appendix a - abbreviations and glossary - nicole · 2015-02-24 · appendix a - abbreviations and...

Appendix A - Abbreviations and Glossary

ALARA As Low As Reasonably Achievable (Netherlands)ANPA Agenzia Nazionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente (Italy)ASTM American Society for Testing and MaterialsBAT Best Available TechnologyBATNEEC Best Available Technique Not Entailing Excessive CostsBEP Best practice from the perspective of the environment (Finland)CARACAS Concerted Action on Risk Assessment for Contaminated Sites in EuropeCEN European Commitee for Standardization CHARM Chemical Hazard Assessment and Risk Management (Norway)CLARINET Contaminated Land Rehabilitation Network for Environmental TechnologiesCLEA Contaminated Land Exposure Assessment (UK)COCs Contaminants of ConcernCRBE Centre for Research into the Built EnvironmentCSO Contaminated Sites Ordinance (Switzerland)DEFRA Department for the Environmental, Food and Rural Affairs (UK)EA Environmental Agency of England and WalesEC Environmental Code (Sweden)EMA Environment Management Act (Netherlands)EPA Environment Protection AgencyEQS Environmental Quality StandardESi Environmental Simulations InternationalEUSCLEA modified version of CLEA software (Basque Country-Spain)FEI Finnish Environment Institute (Finland)FIV Fixed Impact Values (France)GAOs General Administrative Orders (Netherlands)GIS Geographic Information SystemGPZ Groundwater Protection ZoneGTS Generic Test SiteHESP Human Exposure to Soil Pollution (Netherlands)IARC International Agency for Research on CancerICRCL Interdepartmental Committee on the Redevelopment of Contaminated Land (UK)INERIS Instiut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (France)JAGG Regneark til risikovurdering af Jord, Afdampning, Gas og Grundvand (Denmark)LNV Ministry of Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries (Netherlands)NAPL Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (can be Light: LNAPL; or Dense: DNAPL)NEPP National Environmental Policy Plan (Netherlands)NICOLE Network for Industrially Contaminated Land in EuropeOCRS Ordinance for Charges for the Remediation of Polluted Sites (Switzerland)OEP Operational Environmental Programme (Greece)OVAM Public Waste Agency of FlandersPEC Predicted Environmental ConcentrationPNEC Predicted No-Effect ConcentrationsRAM Risk Assessment Model (UK)RBCA Risk-Based Corrective Action (US)RISC Risk: Integrated Software for Clean-ups (UK)RIVM National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (Netherlands)ROME ReasOnable Maximum Exposure (Italy)RTW Remedial Target Worksheet (UK)SCC Serious Contamination Risk Concentration (Netherlands)SEPA Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (Sweden)SFT Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (Norway)SISIM SIckerwasserSIMulation (Germany)SNIFFER Scotland & Northern Ireland Forum For Environmental ResearchSPA Soil Protection Act (Netherlands)SQG Soil Quality Guidelines (Norway)SRA Simplified Risk AssessmentSUS Sanerings Urgentie Systematiek (Netherlands)SYKE Finnish Environment Institute (Finland)UMS Umwelt Menschen Schadstoffe (= environment-humans-pollutants) (Germany)USEPA U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyV&W Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management (Netherlands)VCI Valeurs de constat d'impact (France)VDSS Valeurs de definition de source-soil (France)VIEs Indicative Values for Assessment (Spain)VLAREBO Flemish Regulations on Soil Remediation (Flanders)VROM Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (Netherlands)WHO World Health Organisation

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Appendix A - Abbreviations and Glossary

Risk Assessment System A "package" of models used to assess contaminated land risks from multiple pathways.

Risk Assessment Model An algorithm or algorithms defined to assess risks from a single exposure pathway.Air Mixing Models Algorithm that represents air mixing within the risk systemBack Calculations Risk System calculates a site concentration that will result in a pre-defined risk to the

receptorCompliance Risk Assessment Prediction of concentrations of contaminant levels at a receptor point for comparison to

compliance criteria Ecological Risk Assessment Risk System considers the risk posed to ecological receptorsGroundwater Models Algorithm that predicts the migration and spreading of impacts in groundwaterHuman Health Risk Assessment Risk System considers the risk posed to human receptorsPresence of NAPL Risk System considers the presence of light and dense non-aqueous phase liquidsProbabilistic Capability The Risk System allows the input of parameters stochastically. Parameters for either source,

physical or exposure parameters are represented by probability density functions instead of single values (deterministic).

Surface Water Mixing Models Algorithm to simulate the mixing of groundwater with surface waters within a System

Vapour Transport Models Risk System considers transport of vapour within the risk systemDirect Contact Indicates that the exposure pathway is direct from source to receptor, i.e. there is no fate

and transport pathway. The source can be soil or groundwaterIrrigation Model Uptake of contaminants into vegetables irrigated with contaminated groundwaterShower Model Direct exposure with impacted groundwater used as a source of water in the home.Inhalation of Indoor Air Human inhalation of vapours in indoor air. The vapours originate from a source that is

distant from the building. Impacts volatilise and migrate into the indoor airspace where they are inhaled

Inhalation of Outdoor Air Human inhalation of vapours in outdoor air. The vapours originate from a source that is distant from the exposure point. Impacts volatilise and migrate to the surface where they are inhaled

Inhalation of Particulates/Dust Human inhalation/ingestion of contaminated soil particulates that are small enough to become airborne

Vegetable Uptake Uptake of contaminants into vegetable grown on contaminated soil

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Appendix B European Risk System Review

Austria

Legislation At present there is no specific Austrian Federal Law governing soil conservation or protection. However, it has been declared as a sub-domain of environmental protection in the Federal Constitution (Federal Legal Gazette no. 491/1984). There is also an emphasis in Austria on preventing groundwater pollution; hence the Austrian Water Act (Federal Legal Gazette No. 215/1959, the Act as amended) is also of relevance. Two further pieces of legislation are key in assessing the risk of contaminated land. The Industrial Code (Federal Gazette no. 50/1973) aims to protect the interests of neighbours and water bodies. The Waste Management Act (Federal Gazette no. 325/1990) is used to determine when waste collection and treatment is required. The Act for the Cleanup of Contaminated Sites (Federal Legal Gazette No. 299/1989) is primarily meant to be a means of funding cleanup measures, and obliges the Federal Ministry (for Environment, Youth and Family) to coordinate the investigation, assessment and remedial response to contaminated sites at a national level. Risk Assessment Soil Austrian Standard ONORM S 2088-2 (completed June 2000) provides assessment criteria for soil contamination, specifying that the focus should be on the direct effect of contamination to humans, plants and animals. Intervention values are provided for sensitive land uses such as residential areas, with screening values for other land uses. Groundwater Groundwater studies always include an assessment of the geology and hydrogeology of the site and its surroundings with regard to the possible migration of hazardous substances, including identification of relevant pathways and geological barriers. The degree to which a contaminated site causes, or could cause, changes in groundwater quality is assessed by evaluating the dispersal of hazardous substances in groundwater. To assist in the interpretation of chemical analysis results, screening values and intervention values are available, although they are not related to groundwater use. Contaminants of concern and their likely environmental behaviour are assessed using analytical results from direct sampling. To help evaluate the potential for harm, reference values are provided for leachate concentration, soil gas concentration and ‘total’ contaminant concentration. These values were derived following a review of specialist literature, and of standards derived elsewhere, and take account of groundwater useage. The values are generally derived from drinking water standards. Sites with contaminant levels below the screening values are determined not to pose potential risks. Where contaminant levels exceed the screening values the need for further investigation is indicated. These sites usually require the consideration of remedial action. Reference values are considered to be no more than a support tool for the risk assessment of potentially contaminated sites. Any decision to be made should consider specific site conditions.

Implementation No specific tools have been developed or recommended for carrying out site specific risk assessment. It was therefore concluded that there was no model available for inclusion in this study.

Belgium

Belgium is divided into the Flemish region, the Walloon region and the Brussels-Capital region, and the responsibility for environmental affairs and policy lies with each region. To date, the only full legislative framework for contaminated sites that has been adopted is in Flanders. Flanders Legislation The “Soil Remediation Decree” came into force in Flanders in October 1995 (and was updated in 1998). Practical implementation of the Decree came into force in 1996 in the “Flemish Regulations on Soil Remediation” (VLAREBO). The regulations have been updated twice, in 2001 and 2002. The regulatory authority is OVAM, the Public Waste Agency of Flanders, which is responsible for soil contamination and remediation issues along with waste management. The Decree sets out four stages or tiers of investigation that may be required at a contaminated site; preliminary soil investigation, quantitative soil investigation, soil remediation planning and remedial works. Risk Assessment The soil remediation regulations incorporate a risk assessment approach. All historical contamination undergoing the descriptive soil investigation are required to be assessed in terms of risk to human, environmental and ecological receptors. No official documents oblige the use of a tiered approach, however, in practice a tiered approach is adopted. Formulae used by the Dutch HESP model were adopted to derive soil clean-up values. A clean-up level is defined as the level at which serious harmful effects for humans or the environment may occur. Six land-use scenarios were identified (agricultural, urban, two types of recreational and two types of industrial). For each potential contaminant of concern, exposure calculations were performed, taking into account differing carcinogenic and toxicological effects of contaminants, to produce a tolerable daily intake. Soil clean-up values for groundwater are represented by drinking water standards. The methodology for conducting site specific risk assessments originates from the methodology used to derive the soil clean-up level. Implementation The risk assessment process determines levels which remediation must achieve. Risk evaluation is split into three sections – risks to human receptors, risks to animals, plants and ecosystems and risk of spreading. For the assessment of risk to human receptors, an OVAM-recognised exposure system must be utilised. At present VLIER-humaan and CSOIL are the only recognised risk assessment exposure system in Flanders, although the RBCA methodology is under evaluation There is currently no methodology for assessing risks to animals, plants or ecosystems.

The risk for spreading is covered in a methodology for the calculation of the distribution of pollutants with groundwater. It indicates where models have to be used, and what kind of models can be used. No particular models are recommended. It also indicates which parameters have to be considered in the decision on serious threat. Risk for spreading must also take into account the transport by air and to surface water. Walloon To date, no specific legislation for soil remediation exists for the Walloon region. However, contaminated soils are considered as waste and any rehabilitation of a site must be approved by the Minister of the Environment. Guidance on soil remediation is under development. Brussels-Capital To date, the existing legislations or guidance for soil contamination for the Brussels-Capital region are as follows: - Regulation for petrol station (21 January 1999) - Regulation for contaminated soil (4 July 2002). This is mainly based on the Flemish

regulation and Flemish remediation values are considered.

Risk evaluation is split into three sections – risk to human receptors, risks to ecological receptors and risk of spreading. No specific models are recommended. Guidelines are under development.

Denmark

Legislation The key legislations for addressing contaminated land in Denmark are the Contaminated Sites Act (revised 1996) and the Environmental Protection Act (amended 1996). In 1998 the Danish EPA issued guideline on the remediation of contaminated sites. The guidelines encompass risk assessment of soil, water and evaporation to air. The Regional Authorities (counties and municipalities) are responsible for registration, investigation and remediation of contaminated sites. The Danish EPA provides guidance for this work. Risk Assessment Risk assessment is based on determining contaminant concentrations and comparing them with the quality criteria for soil, groundwater or air. If the concentration of a specific contaminant is found to exceed the relevant criterion the site is considered to present a certain risk to the environment and/or humans. Groundwater The estimated groundwater concentration at a distance from the site, within the aquifer, is compared to the groundwater quality criteria. Since nearly all drinking water is derived from groundwater in Denmark, groundwater protection has a very high priority. Standards for groundwater resources that are/or will be used for drinking water are based on drinking water standards. Soil The soil contamination at a site is compared with quality criteria, which are based on the land use. The type of land use (ie. very sensitive – residential property with garden or child care centre) also defines the exposure time and depth of utilisation (the vertical extent where the soil has to obtain the quality criteria). There are set ‘cut-off’ values and soil quality criteria defined for certain compounds. Air The vapour pathway is based on contaminant transport by diffusion through pore spaces and into buildings, only indoor air is considered. If the estimated contaminant concentration in indoor air exceeds the air quality criteria, the contamination is considered to present a risk.

Implementation The Danish risk assessment model (JAGG) produced by the Danish EPA is based on the 1998 guidelines for remediation of contaminated sites. The model calculates the concentration of contaminants within soil, water and air via transport from a soil source through various media to predict receptor point concentrations for comparison to acceptable concentrations.

Finland

Legislation There is no specific legislation concerning soil protection or the remediation of contaminated soil in Finland. However, Finland’s environmental legislation does contain stipulations on soil contamination. 1st January 2000: The Land Use and Building Act came into force, stipulating that the existence of contamination must be known whenever land use is planned. 1st March 2000: The revised Environmental Protection Act, came into force, containing an obligation to notify the environmental authorities on soil contamination, and the duty of the polluter to clean up contaminated soil. The Act also stipulates that when a land area is sold the seller or occupier shall provide the new holder with information on whether soil has been shown to be contaminated or if there are wastes and substances in the soil that may cause contamination. The Act defines more explicitly, and in a more integrated manner, the requirements of environmental permits and the prerequisites for granting a permit. Risk analysis are part of this permit granting process. Waste legislation (Waste Act and the Waste Management Act) is applied to the liability issues for cleaning up old polluted sites (sites polluted before 1.3.2000). Contaminated soils are defined as waste; hence the waste management legislation is of primary importance. Public health legislation and water legislation are also relevant. Summer 2001: Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE) guide, recognised that the existing legislation was not clear enough in its definition of who is responsible for cleaning up contaminated sites. It now states that expenses shall be divided among the party causing the contamination, the owner of the real estate, and the local community. The Finnish environmental administration is divided into the Ministry of the Environment, Regional Environment Centres and municipalities. The Ministry of the Environment is the national authority on environmental issues. It formulates environmental policies and is responsible for preparing legislation. The thirteen Regional Environment Centres among other things grant environmental permits and set the conditions for the cleanup measures. Municipalities supervise activities on their territories. An act for the assessment of soil contamination and clean up of contaminated sites is in preparation. In this act either guideline values or site specific risk assessment can be used as a decision making tool for soil remediation. Risk Assessment Three levels of risk assessment are applied in Finland: Firstly, a qualitative site risk assessment is completed, often using a site ranking system such as the US Environment Protection Agency Hazard Ranking System. Secondly, measured concentrations are compared with guideline values for soil contaminants, published in the SAMASE report and mostly based on Dutch values. The "SAMASE" project, was carried out between 1989 and 1993 to examine measures for and develop recommendations on the investigation, categorization and restoration of contaminated sites throughout Finland. The use of risk-based approaches was included as a specific element of the project. Thirdly, an in-depth risk assessment is undertaken, although few have been completed to date.

Various unnamed computer-based exposure models have been used at this third stage of risk assessment. Implementation There is currently no known definitive site specific risk assessment system for inclusion within this study.

France

Legislation

France has no specific legislation concerning contaminated sites. However there are two key policy documents relating to the management and remediation of contaminated soils: December 1993: Ministerial Directive defining the general policy concerning contaminated sites, including principles of cleaning up soils in a realistic manner, investigation and risk assessment of polluted sites and initial classification of polluted sites. December 1999: Ministerial Directive blueprint for defining remediation objectives. Risk Assessment Simplified Risk Assessment The objective of the simplified risk assessment is to separate the sites that do not present a threat to human health and the environment from those likely to generate significant harmful effects using simple criteria. Sites are categorised into one of three classes:

Class 1 = Further investigation required Class 2 = Site to be monitored; and Class 3 = Low-risk site, suitable for use, may need to restrict future development The risk assessment should evaluate the risk presented to human health and the environment and must be presented on a site-specific and land-use basis. The procedure for the completion of the simplified risk assessment is presented in the document "Guide relatif à l’évaluation simplifiée des risques d’un site" (version 2 - juillet 2000, Editions du BRGM).

The simplified risk assessment is completed using a simple scoring system that that assesses 40 parameters using the Source-Pathway-Receptor model. As part of the development of version 2 of the Simplified Risk Assessment (SRA) some French Fixed Impact Values (FIV) have been defined. FIV's are presented in "Management of (potentially) Contaminated Sites" (Gestion des sites et sols pollues), version 2 was issued in March 2000". Two types of values have been developed. VDSS (valeurs de definition de source-sol) are concentrations in soil above which the soil is defined as a source. VCI (valeurs de constat d'impact) are concentrations above which soil and/or groundwater is considered to be impacted. Values are provided for land that has a significant and non-significant usage. The values were developed by the “Public Health “ working group in the framework of a national approach to the management and remediation of polluted sites and soils. Foreign guidelines are currently used for some substances, such as solvents, where FIVs have not yet been defined. Detailed Risk Assessment Detailed risk assessment is used to aid the decision process to define the strategy for the remediation of sites regarded to have an unacceptable risk to human health and the environment, and is completed after further site investigation. The principal objective being to identify the sites requiring remediation for the proposed future use of the site and those that present a low risk can be returned to there current use without particular action (Class 3 site) or site requiring monitoring (class 2 sites).

The Detailed site investigation should collect the necessary data for a Detailed Risk Assessment, but should also define the extent of pollution and provide an understanding of the migration mechanism to potential receptors. The assessment should consider the risk to potential receptors including human health, water resources and natural and human environment (fauna, flora and property).

The evaluation of potential exposures at the various receptors by the various mediums should take into account the means of transport, the mechanisms of transformation in the environment, which will depend on the characteristics of the substances and the site conditions, the means of transport and the nature and quantity of population, resources or goods likely to be exposed, and all situations at the site (current situation, development at the site, personnel working on the site during work of rehabilitation...). Implementation Following contact with INERIS (Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques) it has been ascertained that there is no official risk model developed in France, and that there is no national guidance to recommend the use of a particular model.

They use a range of models mainly Dutch and American, selected for use on a site-by-site basis, including RBCA, CSOIL, and Johnson and Ettinger. The most important criteria for selecting a model is that there is information available regarding the algorithms used within the model so that equations can be adapted when required. It was therefore concluded that there was no French model available for inclusion in this study.

Germany

Legislation In March 1999 the Federal Soil Protection Act (Bodenschutzgesetz, BbodSchG) came in to force. The associated Ordinance, the Federal Soil Protection and Contaminated Land Regulations (Bundes-Bodenschutz- und Altlastenverordnung, BbodSchV) came into force in July 1999. The purpose of the Act is to protect soil on a permanent sustainable basis and to facilitate the remediation of historical soil contamination. The Federal Government shall be authorised to issue regulations, by means of a statutory ordinance and with the consent of the Bundesrat, regarding the requirements for remediation investigations and for the content of remediation plans. The associated Ordinance, the Federal Soil Protection and Contaminated Land Regulations (Bundes-Bodenschutz- und Altlastenverordnung, BBodSchV), contains regulations for the investigation and evaluation of contaminated sites. Requirements with respect to sampling, analytical methods and quality assurance are regulated in the Ordinance. Decisions on the need for remedial action are determined by the relationship between background levels of contamination and contamination related to the use of the site.

According to the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (Articles 30, 83) enforcement for the identification, risk assessment and remediation of soil contamination is the responsibility of the Federal States. Risk Assessment

Risk assessment is understood to be the whole process of site evaluation, beginning with collecting information that will enable an evaluation of risks to human health and environmental receptors, resulting from contamination present on the site. The risk assessment process follows a tiered approach: Orientation Phase Trigger levels are used to establish whether there is the possibility of contaminants presenting an unacceptable risk. Trigger levels are defined within BBodSchV and are regulated for land use and receptor specific scenarios for the whole of Germany. Detailed Investigation Phase Site-specific risk assessment methods are not regulated across Germany; however, the Federal Environment Agency has developed a method for site specific risk assessment covering several exposure pathways using principles that are consistent with those used to derive the trigger values. The UMS (Umwelt Menschen Schadstoffe, “environment”, “humans” and “pollutants” respectively) system evaluates toxicity-based risks via exposure to contaminated soils. The results are estimates of the potential daily intake of hazardous substances, and can be compared with the toxicological tolerable daily intake. Vertical pollutant transfer in the unsaturated zone is also simulated to assess the impacted that contaminated soils have on groundwater. The results are estimates of the concentrations of the contaminants present in the soil and percolating soil water.

Implementation UMS is a human health risk model developed by the German Federal Environment Agency. The UMS System comprises two modules:

• The UMS model is a methodical tool for assessing the risks to human health via exposure to contaminated soils.

• SISIM (Sickerwassersimulation) simulates the contaminants leaching vertically

downwards from the unsaturated zone to the groundwater. SISIM has not been included within this study as it is not comparable to other systems and does not directly model risk to human health.

Greece

Legislation No specific legislation, guidelines or standards exist for soil quality in Greece, however, the Greece Environmental Law, 1650/86, which came into force in 1986 was designed to cover all aspects of environmental protection and there are several components in Greek law, which refer directly or indirectly to soil and groundwater contamination. The Operational Environmental Programme of Greece (OEP) is legislated by 1650/86 and EC environmental regulations and directives. OEP consists of seven sub- programmes; including the development of the infrastructure to respond to the needs of the European Environment Agency to monitor the environment and to comply with environmental standards (funding 47 MECU); the management of the anthropogenic environment and control of atmospheric pollution in Athens (funding 138.2 MECU); and the management and protection of the natural environment (funding 53 MECU). Risk Assessment

No national guidance on the risk assessment of contaminated land currently exists. Guidance documents have been developed by some organisations but they are not in general force. The risk assessment process is generally site specific and performed according to international (e.g. US Environmental Protection Agency) standards. For assessing the human toxicity of chemicals Greece mainly uses WHO Environmental Health Criteria documents and IARC Monographs for carcinogenic substances.

Implementation Contaminated land risk assessment is still a developing area in Greek environmental policies. As yet they have no specific methodologies or risk assessment packages and any risk assessments that are carried out use international methods. It was therefore concluded that there was no model available for inclusion in this study.

Ireland

Legislation There is currently no legislation in Ireland in relation to historic contamination of land. If the contamination will cause, or is liable to cause air, water, waste or any other type of pollution then the relevant legislation dealing with air and/or water and/or waste will apply. The potential for contaminated land to affect water is controlled under the Water Pollution Acts 1977 and 1990. These Acts provide legislative controls for the protection of waters, including groundwater. The Air Pollution Act 1987 also controls Contaminated Land due to its potential to affect air quality. Contaminated land in certain circumstances could be deemed “waste” under the Waste Management Act, 1996. Under Section 55 of this act a local authority is empowered to serve a notice requiring a person to take specified action to prevent or limit environmental pollution caused, or likely to be caused, by the holding, recovery or disposal of waste within their functional area. At present, both the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Local Authorities enforce environmental legislation and regulations. Statutory environmental responsibilities of Local Authorities include regulation and control of waste activities, industrial practices, protection of water resources, air and noise pollution.

Risk Assessment There are no generic clean-up levels for soils in Ireland. Water is compared to the relevant water quality standards, European Quality Standards for surface water, Drinking Water Quality Standards or Dutch Intervention Values. The Environmental Protection Agency is considering setting non-statutory guidelines for both soil and groundwater, derived from existing risk-based generic guideline values adopted in other European countries, tailored to meet Irish conditions and policies. Where guideline values are exceeded a site-specific risk assessment would be required to determine the actual risks to human health and environmental receptors. Implementation There are currently no recommendations on methodologies that should be used to carry out a site specific risk assessment.

Italy Legislation

In February 1997 the Waste Management Act (Decreto Legislativo 5 febbraio 1997, n.22, known as Decreto Ronchi) came into force. Article 17 of this Act, was implemented in October 1999 by Ministry Decree n.471 (Decreto Ministeriale 25 ottobre 1999, n.471). Article 17 “Remediation and Environmental Restoration of contaminated land” in the Waste Management Act (D.Lgs 97/22) brings into line public and private responsibilities for contaminated land while the Ministry Decree n.471 (DM 471/99) provides the technical regulations with the criteria and procedures for contaminated land remediation and reclamation. According to the Waste Management Act (DLgs 22/97) and Ministry Decree n.471 (DM 471/99) contaminated sites are prioritised and managed through local authorities (i.e. the regional, provincial and municipal administrations). They are responsible for approving and certifying site remediation projects. Risk Assessment

Risk analysis is considered an appropriate methodology (Annex 4) only if it can be shown that it is economically or technologically unfeasible to remediate any contaminants which are present at concentrations above the legislative acceptable limits.

Risk assessment evaluates the risks presented to human health and the environment and must be presented on a site specific and land use basis. The general procedure for the completion of the risk assessment is reported in DM 471/99 (paragraph II.4 of Annex 4). The adopted risk assessment methodology should define the source of contamination, the exposure pathways, the migration mechanisms and the potential receptors. Implementation At the moment two models, based on the American ASTM RBCA methodology are in use, ROME (versions 2.0 and 2.3, released 2003) and GIUDITTA (version 2.0). Currently there is no national guidance to recommend the use of a particular model. ROME The ROME (version 2.0) model has been developed by the National Agency for Protection of the Environment (ANPA). The model assumes a risk-based tiered procedure that takes into consideration two types of assessment (generic Tier 1 and site specific Tier 2), derived from the standard ASTM RBCA (Risk-Based Corrective Actions). At Tier 1 the concentrations encountered on site are compared with calculated risk-based screening levels (LAG = limiti di accettabilita’ generici) and the acceptable limits reported in DM 471/99 (Annex 1). At Tier 2 site-specific levels are derived taking account of the expected end use, the risks presented to potential receptors are also provided. In this software the end use of the site, residential/green area or industrial/commercial is considered and it is possible to assess risks to surface waters from impacted soils identified on site.

GIUDITTA Giuditta is a Windows based software program, developed in Italy by Dames & Moore commissioned by and in cooperation with Milan Province. Following the most validated methodologies internationally available (ASTM Risk Based Corrective Action, USEPA Soil Screening Guidance) the software is adapted to the Italian Law on contaminated site remediation (D.Lgs. 22/97 and successive modifications and D.M. 471/99). In this programme the Tier 1 generic risk-based assessment is not considered and the concentrations encountered on site are compared directly with the acceptable limits reported in DM 471/99 (these values are not risk based). The latest version (Giuditta v2.0) is also able to carry out statistical analysis of the data available for the sites under examination and interfaces with most GIS (Geographic Information System) platforms.

Luxembourg Information regarding the legislative stance of the Luxembourg authorities in dealing with Contaminated Land and the risk assessment thereof has been difficult to identify. Our lines of enquiry were not finalised in time to be fully entered into this summary Appendix. Environmental Policy in Luxembourg rests chiefly upon the environmental laws and regulations, which have been heavily influenced by EU directives on the environment and the regulatory approaches of neighbouring countries. Luxembourg has endorsed the “Polluter Pays” and “User Pays” principle, and the regulatory agencies deal with all sites on a site specific basis. The best practise approach appears to be to use an existing respected methodology and approach in line with neighbouring European countries such as Belgium, or those of the Netherlands, on a site-by-site basis. It should be stressed that EU law applies to Luxembourg and therefore this should be borne in mind when undertaking any risk assessment, for example consideration should be given to the influence of Groundwater Directive or the Habitat’s Directive. From the enquiries we have made and the review of existing literature we have concluded that no defined risk assessment system exists per se and no software development has been undertaken. Therefore the approach in Luxembourg will not be taken further in our comparative study.

Netherlands Legislation There are two major pieces of legislation regarding the environment and contaminated land in the Netherlands. The Soil Protection Act, updated in 1994-5, which regulates the prevention of soil contamination as well as the management and remediation of contaminated land. If new contamination does occur, then in theory remediation should be undertaken, irrespective of the potential risks posed by the impact. However ALARA (“As Low As Reasonably Achievable”) and BATNEEC are recognised principles for use in the assessment of contaminated land. The Environmental Management Act (EMA), which came into force in 1993, and regulates issues including environmental planning, environmental impact assessment and waste management. New chapters are continually being added to the EMA.

Risk Assessment A framework has been provided for assessing the potential risks posed by impacts in soil, water and air. Each site is assessed by determining how serious the identified impact on-site is, and how best to carry out any necessary remediation. The Seriousness of the Contamination The first stage in the risk assessment procedure follows from the question of how serious any on-site contamination is. A preliminary site investigation is undertaken, followed by a more thorough site investigation if initial suspicions of contamination are confirmed, where groundwater and soil samples are collected. Two types of screening levels have been developed for the purpose of defining the three groups. Firstly, a target level for the contaminant of concern. Target levels have been produced for around 100 substances in soil and groundwater, and have been conceived based on a percentage of organic matter and clay in the soil. If target values are met, then the soil or groundwater is not considered contaminated. Secondly, an intervention value, which defines the level at which a site is seriously contaminated. Any site lying between theses two levels is considered contaminated, but the site may not need further investigation. This decision lies with the local authorities. The Urgency of Remediation The potential risk posed by an impacted site is assessed for three receptors; human health, environmental (groundwater) and ecological. Sensitive areas are subjected to more stringent intervention values than less sensitive areas. The seriously contaminated sites requiring urgent remediation are split into three groups, dependent on the exceedances determined during the assessment of remediation urgency: 1. Remediation to begin within four years. 2. Remediation to begin in between four to ten years. 3. Remediation to begin after ten years. The categories represent the seriousness of the threats posed to human health, groundwater drinking supplies and sensitive ecological areas.

Remedial Objectives The preferential aim of any remedial works is for soil concentrations to be less than or equal to target levels (or local background concentrations). Newly contaminated sites (during and after 1987) must be cleaned up to target level concentrations. For sites contaminates prior to 1987, if the contamination is considered mobile then it should be removed as far as possible in a cost-effective manner. A land-use-oriented approach is adopted for sites impacted by non-mobile contaminants, with contamination removed to the extent necessary. Implementation

Two software tools are used in the Netherlands for the purposes of site-specific risk assessment. Firstly, Risc-human is the latest, Windows based, development of the Csoil model developed by the Van Hall Institute. The model requires in-depth data entry and is a sequence of models to be applied on a site specific basis. The second software tool is SUS (Sanerings Urgentie Systematiek), a programme developed to help assess the urgency of remediation and when remediation must begin. It was developed by the Van Hall Institute in cooperation with the Dutch Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment. SUS uses predefined land-uses with a restricted number of changeable parameters, to position a site within a ranking system of the level of urgency needed. SUS, unlike Risc-Human, is not designed to quantitatively assess risk levels on a site-by-site basis therefore was not considered further in this study.

Norway Legislation The Legislation for pollution and management of contaminated land in Norway have been incorporated into the Pollution Control Act, 1981. This provides the government with the authority to regulate pollution dealing with water, air and soil. The Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (SFT) is responsible for the regulation of contaminated sites. The existing Norwegian policy on risk assessment is based on various Norwegian standards for environmental risk analysis at contaminated sites, developed under the auspices of the Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (SFT), in conjunction with CARACAS. The system encompasses human health and environmental components applied on a three-tiered basis. Risk Assessment The risk assessment method comprises three tiers with increasing degree of complexity and detail. Tier 1 – Simplified Risk Assessment The maximum identified soil concentration for the contaminant are compared directly to the soil quality guidelines. The soil quality guidelines (SQG) are based on the assumption that humans and the ecosystem are exposed to one chemical substance at a time, that all the exposure pathways act at the same time and that the exposure pathways for a chemical substance are additive. The SQG are derived for a generic site comparing tolerable daily intake (human beings) and tolerable conditions (terrestic ecosystem) with exposure at the site through the a number of exposure pathways.

Tier 2 – Expanded Risk Assessment (exposure calculations) The Tier 2 assessment is conducted for the current (or planned) use of the site. Consideration is given to the most sensitive land use for the relevant exposure pathways. Taking into account migration and transport and exposure analysis determines the total exposure of the receptors. Acceptance criteria are defined for each site taking into account health/ecosystem related and migration related conditions. The determined exposure is then compared to the acceptance criteria for the site. Tier 3 - Expanded Risk Assessment (exposure measurements) The Tier 3 assessment uses the same risk analysis as Tier 2 but takes into consideration the measured exposure including mobility, adsorbtion and degradation in the different media. This results in expected exposure concentrations, which are compared to the acceptance criteria, as defined in Tier 2. Other Risk Assessments In addition the Chemical Hazard Assessment and Risk Management (CHARM) software model has been developed for use in the oil industry. The CHARM model, version 3 (1996) was developed by Norway and the Netherlands for environmental hazard assessment and risk management of offshore chemicals. The model is intended to be used as a tool for the harmonised regulation of the use of chemicals in the offshore industry in the North Sea. The basic principle of the hazard assessment part of the model is that it calculates the discharge of an offshore chemical and the resulting Predicted Environmental Concentrations (PECs) in different environmental compartments. This is then compared with a predicted No-Effect-Concentration (PNEC).

Implementation A guidance manual for the risk assessment of contaminated sites has been published, containing the equations and assumptions used within the tiered approach (Report 99:06, Guidelines for the Risk Assessment of Contaminated Sites, TA-1691/1999). This can be used to determine the risk posed by the contamination to human health and environmental receptors. The CHARM model considers offshore contamination and therefore is not considered in this comparison.

Portugal Legislation There are no specific laws regulating the management of contaminated sites in Portugal. However, the following national legislations address the issues associated with contaminated land: Law on the Environment, which came into force on 7th April 1987, defines the basic principles of the Portuguese environmental policy. Law regarding Waste, Decree Law 239/97, replacing Decree 310/95 establishes the regulatory framework for general waste management, including collecting, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. Laws regarding Water, Decree Laws 70/90, 46/94, and 152/97define the rules governing water resource management and impose penalties for uncontrolled discharges to water environments. Discharges to water and standards for drinking water quality are mainly governed by Decree Law 74/90. The Water Institute and Regional Environmental Departments are responsible for implementing this legislation. Further laws, such as those concerning Environmental Impact Evaluation are also used to achieve the aims of preventing future pollution and reducing historical contamination. In 1997 The Soil Pollution Development Centre was established (by Decree Law 236/97), integrated in the Waste Institute (Instituto dos Residuos) to define a national methodology for contaminated site management, compiling data from European and North American on contaminated land legislation, methodologies for registering contaminated sites, criteria and risk assessment procedures, procedures for the evaluation of remedial alternatives, risk-based soil screening values Sufficient information is available in Portugal to make a preliminary identification and characterisation of many sites, namely those related to existing industrial areas and uncontrolled waste deposits. Risk Assessment At present Portugal still uses the Canadian criteria as guidance for establishing soil and groundwater cleanup goals, but in the near future intends to develop national procedures for landuse-based assessment and remediation of contaminated sites. Risk assessment methodology will be fundamental to this. Implementation Risk assessment methodologies in Portugal are still under development.

Spain Legislation There is no specific law relating to contaminated land in Spain. However, the principles established in the Wastes Law should, in the future, form the basis for a specific law about soil protection. The Wastes Law (10/1998), which transposes the fundamental aspects of EU Directive 91/156 relating to wastes into Spanish legislation was approved by the Spanish Parliament in April 1998. Soil contamination is specifically addressed in two articles where the concept of contaminated soil is defined on the basis of risks to human health and ecosystems. In February 1995 the Central Government approved the National Plan for Contaminated Sites Remediation. The duration of the Plan is to the year 2005. The central Government’s Environment Ministry has signed bilateral contracts with the 17 Autonomous Communities to develop the Plan, with each providing 50% of the funding for remediation of publicly owned sites. Responsibility for remediation continues beyond the point when a site is cleaned up to the required level for its anticipated use. An important aspect of the Wastes Law, included in the Contaminated Soils Remediation Plan, is the requirement to derive screening/guideline values appropriate to the specific soil characteristics of each Autonomous Community rather than using values developed in other countries. Sampling and analytical methods will be standardised through technical guidance. Under these values the soil is not contaminated and when the soil values are upper, this requires an assessment taking future landuse into account. Because of regional differences in the characteristics of contaminated soils, some autonomous communities such as the Basque Country, Cataluña, Galicia and Castilla-León have established their own criteria for soil remediation. Risk Assessment Basque Country The Environmental Protection Act of the Basque Country (March 1998) constitutes the legal framework for addressing the problem of contaminated land. It includes a specific chapter concerning soil protection and remediation. The Basque Country takes a ‘suitable for use’ approach to the management of contaminated sites in which potential land use depends on the degree of contamination. Accordingly, soil quality is defined on the basis of risk assessment for protected targets (human health and the environment) and intended land uses. Two complementary instruments have been developed for risk assessment in order to achieve a cost-effective approach to contaminated site investigation: Soil screening values known as Indicative Values for Assessment (VIEs) are land use dependent and provide a generic assessment that will allow essentially risk-free soils to be differentiated from soils that pose or could potentially pose risks for the intended use. They are applied in the exploratory phase of an investigation; based on them, the authorities must decide if there is a need for further detailed investigation or, in some cases, if immediate measures are warranted. Three levels have been established. The first, VIE-A, is derived on the basis of concentrations found in soils with little anthropogenic influence and therefore involving no significant risk for any likely soil use. The second, VIE-B, represents the level at which more detailed consideration of risks is required; and the third, VIE-C, is the value at which the risk becomes unacceptable. These values could be used as remediation targets, but this would often be unrealistic because they would be more restrictive than the limits established as a result of site-specific risk assessments.

The Basque country commissioned the assistance of CRBE at Nottingham Trent University, UK to create a modified version of the CLEA software, named EUSCLEA to develop “distribution” based screening values. Cataluña The Generalitat of Cataluña has developed provisional criteria for soils quality to be used in this territory. These guidelines include the Cataluña soil quality indication values and a methodology for determination and application. Cataluña soil quality criteria are numeric values of substance concentrations in soil, designed to swiftly evaluate the need for further action. In Cataluña 94 site specific risk assessments have been carried out using a range of different risk assessment models. In the most of contaminated soils cases (about 70 %) there is no risk assessment, though this percentage is decreasing. The following table details the number of sites for which various models have been used (information provided by the Junta de Residus, June 2002).

Programs used to Analyse Risk TOTAL ASR (Avaluació Simplificada de Risc) 59 RISC-HUMAN 8 RBCA 9 SESOIL 4 PRG (Preliminary Remediation Goals) 2 HESP 2 RAGS 1 AT123D 1 NO ESPECIFIC 8 TOTAL 94

Galicia Similar initiatives to those of the Cataluña region are being reviewed and develop in the Galicia region. Implementation Whilst the legislation and assessment of contaminated land issues are advancing in Spain, and more specifically in its Autonomous Communities, there are not as yet any widely available or recommended modelling packages for carrying out site specific risk assessments. The EUSCLEA model exists for the Basque country but has not been included in this study as it is a derivative of the CLEA model.

Sweden Legislation A new Environmental Code came into force on 1 January 1999. The Environmental Code is further elaborated and specified in the form of ordinances, regulations issued by public authorities and decisions taken in individual cases. The aim of the Environmental Code is to promote sustainable development that ensures a healthy environmental impact on both the current and future generations. To achieve this aim, the code is to be applied so that: • human health and the environment will be protected against damage and nuisance,

regardless of whether this is caused by pollution or other influences • valuable natural and cultural environments will be protected and conserved • biological diversity will be preserved • land, water and the physical environment will generally be used so as to safeguard long-

term good management of resources from an ecological, social, cultural and socio-economic viewpoint

Risk Assessment When the Environmental Code came into force on 1 January 1999, a new legal instrument, environmental quality standards (EQS), was introduced into Swedish environmental practice. EQS are adopted in order to address actual or potential environmental problems, to achieve environmental objectives and to implement EC directives that prescribe this type of standard. The assessment criteria are intended to enable classification of risks to health and/or the environment at contaminated sites. In this context, the term “contaminated site” refers to landfill site or area of soil, groundwater or sediments which is so contaminated by a point source that concentrations significantly exceed local or regional background levels The guideline values are developed for typical Swedish conditions including exposure, geology, and hydrology for three land uses: • Land with sensitive use, e.g. residential areas, kindergartens, agriculture, together with

groundwater abstraction. • Land with less sensitive use, e.g. offices, industries, roads, car parks, but still with

groundwater abstraction. • Land with less sensitive use as above but with no groundwater abstraction. For some sites the conditions may be such that the generic guidelines are not applicable, in these cases a site-specific analysis would be carried out. Implementation There is currently no ‘official’ risk assessment computer model for Sweden, the formulae presented in Report 4639 (Development of Generic Guideline Values) give the equations and assumptions used to develop the Swedish Generic Guideline Values using risk assessment. However, based on English translation of Report 4639 it is not possible to produce a comprehensive code as equations and assumptions presented in the report are incomplete. It is understood that the SEPA is initiating a project for writing a risk assessment standard code.

Switzerland Legislation In Switzerland the management of contaminated sites is legislated by the Federal Environmental Protection Law, brought into force in October 1983 and revised in June 1997, the Ordinance relating to the Remediation of Contaminated Sites (Contaminated Sites Ordinance, CSO), as of 26 August 1998 and the new Ordinance relating to Charges for the remediation of polluted Sites (OCRS, of 5 April 2000). The purpose of the Environmental Protection Law is to protect persons, animals and plants, and their biological communities and habitats against harmful effects or nuisances and to maintain the fertility of soil. The law is regulated by 26 Cantons (local authorities) across Switzerland.

The CSO is intended to ensure that polluted sites are remediated should they lead to harmful effects or nuisances, or should there be a substantial danger of such effects arising. It is enforced by the Cantons and specifies a procedure as follows. 1. The polluted site should be recorded in the register drawn up by the Canton in which the site is located. 2. An assessment of the need for monitoring and remediation should be undertaken. 3. An assessment of the objectives and urgency of remediation should be undertaken 4. Measures for investigation, monitoring and remediation should be specified. Risk Assessment A decision to take remedial action will require a site specific risk analysis based on present and future interactions between the site and the environment, mainly groundwater, surface water, soil and air, taking into account potential for transport and barriers. Intervention values for leachate and air have been derived based on human toxicity consistent with the relevant laws concerning water and soil. Implementation A groundwater risk assessment model, TransSim, has been developed for the Swiss Agency for the Environment Forests and Landscapes by BMG Engineering Ltd. TransSim simulates contaminant fate and transport in the unsaturated and saturated zone. It is broadly equivalent with models such as P20 RTW, RAM, ConSim and the groundwater functions within BP RISC, RBCA Toolkit, Risc-human, etc. European risk systems were reviewed and selected for detailed evaluation in this project before the TransSim model was adopted in Switzerland, and therefore this model was not included in the detailed model evaluation.

United Kingdom Legislation For administrative purposes the UK is divided into England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. In England, Scotland and Wales, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) is the Government department with overall responsibility for the environment. Its aim is to protect and improve the environment, and to integrate the environment with other policies across Government and in international forums. Regulation of Environmental Legislation is undertaken by Local Authorities (councils), the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA), the Environment and Heritage Service (Northern Ireland) and the Environment Agency (EA) in England and Wales. The EA and SEPA were established by the 1995 Environment Act and are Non-Departmental Public Bodies of the DEFRA.

The remainder of this section describes environmental law and regulations that are of direct relevance to this report and that apply to England and Wales. Both the Town and Country Planning Acts and Part IIA of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 directly apply to contaminated land in England and Wales. Under the former, a planning authority may require investigation before granting planning permission and / or may place conditions on the development including investigation, assessment and remediation. Part IIA of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (as inserted by Section 57 of the Environment Act 1995) provides a regime for the control of specific threats to human health or the environment from existing land contamination. Part IIA is intended to complement the planning regime and a number of other regulatory regimes, including: • Pollution Prevention and Control Act 2001 • Groundwater Regulations 1998 • Part III of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 – Statutory Nuisance Control • Water Resources Act 1991 The UK regulatory authorities adopt the widely recognised source-pathway-receptor concept for assessing risks from contaminated land. However, the scenarios under which harm may occur are often largely defined by the site conditions and the site sensitivity. The concept of “suitable for use” is adopted to ensure that the risk assessment addresses the site-specific conditions and that any remediation undertaken is to an appropriate level. Risk Assessment Risk assessment is considered an appropriate tool in determining the significance of site impacts in terms of harm to receptors and impacts to controlled waters. The source-pathway-receptor concept is used for assessing risks from contaminated land. There are currently three framework approaches for the assessment of risk with respect to contaminated land in the UK:

• The Contaminated Land Exposure Assessment (CLEA) published jointly by Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) and the Environment Agency, which provides a framework for assessing human health risk from contaminated soils. CLEA is also available as a software tool, see below.

• SNIFFER Method for deriving site-specific human health risk from contaminated soils. This methodology was originally published by Scotland and Northern Ireland Forum for Environmental Research (SNIFFER) in 2000. An updated methodology was developed in collaboration with SEPA and the Environment Agency and was published by SNIFFER in May 2003. The updated SNIFFER method has been brought into line with the CLEA guidance. The updated SNIFFER Method is also available as software tools, see below.

• Environment Agency R&D Publication P20, “Methodology for the Derivation of

Remedial Targets for Soil and Groundwater to Protect Water Resources” is used to assess the risks to groundwater and other controlled waters, as defined by the Water Resources Act 1991.

Implementation The following risk assessment systems were developed by or on behalf of UK regulatory authorities and are in widespread use:

CLEA The Contaminated Land Exposure Assessment (CLEA) was developed jointly by DEFRA and the Environment Agency of England and Wales. A spreadsheet model was released in March 2002. The methodology on which the model is based encourages the use of site-specific risk assessment, although the current CLEA software package is limited in its application to the development of generic screening values. SNIFFER Method Originally published in 2000, the updated SNIFFER Method was released as software tools in May 2003. Two spreadsheet models are available, one for metals and one for organic contaminants. The models are based on a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. The main difference between the models is in the number of exposure pathways supported, with additional pathways for inhalation of indoor and outdoor air included in the organics spreadsheet. The SNIFFER models were released after the models had been run and have therefore not been used, however, the capcbilities of this system have been evaluated. P20-RTW The Remedial Targets Worksheet (RTW) was developed as a direct consequence of the publication by the Environment Agency of England and Wales of Technical Report P20 “Methodology for the Derivation of Clean-up Targets for Soil and Groundwater to Protect Water Resources” (Environment Agency, 1999). The worksheet is based on a tiered system and does allow the calculation of site specific target levels. ConSim ConSim was developed by Golder Associates on behalf of the Environment Agency of England and Wales. The model is a site-specific, probabilistic groundwater risk model that simulates contaminant transport in groundwater in the unsaturated and saturated zones. ConSim was originally released in 1999, and was developed as a tool for assessment of risk from contaminated sites to groundwater. ConSim was not specifically developed to be compliant with the P20 methodology but it can be set up to operate generally to the P20 methodology. ConSim Version 2.0 was due for release in December 2002, but was not available for review at the time of preparing this report in July 2003.

Appendix C Pro-forma – System Evaluation

A: Background Information Model Name Publishers and key Authors Is the System an Independent software package, spreadsheet model or guidance manual?

Is the system a tiered system Y / N B: System Capability Human health risk assessment Y / N Compliance risk assessment[1] Y / N Ecological risk assessment Y / N Fate and Transport Models Y / N Exposure Assessment Models Y / N Back Calculations[2] Y / N C: Exposure Pathways Soil Ingestion Dermal Contact Ingestion of: Vegetables in contaminated soil Meat from animals ingesting contaminated soil Inhalation of particulates Air Vapour intrusion to indoor air: Surface Soil Subsurface Soil Groundwater Vapour intrusion to outdoor air: Surface Soil Subsurface Soil Groundwater Groundwater Ingestion Dermal Contact Ingestion while showering Dermal Contact while showering Inhalation while showering Ingestion during irrigation Dermal Contact during irrigation Inhalation during irrigation Ingestion of: Vegetables grown using contaminated groundwater Meat from animals who have ingested contaminated water

Surface Water Ingestion of water during swimming Dermal Contact during swimming Ingestion of fish Ingestion of suspended matter in water D: Fate and Transport Source Characterisation: Soil Y / N Groundwater Y / N Soil Gas Y / N Soil Mass Conservation: Finite[3] Infinite[4] Fate and Transport Models Soil Model Y / N Groundwater Model Y / N Soil Vapour Transport Y / N Air Mixing Model Y / N Surface Water Model Y / N Can the system account for NAPL Presence Y / N Fate and Transport Mechanisms Adsorption: Organic Inorganic Ion Exchange Degradation Y / N Radionuclide Decay Y / N E: Probabilistic Capability Fate and Transport Y / N Exposure Pathway Y / N F: Databases Chemical Properties Database: Y / N No. of chemicals Are TPH included? Y / N Can chemicals be added to the database? Y / N Toxicological Properties Database Exposure Parameters Database

Geological Properties Database Y / N Compliance Criteria Database Y / N G: Default Values and Limitations Are defaults presented? Y / N Are any defaults hardwired? Y / N H: Supporting Information What languages is the system available in?

What “Help” is available? I: User Friendliness Input Windows-based Mac-based Other Comments Output Comment

Notes: [1] A compliance point risk assessment requires the software to compute receptor point concentrations and

compare them to environmental/human health quality standards. For example, calculation of groundwater concentrations and comparing them to drinking water standards.

[2] In back calculations, the user specifies target risks or concentrations and then the software calculates ‘allowable’ source concentrations (clean-up levels).

[3] A finite source allows for the depletion of the source over time, due to processes such as dispersion, attenuation and degradation.

[4] An infinite source does not deplete with any length of time.

RISC

A: Background Information Model Name Risk-Integrated Software for Clean-ups. (RISC) Publishers and key Authors Lynn R. Spence, Spence Engineering & Terry Walden, BP Oil International Ltd Is the System an Independent software package, spreadsheet model or guidance manual?

Independent software package.

Is the system a tiered system

Y Additional Tier 1 and Tier 2 Spreadsheets are also available risk assessment tools but are not linked to the independent software package.

B: System Capability Human health risk assessment Y Compliance risk assessment[1] Y Ecological risk assessment Y Fate and Transport Models Y Exposure Assessment Models Y Back Calculations[2] Y C: Exposure Pathways Soil Ingestion Y Dermal Contact Y Ingestion of: Vegetables in contaminated soil Y Meat from animals ingesting contaminated soil N Inhalation of particulates N Air Vapour intrusion to indoor air: Surface Soil N Subsurface Soil Y Groundwater Y Vapour intrusion to outdoor air: Surface Soil N Subsurface Soil Y Groundwater Y Groundwater Ingestion Y Dermal Contact Y Ingestion while showering N Dermal Contact while showering Y Inhalation while showering Y Ingestion during irrigation Y Dermal Contact during irrigation Y Inhalation during irrigation Y Ingestion of: Vegetables grown using contaminated groundwater Y

Meat from animals who have ingested contaminated water N Surface Water Ingestion of water during swimming Y Dermal Contact during swimming Y Ingestion of fish N Ingestion of suspended matter in water N D: Fate and Transport Source Characterisation: Soil Y Unsaturated and saturated sources. Leaching of a soil source to groundwater Groundwater Y Dissolved concentrations resulting form a residual source, Soil Gas Y Soil Gas Concentrations can be input into the soil vapour intrusion into indoor

air model. Soil Mass Conservation: Finite[3]

Y Vadose zone and saturated soil models & Saturated zone model with source comprising non-mobile residual hydrocarbons.

Infinite[4] Y Johnson & Ettinger & Saturated zone model when source

concentrations are not known Fate and Transport Models Soil Model Y Vadose Zone Model (similar to that presented by Unlu et al, (1992)) and

Saturated Soil Model Groundwater Model Y Dissolved-Phase Transport Model Soil Vapour Transport Y Johnson and Ettinger, Dominant Layer Model, Oxygen-Limited Model Air Mixing Model Y Incorporated within the vapour intrusion to indoor air model. Outdoor air model

assumes air is mixed within the box. Surface Water Model Y Surface water mixing and sediment partitioning model Can the system account for NAPL Presence Y Fate and Transport Mechanisms Adsorption: Organic Y Koc x Foc Inorganic Y Kd Ion Exchange N Degradation Y Radionuclide Decay N E: Probabilistic Capability Fate and Transport N Exposure Pathway Y Monte Carlo Distributions

F: Databases Chemical Properties Database: Y No. of chemicals 86 Are TPH included? Y Can chemicals be added to the database? Y Toxicological Properties Database Incorporated within the chemical database Exposure Parameters Database Default values provided within the exposure assessment model Geological Properties Database Y Compliance Criteria Database Y G: Default Values and Limitations Are defaults presented? Y Are any defaults hardwired? N Some could be within the programming H: Supporting Information What languages is the system available in?

English

What “Help” is available? Help files within the software and a user manual I: User Friendliness Input Windows-based Y Mac-based Other Comments Output Comment Tables and graphs, but do not print in user friendly format






Appendix D Pro-forma – System Evaluation

CLEA

A: Background Information Model Name CLEA (Contaminated Land Exposure Assessment) Publishers and key Authors Environment Agency, Rio House, Waterside Drive, Aztec West, Almondsbury,

Bristol BS32 4UD Is the System an Independent software package, spreadsheet model or guidance manual?

Independent software provided on CD-ROM

Is the system a tiered system Y The methodology is set up to provide guidance for a tiered process B: System Capability Human health risk assessment Y Compliance risk assessment[1] N Ecological risk assessment N Fate and Transport Models Y Exposure Assessment Models Y Back Calculations[2] Y C: Exposure Pathways Soil Ingestion Y Dermal Contact Y Ingestion of: Vegetables in contaminated soil Y Meat from animals ingesting contaminated soil N Inhalation of particulates Y Indoor and outdoor inhalation, plus dermal contact

with dust Air Vapour intrusion to indoor air: Surface Soil N Subsurface Soil Y Groundwater N Vapour intrusion to outdoor air: Surface Soil N Subsurface Soil Y Groundwater N Groundwater Ingestion N Dermal Contact N Ingestion while showering N Dermal Contact while showering N Inhalation while showering N Ingestion during irrigation N Dermal Contact during irrigation N Inhalation during irrigation N

Ingestion of: Vegetables grown using contaminated groundwater N Meat from animals who have ingested contaminated water N Surface Water Ingestion of water during swimming N Dermal Contact during swimming N Ingestion of fish N Ingestion of suspended matter in water N D: Fate and Transport Source Characterisation: Soil Y Unsaturated zone Groundwater N Soil Gas N Soil Mass Conservation: Finite[3] Infinite[4] Y Fate and Transport Models Soil Model Y US EPA approach (1995) Groundwater Model N Soil Vapour Transport Y Air Mixing Model Y Johnson and Ettinger (outside) Ferguson-Krylov-McGrath (inside) Surface Water Model N Can the system account for NAPL Presence N Fate and Transport Mechanisms Adsorption: Organic Y Koc and Foc Inorganic Y Ion Exchange Degradation N Radionuclide Decay N E: Probabilistic Capability Fate and Transport N Exposure Pathway Y Monte Carlo F: Databases Chemical Properties Database: Y No. of chemicals 10 Are TPH included? N Can chemicals be added to the database? Y Toxicological Properties Database Yes

Exposure Parameters Database Yes – female and male receptors Geological Properties Database Y Compliance Criteria Database N G: Default Values and Limitations Are defaults presented? Y Are any defaults hardwired? Y To do with adsorption, geology database H: Supporting Information What languages is the system available in?

English

What “Help” is available? Guidance manual, technical support, on-screen help I: User Friendliness Input Windows-based Y Mac-based Other Comments Limited input available, as software is designed to create soil guideline values only Output Comment






CONSIM

A: Background Information Model Name ConSim (v1.06) Publishers and key Authors Golder Associates Is the System an Independent software package, spreadsheet model or guidance manual?

Stand alone software package

Is the system a tiered system Y B: System Capability Human health risk assessment N Compliance risk assessment[1] Y Ecological risk assessment N Fate and Transport Models Y Exposure Assessment Models N Back Calculations[2] N C: Exposure Pathways Soil Ingestion N Dermal Contact N Ingestion of: Vegetables in contaminated soil N Meat from animals ingesting contaminated soil N Inhalation of particulates N Air Vapour intrusion to indoor air: Surface Soil N Subsurface Soil N Groundwater N Vapour intrusion to outdoor air: Surface Soil N Subsurface Soil N Groundwater N Groundwater Ingestion N Dermal Contact N Ingestion while showering N Dermal Contact while showering N Inhalation while showering N Ingestion during irrigation N Dermal Contact during irrigation N Inhalation during irrigation N Ingestion of: Vegetables grown using contaminated groundwater N Meat from animals who have ingested contaminated water N

Surface Water Ingestion of water during swimming N Dermal Contact during swimming N Ingestion of fish N Ingestion of suspended matter in water N D: Fate and Transport Source Characterisation: Soil Y Groundwater N However the model can be manipulated to use this as an input Soil Gas N Soil Mass Conservation: Finite[3] N Infinite[4] Y However partitioning into vapour phase is included Fate and Transport Models Soil Model Y Leaching to Groundwater only Groundwater Model Y Soil Vapour Transport N Partitioning into vapour phase is calculated Air Mixing Model N Surface Water Model N Can the system account for NAPL Presence N Fate and Transport Mechanisms Adsorption: Organic Y Inorganic Y Ion Exchange N Degradation Y Radionuclide Decay N E: Probabilistic Capability Fate and Transport Y Exposure Pathway N F: Databases Chemical Properties Database: Y No. of chemicals 55 Are TPH included? N Can chemicals be added to the database? Y Toxicological Properties Database N/A however quality standards are included Exposure Parameters Database N/A however quality standards are included Geological Properties Database Y

Compliance Criteria Database Y G: Default Values and Limitations Are defaults presented? N Are any defaults hardwired? Y H: Supporting Information What languages is the system available in?

English only

What “Help” is available? Help files come with package, also help desk based in Nottingham I: User Friendliness Input Windows-based Mac-based Other Stand Alone Comments The data entry is very easy, however the amount of input is sometimes difficult to gauge from the

windows that are open at the time. Output Comment Data intensive at first glance, however all the data is there to be viewed and the graphical plots are easily

printed.






GUIDITTA

A: Background Information Model Name GIUDITTA version 2 Publishers and key Authors Provincia di Milano and URS Dames & Moore Is the System an Independent software package, spreadsheet model or guidance manual?

An Independent software package

Is the system a tiered system Y B: System Capability Human health risk assessment Y Compliance risk assessment[1] Y Ecological risk assessment N Fate and Transport Models Y Exposure Assessment Models Y Back Calculations[2] Y C: Exposure Pathways Soil Ingestion Y Dermal Contact Y Ingestion of: Vegetables in contaminated soil N Meat from animals ingesting contaminated soil N Inhalation of particulates Y Air Vapour intrusion to indoor air: Surface Soil Y Subsurface Soil Y Groundwater Y Vapour intrusion to outdoor air: Surface Soil Y Subsurface Soil Y Groundwater Y Groundwater Ingestion N Dermal Contact N Ingestion while showering N Dermal Contact while showering N Inhalation while showering N Ingestion during irrigation N Dermal Contact during irrigation N Inhalation during irrigation N Ingestion of: Vegetables grown using contaminated groundwater N Meat from animals who have ingested contaminated water N

Surface Water Ingestion during swimming N Dermal Contact during swimming N Ingestion of fish N D: Fate and Transport Source Characterisation: Soil Y Groundwater Y Soil Gas Soil Mass Conservation: Finite[3] Infinite[4] Y Fate and Transport Models Soil Model Y Groundwater Model Y Domenico Soil Vapour Transport Y Air Mixing Model Y Surface Water Model N Can the system account for NAPL Presence Y Fate and Transport Mechanisms Adsorption: Organic Y Inorganic Y Ion Exchange Degradation Y Domenico equation with first order decay Radionuclide Decay N E: Probabilistic Capability Fate and Transport N Exposure Pathway N F: Databases Chemical Properties Database: Y No. of chemicals 100 Are TPH included? Y Can chemicals be added to the database? Y Toxicological Properties Database YES Exposure Parameters Database YES

Geological Properties Database N Compliance Criteria Database Y G: Default Values and Limitations Are defaults presented? Y Are any defaults hardwired? N H: Supporting Information What languages is the system available in?

Italian/English

What “Help” is available? Giuditta User’s handbook I: User Friendliness Input Windows-based Y Mac-based Other Comments Output Comment






JAGG

A: Background Information Model Name JAGG Risikovurdering af forurenede lokaliteteR Publishers and key Authors Miljøstyrelsen 1999 Strandgade 29, 1401 København K Is the System an Independent software package, spreadsheet model or guidance manual?

Excel spreadsheet model N.B. Capability to look at Landfill Gases

Is the system a tiered system Y Tiered for groundwater model B: System Capability Human health risk assessment N Compliance risk assessment[1] Y Ecological risk assessment N Fate and Transport Models Y Exposure Assessment Models N Back Calculations[2] Y C: Exposure Pathways Soil Ingestion N Dermal Contact N Ingestion of: Vegetables in contaminated soil N Meat from animals ingesting contaminated soil N Inhalation of particulates N Air Vapour intrusion to indoor air: Surface Soil N Subsurface Soil N Groundwater N Vapour intrusion to outdoor air: Surface Soil N Subsurface Soil N Groundwater N Groundwater Ingestion N Dermal Contact N Ingestion while showering N Dermal Contact while showering N Inhalation while showering N Ingestion during irrigation N Dermal Contact during irrigation N Inhalation during irrigation N Ingestion of: Vegetables grown using contaminated groundwater N Meat from animals who have ingested contaminated water N

Surface Water Ingestion of water during swimming N Dermal Contact during swimming N Ingestion of fish N Ingestion of suspended matter in water N D: Fate and Transport Source Characterisation: Soil Y Unsaturated zone soil source Groundwater Y Groundwater source Soil Gas Y For landfill gas, indoor air and outdoor air Soil Mass Conservation: Finite[3] Infinite[4] Y In Danish, but presumed infinite Fate and Transport Models Soil Model Y Groundwater Model Y Soil Vapour Transport Y Air Mixing Model Y Surface Water Model N Can the system account for NAPL Presence N Fate and Transport Mechanisms Adsorption: Organic Y Kd Inorganic Y Kd Ion Exchange Degradation Y Radionuclide Decay N E: Probabilistic Capability Fate and Transport N Exposure Pathway N F: Databases Chemical Properties Database: Y No. of chemicals 47 Are TPH included? N Can chemicals be added to the database? N Toxicological Properties Database Not present Exposure Parameters Database Not present Geological Properties Database Y

Compliance Criteria Database Y G: Default Values and Limitations Are defaults presented? Y Are any defaults hardwired? N In Danish so potentially could be H: Supporting Information What languages is the system available in?

Danish

What “Help” is available? Help files in Danish attached to programme I: User Friendliness Input Windows-based Y Mac-based Other Comments Easy interface to use, with coherent linked windows, currently only in Danish Output Comment Groundwater output is visually effective






P20-RTW

A: Background Information Model Name Methodology for the Derivation of Remedial Targets for Soil and Groundwater

to Protect Water Resources (EA R&D P20) Publishers and key Authors Environment Agency, Marsland, P.A. & Carey, M.A. Is the System an Independent software package, spreadsheet model or guidance manual?

Guidance manual with Remedial Target Spreadsheet for calculations (Excel RTS model)

Is the system a tiered system Y Three tiers for soil, one for groundwater B: System Capability Human health risk assessment N Compliance risk assessment[1] Y Ecological risk assessment N Fate and Transport Models Y Exposure Assessment Models N Back Calculations[2] Y C: Exposure Pathways Soil Ingestion N Dermal Contact N Ingestion of: Vegetables in contaminated soil N Meat from animals ingesting contaminated soil N Inhalation of particulates N Air Vapour intrusion to indoor air: Surface Soil N Subsurface Soil N Groundwater N Vapour intrusion to outdoor air: Surface Soil N Subsurface Soil N Groundwater N Groundwater Ingestion N Dermal Contact N Ingestion while showering N Dermal Contact while showering N Inhalation while showering N Ingestion during irrigation N Dermal Contact during irrigation N Inhalation during irrigation N Ingestion of: Vegetables grown using contaminated groundwater N Meat from animals who have ingested contaminated water N

Surface Water Ingestion of water during swimming N Dermal Contact during swimming N Ingestion of fish N Ingestion of suspended matter in water N D: Fate and Transport Source Characterisation: Soil Y Unsaturated zone Groundwater Y Soil Gas N Soil Mass Conservation: Finite[3] Infinite[4] Y Fate and Transport Models Soil Model Y Groundwater Model Y Domenico, Ogata Banks, Xu and Eckstein for dispersion Soil Vapour Transport N Air Mixing Model N Surface Water Model N Can the system account for NAPL Presence N Fate and Transport Mechanisms Adsorption: Organic Y Foc and Koc Inorganic Y Kd Ion Exchange Y Koc,n;I and pH Degradation Y Radionuclide Decay N E: Probabilistic Capability Fate and Transport Y Exposure Pathway N F: Databases Chemical Properties Database: N No. of chemicals Are TPH included? Can chemicals be added to the database? Toxicological Properties Database No Exposure Parameters Database No

Geological Properties Database N Compliance Criteria Database N G: Default Values and Limitations Are defaults presented? Y Are any defaults hardwired? Y Equation altering hydraulic gradient in Tier 3 soil H: Supporting Information What languages is the system available in?

English

What “Help” is available? Guidance manual, help on-screen I: User Friendliness Input Windows-based Y Mac-based Other Comments Output Comment






RAM

A: Background Information Model Name RAM (Risk Assessment Modelling Tool) Publishers and key Authors Environmental Simulations International Ltd, Priory House, Priory Road,

Shrewsbury SY1 1RU, United Kingdom Is the System an Independent software package, spreadsheet model or guidance manual?

Independent software package; requires Crystal Ball software for optional probabilistic analysis

Is the system a tiered system? Y Based on four tier system developed by UK Environment Agency

(“R&D P20” methodology) B: System Capability Human health risk assessment N Compliance risk assessment[1] Y Ecological risk assessment N Fate and Transport Models Y Exposure Assessment Models N Back Calculations[2] Y C: Exposure Pathways Soil Ingestion N Dermal Contact N Ingestion of: Vegetables in contaminated soil N Meat from animals ingesting contaminated soil N Inhalation of particulates N Air Vapour intrusion to indoor air: Surface Soil N Subsurface Soil N Groundwater N Vapour intrusion to outdoor air: Surface Soil N Subsurface Soil N Groundwater N Groundwater Ingestion N Dermal Contact N Ingestion while showering N Dermal Contact while showering N Inhalation while showering N Ingestion during irrigation N Dermal Contact during irrigation N Inhalation during irrigation N Ingestion of: Vegetables grown using contaminated groundwater N

Meat from animals who have ingested contaminated water N Surface Water Ingestion of water during swimming N Dermal Contact during swimming N Ingestion of fish N Ingestion of suspended matter in water N D: Fate and Transport Source Characterisation: Soil Y Groundwater Y Soil Gas N Source Mass Conservation Finite[3] Y User has option of constant concentration (infinite) or depleting Infinite[4] Y (finite) sources; source depletion is by leaching loss and degradation Fate and Transport Models Soil Model Y Groundwater Model Y At Tier 4 users a numerical model to solve groundwater flow and transport Soil Vapour Transport N Air Mixing Model N Surface Water Model N Can the system account for NAPL Presence N Fate and Transport Mechanisms Adsorption: Organic Y Option to define Kd or Koc + Foc Inorganic Y Ion Exchange N Degradation Y First order degradation Radionuclide Decay Y E: Probabilistic Capability Fate and Transport Y Requires Crystal Ball software (purchased separately) to run Monte Carlo

analysis Exposure Pathway N Limited to comparison of receptor point concentrations with compliance

criteria F: Database Chemical Properties Database: N No. of chemicals 8 Are TPH fractions included? N Can chemicals be added to the database? N Toxicological Properties Database None

Exposure Parameters Database None Geological Properties Database N Compliance Criteria Database N G: Default Values and Limitations Are defaults presented? N Are any defaults hardwired? N/A H: Supporting Information What languages is the system available in?

English

What “Help” is available? Internal help menu. Unlimited free telephone helpline support on a UK

telephone phone number I: User Friendliness Input Windows-based Y Mac-based N Other Comments Based on MS EXCEL. Has the functionality and ease-of-use of MS EXCEL. Output Comment Produces report-ready output in tabular form.






RBCA

A: Background Information Model Name Risk-Based Corrective Action Toolkit for Chemical Releases Publishers and key Authors Groundwater Services, Inc. Connor, J.A., Bowers, R.L., Nevin, J.P., Fisher,

R.T., Is the System an Independent software package, spreadsheet model or guidance manual?

Independent software package

Is the system a tiered system Y Tiers 1 and 2 B: System Capability Human health risk assessment Y Compliance risk assessment[1] Y Ecological risk assessment Y Fate and Transport Models Y Exposure Assessment Models Y Back Calculations[2] Y C: Exposure Pathways Soil Ingestion Y Dermal Contact Y Ingestion of: Vegetables in contaminated soil N Meat from animals ingesting contaminated soil N Inhalation of particulates Y but only outdoor Air Vapour intrusion to indoor air: Surface Soil N Subsurface Soil Y Groundwater Y Vapour intrusion to outdoor air: Surface Soil Y Subsurface Soil Y Groundwater Y Groundwater Ingestion Y Dermal Contact N Ingestion while showering N Dermal Contact while showering N Inhalation while showering N Ingestion during irrigation N Dermal Contact during irrigation N Inhalation during irrigation N Ingestion of: Vegetables grown using contaminated groundwater N Meat from animals who have ingested contaminated water N

Surface Water Ingestion of water during swimming Y Dermal Contact during swimming Y Ingestion of fish Y Ingestion of suspended matter in water N D: Fate and Transport Source Characterisation: Soil Y Unsaturated zone and leaching zone Groundwater Y Soil Gas N Soil Mass Conservation: Finite[3] Y incorporated into soil volatilisation factor Infinite[4] Y Fate and Transport Models Soil Model Y Groundwater Model Y ASTM (SAM), Domenico for dilution and attenuation, or user defined, ASTM or

Xu and Eckstein for dispersion Soil Vapour Transport Y Johnson and Ettinger, or user defined Air Mixing Model Y Surface Volatilisation, or Surface and Johnson and Ettinger, or user defined Surface Water Model Y Can the system account for NAPL Presence Y Fate and Transport Mechanisms Adsorption: Organic Y FOC in saturated zone and groundwater pH Inorganic Y FOC in saturated zone and groundwater pH Ion Exchange Degradation Y Decay rates can be input as required in dilution attenuation factor section Radionuclide Decay E: Probabilistic Capability Fate and Transport N Exposure Pathway N F: Databases Chemical Properties Database: Y No. of chemicals 95+ Are TPH included? Y Can chemicals be added to the database? Y Toxicological Properties Database Present, target risks can be changed Exposure Parameters Database Present as default values, can be changed in model

Geological Properties Database Y Compliance Criteria Database Y G: Default Values and Limitations Are defaults presented? Y Are any defaults hardwired? N H: Supporting Information What languages is the system available in?

English

What “Help” is available? Fairly extensive help for each screen, telephone technical support I: User Friendliness Input Windows-based Y Mac-based Other Comments Fairly easy to input, although screens are often cramped due to large amounts of data presented Output Comment Easy to view, with different screens for each step






REPORT 4639

A: Background Information Model Name Report 4639 Publishers and key Authors Mark Elert and Celia Jones Kemakta Konsult AB Fredrika Norman: Swedish Environmental Protection Agency Is the System an Independent software package, spreadsheet model or guidance manual?

Guidance manual

Is the system a tiered system N Derivation of Generic numbers

(equations could potentially be applied to site specific risk assessment) B: System Capability Human health risk assessment Y Compliance risk assessment[1] Y Ecological risk assessment Y Fate and Transport Models Y Exposure Assessment Models Y Back Calculations[2] N C: Exposure Pathways Soil Ingestion Y Dermal Contact Y Ingestion of: Vegetables in contaminated soil Y Meat from animals ingesting contaminated soil N Inhalation of particulates Y Inhalation of dust from contaminated site Air Vapour intrusion to indoor air: Surface Soil Y Subsurface Soil Y Groundwater N Vapour intrusion to outdoor air: Surface Soil Y Subsurface Soil Y Groundwater N Groundwater Ingestion Y Dermal Contact N Ingestion while showering N Dermal Contact while showering Y Inhalation while showering N Ingestion during irrigation N Dermal Contact during irrigation N Inhalation during irrigation N Ingestion of: Vegetables grown using contaminated groundwater N Meat from animals who have ingested contaminated water N

Surface Water Ingestion of water during swimming N Dermal Contact during swimming N Ingestion of fish Y Ingestion of suspended matter in water N D: Fate and Transport Source Characterisation: Soil Y Unsaturated leaching to groundwater Groundwater Y Could be incorporated Soil Gas Y Could be incorporated Soil Mass Conservation: Finite[3] Infinite[4] Y Concentration is constant with time Fate and Transport Models Soil Model Y Leaching to groundwater Groundwater Model Y Similar to HESP Soil Vapour Transport Y MDEPs models Massachusetts Dept. of Env Protection Air Mixing Model Y Surface Water Model Y Simplification of model used in HESP Can the system account for NAPL Presence N Fate and Transport Mechanisms Adsorption: Organic Y Kd is related to Foc Inorganic Y Empirical Kd values Ion Exchange Degradation N Radionuclide Decay N E: Probabilistic Capability Fate and Transport N Exposure Pathway N F: Databases Chemical Properties Database: Y No. of chemicals 67 Are TPH included? N Can chemicals be added to the database? NA Toxicological Properties Database Yes & ecotoxicological data, included in appendix in guidance manual. Exposure Parameters Database Exposure parameters used to derive generic guidelines are quoted Geological Properties Database N

Compliance Criteria Database Y G: Default Values and Limitations Are defaults presented? Y Are any defaults hardwired? N H: Supporting Information What languages is the system available in?

English, and Swedish

What “Help” is available? Guidance Manual I: User Friendliness Input Windows-based Mac-based Other Guidance Manual Comments Equations insufficient to be input into excel to create model Output Comment






RISC-HUMAN

A: Background Information Model Name Risc Human Version 3.1 Publishers and key Authors Van Hall Instituut (Business Centre), Postbus 1754, 8901 CB Leeuwarden,

Netherlands Is the System an Independent software package, spreadsheet model or guidance manual?

Independent software package, to be purchased from the Van Hall Instituut, Netherlands.

Is the system a tiered system N B: System Capability Human health risk assessment Y Compliance risk assessment[1] Y Ecological risk assessment N Fate and Transport Models Y Exposure Assessment Models Y Back Calculations[2] N C: Exposure Pathways Soil Ingestion Y Dermal Contact Y Ingestion of: Vegetables in contaminated soil Y Meat from animals ingesting contaminated

soil Y Plus milk ingestion as a separate

pathway Inhalation of particulates Y Indoors and outdoors Air Vapour intrusion to indoor air: Surface Soil Y Subsurface Soil Y Groundwater Y Vapour intrusion to outdoor air: Surface Soil Y Subsurface Soil Y Groundwater Y Groundwater Ingestion Y Dermal Contact Y Ingestion while showering N Dermal Contact while showering Y Inhalation while showering Y Ingestion during irrigation N Dermal Contact during irrigation N Inhalation during irrigation N Ingestion of: Vegetables grown using contaminated groundwater N

Meat from animals who have ingested contaminated water N Surface Water Ingestion of water during swimming Y Dermal Contact during swimming Y Ingestion of fish Y Ingestion of suspended matter Y D: Fate and Transport Source Characterisation: Soil Y Unsaturated zone, leaching to groundwater, uptake by organisms such as plants,

fish, cattle, sediment run-off to surface water Groundwater Y Groundwater concentration can be input, but no separate saturated zone model Soil Gas Y Soil gas concentration can be input, but no separate model Soil Mass Conservation: Finite[3] Infinite[4] Y Fate and Transport Models Soil Model Y CSOIL Groundwater Model Y VOLASOIL Soil Vapour Transport Y VOLASOIL Air Mixing Model Y Surface Water Model Y SEDISOIL – source term is soil sediment run-off Can the system account for NAPL Presence N Fate and Transport Mechanisms Adsorption: Organic Y Koc / Foc Inorganic Y Kd Ion Exchange Y Kd for metals Degradation N Radionuclide Decay N E: Probabilistic Capability Fate and Transport N Exposure Pathway N F: Databases Chemical Properties Database: Y No. of chemicals 139 Are TPH included? N Can chemicals be added to the database? Y Toxicological Properties Database Total exposure is calculated in the model

Exposure Parameters Database Can be changed easily, for adults and children. Additive case for all compounds Geological Properties Database Y Compliance Criteria Database Y G: Default Values and Limitations Are defaults presented? Y Are any defaults hardwired? N H: Supporting Information What languages is the system available in?

English (Risc Human) Dutch (Risc Humaan)

What “Help” is available? Extensive ‘knowledge’ sections for each page I: User Friendliness Input Windows-based Y Mac-based Other Comments Complex windows, with few pictures to help clarify the pathways used Output Comment Produces a report with input parameters and results






ROME

A: Background Information Model Name ROME version 2 Publishers and key Authors ANPA Is the System an Independent software package, spreadsheet model or guidance manual?


Is the system a tiered system Y B: System Capability Human health risk assessment Y Compliance risk assessment[1] Y Ecological risk assessment Y Fate and Transport Models Y Exposure Assessment Models Y Back Calculations[2] Y C: Exposure Pathways Soil Ingestion Y Dermal Contact Y Ingestion of: Vegetables in contaminated soil N Meat from animals ingesting contaminated soil N Inhalation of particulates Y Air Vapour intrusion to indoor air: Surface Soil Y Subsurface Soil Y Groundwater Y Vapour intrusion to outdoor air: Surface Soil Y Subsurface Soil Y Groundwater Y Groundwater Ingestion N Dermal Contact Y Ingestion while showering N Dermal Contact while showering N Inhalation while showering N Ingestion during irrigation N Dermal Contact during irrigation N Inhalation during irrigation N Ingestion of: Vegetables grown using contaminated groundwater N Meat from animals who have ingested contaminated water N

Surface Water Ingestion during swimming N Dermal Contact during swimming N Ingestion of fish N D: Fate and Transport Source Characterisation: Soil Y Groundwater Y Soil Gas N Soil Mass Conservation: Finite[3] N Infinite[4] Y Fate and Transport Models Soil Model Y Groundwater Model Y Domenico Soil Vapour Transport Y Johnson and Ettinger Air Mixing Model Y Surface Water Model Y Dilution at groundwater interface with surface flow Can the system account for NAPL Presence Y Fate and Transport Mechanisms Adsorption: Organic Y Inorganic Y Ion Exchange Degradation N Radionuclide Decay N E: Probabilistic Capability Fate and Transport N Exposure Pathway N F: Databases Chemical Properties Database: Y No. of chemicals 100 Are TPH included? Y Can chemicals be added to the database? Y Toxicological Properties Database Yes Exposure Parameters Database Yes

Geological Properties Database N Compliance Criteria Database Y G: Default Values and Limitations Are defaults presented? Y Are any defaults hardwired? N H: Supporting Information What languages is the system available in?

Italian (New version released 2003, in English)

What “Help” is available? ROME Manual + help on line I: User Friendliness Input Windows-based Y Mac-based Other Comments Base language of computer needs to be Italian Output Comment No doses are provided as outputs






SFT99:06

A: Background Information Model Name Norwegian model (SFT 99:06) Publishers and key Authors SFT Eilen A. Vik, Gijsbert Breedveld, Terje Farestveit and others. Is the System an Independent software package, spreadsheet model or guidance manual?

Guidance Manual

Is the system a tiered system Y B: System Capability Human health risk assessment Y Compliance risk assessment[1] Y Ecological risk assessment Y Fate and Transport Models Y Exposure Assessment Models Y Back Calculations[2] N C: Exposure Pathways Soil Ingestion Y Dermal Contact Y Ingestion of: Vegetables in contaminated soil Y Meat from animals ingesting contaminated soil N Inhalation of particulates Y outdoor and indoor combined Air Vapour intrusion to indoor air: Surface Soil Y Subsurface Soil Y Groundwater N Vapour intrusion to outdoor air: Surface Soil Y Subsurface Soil Y Groundwater N Groundwater Ingestion Y Dermal Contact N Ingestion while showering N Dermal Contact while showering N Inhalation while showering N Ingestion during irrigation N Dermal Contact during irrigation N Inhalation during irrigation N Ingestion of: Vegetables grown using contaminated groundwater N Meat from animals who have ingested contaminated water N

Surface Water Ingestion during swimming N Dermal Contact during swimming N Ingestion of fish Y D: Fate and Transport Source Characterisation: Soil Y Unsaturated, leaching to groundwater Groundwater N Soil Gas N Soil Mass Conservation: Finite[3] Infinite[4] Y Fate and Transport Models Soil Model Y Leaching to groundwater Groundwater Model Y from soil leachate to off-site surface water feature Soil Vapour Transport Y Air Mixing Model Y Surface Water Model Y Can the system account for NAPL Presence N Fate and Transport Mechanisms Adsorption: Organic Y Inorganic Y Ion Exchange Degradation N Radionuclide Decay N E: Probabilistic Capability Fate and Transport N Exposure Pathway N F: Databases Chemical Properties Database: Y No. of chemicals 42 Are TPH included? Y Can chemicals be added to the database? N/A Toxicological Properties Database Yes (Ingestion, Inhalation and Dermal Contact and Ecotoxicological) Exposure Parameters Database Exposure parameters used to derive generic guidelines are provided

Geological Properties Database N Compliance Criteria Database Y G: Default Values and Limitations Are defaults presented? Y Are any defaults hardwired? B H: Supporting Information What languages is the system available in?

English and Norwegian

What “Help” is available? Guidelines for the Risk Assessment of Contaminated Sites (Report 99:06) I: User Friendliness Input Windows-based Mac-based Other Guidance Manual Comments Equations can be input into excel to create model Output Comment






SNIFFER

A: Background Information Model Name SNIFFER Report 99(02) F

Framework for Deriving Numeric Targets to Minimise the Adverse Human Health Effects of Longterm Exposure to Contaminants in Soil

Publishers and key Authors Scotland and Northern Ireland Forum for Environmental Research. Is the System an Independent software package, spreadsheet model or guidance manual?

Guidance manual with Worksheets for calculations

Is the system a tiered system N B: System Capability Human health risk assessment Y Compliance risk assessment[1] N Ecological risk assessment N Fate and Transport Models Y Exposure Assessment Models Y Back Calculations[2] Y C: Exposure Pathways Soil Ingestion Y Dermal Contact N Ingestion of: Vegetables in contaminated soil Y Meat from animals ingesting contaminated soil N Inhalation of particulates N Air Vapour intrusion to indoor air: Surface Soil Y Subsurface Soil N Groundwater N Vapour intrusion to outdoor air: Surface Soil Y Subsurface Soil N Groundwater N Groundwater Ingestion N Dermal Contact N Ingestion while showering N Dermal Contact while showering N Inhalation while showering N Ingestion during irrigation N Dermal Contact during irrigation N Inhalation during irrigation N Ingestion of: Vegetables grown using contaminated groundwater N

Meat from animals who have ingested contaminated water N Surface Water Ingestion of water during swimming N Dermal Contact during swimming N Ingestion of fish N Ingestion of suspended matter in water N D: Fate and Transport Source Characterisation: Soil N Groundwater N Soil Gas N Soil Mass Conservation: Finite[3] Infinite[4] Y Fate and Transport Models Soil Model N Groundwater Model N Soil Vapour Transport Y Air Mixing Model Y Surface Water Model N Can the system account for NAPL Presence N Fate and Transport Mechanisms Adsorption: Organic Y Foc and Koc Inorganic N Ion Exchange N Degradation N Radionuclide Decay N E: Probabilistic Capability Fate and Transport N Exposure Pathway N F: Databases Chemical Properties Database: N No. of chemicals Are TPH included? Can chemicals be added to the database? Toxicological Properties Database No Exposure Parameters Database Yes

Geological Properties Database N Compliance Criteria Database N G: Default Values and Limitations Are defaults presented? Y Are any defaults hardwired? N H: Supporting Information What languages is the system available in?

English

What “Help” is available? Guidance manual, with completed examples I: User Friendliness Input Windows-based N Mac-based N Other Paper based Comments All equations are hand calculated with different worksheet equations for Metals, Lead, Organics and

Cyanide. The worksheets have recently (2003) been issued in electronic spreadsheet format. Output Comment Calculates Target Levels for soil on site only






UMS

A: Background Information Model Name UMS Publishers and key Authors Umweltbundesamt (UBA – German protection agency) Is the System an Independent software package, spreadsheet model or guidance manual?


Is the system a tiered system N B: System Capability Human health risk assessment Y Compliance risk assessment[1] N Ecological risk assessment N Fate and Transport Models (limited) Y Exposure Assessment Models Y Back Calculations[2] N C: Exposure Pathways Soil Ingestion Y Dermal Contact Y Ingestion of: Vegetables in contaminated soil Y transfer from soil to plants Meat from animals ingesting contaminated soil N Inhalation of particulates Y Considers indoor and outdoor dust Air Vapour intrusion to indoor air: Surface Soil N Subsurface Soil Y Groundwater N Vapour intrusion to outdoor air: Surface Soil N Subsurface Soil Y Groundwater N Groundwater Ingestion N Dermal Contact N Ingestion while showering N Dermal Contact while showering N Inhalation while showering N Ingestion during irrigation N Dermal Contact during irrigation N Inhalation during irrigation N Ingestion of: Vegetables grown using contaminated groundwater N Meat from animals who have ingested contaminated water N

Surface Water Ingestion of water during swimming N Dermal Contact during swimming N Ingestion of fish N Ingestion of suspended matter in water N D: Fate and Transport Source Characterisation: Soil Y Groundwater N Soil Gas N Soil Mass Conservation: Finite[3] Infinite[4] Y Fate and Transport Models Soil Model Y Groundwater Model N Soil Vapour Transport Y Air Mixing Model N Surface Water Model N Can the system account for NAPL Presence N Fate and Transport Mechanisms Adsorption: Organic Y Inorganic Y Ion Exchange N Degradation N Radionuclide Decay N E: Probabilistic Capability Fate and Transport N Exposure Pathway N F: Databases Chemical Properties Database: Y No. of chemicals 27 Are TPH included? N Can chemicals be added to the database? Y Toxicological Properties Database Yes Exposure Parameters Database Yes for 9 exposure scenarios and 5 exposure groups Geological Properties Database N

Compliance Criteria Database N G: Default Values and Limitations Are defaults presented? Y Are any defaults hardwired? Y H: Supporting Information What languages is the system available in?

German and English

What “Help” is available? Installation manual, duplicated in the software I: User Friendliness Input Windows-based Y Mac-based Other Comments All equations or descriptions of input values available in German only. Based on exposure modelling

rather than fate and transport (no dependence on soil type) Output Comment Good format, easy to print out






VLIER-HUMAAN

A: Background Information Model Name Vlier Humaan Publishers and key Authors Van Hall Instituut (Business Centre), Postbus 1754, 8901 CB Leeuwarden,

Netherlands Is the System an Independent software package, spreadsheet model or guidance manual?

Independent software package, to be purchased from the Van Hall Instituut, Netherlands.

Is the system a tiered system N B: System Capability Human health risk assessment Y Compliance risk assessment[1] Y Ecological risk assessment N Fate and Transport Models Y Exposure Assessment Models Y Back Calculations[2] N C: Exposure Pathways Soil Ingestion Y Dermal Contact Y Ingestion of: Vegetables in contaminated soil Y Meat from animals ingesting contaminated

soil Y Plus milk ingestion as a separate

pathway Inhalation of particulates Y Indoors and outdoors Air Vapour intrusion to indoor air: Surface Soil Y Subsurface Soil Y Groundwater Y Vapour intrusion to outdoor air: Surface Soil Y Subsurface Soil Y Groundwater Y Groundwater Ingestion Y Dermal Contact Y Ingestion while showering N Dermal Contact while washing Y Inhalation while showering Y Ingestion during irrigation N Dermal Contact during irrigation N Inhalation during irrigation N Ingestion of: Vegetables grown using contaminated groundwater N

Meat from animals who have ingested contaminated water N Surface Water Ingestion of water during swimming N Dermal Contact during swimming N Ingestion of fish N Ingestion of suspended matter N D: Fate and Transport Source Characterisation: Soil Y Unsaturated zone, leaching to groundwater, uptake by organisms such as plants,

cattle Groundwater Y Groundwater concentration can be input, but no separate saturated zone model Soil Gas Y Soil gas concentration can be input for indoor or basement concentration Soil Mass Conservation: Finite[3] Infinite[4] Y Fate and Transport Models Soil Model Y ECETOC concepts used Groundwater Model Y ECETOC concepts used Soil Vapour Transport Y ECETOC concepts used Air Mixing Model Y ECETOC concepts used Surface Water Model Y Soil sediment wash-off combined with groundwater migration Can the system account for NAPL Presence N Fate and Transport Mechanisms Adsorption: Organic Y Koc / Foc Inorganic Y Kd Ion Exchange Y Kd for metals Degradation N Radionuclide Decay N E: Probabilistic Capability Fate and Transport N Exposure Pathway N F: Databases Chemical Properties Database: Y No. of chemicals 55 Are TPH included? N Can chemicals be added to the database? Y Toxicological Properties Database Total exposure is calculated in the model

Exposure Parameters Database Can be changed easily, for adults and children. Additive case for non-threshold compounds

Geological Properties Database Y Compliance Criteria Database Y G: Default Values and Limitations Are defaults presented? Y Are any defaults hardwired? Y Many exposure parmaters H: Supporting Information What languages is the system available in?

Dutch only

What “Help” is available? Extensive ‘knowledge’ sections for each page I: User Friendliness Input Windows-based Y Mac-based Other Comments Output Comment Produces a report of all input parameters and results






Appendix E Phase III Risk System Review

CLEA

CLEA - Contaminated Land Exposure Assessment Version - 1.3.0.2 Interface - Windows 95, 2000, ME, XP Manual - English Overview CLEA is an exposure assessment model for estimating child and adult exposure to soil contaminants for those potentially living, working and /or playing on contaminated sites over long periods of time. The software is currently designed to calculate soil guideline values (SGVs) and as such is not a fully site specific model. CLEA is a probabilistic model. Contaminant Detail Inputs A limited number of contaminants are present in the database, for which accompanying documents are available to describe the derivation of the SGVs and the definition of health criteria used to describe the toxicity of a compound. New chemicals can be added to the database using existing toxicity data and chemical properties. The model can only assess one contaminant at a time and assess the risks via impacts in soil only. Pathway The model includes a number of pathways for modelling exposure to a human health receptor on–site. There are a total of ten pathways including ingestion of soil and dust, dermal contact, ingestion of vegetables and inhalation of vapours and dust. The ingestion of soil from outdoors and dust indoors are automatically linked so that these pathways cannot be assessed separately from one another. Receptor The model defines receptors divided up over 18 age classes, ranging from 0 to 70 years old. There is an extensive exposure database to model each age class assuming either a male or female receptor. Exposures are also based on land-uses: commercial/industrial, residential or allotments. Calculating Risks CLEA calculates risk levels for both threshold and non-threshold compounds assuming that the exposure duration is equal to the averaging time. Risks levels are always calculated as hazard quotients. CLEA “back-calculates” to provide target values, or SGVs.

JAGG JAGG - Regneark til risikovurdering af Jord, Afdampning, Gas og

Grundvand Version - 1.5 (Danish only) Software Requirements - 166 Pentium - 32 Mb RAM Interface - MS Excel Application Manual - Danish and English Versions Overview JAGG is a tool used for assessment the risk from contaminated soils to human health and environmental receptors. The model is navigated by a series of buttons, opening excel spreadsheets. Five different exposure scenarios can be considered, soil, indoor air, outdoor air, landfill gas and groundwater. Contaminant Detail Inputs Under the separate scenarios, the process requires the user to specify the contaminant of concern from the in-built databases, only one contaminant can be considered at one time. The databases are held within the software, new chemicals cannot be added, although the chemical parameters can be altered within the scenarios. Pathway The risk assessment process requires the identification of pathways for assessment from soil and groundwater sources. The process requires the rerunning of the model for the separate sources. Receptor The risk assessment process does not identify receptors. The process allows the identification of the concentrations of contaminants within the air, water and soil, which can then be compared to accepted exposure concentrations for a receptor. These exposure concentrations are contained within the model. Calculating Risks This risk assessment process does not allow the calculation of risks.

P20-RTW P20-RTW - Publication 20 (Marsland & Carey 1999) Remedial Targets

Spreadsheet Version - 2.1a Software Requirements - 486 Interface - MS Excel Application Manual - English Version only Overview P20-RTW is a tool used for the site specific assessment of risks to groundwater resources from contaminated soils and groundwater. The model is not intended to quantify a risk to human health via a specific exposure pathway. The system is intended to develop remedial targets for soil and groundwater to protect groundwater resources. The model is navigated by a series of spreadsheets. Contaminant Detail Inputs The process assesses a single contaminant at a time. The user is required to input all the physical and chemical parameters required. Pathway The application of the model is purely for the protection of groundwater resources. For a soil source the model includes the assessment of partitioning, dilution in an underlying groundwater body and prediction of a receptor point concentration at a distant point. For groundwater sources the model predicts groundwater concentrations at a distant point. The groundwater fate and transport model includes the OgataBanks, Domenico Steady State and Domenico Time Variant options. Receptor The risk assessment process does not identify receptors. The process allows the identification of the concentrations of contaminants within the pore water and groundwater. Calculating Risks This risk assessment process does not allow the calculation of risks; the system only predicts receptor point concentrations and remedial targets.

RBCA RBCA Toolkit – “Risk-Based Corrective Action” Toolkit Version – 1.3a (2000) Software Requirements – minimum of 32 Mb of RAM Interface – Microsoft Windows 3x, 95/98 or NT.

– Excel v7.0 or Excel 97. Overview The RBCA Tool Kit for Chemical Releases is designed to meet the requirements of the ASTM Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action. This software is a comprehensive modelling and risk characterization package for Tier 1 and 2 RBCA evaluations for chemical release sites. Tier 1 analyses involve generic risk-based screening levels (RBSLs) for on-site exposure, assuming default exposure factors and site properties. In a Tier 2 analysis the user can evaluate baseline risks and/or site-specific target levels (SSTLs) for both on-site and off-site receptor locations based on site-specific soil, groundwater and air parameters. In addition to steady-state air, soil, and groundwater exposure models, the toolkit allows transient groundwater modelling analyses to help you estimate not only how high but how soon exposure could occur. An array of default transport parameters is provided for various soil types. Risk assessment procedures employed in this software are consistent with current U.S. EPA guidelines (U.S.EPA, 1989a, 1996). Contaminant Detail Inputs The first step is to define the contaminants of concern detected on site. In the “Insert contaminant” window you can select more than one contaminant at a time and introduce their concentrations in soil and groundwater. The database of chemical properties, presents within the software, is fully manageable: 1) existing contaminant properties can be edited to suit country specific requirements and 2) new chemicals can be added. RBCA has an extensive chemical list covering a wide array of chemicals, including organic solvents, petroleum hydrocarbons (including TPH fractions), pesticides, metals and more. Pathway In this system it is possible to select many exposure pathways for which define different fate and transport models to address a wide array of chemicals. These pathways are as diverse as ‘ingestion of fish’ from contaminated surface water. Sources can be defined as affected groundwater or affected soil leaching to groundwater. Receptor Multiple points of exposure (POEs) can be selected in the same run. The human health receptors are defined as child and adult for residential purpose and workers for commercial purpose. The environmental receptors are defined as groundwater and surface water. Calculating Risks RBCA quantifies human risks as hazard quotients for threshold compounds or individual excess lifetime cancer risks for non-threshold compounds. The user can evaluate baseline risks and/or site-specific target levels (SSTLs) for both on-site and off-site receptor locations.

RISC RISC– Risk Integrated Software for Clean-ups Version– 4.02 (May 2002) Software Requirements– 486 Processor – 64k RAM Interface– MS Windows Application Manual– English Version Overview RISC is a multimedia risk assessment tool primarily used for human health risk assessment (both in quantifying risks and calculating clean up targets) but is diverse enough that the component environmental fate and transport models can be used independently. The programme has in-built databases for chemical properties and standardised soil types. The process is undertaken via 6 defined steps: 1) Choose Chemicals of concern; 2) Exposure Pathways; 3) Determine Receptor Point Concentrations; 4) Describe the Receptors; 5) Calculate Risk or Calculate Clean-up Levels; 6) View the Results. Contaminant Detail Inputs Step 1 of the process requires you to define which contaminants of concern are to be assessed – RISC can assess more than one contaminant at a time and a database of chemical properties exists within the software. The database is fully manageable: 1) existing contaminant properties can be edited to suit country specific requirements and 2) new chemicals can be added. Pathway Pathways for assessment are defined at Step 2 and combine the selection of environmental pathways and exposure pathways. Step 3 of the process requires you to input the necessary parameters to support the environmental fate and transport modelling. Receptor Step 4 of the process requires you to input the type of human health receptors needed for the assessment. Several default options are included based on USEPA information, however each of the exposure parameters required can be modified to suit any country specific requirements. Calculating Risks RISC quantifies risks as hazard quotients (HQs) for threshold compounds or individual excess lifetime cancer risks (IELCRs) for non-threshold compounds. RISC has the added capability of calculating clean-up levels or Site Specific Target Levels.

RISC-HUMAN Version - 3.1 (April 2000) Interface - MS Windows Application Manual - Short demonstration manual (extensive help system incorporated into system) Overview Risc-Human v3.1 is a software system designed to investigate human exposure to contaminants within both the soil and groundwater via up to 15 exposure pathways. The system is based on three different model approaches – CSOIL (developed by the Dutch National Institute of Pubic Health and the Environment, RIVM), VOLASOIL and SEDISOIL. Either VOLASOIL or CSOIL can be used to assess exposure via the volatilisation pathway from groundwater to indoor air. SEDISOIL is used for exposure to sediments, in surface water and through ingestion of fish. The system allows for easy viewing of a wide range of receptor point concentrations, the doses for each of the active pathways and the final risk table. No off-site fate and transport capability is incorporated, and exposure pathways associated with surface water require the input of a sediment concentration. Risc-Human has six main input screens: site, site parameters, subsite, subsite parameters, time divisions and measurements, which determine the data input order the user is encouraged to follow. Two methods of model data input are presented. The first is to set up a ‘land-use’ database, with set exposure pathways and time divisions for different land-uses, which can subsequently be used for each site considered. The second method is to input all data, including exposure pathways and time divisions, each time a new site is considered. Contaminant Detail Inputs Risc-Human has an inbuilt database of over 120 chemicals with the ability to add new chemicals, although those chemicals already in the default database cannot be edited. A new database can be set up every time a conceptual model is entered if required. The distinction between threshold and non-threshold contaminants is made only by the method in which a suitable reference dose is chosen. On-site contaminant concentrations can be added in a number of forms: concentration in soil, concentration in groundwater and concentration in contact media, for example concentration in indoor air. Each contaminant is entered separately in the measurements section, and has an associated ‘soil parameters’ screen. This allows a number of key parameters, such as organic matter content, to be varied on an individual contaminant-basis if required. The input of contaminant details is the last step in the process to be completed - changes to any of the key site parameters once the contaminant details have been input are not carried through automatically. Pathway There are 15 exposure pathways that can be selected, the first step in setting up a new model, including two unusual pathways ‘ingestion of milk’ and ‘ingestion of meat’ from cattle that have grazed on impacted grass. The risk presented by water ingested and used for showering within a house on-site is assessed assuming that contamination within soil or groundwater is able to permeate synthetic drinking water pipes and contaminate house water-supplies. Risc-Human assesses exposure in indoor air from both soil and groundwater sources, with a basement or crawl-space always present. For the purposes of the GTS study, where the house

was conceptualised as having “slab-on-grade” construction (no basement), the Risc-Human basement was modelled with the dimensions of the house. The concentration of basement air (representing indoor air in the GTS) is not a model output, therefore the fraction of basement air reaching indoor air was set at 50% and the resultant indoor air concentration output was doubled. This modelling approach allowed for the direct comparison of the Risc-Human indoor air model with the other tested systems. Receptor Adult and child exposure scenarios can be considered, with both exposure rates and exposure times potentially different between the two. The division of time is between time spent sleeping, time spent indoors and time spent outdoors, with working days/days off and summer/winter exposure times entered separately. Calculating Risks Three output screens provide receptor point concentrations, child/adult and lifelong doses and risks. The lifelong dose for each separate pathway is calculated for all contaminants, with the summed exposure time for a child and an adult having to equal the total lifetime. The lifelong doses for each pathway are summed to give a total dose. For each contaminant, the lifetime dose is divided by a Reference Dose or Toxicologically Tolerable Daily Intake to provide an effective “Hazard Quotient” (Risk Index = 1). For non-threshold contaminants the Reference Dose is defined as the quantity of the compound with a risk of one additional lethal case of cancer in 10,000 life-long exposed individuals (Risc-Human v.3.0 Manual, December 1998). The predicted indoor air concentrations are compared with a Toxicologically Tolerable Concentration in Air and drinking water concentrations are compared with Dutch legislative values.

ROME ROME – ReasOnable Maximum Exposure Version – 2.0 (July 2002) Software Requirements – 486 or major Processor

– 8MB of RAM Interface – Microsoft Windows 3x, NT, 2000 Manual – Italian Version (English Version in progress) NB. Version 2.3 was released in 2003, after the modelling had been carried out for this study Overview ROME, developed by the National Agency for Protection of the Environment (ANPA), is a risk assessment tool for human health (sanitary risk) and water resources (groundwater and surface water). The model adopts a risk-based tiered procedure that takes into consideration two simplified types of assessment (generic Tier 1 and site specific Tier 2), derived from the standard ASTM RBCA (Risk-Based Corrective Actions). The end use of the site, residential/green area or industrial/commercial is also considered.

In Tier 1 the concentrations encountered on site are compared with calculated risk-based screening levels (LAG = limiti di accettabilita’ generici) and the acceptable limits reported in Annex 1 of the Minister Decree DM 471/99. Tier 2 is a site-specific risk assessment where the levels of risk are calculated and LAS, or SSTLs, (Site specific target levels) are provided. The LAS are calculated based on the expected end use of the site.

Contaminant Detail Inputs The first step is to define the contaminants of concern detected on site. In the “Insert contaminant” window you can select more than one contaminant at a time and introduce their concentrations in soil and groundwater. The database of chemical properties, presents within the software, is fully manageable: 1) existing contaminant properties can be edited to suit country specific requirements and 2) new chemicals can be added. A chemical/physical and toxicological database for 118 compounds and default environmental and exposure parameters are included. Pathway It is possible to define a selection of environmental and exposure pathways in the “conceptual model definition” window. These pathways can be selected from different sources: eight from a shallow soil source and four from deep soil, groundwater and free product source.

Receptor In the “conceptual model definition” window the type of human health and environmental receptors is deinfed. The human health receptors are defined as child and adult for residential purpose and workers for industrial purpose. The environmental receptors are defined as groundwater and surface water.

Calculating Risks ROME quantifies human risks as hazard quotients for threshold compounds or individual excess lifetime cancer risks for non-threshold compounds. For groundwater and surface water the risk is defined as the ratio between the concentration at receptor point and the Italian acceptable limits reported respectively in DM471/99 and D.Lgs 152/99. ROME has the added capability of calculating clean-up levels or Site Specific Target Levels

SFT 99:06

SFT Report 99:06 - Statens forurensningstilsyn Report 99:06 (Norwegian Pollution Control Authority) Version - Year 1999 Software Requirements - None Interface - Paper report/manual Manual - Norwegian and English (Sub-reports in Norwegian only) Overview SFT Report 99:06 is a guideline for the risk assessment of contaminated sites used for assessing the risk from contaminated soils to human health and ecological receptors. The report outlines a step by step approach to generating alternative acceptance criteria for soil to which the concentrations of contaminants on the site can be compared. Contaminant Detail Inputs The risk assessment process requires the identification of contaminants of concern, these contaminants are then considered individually in the process. A database of chemical and toxicological properties is presented in the report. Pathway The risk assessment process requires the identification of pathways for assessment from a soil source only. The process does not consider contamination within groundwater but does consider the leachate of contaminants from a soil source. Receptor The risk assessment process requires the identification of human health receptors at risk for the assessment. Default exposure parameters for human health are presented in the report, for the most sensitive use, however the parameters can be modified to suit the situation. The concentrations of the contaminant that the receptor is exposed to are compared to accepted toxicological values presented in the report for each contaminant. Calculating Risks This risk assessment process does not allow the calculation of risks.

UMS UMS-Umwelt (Environment), Mensch (HumanHealth), Schadstoff (pollutant) Version - 2.10 (1998) Software Requirements - 80386 DX40 - 8 MB RAM Interface- MS Windows Application Manual- German and reduced English Version (algorithms in German version only. Overview UMS is a tool used for assessing the risk from contaminated soils to human health receptors. The model is navigated via a series of drop down menus. Nine different land-use scenarios (residential buildings, childrens playgrounds, public greens, gardens, fallow land, sports fields, commercial buildings, industrial areas and wells) are defined within the model. Each of the nine scenarios incorporates an in-built selection of receptors taken from a choice of five receptors. Contaminant Detail Inputs Under the “Measured Values” menu, the initial stage of this process requires the user to specify a calculation basis from soil (the user only knows details about the soil itself), transfer media (the user has collected information relating to transfer media, for example soil leachate) or contact media (the user has collected information relating to the contact media itself, for example air / dust concentrations). Contaminants are selected from a chemical database, to which new chemicals can be added and toxicity data is either specified or the default values adopted. Concentrations in the appropriate media are specified for each pathway. Pathway The exposure pathways are pre-defined based on the selected exposure scenario, for example dust ingestion and air/dust inhalation are active pathways in the residential building and soil / plant ingestion, dermal uptake of soil and dust inhalation are active pathways for a garden. With the exception of the well scenario all of the scenarios relate to impacted soils, so for example, the inhalation pathways refer to vapours from impacted soil and not impacted groundwater. A limited number of parameters are defined for each pathway, including several reduction factors compensating for the distance to the receptor, the type of ground cover etc. Extensive fate and transport modelling is not carried out and appears to have been replaced by a number of empirical factors, for example, the concentration in indoor air is assumed to be a factor of 100 times less than the concentration in the soil air. Receptor There is a choice of five receptors (babies, infants, children, teenagers and adults), pre-defined for each exposure scenario, e.g for example infants and children are receptors for the playground and adults are receptors for the commercial building scenario. Lifetime exposures are also calculated. . For each of the active receptors, the exposure parameters (hours / day and days / year) can be adjusted, though not increased above the default value contained within the exposure parameter database. Setting the exposure parameters to zero would effectively eliminate a receptor from the scenario, however additional receptors cannot be added to a scenario. The model requests a justification each time an exposure parameter is altered. Remaining “receptor-specific” parameters, such as inhalation rates, are specified in the exposure pathways section. Groundwater cannot be modelled as a receptor within the UMS module. However, there is a second module, which may be used in conjunction with UMS - SISIM

(Sickerwassersimulation or leachate simulation), calculates vertical pollutant transport in the unsaturated zone, predicting the extent and time of impacts reaching the groundwater. There is no exposure assessment associated with this module and it does not predict the impacts to any off-site receptors. This module cannot therefore be used to assess any of the pathways under consideration and thus has not been considered in any detail within this study. Calculating Risks The model output includes the Daily Intake Rate (DIR), which is dependent on the individual exposure pathway and exposure scenario and the Potential Daily Intake (PDI), which is dependent on the substance, exposure pathway grouped by intake mechanism and the exposure scenario. A distinction is made in the output for PDI between toxic and carcinogenic substances, however there is no discussion as to the different ways in which these substances are treated. The PDI is used in conjunction with toxicity data to calculate a risk index, which is in turn used to calculate a risk value. Three ranges of risk value are specified to determine whether action is required on the site. These calculations are performed both taking account of and neglecting background concentrations.

VLIER-HUMAAN Version - 2.0 (August 2002) Interface - MS Windows Application Language - Dutch Manual - Extensive help system incorporated into system Overview Vlier-Humaan v2.0 is a windows-based software system with the same layout as RISC-HUMAN. The system is based on models similar to the Dutch C-Soil and HESP models, adapted for Flemish use and designed to investigate human exposure to contaminants within both the soil and groundwater. The system allows for easy viewing of a wide range of receptor point concentrations, the doses for each of the active pathways and the final risk table. Vlier-Humaan has four main input screens: land-use, specific site parameters, remaining parameters and measurements, which determine the data input order the user is encouraged to follow. There are six land-uses in the system database, including residential, light and heavy industrial. Further land-uses can be added to the database, incorporating a user defined set of exposure pathways and exposure time divisions. A number of parameters are hard-wired in the system, including site parameters (e.g. diffusion length of soil column) and exposure parameters (e.g. inhalation rate, soil ingestion rate). Contaminant Detail Inputs Vlier-Humaan has an inbuilt database of 50 chemicals with the ability to add new chemicals, although those chemicals already in the default database cannot be edited. A new database can be set up every time a conceptual model is entered if required. The distinction between threshold and non-threshold contaminants is made in the chemical database and also by the method in which a suitable reference dose is chosen. On-site contaminant concentrations can be added in a number of forms: concentration in soil, concentration in groundwater and concentration in contact media, for example concentration in indoor air. Pathway There are 11 exposure pathways that can be selected when a new land-use is created. These include the two unusual pathways of ‘ingestion of milk’ and ‘ingestion of meat’ from cattle that have grazed on impacted grass. The risk presented by water ingested and used for showering within a house on-site is assessed assuming that contamination within soil or groundwater is able to permeate synthetic drinking water pipes and contaminate house water-supplies. The risk to human health receptors via exposure to impacted sediments in surface water combined with impacted site groundwater diluted in surface water can be assessed; impacts via groundwater and sediments cannot be assessed separately. The surface water feature is assumed to be located adjacent to the site, as no fate and transport modelling of groundwater migration is possible. Vlier-Humaan assesses exposure in indoor air from both soil and groundwater sources, with or without a basement or crawl-space present.

Receptor Adult and child exposure scenarios can be considered, by inputting different exposure times between the two. The division of time is between time spent indoors and time spent outdoors, with working days/days off and summer/winter exposure times entered separately. Calculating Risks Two output screens provide receptor point concentrations, child/adult doses and risks. The lifelong dose for each separate pathway is calculated for all contaminants, with the summed (hard-wired) exposure time for a child and an adult having to equal the total lifetime. The lifelong doses for direct contact (oral) and subsurface source (inhalation of indoor air) pathways are calculated. When assessing a non-threshold contaminant, the lifetime dose is chosen, whereas when threshold contaminants are assessed the higher of either the child or adult dose is adopted. For each contaminant, the respective oral and inhalation doses are divided by a Toxicologically Tolerable Daily Intake to provide an effective “Hazard Quotient”. For non-threshold contaminants the Reference Dose is defined as the quantity of the compound with a risk of one additional lethal case of cancer in 100,000 life-long exposed individuals. The predicted indoor air concentrations are compared with a Toxicologically Tolerable Concentration in Air and drinking water concentrations are compared with Flemish legislative values.

appendix a - abbreviations and glossary - nicole · 2015-02-24 · appendix a - abbreviations and...

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