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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT OBERON EARTHMOVING PTY LIMITED
Appendix 9 Middle Creek Quarries
Report No.930/01
A9
Appendix 9
Aboriginal Heritage
Due Diligence Assessment
(Total No. of pages including blank pages = 24)
OBERON EARTHMOVING PTY LIMITED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Middle Creek Quarries Appendix 9
Report No.930/01
A9
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT OBERON EARTHMOVING PTY LIMITED
Appendix 9 Middle Creek Quarries
Report No.930/01
Environmental Assessments Pty Ltd A9
ABORIGINAL HERITAGE
DUE DILIGENCE ASSESSMENT
Proposed Quarry Extension
Middle Creek Quarries
Sewells Creek Road, Oberon
Oberon Local Government Area
for
Oberon Earthmoving Pty Limited
APRIL, 2016
Prepared by
Danny O’Brien
Environmental Assessments Pty Limited
(Ecological & Heritage Consultancy)
P.O. Box 314,
Gosford, 2250
Ph: 0405 585 557
Email: [email protected]
This Aboriginal Heritage Due Diligence Assessment provides a true and fair review of the
proposal and its impact on Aboriginal relics or sites in accordance with the Due Diligence Code
of Practice for the Protection of Aboriginal Objects in New South Wales (DECCW, 2010). It
addresses to the fullest extent possible all matters affecting or likely to affect Aboriginal objects
and sites as defined under the National Parks & Wildlife Act, 1974 as a result of the proposal.
OBERON EARTHMOVING PTY LIMITED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Middle Creek Quarries Appendix 9
Report No.930/01
A9-ii Environmental Assessments Pty Ltd
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS PTY LTD
A.B.N. 47 128 424 288
P.O. BOX 314,
GOSFORD, NSW 2250
Tel: 0405 585 557
Document Control
Version Date Issue Author Review /
Approved
A 26-04-16 Issued to RW Corkery & Co DO
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Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................. IV
1.0 INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND ................................................................... 1
2.0 THE PROPOSAL ................................................................................................. 1
3.0 AIMS .................................................................................................................... 2
4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT ............................................................................ 2
4.1 Site Description ................................................................................................. 2
5.0 THE GENERIC DUE DILIGENCE PROCESS ..................................................... 5
6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................ 8
7.0 REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 9
FIGURES
Figure 1: Key Geographic Features ............................................................................ 3
Figure 2: Location of the lithic scatter and isolated find. .............................................. 4
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1 PEJAR LOCAL ABORIGINAL LAND COUNCIL REPORT (April, 2016)
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
OBERON EARTHMOVING PTY LIMITED commissioned Environmental Assessments Pty Limited to
prepare an Aboriginal Heritage Due Diligence Assessment for the proposed extension to the existing
Middle Creek Quarries operation located at Lot 2, DP 1112479, Sewells Creek Road at Oberon within
the Oberon Local Government Area (LGA). This assessment was undertaken in accordance with the
Due Diligence Code of Practice for the Protection of Aboriginal Objects in New South Wales (2010). The
proposed extension to the existing quarry will be referred hereafter as ‘the proposed extension area’,
whereas the wider property boundaries inclusive of the proposed extension area are referred to as the
‘wider study area’ or the ‘study area’.
The Due Diligence Assessment was to determine whether Aboriginal objects or Aboriginal sites
(including Aboriginal Places as defined under the National Parks & Wildlife Act, 1974) are present within
or adjacent to the study area (including the proposed extension area) that may be impacted by the
proposal and if sites or objects are present, to develop mitigation measures to avoid or minimise
impacts. Steps 1-5 of the Due Diligence were followed in the assessment process. A basic Office of
Environment & Heritage (OEH) Aboriginal Heritage Management Systems (AHIMS) search was
undertaken for the study area and environs on the 27th of October, 2015. The search revealed that there
are zero (0) registered Aboriginal ‘objects’ within, or within the vicinity (a buffer of 50 metres) of the study
area and there are no designated Aboriginal Places as described under the National Parks & Wildlife
Act, 1974 present within or adjacent to the study area.
Two representatives of the Pejar Local Aboriginal Land Council (Delise Freeman and Alfie Walker) and
the Consultant (Danny O’Brien) had undertaken a site assessment of the proposed extension area as
well as the wider project site boundary on the 10th of March, 2016 and no Aboriginal objects or sites
were recorded. However, on the following day on the 11th of March, 2016 the Consultant had located a
lithic scatter and an isolated find outside of the project site boundary in an exposed area near Sewells
Creek Road. The proposed quarry extension would not impact on the above Aboriginal sites or any
registered Aboriginal sites in the locality. It is an offence under Section 89A of the National Parks &
Wildlife Act, 1974 once a person becomes aware of not to notify the OEH of the location of the above
Aboriginal objects, therefore an AHIMS Site Recording Form has been prepared for the above objects
and submitted to the AHIMS Registrar.
Although the newly recorded lithic scatter, the isolated find and other registered Aboriginal sites would
not be impacted as a result of the proposed extension to the quarry, several standard recommendations
are made in relation to the proposal. These recommendations are as follows:
Recommendation No. 1: That the proposed extension of the quarry development proceed (with
caution) without making an application or applying for an AHIP.
Recommendation No. 2: That the area containing the lithic scatter be fenced (12m x 7m) to
prevent vehicles from entering this area to protect the stone artefacts present within that area.
Appropriate signage should be placed on the fence stating ‘Conservation area-keep out’. No mention
should be made to the presence of any Aboriginal sites or relics at the lithic scatter site. No
management recommendations are made in relation to the Isolated Find in this instance.
Recommendation No. 3: That ground disturbance be minimised and limited to the proposed
extension area only.
Recommendation No. 4: Should any potential Aboriginal relics or objects be observed during
quarrying operations such as any Aboriginal sites, objects and relics including Aboriginal skeletal
remains, then all works should cease and that the OEH office at Dubbo (ph: 68835330) should be
contacted for further advice.
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1.0 INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND
Oberon Earthmoving Pty Limited commissioned Environmental Assessments Pty Limited to prepare an
Aboriginal Heritage Due Diligence Assessment for the proposed extension to the existing Middle Creek
Quarries operation located at Lot 2, DP 1112479, Sewells Creek Road at Oberon within the Oberon
Local Government Area (LGA) within the Central West of New south Wales. This assessment was
undertaken in accordance with the Due Diligence Code of Practice for the Protection of Aboriginal
Objects in New South Wales (2010) and forms part of the Environmental Impact Statement for the
proposed continuation and expansion to the Middle Creek Quarries quarry.
The cadastral details of the quarry are Lot 2, DP 1112479, Sewells Creek Road at Oberon, Parish of
Oberon, County of Westmoreland, within the Oberon Local Government Area. The study area can be
found on the Oberon 1:25,000 topographical map (Series 8830-1S, 3rd
Edition). The grid reference to
the approximate centre of the study area is Zone 55, GR: 759800E: and 6267250N:. The mean
elevation of the study area is approximately 1,100 metres ASL. Access to the Middle Creek Quarries
quarry is directly from Sewells Creek Road at Oberon.
This Aboriginal Heritage Due Diligence Assessment is a more detailed assessment of the overall study
area to the initial Constraints Analysis (biodiversity and heritage) report previously prepared for the
proposed quarry extension (Environmental Assessments Pty Limited, November, 2015).
The proposed extension to the existing quarry will be referred hereafter as ‘the proposed extension
area’, whereas the wider property boundaries inclusive of the proposed extension area are referred to as
the ‘wider study area’ or the ‘study area’.
This Aboriginal Heritage Due Diligence Assessment forms part of the Environment Impact Statement
prepared by RW Corkery & Co Pty Limited for the overall proposal by Oberon Earthmoving Pty Limited.
This assessment was undertaken in accordance with the Due Diligence Code of Practice for the
Protection of Aboriginal Objects in New South Wales (2010). The Due Diligence Assessment was to
determine whether Aboriginal objects or Aboriginal sites (including Aboriginal Places as defined under
the National Parks & Wildlife Act, 1974) are present within or adjacent to the study area and may be
impacted by the proposal, and if sites or objects are present, to develop mitigation measures to avoid or
minimise impacts. Aboriginal objects also include ‘Aboriginal remains’ under the National Parks &
Wildlife Act, 1974.
2.0 THE PROPOSAL
The existing quarry and the material within the proposed extension is gravel material primarily for the
use for road construction and other civil works. For greater details of the proposed extension to the
quarry, refer to the detailed description of the proposal outlined within the Environmental Impact
Statement (EIS) prepared by R.W. Corkery & Co Pty Limited.
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3.0 AIMS
The aims of the Due Diligence Code of Practice for the Protection of Aboriginal Objects in New South
Wales (2010) process are broadly as follows:
To determine whether or not Aboriginal objects are, or likely to be present,
To determine whether or not the proposed activities (the quarry extension) is likely to harm
Aboriginal objects (including burials) if present,
Determine whether an AHIP (Aboriginal Heritage Impact Permit) is required.
4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT
4.1 Site Description
The study area is located approximately 5 kilometres to the west of the township of Oberon within the
Central West of New South Wales. The study area (including the proposed quarry extension area) is a
largely cleared open pasture area of land that is heavily grazed by beef cattle.
The study area is bounded by private landholding to the north, the Sewells Creek Road to the south,
other private landholdings to the east and the Essington State Forest to the west. The adjacent
Essington State Forest is a monocultural softwood pine forest plantation.
The proposed extension is primarily located within cleared and grazed land although there are also
occurrences of remnant natural vegetation that flank the upper slopes of the proposed extension area.
Captain Kings Creek flows through the area and several open dams are located within the drainage
lines within the wider property.
There are two main areas of remnant woodland vegetation units remaining on the far upper slopes of
the study area dominated by eucalypts. These remnant areas of vegetation are referred to as remnant
vegetation area #1 located within the northern precinct of the study area and remnant vegetation area
#2 located within the southern precinct of the study area. The understorey within both of these remnant
areas of vegetation are also grazed and lack an indigenous understorey vegetation shrub stratum. There
is a lineal area of roadside vegetation present along the road reserve of Sewells Creek Road to the
south of the study area however this area of vegetation is located outside of the study area property
boundary. The remaining areas of natural vegetation within the study area are isolated small patches or
groves or individual trees consisting entirely of eucalypts primarily Narrow-leaved Peppermint
Eucalyptus radiata.
There are several dams present within the wider study area, however all of these dams are located
outside of the proposed quarry extension area and would not be affected by the proposal.
The broader environs of the wider study area would have been a highly exploitable resource area for
local Aboriginal people with the localised creeks, rivers and swamps with bountiful supplies of fishes,
tortoises, macropods, molluscs (bivalves), waterbirds, monitors and likely flying foxes, possums and
snakes etc. Localised creeks and rivers include Middle Creek, Licking Holes Creek, Wisemans Creek,
Captain Kings Creek and the Duckmaloi River and Fish River.
Plant foods would have also been in abundant supply especially in ecotonal areas of localised creeks
and open forests and woodlands. Plant foods likely to have been exploited in the area are likely to
include the reeds Typha orientalis (Bulrush) etc. A range of exploitable tuberous climbers likely to be
present in the vicinity may include Dioscorea transversa (Native Yam) and the Eustrephus latifolius
(Wombat Berry). Other exploitable food plants likely to have (and still probably do occur in nearby forest
margins include Cissus antarctica (Kangaroo Vine), Cissus hypoglauca (Giant Water Vine) and Acmena
smithii (Lilly Pilly).
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Figure 1: Key Geographic Features
Essington State Forest Water tank Remnant Vegetation Area #1
Remnant Vegetation Area #2
Site access Existing quarry
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Figure 2: Location of the lithic scatter and isolated find.
Location of Lithic Scatter
Location of Isolated Find Site entry access
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5.0 THE GENERIC DUE DILIGENCE PROCESS
Step 1: Will the activity disturb the ground surface?
The proposed quarrying activities and associated works would result in the disturbance of the ground
surface as the quarrying activities would continue progressively over time throughout the proposed
quarry extension area. However, the ground surface of much of the quarry extension footprint has been
previously disturbed by past land use activities (including clearing and quarrying activities) and
recontouring works. In regards to above-ground Aboriginal relics (i.e. dendroglyphs/ scar trees/culturally
modified trees), the consultant (Environmental Assessments) and the Pejar Local Aboriginal Land
Council representatives (Delise Freeman and Alfie Walker) undertook a site survey and scarred tree
assessment of the study area on the 10th of March, 2016 and determined that no ‘culturally modified
trees were recorded and that there are no culturally modified trees present within the study area (see
Appendix 1-Pejar Local Aboriginal Land Council report). Trees with scars present were determined to be
a result of either limb-tear, lightning strikes or a result of bovines stripping bark on the boles of some
trees, forming an occlusion.
Step 2a: Search the AHIMS database and use any other sources of
information of which you are already aware.
A basic Aboriginal Heritage Information Management System (AHIMS) database search was conducted
for the study area on the 27th of October, 2015 via the Office of Environment & Heritage’s Basic AHIMS
Web Services. The coordinates searched were Zone 55, Eastings: 759250-760400 and Northings:
6266000-6268000. This AHIMS searched revealed that zero (0) Aboriginal sites were found within or
near the study area and that zero (0) Aboriginal Places have been listed within or near the study area
(see Environmental Assessments Pty Limited 2015). Although there are no known or registered
Aboriginal sites or relics present within the study area, the proposed extension area is partially located
within 200 metres of drainage lines which fall under the definition of ‘waters’ in accordance with the
OEH’s Due Diligence Code of Practice for the Protection of Aboriginal Objects in New south Wales
guidelines (2010c). The study area is not located on a ‘ridge top or ridgeline’ but is considered to be
rolling hills. As the proposed extension area is located within 200 metres of ‘waters’, this geomorphic
feature indicates that it is likely that Aboriginal objects are present as outlined in the Office of
Environment & Heritage Due Diligence Code of Practice for the Protection of Aboriginal Objects (2010c).
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Step 2b: Activities in areas where landscape features indicate the presence
of Aboriginal objects.
This step in the Due Diligence process is to determine if the impact area (i.e. the proposed quarry
extension area) is located in an archaeologically sensitive landscape area where known AHIMS sites or
Aboriginal objects are known or predicted to be present. The following landscape features indicate the
likely presence of Aboriginal objects where Aboriginal people utilised these landscape areas as part of
their everyday activities (DECCW, 2010).
Within 200 metres of waters, or
Located within a sand dune system, or
Located on a ridge top, ridge line or headland, or
Located within 200 metres below or above a cliff face, or
Within 20 metres of or a cave, rock shelter, or a cave mouth
............ and is on land that is not disturbed land.
The study area is situated in a ‘landscape feature’ area that is within 200 metres of drainage lines that
drain into the Captain Kings Creek, which are considered ‘waters’ for the purposes of this assessment.
The majority of the proposed extension area is within cleared land; although the proposed extension
area partially incorporates two areas of remnant arborescent vegetation located on relatively steep
topography. This landscape feature is considered to be ‘rolling hillsides’ and not ‘ridge-top or a ridge-
line’ per se. Clearing of vegetation is a form of disturbance as defined in ‘Definitions’ of the Code of
Practice (2010).
Nonetheless, due to the proximity to water the study area is located within a ‘landscape feature’ unit
which is likely to indicate the existence of Aboriginal objects. A field assessment was undertaken within
the study area by the Consultant (Danny O’Brien, Director of Environmental Assessments Pty Limited)
and the Pejar Local Aboriginal Land Council on the 10th of March, 2016. Although no Aboriginal objects
were observed within the proposed extension area during this field assessment, the Consultant located
an Aboriginal site (a lithic scatter and an isolated find) outside of the proposed quarry extension area
(impact zone) on the 11th of March, 2016 (see Figure 2).
Step 3: Can you avoid harm to the object or disturbance of the landscape
feature?
The proposed quarry extension area will avoid impacting on drainage lines, the lithic scatter and the
isolated find. This Step of the Due Diligence assessment process applies to the land that is not
disturbed land or contains ‘known’ Aboriginal objects. The proposed extension area is located on both
disturbed and undisturbed land, there are no known or registered Aboriginal sites or relics present within
the proposed extension area and no previously known registered Aboriginal sites adjacent to the study
area according to the OEH’s Basic AHIMS web services database records (see Environmental
Assessments Pty Limited 2015). Disturbance of the two recorded sites located on the 11th
of March
2016 namely the lithic scatter and the isolated find can be avoided, and as a result, an Aboriginal
Heritage Impact Permit (AHIP) is not required.
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It is not feasible to relocate the proposed quarry development in this instance as the possibility to
encounter ‘undisturbed’ ground in alternative sites nearby may result in Aboriginal relics being
encountered and triggering the need for an AHIP.
Step 4: Desktop assessment and visual inspection.
The desktop assessment (AHIMS register) indicated that there are no known Aboriginal objects present
within or adjacent to the study area (see Environmental Assessments Pty Limited 2015). A visual
assessment of the proposed extension area was also undertaken by Pejar Local Aboriginal Land
Council representatives (Delise Freeman and Alfie Walker) and by the Consultant and no Aboriginal
sites were observed within the proposed extension area. There is little archaeological visibility within or
adjacent to the study area (approximately 5%) however there are small intermittent areas of exposure
within or adjacent to the quarry extension area footprint such along existing tracks, bovine trails along
fencelines, around dams and surrounding a large wombat burrow. Due to the disturbance history of the
study area, it is considered that any relics (if ultimately found to be present) such as stone artefacts are
unlikely to be in-situ or in undisturbed ground.
Step 5: Further investigations and impact assessment
It is considered that further investigation and impact assessment of the study area and the proposed
extension area is not warranted, as an application for an AHIP is not required or sought in this instance
as harm to Aboriginal sites is unlikely to occur as a result of the proposed development. As a result the
proposal could proceed with caution subject to the recommendations of this Aboriginal Heritage
Due Diligence Assessment report and the recommendations made by the Pejar Local Aboriginal
Land Council report as harm to the known Aboriginal sites can be avoided.
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6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
Environmental Assessments Pty Limited has lodged the site recording form for the lithic scatter and
isolated find to the OEH’s AHIMS registrar.
Step 5 of the Due Diligence Code of Practice for the Protection of Aboriginal Objects in New South
Wales (DECCW, 2010) indicates that if the Code is followed, and it has been reasonably decided that an
AHIP application is not necessary either because Aboriginal objects are not present, or harm to those
objects can be avoided, the proponent can proceed with caution.
The Code also states that while undertaking the activity (i.e. the progressive quarry extension
works) that if an Aboriginal object is found, then all works in that area must cease, and the
proponent notify the DECCW (now OEH, Dubbo office ph: 68835330) and that an application for
an AHIP would be required.
Recommendations
Recommendation No. 1: That the proposed extension of the quarry development proceed (with
caution) without making an application or applying for an AHIP.
Recommendation No. 2: That the area containing the lithic scatter be fenced (12m x 7m) to
prevent vehicles from entering this area to protect the stone artefacts present within that area.
Appropriate signage should be placed on the fence stating ‘Conservation area-keep out’. No mention
should be made to the presence of any Aboriginal sites or relics.
Recommendation No. 3: That ground disturbance be minimised and limited to the proposed
extension area only.
Recommendation No. 4: Should any potential Aboriginal relics or objects be observed during
quarrying operations such as any Aboriginal sites, objects and relics including Aboriginal skeletal
remains, then all works should cease and that the OEH office at Dubbo (ph: 68835330) should be
contacted for further advice.
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7.0 REFERENCES
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water (DECCW). Code of Practice for Archaeological
Investigation of Objects in NSW, 2010a.
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water (DECCW). Aboriginal Cultural Heritage
Community Consultation requirements for Proponents Part 6, National Parks & Wildlife Act,
1974. 2010b.
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water (DECCW). Due Diligence Code of Practice for
the Protection of Aboriginal Objects in New South Wales. 2010c.
Pejar Local Aboriginal Land Council report (April, 2016).
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Appendix 1
Pejar Local Aboriginal Land Council report.
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Glossary of Terms
Anthropogenic waste: Waste materials eg: dumped bricks, tyres, household rubbish, bottles etc.
Anticline Upward folded beds, strata dipping away from a central crest (after
Branagan & Packham, 2000).
Archaeological deposit Sediment deposits that contain evidence of Aboriginal use of a locality in
the past. Archaeological deposits may contain artefacts, burials, hearths or
fauna remains such as shellfish.
Archaeological visibility The degree to which past human presence or activity is evident from
observable archaeological remains (after Mulvaney & Kamminga, 1999).
Artefact An object that shows physical evidence of use or manufacture by human
hands or as a consequence of human activity. Stone artefacts may include
flakes, cores, hammerstones, axe heads, seed grinders, scrapers etc.
Backed blade A stone tool that has been manufactured from a flake in which one margin
has been modified by the removal of small flakes to blunt the edge or
margin opposite the cutting edge.
Basalt Fine grained, dark mafic volcanic rock (after Branagan & Packham, 2000).
Frequently used by Aboriginal people for the manufacture of stone axes.
Biota: The flora and fauna of a given region.
Bora ground A ceremonial site comprising one or two connected circles of raised or
compacted earth, generally used in male initiation rites.
BP: Before Present.
Bioregional: A regional perspective of plant and animal assemblages.
Bulb of percussion: The rounded or conchoidal prominence on the cleavage or inner face of a
knapped piece which swells and radiates from the point of percussion (after
Lowe).
Carved Tree The bark of the tree was used for constructing, canoes, shelters,
coolamons and shields. Distinctive scars are left from bark removed and
can usually be differentiated from natural scars. Carved trees are more
distinctive exhibiting patters etched into the wood of the tree. Carved and
scarred trees occur throughout the state although clearing and forestry
practices have greatly reduced their numbers (NPWS, 1997). The scarred
tree within the subject site has characteristics of both carved and scarred
tree.
Chert Hard, dense, compact, very fine grained sedimentary rock, mainly
composed of quartz or amorphous silica, sometimes of partly organic
origin, usually breaks with conchoidal fracture (after Branagan & Packham,
2000). A raw stone material frequently utilised for the manufacture of stone
tools or artefacts by the Australian Aborigines.
Core: A piece of stone where flake pieces are produced that have been struck
from the core that are intended to be utilised as a stone tool.
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Cortex: The natural weathering on the exterior of a rock’s surface.
Dreaming An Aboriginal concept of an era in the past, normally remote, when creation
activities took place (after Mulvaney & Kamminga, 1999).
Eraillure scar: The scar remaining following the removal of a scale on the bulb of
percussion of a knapped piece of stone. Also known as the bulbar scar.
Ethnography: An anthropological description of ‘traditional’ or non-industrial cultural and
society (after Mulvaney and Kamminga, 1999).
Exotic: An introduced plant or animal not native or indigenous.
Fish Traps Stones that have been arranged to entrap fish, usually during the ebb of a
tide at a river mouth or along the coast but also in inland creeks and rivers.
Flake A fragment of raw stone material that has been removed from a stone core
as a result of deliberate knapping activities. Flakes contain a platform, bulb-
of percussion and an eraillure scar.
Grinding grooves Grooves are located on flat rock exposures close to a stream or rock hole.
They vary in size but are generally long (about 30-40 cm in length) and
elliptical in shape. Stone axes were ground into the softer stone allowing a
working edge to be created or sharpened. Deeper grooves may have been
used to work spears or other thin implements (NPWS, 1997).
Holocene Period The period from about 10,000 years ago to the present.
Indigenous: A native plant or animal to any given area.
In situ In its original place of rest [usually referring to the occurrences of stone
artefacts].
Isolated find A solitary artefact recorded or observed in situ on its own. A solitary stone
artefact that is at least 50 metres away from the nearest artefact. Two
artefacts within 50 metres constitute a ‘site’.
Hearth Camp fire
Midden A rubbish dump-site where usually pieces of shell are discarded often
resulting in accumulated mounds of shells.
Natural sacred/
mythological sites
Many features of the landscape, such as mountains, rocks, waterholes etc,
are regarded as sacred sites by Aborigines. These are places associated
with the Dreamtime ancestors and usually can only be identified by
Aboriginal people. They retain a high significance to Aborigines (NPWS,
1997).
Obsidian Volcanic glass-sharpest natural material occurring in nature.
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Open camp site Open camp sites are situated in open areas and usually contain evidence
of Aboriginal activities such as evidence of knapping of stone raw materials
for the manufacture of stone tools or artefacts. Scatters of artefacts may be
associated with charcoal, shell or bone.
PADs PAD (Potential Archaeological Deposit). A site location that has the
potential to contain archaeological material although none is visible from
the surface.
Palaeochannel A former ‘old’ channel that no longer acts as a drainage channel due to a
change in localised geomorphic drainage patterns.
Pleistocene Period The period from about 10,000 years ago to 2,000,000 years ago.
Retouch: A remodification of a stone tool where ‘fine tuning’ is of the tool is required.
Secondary flaking is usually the result of ‘retouching’ the artefact/tool.
Rock engraving Rock engravings are often pictures engraved onto the surface of rocks.
Rock shelter Rock shelters are rock overhangs that provided shelter for Aborigines.
Often rock shelters contain evidence of art and or archaeological deposits
in the form of stone artefacts, charcoal, bone or shell etc.
Scarred Tree Trees that show evidence of Aboriginal use. Many scarred trees had been
used for the manufacture of coolamons, shields or even canoes.
Syncline A downward fold, with the youngest rock in the centre (after Branagan &
Packham, 2000).
Taphonomy The study of processes in which relics accumulate and preserve after
deposition (after Mulvaney & Kamminga, 1999).
OBERON EARTHMOVING PTY LIMITED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Middle Creek Quarries Appendix 9
Report No.930/01
A9-18 Environmental Assessments Pty Ltd
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