUE), 802, 803, 805,

807–809, 811, 812, 818, 821, 822, 824Caulerpa, 447, 552, 584CEC. See Commission for Environmental

Cooperation (CEC)Cenchrus incertus, 497Centropomus undecimalis, 26, 483Centropristis, 667Centropristis striata, 667Cephalopod, 16, 478, 483, 781Chamaecrista fasciculata, 500Charlotte Harbor, 80, 81, 87, 89, 101, 130,

196, 197, 529Chemical contamination/contaminant(s), 5,

11, 43, 51, 65–72, 102, 103, 105, 126,139, 146, 219–222, 226

Chemosynthesis, 13, 329Chemosynthetic communities, 2, 13, 14, 47,

344Chilomycterus schoepfi, 486Chione

C. cancellata, 777C. elerata, 777

Chlordane, 158, 227, 228, 239, 264Chloride (Cl-), 61, 508Chlorine (Cl), 66, 159, 266Chlorite, 179, 183Chlorophyll a, 4, 5, 7, 46, 62, 64, 66, 73, 75,

77, 80–83, 85–89, 92, 95, 96, 99, 102,126, 129–131, 134, 145, 146, 151, 152,154–156, 356, 648, 649, 709, 726, 741

Chloroscombrus, 662Chloroscombrus chrysurus, 661, 669, 672, 703Choctawhatchee Bay, 225, 552

Chromium (Cr), 9, 67, 97, 219, 223, 224,227, 228, 230, 232, 234, 239, 248, 251,253, 257, 258

Chrysoma pauciflosculosa, 497Cichlidae, 484, 541, 544Circulation systems, 383Clam(s), 14, 309, 340, 569, 719, 769, 781, 795Clay dune(s), 2, 462Clibanarius vittatus, 558Clupeidae, 484, 507, 508, 540, 541, 562, 572,

658, 660, 669, 670, 675, 697, 699, 701Coastal Bend Bay, 58, 89–94, 236–239Coastal Bend Bay and Estuaries (CBBE)

complex, 89, 91, 92Coastal Bend Bay and Estuaries Program

(CBBEP), 91, 92Coastal marshes, 365, 368, 386, 399, 402,

403, 451, 514, 515, 573, 580, 581, 826Coccolithophores, 181Coccoliths, 8, 47Codakia orbicularis, 776Combers, 666Commercial fisheries, 2, 17, 18, 28, 30,

49, 62, 98, 134, 559, 564, 579, 585,642, 669, 680, 692, 737, 744, 787,788, 795, 820

Commission for Environmental Cooperation(CEC), 360–362, 365, 367, 380

Committee on the Environment and NaturalResources (CENR), 136

Common dolphinfish, 701Common octopus, 23, 776, 782, 784Conocarpus erectus, 448, 471, 498, 501, 527,

530, 532, 533, 583Continental Shelf, 1, 5, 7, 8, 10, 18, 20, 35,

46, 58, 106, 136–145, 165–167, 170–176,182, 183, 185–194, 209, 217, 221,241–258, 296, 323, 362, 363, 373, 386,472, 473, 641, 643, 644, 649, 650, 652,653, 658, 669, 670, 675, 677, 679, 680,683, 688, 691, 692, 696, 702, 705,707–711, 715, 722, 726, 727, 744–747,749, 791, 793, 789790

Continental Slope, 1, 8, 13, 20, 22, 47, 48, 165,166, 169–171, 184–185, 189, 209, 244, 246,247, 253, 255, 289, 291, 294, 296, 305,307, 310, 317, 328, 329, 336–338, 344, 384,385, 641, 642, 644–646, 711, 715, 718,720–738, 744–746, 748–750

852 Index

Copano Bay, 200, 204–205, 239, 461Copper (Cu), 9, 67, 97, 160, 161, 219, 223,

224, 227, 230, 232, 234, 239, 246, 248,251, 253, 257, 258, 268, 269

Coral reef(s), 2, 18, 21, 36, 174, 217, 359,362, 363, 365, 371, 396, 433, 434, 436,437, 447, 448, 464, 470, 472, 480, 483,485, 489, 532, 539, 543, 555, 653,711–713, 747, 787, 823, 826

Cordgrass, 177, 366Corpus Christi Bay, 75, 91, 205–206, 226,

235, 239, 368, 421, 461Coryphaena, 26, 663Coryphaenidae

C. equiselis, 663C. hippurus, 663

Cossura candida, 557CPUE. See Catch per unit effort (CPUE)Crab(s), 91, 538, 539, 576, 578, 771, 781, 784,

786, 788, 795, 820, 821, 823, 824Crassostrea

C. rhizophorae, 776, 786C. virginica, 531, 580, 776, 793

Crepidula planum, 557Crevall jack, 661Critical fisheries habitat (CFH), 746Croaker, 658, 664, 680, 683, 686, 688, 702Crocodile, 478, 489Croton punctatus, 497–499, 501Crown conch, 23, 775, 782Crustacea-Decapoda, 558Crustacean(s), 22, 97, 340, 476, 483, 490,

506, 520, 521, 539, 540, 554, 555,557, 559, 560, 569, 573, 576, 584, 711,713, 715, 721, 750, 769, 779, 781,786–789, 827

CtenogobiusC. boleosoma, 562, 572C. smaragdus, 486, 542

Cuban stone crab, 24, 778, 782Current(s), 1, 3, 7, 8, 10, 15, 20, 24, 26, 30,

33, 43, 48, 56, 63, 142, 176, 180–182,184, 194, 209, 259, 335, 360–363,383–385, 387, 396, 399, 406, 410, 412,415, 434–436, 453, 455, 462, 466, 478,505, 568, 646, 652, 656, 703, 715, 717,724, 738, 773, 774, 784

Cyanobacteria, 463, 568, 651Cyathura polita, 520, 521, 558

Cyclone(s), 17, 45, 47, 377, 379, 384–387, 396,398, 401, 406, 409, 418, 434, 453, 574,585, 655

Cynoglossidae, 571, 572, 703Cynoscion

C. arenarius, 486, 665, 700, 703C. nebulosus, 26, 483, 486, 522, 523,

542, 658C. nothus, 665C. regalis, 658, 665

Cyprinodon artifrons, 486Cyprinodontidae, 478, 483, 484, 490, 508, 522,

524, 540, 541, 543, 544, 562, 585Cyprinodon variegatus, 486, 491, 523, 541, 562

DDamselfish, 488, 489, 700Dana swimming crab, 778DDT. See Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

(DDT)Dead zones, 7, 46, 136, 710, 823Decapod(s), 472, 559, 560, 573Decapod crustaceans, 472, 473, 478, 480,

483–485, 488, 489, 506, 507, 522–526,537, 540, 542, 543, 549, 555, 560, 561,563, 564, 566, 571, 572, 713, 717

Decapterus, 661Decapterus punctatus, 661, 669Deep benthos, 19, 748Deep continental margins, 18, 22, 747, 750Deep Gulf of Mexico Benthos (DGoMB),

720, 721, 724, 725, 727, 728, 731, 741Deep iron stone sediment, 18, 748Deep sea coral (DSC), 333, 715–717, 745Deepwater coral, 2, 343, 717Deepwater Horizon, 2, 28, 32, 46, 49, 641,

769, 771Deepwater Horizon accident, 2Delta, 172, 186, 189, 190, 194, 198, 203, 204,

206, 248, 368, 370, 390–393, 406, 410,412, 415, 421, 431, 453–457, 546, 644, 826

Demersal fishes, 22, 573, 643, 707, 709, 728,729, 733–738, 750

Dermocystidium/dermo, 44, 795, 824DeSoto canyon, 585DGoMB. See Deep Gulf of Mexico Benthos

(DGoMB)Diadema, 473Diamondback terrapin, 489, 490, 579

Index 853

Diapirs/diapirism, 18, 169, 172, 173, 184, 194,287, 292, 296, 317, 642, 644, 711, 748–750

DiapterusD. auratus, 486D. rhomboides, 486

Diasterane, 300Diatoms, 8, 47, 151, 165, 181, 568, 646, 647Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), 5, 38,

91, 146, 158, 225–228, 239, 248, 264, 265Dieldrin, 5, 146, 158, 159, 228, 239, 265DIN. See Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN)Dioxin, 91, 123, 125, 126DIP. See Dissolved inorganic phosphorus

(DIP)Diplectrum, 666Diplothyra smithi, 824Disease, 3, 35, 36, 43–46, 51, 72, 153, 575,

771, 794, 795, 816, 822–825Dispersion, 113, 243, 284, 301, 509Dissolution, 70, 163, 181, 221–223, 255, 272,

301, 302, 314, 403, 718Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), 62, 63,

66, 80–83, 86–88, 92, 95, 99, 102, 135,143, 154

Dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP), 62, 66,80–83, 86–89, 92, 95, 99, 102, 154

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 742, 743Dissolved organic matter (DOM), 158, 264,

710, 711, 721Dissolved oxygen (DO), 4, 5, 7, 46, 62–64, 66,

73–77, 79, 82, 85–89, 92, 95, 96, 99, 102,126, 127, 130, 131, 142, 143, 145, 146, 151,152, 154–157, 473, 490, 506, 573, 794, 797

Distichlis, 462, 520Distichlis spicata, 442, 512, 514–517, 521,

527, 575Dolphin, 41, 42, 50, 472, 478, 701Dolphinfish, 26, 28, 49, 658, 663, 670,

675–677, 701DOM. See Dissolved organic matter (DOM)Dorosoma cepedianum, 486Doryteuthis

D. pealeii, 775D. plei, 776

Double Top Reef, 714Drought, 17, 35, 48, 136, 469, 527, 575, 586,

746, 795, 817, 822, 824Drums, 483, 484, 540, 564, 571, 579, 664, 665,

680, 683, 686, 688, 689, 700–703

DSC. See Deep sea coral (DSC)Dune(s), 2, 176, 198, 359, 363, 366, 368, 369,

398, 400, 418, 426, 428, 433, 434,438–441, 452, 453, 460–462, 465, 466,468, 470, 492–505, 531, 533

Dwarf seahorse, 478, 564, 585Dyspanopeus texana, 558Dytaster insignis, 730, 731

EEast Bay, Louisiana, 87Eastern Oyster, 23, 25, 44, 48, 769–771, 776,

781, 782, 789, 793–796, 798, 814–817, 827Echinaster serpentarius, 556, 558, 584Echinodermata, 558, 730Echinoderms, 22, 25, 48, 180, 472, 473, 507,

555, 570, 573, 584, 713, 732, 733, 750, 779,781, 788, 827

Echinoids, 473, 474Echo-sounder recorder (ESR), 718Ecoregions, 362, 363, 368–372, 426, 447–449,

452, 453, 456, 461, 464, 466, 469, 470,484, 487–489, 520, 551–553, 648–650

Ecosystem services, 14, 47, 359, 491–494, 545,564–565, 582, 642, 644, 738–744, 794,812, 826

EEZ. See Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)Effects range low (ERL), 11, 222–228,

230–232, 234, 235, 239, 240, 242, 246,250, 251, 253, 257, 264–273

Effects range median (ERM), 10, 11, 222, 223,225–228, 230–232, 234, 235, 237, 239,240, 242, 250, 251, 259, 264–273

EFH. See Essential fish habitat (EFH)Elagatis, 662Elagatis bipinnulata, 661El Nino, 102EMAP. See Environmental Monitoring and

Assessment Program (EMAP)Embayment(s), 16, 174, 235, 294, 373, 375,

403, 491, 524, 532, 540, 552, 554, 575,585, 746

Employment, 14, 30, 47, 582Emulsification, 70, 301, 302, 310Encope, 473Endrin, 228, 239Engelman’s seagrass, 584Engraulidae, 483, 484, 508, 540, 541, 544,

562, 572, 699, 700

854 Index

Enterococci, 72, 130, 134Environmental Monitoring and

Assessment Program (EMAP), 10,75–77, 151, 153, 157, 224, 226–228,239, 240, 259

Environmental Monitoring and AssessmentProgram Estuaries (EMAP-E), 152

Ephippida, 544Epifauna, 15, 16, 447, 472, 519–521,

537–540, 548, 554, 573, 575, 577, 578,581, 584, 643, 715, 719

Epinephelus, 26, 667Epiphytes, 5, 74, 75, 146, 152, 156, 540, 555,

560, 566, 576, 578, 790Eragrostis secundiflora, 500Erichthonius brasiliensis, 558Erigeron procumbens, 500ERL. See Effects range low (ERL)ERM. See Effects range median (ERM)Escherichia coli (E.coli), 72, 134Essential fish habitat (EFH), 704, 705, 771, 773,

794, 800, 812, 825, 826Estuary(ies), 1, 4, 5, 7–10, 16, 25, 26, 35, 41,

46, 47, 50, 56, 58, 61, 73–77, 80, 82, 86,90, 91, 93, 95, 98, 99, 101, 118, 127, 129,130, 145, 146, 151–153, 157, 160, 162, 177,178, 182, 186, 195–209, 217, 219, 226, 227,229, 235, 259, 268, 271, 363, 368–371,377, 389, 424, 444, 449, 451, 455, 464, 473,494, 508, 525, 560, 571, 573, 577, 579,580, 585, 769, 772, 787, 790–797, 799,812, 823, 825–827

Etelinae, 664Etelis oculatus, 664Etrumeus teres, 662, 670Eucinostomus

E. argenteus, 486, 562, 572E. gula, 486, 541, 562E. harengulus, 486, 541E. melanopterus, 486

Eugerres plumieri, 486Eustrombus gigas, 775, 783Euthynnus, 666Euthynnus alletteratus, 665, 688, 690Eutrophication, 3–5, 7, 17, 22, 43, 46, 48,

51, 56, 58, 62–65, 73, 75, 77, 80, 82,86–89, 92, 95, 96, 98, 101, 126–131,136, 145, 146, 151, 152, 156, 578, 585,641, 644, 711, 750, 823

Evaporation, 70, 158, 244, 264, 301, 357,531, 575

Evaporite mineral(s), 7, 181, 374Evorthodus lyricus, 486, 523, 542Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), 18, 657,

697, 730, 747, 771–773, 779

FFarfantepenaeus

F. aztecus, 473, 488, 521–523, 526, 542,561, 563, 572, 573, 584, 709, 777, 790

F. duorarum, 473, 489, 523, 524, 542,559, 561, 563, 572, 777, 791

FasciolariaF. lilium, 775F. tulipa, 775

FDEP. See Florida Department ofEnvironmental Protection (FDEP)

Fecal coliform, 72, 97, 130, 134FGBNMS. See Flower Gardens Banks

National Marine Sanctuary (FGBNMS)Fimbristylis castanea, 497, 500Finescale menhaden, 663Finfish, 2, 18, 20, 25–28, 30, 49, 91, 745, 747,

748, 769, 770, 783, 790, 792, 800, 826Fish consumption advisory(ies), 5, 7, 46, 71,

123, 146Fisherymanagement plan (FMP), 771–773, 779,

788, 799, 800, 804, 812, 822, 825, 826Flathead mullet, 664Flood/flooding, 17, 37, 38, 48, 95, 177, 258,

366, 370, 378, 379, 391, 405, 432, 443,455, 461, 469, 494, 496, 501, 508, 509,511, 516, 518, 526, 528, 545, 547, 548, 575,577, 580, 581, 586, 744, 746, 794, 822

Florida Bay, 11, 75, 77, 78, 80, 87, 88, 99–102,181, 195–196, 226, 233, 234, 242, 362, 365,396, 398, 448, 484–489, 529, 539, 543,544, 552, 553, 562, 569, 572, 774, 791

Florida Cross-barred Venus, 23, 777, 782Florida Department of Environmental

Protection (FDEP), 101, 396–399, 401,402, 408, 409, 575

Florida Lithoherms, 18, 748Florida Middle Grounds (FMG), 18, 713, 748Florida pompano, 507, 662Florida stone crab, 23, 778, 782, 786, 788Florida Straits, 1, 142, 173, 383, 395, 471,

655, 712

Index 855

FloridichthysF. carpio, 478, 486, 541, 562F. polyommus, 486, 562

Flower Garden Banks, 2, 20, 21, 711, 712Flower Gardens Banks National Marine

Sanctuary (FGBNMS), 644, 711, 745,748–750

Fluorene, 227Fluvial basin(s), 381Fluvial transport, 7Flux, 14, 136, 165, 177, 195, 201, 203, 204,

206, 307, 323, 336, 337, 344, 410, 462,652, 653, 717, 721, 726, 728, 742, 750

FMG. See Florida Middle Grounds (FMG)FMP. See Fishery management plan (FMP)Foraminiferans, 8, 47Freshwater marsh, 37, 91, 368, 467, 510, 519Frigate tuna, 665Frogfish, 488, 489, 704, 705Fundulidae, 483, 508, 522, 524, 541, 562,

564, 572, 585Fundulidae-fundulids, 478, 540, 544Fundulus

F. confluentus, 486, 541F. grandis, 479, 487, 522, 523, 526, 541, 551F. grandissimus, 479, 487F. jenkinsi, 479, 485, 487, 541, 551F. majalis, 487F. perisimilis, 562F. seminolis, 487F. similis, 487, 526, 541, 562

Fungi, 72, 290, 302

GGalveston Bay, 58, 77, 89–94, 130, 134, 135,

200–203, 225–228, 235, 236, 238–241,368, 459, 461, 515, 516, 526, 529, 553,554, 819

Gambusia spp., 487, 542G. affinis, 487G. holbrooki, 487, 542

Garmanella pulchra, 487Gas hydrate(s), 13, 14, 275, 276, 296, 306,

307, 309, 312, 317, 322–329, 333–335,337, 344, 345, 718

Gas seep(s), 2, 5, 7, 10, 12–14, 22, 46, 47, 58,66, 106–110, 136, 139, 140, 142, 143, 145,146, 220, 242–244, 254, 255, 257, 259,275–346, 718, 750

Gastropod, 164, 180, 273, 472, 506, 507, 520,521, 537–539, 554, 559, 560, 571, 573,576, 584, 781, 792, 795, 824

Geese, 368, 518, 576Gemma gemma, 506Geology, 2, 7, 15, 17, 48, 56, 286, 287, 360,

365, 375, 402, 436, 472, 583, 643Geomorphology, 56, 209, 394, 398, 448, 493,

505, 551–553Gerres cinereus, 487, 542Gerridae, 541, 543, 562, 572Gerridae-mojarras, 484, 488, 540, 544Geukensia granosissima, 776Ghost crab, 507Gilt sardine, 662Glasswort, 462, 512, 527Glycinde solitaria, 557GMFMC. See Gulf of Mexico Fishery

Management Council (GMFMC)Gobie, 472, 483–485, 540, 544, 699, 700, 703Gobiesocidae, 572, 699Gobiesox strumosus, 572Gobiidae, 522, 542, 561, 562, 564, 572,

699, 700Gobiidae-gobies, 483, 484, 540, 544Gobioides broussoneti, 487Gobionellus

G. boleosoma, 487, 522, 523, 542, 562, 572G. oceanicus, 487G. shufeldti, 487

GobiosomaG. bosc, 487, 522, 523, 542, 562, 572G. robustum, 487, 542, 562, 572

Goldspotted killifish, 478GOOMEX. See Gulf of Mexico Offshore

Monitoring Experiment (GOOMEX)Grassland, 58Gravity, 7, 8, 165, 167, 180, 258Gravity slumping, 167, 194Greater Antilles marine ecoregion, 361, 362,

436–437, 470–472, 494Green Canyon, 340Grijalva-Usumacinta River System, 1, 394, 703Grouper(s), 49, 659, 666, 667, 692, 694–696,

700Grunt, 539GSMFC. See Gulf States Marine Fisheries

Commission (GSMFC)Guatemala, 1

856 Index

Gulf bluestem, 497Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, 43Gulf Current, 1Gulf menhaden, 17, 525, 585, 663, 670,

700, 702Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council

(GMFMC), 645, 771, 773, 777, 788, 799,800, 825

Gulf of Mexico Offshore MonitoringExperiment (GOOMEX), 249, 250, 253

Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission(GSMFC), 771, 772, 796, 801, 812, 825

Gulf Stone Crab, 24, 778, 782Gulf Stream, 1, 448

HHAB. See Harmful algal bloom (HAB)Haemulidae, 539, 544, 562Haemulon bonariense, 562Halimeda, 447, 509, 584Halodule, 444, 553, 554Halodule wrightii, 448, 524, 552–554, 556,

584, 791Halophila, 444, 552, 554, 584Haminoea glabra, 557Hamlets, 668Harengula jaguana, 487, 507, 541, 562,

662, 670, 673Harmful algal bloom (HAB), 59, 795, 816Harte Research Institute for Gulf of

Mexico Studies (HRI), 7, 22Heart urchins, 335, 339, 342Heliotropium curassavicum, 500Hemanthias

H. aureorubens, 667H. leptus, 667H. vivanus, 667

Hemicaranx amblyrhynchus, 662Hemipholis, 473Herbivory, 27, 494, 496, 511, 512, 524,

527, 528, 539, 559, 564–566,576, 578

Hermatypic coral, 20, 642, 711, 747, 749Hermatypic coral reef(s), 18Hermit crab, 472, 507, 537, 539Herring, 26, 483, 484, 507, 540, 658, 662,

663, 669, 670, 674, 699–703Hesiocaeca methanicola, 327, 333Heterandria formosa, 487, 562

Heterotrophic zooplankton, 646Hippocampus

H. erectus, 487H. zosterae, 478, 487, 564

HippolyteH. curacaoensis, 488H. zosericola, 488

Hippolytidae, 483, 484, 560, 561, 563, 564, 572Holanthias martinicensis, 667Holothuria floridana, 779Holothurians, 340, 341Hopane, 257, 258, 300Horse Conch, 23, 559, 775, 782Horse-eye jack, 662Houston Ship Channel, 80, 81, 91, 123, 130,

134, 202, 239, 241, 248, 418, 460, 461Hurricane

Katrina, 88, 232, 574, 746, 808, 823Rita, 88, 232, 808, 823

Hydrocarbon seepage, 12, 47, 307, 341Hydrocotyle bonariensis, 500Hymenopenaeus robustus, 778Hypersaline, 15, 207, 208, 369, 374, 443,

461–463, 469, 509, 511, 516, 517, 531,575, 583, 584

Hypersaline lagoons, 2, 359, 368, 462, 531Hypoatherina herringtonensis, 487Hypoplectrus, 668Hypoxia, 17–19, 22, 34, 48, 58, 77, 80, 87,

89, 97, 136–139, 143, 144, 151, 152, 154,506, 541, 549, 577, 585, 652, 653, 710,711, 744, 746–748, 750, 823

Hypoxic zone(s), 5, 7, 46, 136, 137, 139, 143,146, 697, 823

IIchthyoplankton, 18, 647, 656–703, 705, 748Illite, 179, 183, 200, 204Indo-Pacific sailfish, 663Infauna, 15, 16, 224, 472, 473, 476, 519–521,

524, 526, 537–539, 548, 549, 554,566–570, 573, 575, 577, 578, 581, 584,585, 643, 710, 720

Inkberry, 497Institute for Marine Remote Sensing Sensing,

University of South Florida (IMaRS/USF), 448, 470, 471

Instituto Nacional de Pesca (National FisheryInstitute), 773

Index 857

International Commission for the Explorationof the Seas (ICES), 746

Intertidal flats, 15, 359, 437, 443, 446–447,472, 493, 567–573, 584

Intracoastal Waterway, 87, 93, 100, 130, 134Invasive species, 17, 35, 48, 580, 581, 585Invertebrates, 18, 44, 51, 158, 161, 167, 180,

264, 269, 472, 478, 509, 519, 539, 549,555, 557, 565, 566, 568, 576, 651, 703,711, 715, 729, 742, 744, 747, 769, 794,797, 823, 826

IpomoeaI. imperati, 500I. pes-capre, 500, 503I. stolonifera, 497

Isobutane, 304Isopod, 520, 521, 539, 548, 557, 580,

728, 732Isoprenoid(s), 304, 305, 356, 357Isostichopus badionotus, 779Istiophoridae, 658, 660, 663, 677–679Istiophorus, 26, 663Istiophorus platypterus, 399Iva imbricate, 497IXTOC-I, 109, 254, 473, 786

JJack mackerels, 662Jaiba

J. Azul, 778J. Siri, 778

Jewelfish, 667, 668Jobfish, 664Juncus, 177, 402, 451, 512, 514, 519–521, 575Juncus roemerianus, 452, 512–516, 519,

575, 584Jurisdictional boundaries, 772–774, 827

KKaolinite, 179, 183, 186, 200, 204Katsuwonus pelamis, 26, 665, 688, 689Killifish, 478, 479, 484, 485, 490, 526,

540, 544Kingfish, 507, 665, 666, 680, 702King mackerel, 26, 28, 49, 123, 162, 270,

665, 688Knobbed Welk, 23Knotgrass, 497

LLaeonereis culveri, 520, 548, 557, 584Lagodon rhomboides, 485, 487, 523, 524,

542, 563, 564Lagoon(s), 1, 2, 7, 9, 16, 47, 56, 177, 195–209,

280, 359, 363, 366, 368–371, 393, 394,401, 424, 426, 432–434, 440, 443, 449,453, 461, 462, 464, 466–470, 472,488–491, 501, 508, 517, 523, 524, 531, 536,552, 554, 561, 563, 564, 568, 585, 703

Laguna Madre Barrier Islands, 368, 399,420–424, 461–464

Laguna Madre, Mexico, 75, 80, 91, 177, 181,208, 368, 369, 421, 462, 517

Laguna Madre, Texas, 2, 75, 177, 207, 363,368, 420, 421, 446, 462, 463, 516, 570, 793

Laguna Morales Barrier Beaches, 399, 424,425

Laguncularia racemosa, 177, 448, 471, 527,528, 530–536, 583

Lamellibrachia lumeysi, 333Lane snapper, 26, 664Lanternfish, 699, 702, 703, 705, 706Large marine ecosystem (LME), 1, 23, 153,

157, 641, 644, 697, 711, 769Larimus fasciatus, 665, 702LDWF. See Louisiana Department of

Wildlife and Fisheries (LDWF)Lead (Pb), 9, 10, 67, 97, 160–162, 219, 225, 227,

239, 246, 248, 251, 253, 257–259,268–270, 717

Leander tenuicornis, 488Leatherjack, 661, 662Leiostomus xanthurus, 487, 542, 572, 573, 702Lepidactylus triarticulatus, 506, 584Lesser Blue Crab, 778Leucothoe spinicarpa, 558Libinia, 472, 570Limonium, 462Liopropoma, 667Lithification, 13, 306, 323, 344Lithoherms, 18, 716, 717, 748Lithophaga bisulcata, 824Litopenaeus setiferus, 46, 473, 488, 489,

521–523, 539, 542, 561, 563, 573, 584,777, 792

Little tunny, 665, 688, 690Littoridina, 472

858 Index

Live (hard) bottom, 18, 747Live oak, 366, 368, 440, 464, 496Lizardfish, 488, 699–701LME. See Large marine ecosystem (LME)Lobster, 23, 24, 478, 769, 773, 774, 778,

781–783, 786–788Lolliguncula brevis, 776Longfin Inshore Squid, 775Longtail bass, 667Loop current (LC) system, 1, 19, 20, 360, 363,

383–385, 471, 649, 651, 712Lophogobius cyprinoides, 487, 542Louisiana Department of Wildlife and

Fisheries (LDWF), 770, 772, 801, 805,812, 818, 819, 821, 822, 827

Lucania parva, 487, 523, 541, 562, 564, 572Luidia, 473, 570Lutjanidae, 488, 539, 544, 564, 658, 660,

664, 679–681, 683Lutjanus

L. analis, 26, 664L. apodus, 487L. campechanus, 26, 664, 679L. griseus, 487, 664L. jocu, 487L. synagris, 26, 664

Lytechinus variegatus, 556, 558

MMackerel, 658Mackerel scad, 661, 665, 666, 688, 691,

699–701Macoma constricta, 557, 570Macroalgae, 5, 126, 130, 131, 156, 447, 552,

554, 566, 568, 576, 578, 584Macrobrachium

M. acanthurus, 558M. ohione, 488

Macrofauna, 14, 18, 22, 48, 312, 331, 472,540, 707–709, 711, 722–730, 732–734,736, 740, 741, 750

Macroinvertebrates, 15, 329, 506, 507, 520,526, 538, 584

Macroseepage, 287, 318Macroseeps, 13, 47, 317, 331, 344Makaira nigricans, 26, 663, 699Malacoceros vanderhorsti, 557Mammal(s), 18, 51, 91, 368, 478, 489, 494, 496,

545, 555, 576, 641, 670, 747, 796, 826

Manatee, 41–43, 50, 51, 99, 100, 196, 478, 494,564, 565, 576

Manatee grass, 448, 531, 552, 584Mangrove forests, 363, 470, 485, 492,

494, 512, 526–528, 530, 531, 533–536,539, 543, 574, 576, 577, 580, 771,826–827

Mangrove oyster, 23, 776, 781, 782, 786Mangrove snapper, 664Mangrove swamps, 2, 365, 470, 517, 526Margin deposits, 15, 396, 582Marine ecoregions, 16, 17, 361–365, 371, 376,

377, 396–437, 447–472, 494, 551,557–558, 561–563, 572

Marine mammals, 2, 16, 41–44, 50, 51, 158,265, 554, 585, 647, 704, 726, 800

Marine parasite, 43, 824Marine predator, 824Marine protected area (MPA), 746Marine Recreational Fisheries Statistics

Survey (MRFSS), 30, 32Marine Recreational Information Program

(MRIP), 30, 32Marlins, 658, 663, 677Marsh burns, 582Marsh fimbry, 497Megafauna, 18, 22, 48, 303, 331, 336,

707, 708, 728–734, 740, 741,747, 750

Megafauna biomass, 18, 22, 48, 730Megafaunal invertebrate(s), 251, 705–707,

715, 729–733Meiofauna, 18, 472, 554, 707, 708, 721–722,

740, 741Melongena, 775

M. bispinosa, 775Menhaden, 26, 28, 30, 49, 484, 658, 663,

669, 670, 699, 702, 769Menidia spp.

M. beryllina, 522, 523, 541, 562M. colei, 562M. martinica, 487M. penninsulae, 541, 562

MenippeM. adina, 778M. mercenaria, 778M. nodifrans, 778

Menticirrhus, 507, 665, 680, 702Menticirrhus americanus, 487, 702

Index 859

Mercenaria campechensis, 777Mercury (Hg), 5, 9, 38, 58, 67, 97, 123,

125, 126, 139, 145, 146, 162, 219,225, 228, 239, 246, 251, 253, 258,270–271, 643

Mesopelagic fish, 642Mesquite, 91, 463Mesquite Bay, Texas, 91, 463Methane seeps, 18, 298, 329, 335, 641–644,

716, 721, 725, 726, 747Methanogenesis, 307Methylmercury, 67Mexican Exclusive Economic Zone, 18, 657,

697, 730, 747, 773Microbiota, 18, 301, 310, 707, 720–722, 744Microgobius

M. gulosus, 487, 542, 562M. thalassinus, 487

Micropogonias undulates, 665Microseepage, 287, 317Migratory birds, 2, 369Milk Conch, 23, 775, 782Minerals Management Service (MMS),

144, 249, 291, 321, 384–386, 643, 707,718, 720, 722, 725, 729, 730

Ministerio de la Industria Pesquera(Ministry of Fishing Industries), 774

Mississippi Alabama Marine EcosystemStudy (MAMES), 709

Mississippi-Atchafalaya River deltaicplain, 415, 457

Mississippi canyon, 168, 169, 183, 246, 342,644

Mississippi Coastal Improvements Program(MsCIP), 506, 507

Mississippi delta, 1, 8, 165, 172, 183, 189,192, 194, 248, 644, 649, 653, 685, 701,708, 711, 715, 748, 793

Mississippi Fan (Cone), 168Mississippi River, 1, 5, 7, 15, 18, 46, 56,

58, 63, 65, 73–76, 93, 106, 115, 129,136, 143, 145, 146, 168, 179, 183–186,190, 221–224, 226, 228, 242, 244,246, 248, 249, 257, 258, 366, 390,444, 454, 459, 488, 495, 497, 498,509, 515, 545, 552, 553, 557, 574,577, 580–582, 584, 641, 649, 650,652, 653, 670, 692, 699, 702, 710,711, 717, 744, 747

Mississippi River Chenier plain, 417–418,459

Mississippi River deltaic plain, 390, 410,412–417

Mississippi River drainage basin, 7, 60Mississippi Trough (MT), 168, 644, 725,

729, 737, 741, 742MMS. See Minerals Management Service

(MMS)Mobile Bay, 10, 77, 87, 89, 97–99, 130,

198, 200, 232, 234, 236–239, 259,293, 390, 453, 473, 508, 570

Mobile-Tensaw River Delta, 97Modiolus americanus, 560, 776Mojarras, 484, 485, 488, 489, 540, 544, 703Mole crab, 507Mollusca-Bivalvia, 557Mollusca-Gastropoda, 557–558Mollusk, 22, 25, 48, 434, 472, 473, 476, 520,

521, 537, 554, 555, 559, 560, 569, 570,580, 711, 713, 769, 774, 779, 781–786,793, 794, 824, 827

Monoaromatic steroids, 300Moon snail, 507Morphology, 56, 169, 170, 203, 306, 307,

310, 318, 372, 374, 393, 450, 575Mud shrimp, 472Mugil

M. cephalus, 26, 487, 491, 507, 522, 523,542, 664

M. curema, 487, 507, 542, 572, 664M. trichodon, 562

Mugilidae, 483, 484, 488, 508, 522, 540,542, 562, 572, 658, 660, 664, 680,684, 685

Mulinia, 472, 570Mullet, 26, 28, 49, 483, 484, 488, 507, 508,

540, 544, 658, 664, 680, 684, 685, 774Multidimensional scaling (MDS), 735, 736,

739, 740Multinucleate sphere X (MSX), 824, 825Muskrat, 576Mussel, 14, 71, 126, 225, 307, 309, 331–333,

335, 338–343, 346, 518, 521, 526, 560,719, 720, 781, 795

Mutton snapper, 26, 664Mycteroperca, 667Myrica cerifera, 440, 496Myrophis punctatus, 572

860 Index

NNaphthalene, 302Nassarius, 742Natant crustaceans, 16, 561, 585National coastal assessment (NCA), 81, 106,

153, 156, 157, 218National coastal condition report (NCCR), 3,

10, 11, 73, 75–89, 135, 151–155, 157, 223,228–235, 240, 242, 259

National Data Buoy Center (NDBC), 385, 386National Estuary Program (NEP), 58, 81,

84, 89, 90, 93, 97–99, 156, 219, 235,236, 239

National estuary program coastal conditionreport, 156

National Pollutant Discharge EliminationSystem (NPDES), 143

Naucrates doctor, 661NCA. See National coastal assessment (NCA)NCCR. See National coastal condition report

(NCCR)Needlefishe, 484, 544Nekton assemblages, 16, 478, 483–485, 489,

490, 507, 508, 521–524, 539, 543, 549,560, 561, 564, 571, 579, 585

NEP. See National Estuary Program (NEP)Neritina virginea, 558Nickel (Ni), 9, 67, 162, 219, 223, 224, 227,

228, 230, 232, 234, 239, 248, 253, 257,258, 271, 300

Nitidella nitida, 558Nitrate, 19, 20, 48, 61, 63, 130, 218, 646–650,

653, 709–711, 722, 739, 748, 749Nitrogen (N), 4, 62, 63, 65, 66, 75, 77, 80, 101,

104, 126, 129, 130, 136, 143, 152, 154, 298,356, 431, 496, 510, 518, 547, 566, 577, 578,641, 647, 651, 710, 720, 744

NOAA National Estuarine EutrophicationAssessment, 73–75, 152

NOAA National Status and TrendsProgram, 9, 151, 225–226

North East Gulf of Mexico-Center forMarine Ecosystem Programs(NEGOM-CME), 713

Northern bluefin tuna, 666Northern GOM marine ecoregion, 361, 376,

399, 449, 551Nuculana, 472Nueces Bay, 91, 205–206, 226Nutria, 496, 576, 580

Nutrient(s), 3–5, 7, 14, 17–20, 27, 43, 46, 48, 58,60, 62, 63, 65, 67, 73, 75–77, 80–82, 93,95, 102, 115, 124, 126, 129, 130, 134, 136,142, 145, 146, 151, 154, 156, 157, 161, 163,218, 269, 272, 304, 329, 360, 363, 368,370, 371, 375, 377, 378, 380, 447, 449, 464,483, 491–496, 508–510, 518, 527, 528,533, 545, 547, 553, 560, 564–566, 573,577–578, 585, 644, 646–649, 653, 655,699, 704, 705, 709–711, 744, 747, 749,823, 826

OOceanographic setting, 56, 250OCS. See Outer continental shelf (OCS)Octopus, 23, 478, 769, 782, 784Octopus cf. vulgaris, 776Octopus maya, 483, 558, 776Oenothera drummondii, 500Oil and gas seep(s), 5, 7, 12–14, 22, 46, 47,

107–109, 140, 142, 143, 145, 146, 220,242, 244, 255, 275–346, 750

Oligoplites, 662Oligoplites saurus, 661Oligotrophic, 18–20, 22, 48, 650, 651, 654,

655, 720, 722, 733, 744, 748–750Ooid(s), 181, 186, 207, 208, 396Ophichthidae, 572Ophiuroid, 473Opisthonema oglinum, 26, 487, 541, 663,

670, 674, 703Opsanus beta, 572Opuntia, 463, 497Organic matter, 15, 19, 62–64, 136, 143,

151, 158, 161, 196, 264, 269, 275, 287,290, 291, 298, 300, 304, 329, 335,360, 369, 370, 386, 387, 440, 494,496, 509, 518, 524, 527, 528, 531,538, 547, 565, 567, 569, 578, 584,646, 649, 650, 652, 653, 710, 716,720, 722, 726, 738, 742–744, 748

Outer continental shelf (OCS), 5, 21, 143,144, 321, 323, 701, 711, 712

Oxidation, 70, 107, 142, 143, 158, 264,300–304, 314, 329, 332, 578, 719

Oysterdrill, 795, 824reef, 1, 2, 24, 91, 98, 197, 199, 201–207, 398,

451, 457, 491, 771, 772, 793, 794, 799, 812,814, 817–819, 823, 825–827

Index 861

PPagonias cromis, 824Pagurus, 472, 507PAH. See Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

(PAH)Palaemonetes spp.

P. intermedius, 488, 563, 572P. paludosus, 488P. pugio, 488, 523, 526, 563, 572P. transverus, 488P. vulgaris, 488

Palaemonidae, 483, 484, 490, 542, 561, 563,564, 572

Palemon floridanus, 563Palometa, 662Panama City, 225, 498Panicum amarum, 496–498Panulirus

P. argus, 778, 787P. guttatus, 778

Paracereis caudata, 558Parandalia vivanneae, 557Paraonis fulgens, 506Parasite(s), 43, 44, 51, 72, 771, 795, 816,

822, 824–825Paronychia erecta, 497Parrotfish, 489Particulate organic carbon (POC), 648, 717,

721, 725, 726, 728, 729, 733, 739, 741,742, 749, 750

PaspalumP. distichum, 497, 498P. monostachyum, 500P. setaceum, 500

Pathogen(s), 3, 35, 56, 71, 72, 95, 97, 117, 124,126, 130, 134, 135, 145, 795, 824

PCB. See Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)Pea crabs, 824Pee Dee Belemnite (PDB), 314, 355Pelagic megafaunal invertebrate, 705–707Penaeidae, 483, 484, 489, 490, 542, 563, 571,

572, 777, 789Penaeids, 473, 475, 478, 492, 561, 579, 809Penaeid shrimp, 17, 44, 473, 475, 478, 483, 484,

519, 520, 522, 525, 537, 539, 540, 559,561, 563, 570, 571, 573, 575, 577–579, 581,584, 585, 769, 771, 779, 786, 789–793,799, 826, 827

Penicillus, 447Pensacola Bay, 129, 130, 225, 390Peociliidae, 544Pepina del Mar, 779Perch, 460, 665, 666Perdido Bay, 130Periclimenes

P. americanus, 563P. longicaudatus, 563

Persephone, 472Persistent organic pollutant(s), 61, 65Perylene, 246, 247Pesticide, 9–12, 27, 40, 47, 65–67, 97, 123,

126, 139, 158, 160, 219, 220, 225, 226,228, 232, 234, 239, 240, 242, 250,257–260, 264, 267, 268

Petalifera ramose, 558Petrogenic hydrocarbons, 257Petroleum, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12–14, 46, 47, 56, 65–70,

91, 102–117, 126, 136, 139–143, 145, 146,159, 181, 194, 204, 219, 227, 243, 244, 248,249, 251, 253–259, 266, 275–278,280–297, 300–302, 304–306, 310–314,317, 318, 322, 324, 329, 332, 335–338,343–345, 357, 473, 582

Phenanthrene, 223, 227Phosphate, 61, 63, 81, 87, 89, 160, 196, 218,

268, 646, 647Phosphatic skeleton, 180, 181Phosphorus, 62, 63, 66, 77, 80, 102, 130, 152,

154, 496, 510, 560, 578Photis macromanus, 558, 570Photooxidation, 244, 302, 303, 310Photosynthetic phytoplankton, 646Photosynthetic zooxanthellae, 20, 711, 715, 749Phragmites australis, 444, 445, 543, 545–547,

550, 551, 577, 580Phyla nodiflora, 498, 500Physiographic characteristics, 15, 396, 582Physiographic setting, 3, 56–58Phytane, 304, 305, 356, 357Phytoplankton, 18, 20, 48, 60, 64, 81, 82, 136,

143, 154, 156, 157, 302, 317, 537, 555, 565,568, 578, 641, 642, 646–656, 705, 709,717, 743, 748, 749, 790

Pickfordiateuthis pulchella, 558Pilot fish, 661Pink shrimp, 23, 489, 490, 524, 559, 561, 777,

782, 786, 789, 791–793, 799, 807–810, 812

862 Index

Pinnotheres ostreum, 824Pista cristata, 557Pitar simpsoni, 557Plankton, 2, 18–22, 48, 61, 478, 641–750, 792Planktonic foraminifera, 181, 183Plectranthias, 668Pleoticus robustus, 778Pleuroploca giganteus, 775POC. See Particulate organic carbon (POC)Podges, 667Poecilia

P. latipinna, 487, 491, 542, 562P. velifera, 562

Poeciliidae, 478, 484, 508, 522, 524, 540, 542,544, 562

Pogonias cromis, 26, 487, 542, 665, 702Pogonophoran(s), 331, 335, 340, 341Pogonophoran tubeworms, 335PolychaetesPolychaete worm, 207, 520, 573, 713, 715, 719,

720, 746. See also Sabellaria alveolataPolychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), 5, 9–12, 47,

66, 91, 97, 123, 126, 146, 159, 219, 220,225, 226, 228–230, 232, 234, 239, 240,242, 248, 250, 258, 259, 266, 267

Polyclad flatworm, 824Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), 9–12,

44, 47, 65, 66, 68, 106, 159, 219, 221, 223,225–230, 232, 234, 239, 240, 242, 244,246–248, 250–253, 257–259, 266, 300

Polymesoda caroliniana, 520, 521, 584, 776Pompano, 507, 658, 660–662, 669, 701Pompano dolphinfish, 663Porgie, 483–485, 540, 544Port of Houston, Texas, 91Portunidae, 483, 484, 489, 490, 507, 542, 563,

571, 572, 778, 796Potassium (K), 61, 179Precipitation, 7, 13, 15, 56, 102, 136, 181,

207–209, 220, 303, 306, 309, 331, 333,365–369, 371, 377, 380, 396, 462, 465,468, 469, 496, 531, 583, 719

Prickly pear cactus, 463Pristane, 304, 305, 356, 357Pristipomoides, 664Pristipomoides aquilonaris, 664Program Tracking, Advisories, Water Quality

Standards, and Nutrients (PRAWN), 72Pronotogrammus, 667

Pronotogrammus aureorubens, 667Propane, 108, 304, 313, 314Prosopis glandulosa, 463Protozoan(s), 44, 72, 795, 824Provisional Fishing Associations (PFAs), 774Pseudogramma, 667Pseudogramma gregoryi, 667Publically owned treatment work (POTW),

121–122Purse crab, 472Pygmy seabass, 667

QQueen conch, 23, 775, 781, 783–784, 787Queen snapper, 664Quercus virginiana, 440, 464, 496Quintana Roo, 1, 15, 371, 396, 434–436, 517,

582, 774, 777, 778, 780

RRadiolarians, 8, 47, 181Rainbow runner, 661, 662Rangia

R. cuneata, 777R. flexuosa, 777

Recreation, 14, 47, 60, 62, 72, 98, 153, 492,494, 582, 770

Recreational fisheries, 20, 22, 27–32, 34, 49,91, 253, 560, 571, 579, 581, 656, 660, 670,679, 688, 711, 713, 745, 749, 750, 770, 788,796, 801, 819, 820, 825, 826

Red barbier, 667Red drum, 28, 32, 49, 579, 685Red-eye round herring, 682Redfish, 91, 658, 665, 680, 683, 685, 687Redfish Bay, 91Red mangrove, 448, 512, 527, 531, 540, 576,

580, 583, 786Redox potential discontinuity (RPD), 567Red snapper, 26, 28, 49, 664, 679Reed beds, 443–445, 543, 545–551Reed marsh, 15, 582Reef bass, 667Reeffish, 667, 668Refinery(ies), 58, 91, 112, 113, 115, 141, 257, 278Regional Environmental Monitoring and

Assessment Program (REMAP), 10, 235,239, 259

Remineralization, 63, 64

Index 863

Remotely operated (underwater) vehicle(ROV), 20

Renilla, 472, 575Reptile(s), 16, 478, 489, 494, 554, 555, 585Resident birds, 38Rhizophora mangle, 177, 448, 471, 493, 512,

517, 527, 532, 533, 583Rhomboplites aurorubens, 26, 680, 682Rifting, 167, 374Rock shrimp, 24, 570, 777, 782, 786Rough scad, 661, 701, 702Roughtongue bass, 667, 713Roughtongue reef, 713, 714Round herrings, 663, 670, 701, 702Round scad, 661, 669, 701Royal red shrimp, 24, 778, 782, 786Ruppia, 444, 551, 554Ruppia maritima, 444, 524, 554, 584Rushes (Juncus), 177

SSabellaria alveolata, 207. See also

Polychaete wormSabellaria reef(s), 207Sailfish, 658, 663, 677, 699Salicornia, 462, 512, 516, 517, 527Salt dome(s), 167, 168, 172, 183, 280, 292,

374, 460Saltgrass, 366, 368Salt marsh, 2, 15, 16, 37, 47, 177, 359, 363, 366,

368, 387, 402, 403, 437, 440, 443–445,449, 450, 452, 461, 462, 476, 477,491–494, 496, 508–527, 529–531, 545,548, 551, 561, 574–578, 580–585, 771, 797,826–827

Saltmeadow rush, 512Saltwater intrusion, 56, 574Saltwort, 462, 516San Antonio Bay, 203–204, 368, 461Sand dollar, 507, 570Sand perch, 666Sand weakfish, 665, 702, 703San Jacinto river, 90, 130, 134SAP. See Sigsbee Abyssal Plain (SAP)Sarasota bay, 99–104Sarasota Bay National Estuary Program

(SBNEP), 101Saratherodon melanotheron, 487Sarda, 666

Sardine, 26, 483, 507, 658, 662, 663, 669,670, 673, 699–703

Sardine Aurita, 26, 662, 670Sargassum, 568, 647, 675, 703–705, 744, 749SAV. See Submerged aquatic vegetation

(SAV)Savanna, 58Sawgrass, 512Scaevola plumieri, 497, 498, 501, 503, 584Scaled sardine, 507, 662, 670, 673, 701–703Scallop, 478, 560, 781Schizachyrium maritimum, 497, 498Sciaenidae, 483, 484, 507, 508, 525, 540, 542,

562, 564, 571, 572, 579, 658, 660, 664,665, 680, 683, 685–688, 699, 700

SciaenopsS. ocella, 665S. ocellatus, 26, 483, 487, 494, 542, 658, 687

ScomberomorusS. cavalla, 26, 665, 688S. macula, 666S. regalis, 666

Scomber scombrus, 666Scombridae, 658, 660, 665, 688–692, 699SCUBA. See Self-contained underwater

breathing apparatus (SCUBA)Seabass, 488, 659, 666–668, 692, 694–696Sea catfish, 483, 484, 571Sea cucumber, 24, 733, 747, 769, 779, 782Seafloor mounds, 13Seafloor pockmarks, 13Seagrass beds, 2, 359, 363, 369, 371, 443, 444,

446–449, 451, 453, 463, 464, 467, 469,470, 472, 473, 479, 483, 485–488, 491,497, 515, 540, 551–554, 556, 557, 559,560, 564, 566, 574, 576, 581, 584, 585,771, 791, 799, 826

Seagrass meadow(s), 36, 91, 363, 368, 446,453, 470, 471, 473, 476, 551–566, 580,584, 826–827

Sea lavender, 462Sea-level rise, 15, 17, 35, 37, 47, 91, 95, 174, 175,

177, 368, 378, 387, 389–396, 405, 406,448, 453, 455, 457, 459, 505, 512, 513, 527,545, 574–576, 578, 582, 585, 823

SEAMAP. See Southeast Area Monitoringand Assessment Program (SEAMAP)

Sea oats, 368, 440, 452, 495, 496, 498, 500, 584Sea oye-eye, 462

864 Index

Sea pansies, 472Sea rocket, 439Sea star, 556, 584, 730, 731Sea-surface slicks, 13, 14, 254, 275, 276, 281,

297, 312–318, 323, 330, 719Sea turtle(s), 2, 32–37, 44, 49–50, 472, 494,

564, 565, 576, 704Sea urchin(s), 180, 342, 556, 570, 576, 584, 715Sediment community oxygen consumption

(SCOC), 726, 727, 739Sediment contaminant(s), 2, 9–12, 47, 217–260Sediment gravity flows, 167Sediment transport, 208, 258, 372, 374, 378,

385, 395–437, 452, 453, 455Seep, 12–14, 20, 22, 108, 142, 143, 243, 244,

275, 277, 278, 280, 281, 284, 286, 292,297, 298, 300–308, 310, 312, 313, 317, 329,331, 333, 336, 344, 345, 643, 716, 719–721,744, 748–750

Seepage (natural oil and gas), 2, 10, 58, 106,107, 136, 142, 145, 243–244, 254, 257, 259

Seepiophila jonesi, 333, 719Seismic data, 291, 294, 338, 340Selar crumenophthalmus, 702Selene

S. setapinnis, 662, 702S. vomer, 661

Selenium (Se), 67Self-contained underwater breathing

apparatus (SCUBA), 20, 711–713, 749Semele bellastriata, 557Semivolatile organic compound (SVOC),

217–220, 222, 227, 239, 240, 248,264–267

Seriola, 661Seriola zonata, 662Serpulid worm reef, 91, 207, 208Serraniculus, 668Serraniculus pumilio, 667Serranidae, 488, 659, 660, 666, 692, 694–697Serranus, 666Sesuvium portulacastrum, 498, 500, 501, 516,

517, 527, 531Shad, 658, 662, 669, 699–701, 703Shame-faced crab, 472Sharptooth Swimming Crab, 778Sheepshead, 494, 824Shellfish, 2, 22–25, 28, 48, 49, 72, 91, 117, 123,

158, 162, 264, 265, 271, 494, 564, 769–827

Shoalgrass, 584Shoalweed, 448, 552Shrimp, 24, 25, 27–30, 32, 48, 49, 91, 359, 522,

531, 559, 579, 642, 656, 699, 720, 734,745, 769–775, 781, 786, 787, 789–791,793, 798–812, 822–825, 827

Shrub land, 58Sicyonia brevirostis, 777Sigsbee Abyssal Plain (SAP), 168, 644, 646,

720, 725, 732Sigsbee Deep, 1, 168, 371Sigsbee Knolls, 168, 717Siliceous material(s), 180Silver (Ag), 9, 11, 67, 219, 225, 228, 233,

234, 242, 246, 251, 258Silver seatrout, 665Silverside, 484, 508, 540, 543, 544Skate, 25, 49, 573, 824Skipjack tuna, 665, 688, 689Slash pine, 497Slender Inshore Squid, 776Slopefishes, 664Smectite, 179, 183, 186, 204Smooth cordgrass, 368, 496, 510, 512, 515,

521, 526, 527, 547–549, 584Snapper, 49, 485, 488, 489, 494, 539, 544,

564, 658, 664, 679–681, 683Sniffer, 313, 314Snook, 26, 483, 488, 540Sodium, 61, 179, 508SOFLA. See Southwest Florida shelf (SOFLA)Southeast Area Monitoring and Assessment

Program (SEAMAP), 19, 157, 655–679,681–701, 770, 801–803, 807, 811

Southeast Data, Assessment, and Review(SEDAR), 783

Southern Gulf of Mexico (GOM) marineecoregion, 361, 363, 425–434,464–469, 551

Southern Laguna Madre, 78Southern Quahog, 23, 777, 782Southern Ribbed Mussel, 23, 776, 782South Florida/Bahamian Atlanti marine

ecoregion, 15, 16, 361, 362, 447–449,476, 551, 553

South Texas outer continental shelf(STOCS), 472, 569, 709

Southwest Florida shelf (SOFLA), 472,569, 716

Index 865

Spadefish, 544Spanish mackerel, 26, 666, 688Sparidae, 542, 563Sparidae-porgies, 483, 484, 540, 544Spartina

S. alterniflora, 442, 445, 461, 496, 509–513,515, 516, 518, 519, 521, 527, 529, 548, 550,575, 578, 584

S. patens, 496, 497, 511, 512, 514–516, 575Spearfish, 663, 711Sphoeroides

S. nephalus, 488S. spengleri, 488S. testudineus, 488, 563

Spider crab, 472, 570Spindletop, Texas, 280Spiny lobster, 23, 769, 773, 778, 782, 783,

786–788Spio pettibonae, 557Sponges, 180, 181, 359, 537–539, 555, 584,

712–717, 746, 774, 792, 795, 797, 824Sporobolus virginicus, 497, 498, 500, 503,

516, 527Spot, 10, 20, 71, 118, 259, 336, 401, 406, 407,

507, 573, 665, 702, 716, 737, 749, 791Spotted lobster, 24, 778, 782, 786Spotted seatrout, 26, 32, 49, 483, 522, 658Squid, 23, 41, 478, 483, 647, 706, 769, 775,

776, 781, 782Squilla, 472St. Andrew Bay, 225, 407, 553Star drum, 665Starfish, 180, 570Stellifer lanceolatus, 665, 702Stemodia tomentosa, 500Sterane, 300Stiff Pen Shell, 23, 776, 782Stingray, 489, 571St. Johns River Water Management District

(SJRWMD), 101STOCS. See South Texas outer continental

shelf (STOCS)Stramonita haemastoma, 824Streamer bass, 667Streblospio benedcti, 557Strombus

S. costatus, 775S. gigas, 775S. pugilis, 775

StrongyluraS. marina, 487S. notata, 487, 562S. timucu, 487

Submarine canyon, 18, 20, 169, 209, 644,722, 733, 748

Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), 4, 5,7, 46, 56, 60, 61, 73–75, 87, 126, 130,131, 133, 145, 146, 151, 152, 155–157,444, 508, 524, 551–554, 564

Subsidence, 37, 91, 95, 167, 368, 374, 390,391, 394, 412, 415, 444, 447, 457, 459,497, 545, 575–576, 581

Subtidal soft bottom habitats, 15Surface prospecting, 275SVOC. See Semivolatile organic compound

(SVOC)Swimming crab, 24, 483, 484, 490, 573, 778,

782, 796Swordfish, 162, 270, 659, 668, 694, 696–699Symbioses, 13Symphurus plagiusa, 523, 572Symphysanodon, 664Syngnathidae, 484, 560, 561, 563, 564,

704, 705Syngnathus

S. dunkeri, 488S. floridae, 488S. louisianae, 488S. scovelli, 488, 563

Syringodium, 444, 552–554, 584S. filiforme, 448, 531, 552–554, 556, 584

TTabascan Neritic Rocky and Deltaic

Shoreline, 425, 426, 428–432Tabasco coast, 15, 582Tachypenaeus constrictus, 488Tagelus divisus, 557Tamaulipas coast, 368, 421, 422, 462, 778Tampa Bay, 78, 80, 81, 87, 89, 99–104,

129, 130, 196, 198, 225, 226, 512, 529,534, 541, 542

Tampa Bay Estuary Program (TBEP), 99Tar balls, 69, 70, 107, 195, 302, 335Tectura antillarum, 558Tellina tampaensis, 557Terpane, 300Terrebonne Basin, 93

866 Index

Terrestrial ecoregions, 361, 365–371, 377,378, 447–464, 532

Terrigenous fluvial input, 15Terrigenous sediment(s)/mud/sand,

178–180, 182Tetradontidae, 484, 563Tetrapturus, 663Tetrapturus albidus, 663Texas Commission for Environmental

Quality (TCEQ), 134, 135Texas Mid-Coast Barrier Islands, 399,

418–420Thais haemostoma, 824Thalassia, 444, 449, 552–554, 584, 712Thalassia testudinum, 448, 471, 524, 553,

554, 556, 560, 584Thermogenic hydrocarbons, 12, 275, 298,

300, 329Thermogenic seeps, 12, 14, 275, 314Thor floridanus, 488, 563, 572Threadfish, 662Thread herrings, 663, 670, 674, 701Threatened and endangered species, 3Thunnus

T. albacares, 659, 666T. atlanticus, 659, 666T. obesus, 26, 659, 666T. thynnus, 26, 659, 666

Tidalinlet(s), 8, 177, 182, 201, 203, 209, 210,

401, 450, 460, 461, 470marshes, 91, 97, 363, 403, 449, 483, 485,

489, 490, 494, 522–524, 526, 537–539,545, 554, 561, 571

range, 7, 9, 56, 129, 165, 177, 195, 512, 513Tides, 7, 8, 37, 38, 61, 98, 380, 382–383,

440, 443, 444, 447, 451, 455, 490,491, 508, 510, 511, 521, 526, 527, 533,568, 790

Tiger Lucine, 23, 776, 782Tin (Sn), 9, 162–163, 219, 225, 258,

271–272Toadfish, 544TOC. See Total organic carbon (TOC)Toluene, 302Topography, 7, 184, 189, 202, 365, 417, 418,

440, 453, 460, 465, 499, 514, 548, 703,714, 716

Total dissolved solids (TDS), 61

Total organic carbon (TOC), 130, 189, 200,231, 232, 235, 237, 239

Total suspended solids (TSS), 61, 130, 134Toxaphene, 5, 146Tozeuma carolinense, 488, 558, 563, 572Trachinotus

T. carolinus, 507, 662T. falcatus, 662T. goodie, 662

Trachurus, 662Trachurus lathami, 661, 701, 702Transverse Ark, 23, 776, 782Triaromatic steroids, 300Triplofusus giganteus, 775Tropical storm, 368, 385, 386, 396, 471, 505,

506, 573, 574, 823True tulip, 23, 775, 782Tubeworm, 14, 307, 327, 331–335, 338,

340–343, 346, 719, 720Tuna, 26, 658, 659, 665, 666, 688, 691–694,

699–702, 774Turbidites, 8, 184, 340Turbinella angulata, 775Turtle, 2, 18, 32–37, 44, 49–51, 91, 472, 478,

494, 564, 565, 576, 641, 652, 704, 747,799, 800

Turtle excluder device (TED), 799, 800, 825Turtlegrass, 448, 471, 584

UUdotea, 447, 584Uniola paniculata, 440, 452, 495–498, 500,

584United States Environmental Protection

Agency (USEPA)BEACH program, 72, 153, 155EMAP, 75–77, 151, 153, 157, 224, 226, 227,

239, 259NCCR, 10, 11, 73, 75–81, 85–89, 151–157,

228–234NEP, 58, 81, 84, 89, 90, 156, 219, 235, 236PRAWN, 72

Unresolved complex mixture (UCM), 304Upper Laguna Madre, 91, 570

VVanadium (V), 219, 248, 257, 258, 300Vegetated habitats, 15, 47, 359, 447, 473,

490, 537–539, 826

Index 867

Veracruzcoast, 376, 393, 394, 425Neritic Barrier Shoreline, 425, 426

Vermillion snapper, 26, 680Vesicomya chordata, 333Vesicomyid clams, 333, 335Virus(es), 44, 51, 72, 742, 795Volatile organic compound (VOC), 97,

217, 218Vulnerable marine ecosystem (VME), 746

WWahoo, 666Wastewater, 5, 62, 63, 75, 96, 97, 101, 130,

146, 161, 269, 577Water clarity, 3, 4, 7, 15, 46, 56, 60–63, 77,

78, 82, 85–89, 92, 95, 99, 102, 126, 127,145, 152, 154, 155, 433, 443, 444, 457,494, 495, 583

Water clarity indicator, 155Water column plumes, 313–317Water column stratification, 7, 46, 136Water quality, 2–7, 46, 49, 55–147, 151–154,

156, 218, 235, 491–494, 556, 771Watershed(s), 1, 27, 56, 58, 60, 73, 81, 87, 89,

91, 97, 99–101, 127, 129, 136, 224,226–229, 361, 365, 369–372, 375, 377,380–382, 391, 396, 400, 412, 483, 491,574, 581, 582, 823

Wave(s), 7–9, 176, 180, 182, 194, 201–203, 385,387, 399, 401, 407–409, 412, 415, 416, 419,421, 432, 434, 436, 437, 439, 440, 453, 455,457, 459, 461, 462, 466, 494, 505, 715

Wave-Current-Surge Information System forCoastal Louisiana (WAVCIS), 386

Wax myrtle, 440, 496Weakfish, 665, 702, 703Weathering, 13, 61, 63, 68, 69, 161, 162, 179,

269, 271, 300–302, 344Wenchman, 664West Indian Chank, 23, 775, 782West Indian Fighting Conch, 23, 775, 782Wetland(s), 8, 15–17, 28, 48, 60, 73, 76, 90, 91,

93, 95, 97, 153, 157, 163, 177, 391, 398,403, 415, 448, 449, 455, 458, 467, 473, 478,482–484, 490, 491, 511, 516, 517, 522, 525,537, 538, 540, 543, 545, 554, 560, 564,571, 572, 574, 575, 577–579, 581, 585, 826

Whale, 41–43, 50, 51, 478, 706White mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa),

177, 448, 527, 583White mullet, 664White shrimp, 23, 25, 28, 30, 46, 48, 49, 489,

521, 539, 561, 573, 769, 777, 782, 789,792–793, 799, 804, 805, 809, 811–813,823, 827

Wideongrass, 584Wind tidal flats, 2, 91, 368, 462Wind waves, 385, 396, 582Wood-boring beetle, 576Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

(WHOI), 643World War I, 278World War II, 258, 278, 820, 821Wreckfish, 667, 668

XXiphias, 668Xiphias gladius, 26, 668, 694, 699Xiphiidae, 659, 660, 668, 694, 696–698Xiphopenaeus kroyeri, 777, 787

YYaupon, 497Yellowfin bass, 667Yellowfin tuna, 26, 659, 666, 692Yellow jack, 661Yellowtail bass, 668Yucatan octopus, 23, 776, 781, 782, 784, 785Yucatan Peninsula, 1, 17, 20, 47, 165, 173,

180, 181, 185, 193, 195, 209, 363, 370,371, 374, 376, 377, 389, 394, 395,425, 428, 432–434, 444, 446, 464,467, 468, 470, 501, 517, 554, 564,585, 649, 708, 711, 749, 779, 781, 786, 790,791, 794

Yucatan Straits, 1, 19, 722

ZZinc (Zn), 9, 67, 160, 163, 219, 225, 227,

239, 246, 248, 251, 253, 257, 258, 268,272–273

Zooplankton, 18–20, 22, 48, 61, 254,641, 642, 646, 647, 651–657, 685,701, 705, 707, 709, 711, 742, 743, 748,749, 790

868 Index