appendices map karnataka state map 2 dharwad districtii iii map

APPENDICES

I Map Karnataka State

II Map 2 Dharwad DistrictII

III Map 3 Ranibennur Taluk. Dharwad District >

IV Map 4 Tungabhadra and other Rivers

V Map 5 Location of Kusnur

VI Orientation Camp (November 1983)

VII 12-days Environment camp in Karnataka (January 1984)

VIII Problems in the Functioning of the Karnataka State Pollution

Control Board and Recommendations for Improvement by

Mr. S. R. Hiremath

IX Environmental Camp on 'Forests and the People' in Tavargundi

(October-November, 1985)

X National Seminar on Common Lands (January 1990)

XI Interview Guides

XII Focus Group Topic Guide

;

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.. •

Appendi)( VI

The first orientation programme was for teachers of

Karnataka University in Vedchchi in Gujarat. The Chairman of SPS

and one of the founding members Shri Jyotibhai Desai was the

director of Gandhi Vidhyapeeth. One of the major social

activities of this institution was to take the teacher trainees

to various parts of the country for 12 or 15 day camps to study

social issues.

Q.~i~Q.t.i.~~s_ qf.. t . .b.~. G.<!.ID.P ..

The objective of the camp was to orient the participants to

the concept of social change. social problems, environmental

problems. particularly pollution. familiarise them with the

techniques of NVDA and initiate in them a process of reflecting

about the problem of pollution in their villages along the Tunga

river. Teachers were selected to make the schools the focal

point of entry into the villages.

There was one precedent. viz .• when the teachers from

Haharashtra had come to Karnataka for a programme. with a

from the government itself as well as duty leave. Using

precedent. SPS approached the Government of Karnataka

grant

this

and

received a grant of ten thousand rupees from the Department of

Education. A matching contribution of Rs. 10,000 was received

from the IDS.

vii

The participants were interested teachers, who were deputed

by the Department to attend the fifteen days orientation camp.

Along with them, a few villagers, several staff members of IDS,

one or two nominees of the Government from outside the area, and

Mr. Hiremath participated, the total number being 20. The 1.2

teachers belonged to the village schools, situated on the banks

of the river. In other words, some familiarity with the problem

of pollution was necessary. The project coordinator and staff of

IDS took leave to attend the programme.

c..Q.!lt.~llt_ Qf.. t.b~ Q.c.i..ent<!tiQ!l !;i<!ID.P ..

The first five days covered the in-house training in Gandhi

Vidyapeeth by resource persons from the host institution as well

as organisation like Centre for Science and Environment, New

Delhi, and National Institute of Occupational Health. The topics

included growth through history of science and technology, to

whom it caters (the 'bhandvaldaros'- capitalists), problems of

anti-people industrialisation, concept of Schumacher"s "small is

beautiful", the broader perspective of social change,

environmental problems. with specific reference to pollution. and

the specific issue of the river pollution.

The people who were well versed in this area participated

actively in it. Discussions on social change issues were

facilitated by Jyotibhai Desai and Narayanbhai. The issues of

viii

pollution were dealt with by representatives from Centre of

Science and Environment. New Delhi. and from the National

Institute of Occupation and Health ( under the Indian Council of

Medical Research). located in Ahmedabad. and others.

The next 10 days were spent in trips to various centers of

constructive work and struggles in Gujarat. for example. SEWA.

working in the slums in Ahemedabad and many rural areas. and

supported by the UNICEF. The camp laid the ground work for the

environmental campaign in Karnataka.

ix

Appendi)( VII

l2.-d~~ ~vironm.~Il.t.. Q..~mQ. 11'1. 1S..~!u;'!l!s.!!. ~yar~ J..,!~) ..

The next step was utilising the foundation that was laid by

the orientation programmes_ The teachers as well as the

villagers worked out a ~2 days camp in Karnataka on the banks of

the Tunga river. from ~4th to 25th January. ~984_ The tentative

planning was done at the end of the orientation camp_ The

organisers decided to cover most of the villages situated

immediately downstream of the factories. and which were the

worst-affected_

The camp was divided among 4 major rural centers

Hirebidri. Medleri. Harangeri and Harihar_ The first three were

on the left bank of the Tungabandra river in Ranibennur taluka of

Dharwad district _ The fourth one was on the right ban k. of the

river. Haveri. in Hadgalli taluka of Bellary district_ In each

one of these camps. the school was the entry point to reach 'out

to the affected people_ Thus. all these schools got officially

involved in the camps_

The IDS contributed Rs_~O.OOO to cover part of the expenses

and an additional grant of Rs_~O.OOO was received from the

Department of Ecology and Environment. Government of Karnataka_

I.b.~ Q.ro.9..CAmm.!:l .. =

Three days were spent in all the three Centres_ On the

first day. in the morning. the children of the schools were

x

involved in soil testing with the help of a kit, a scientific up

to-date process which was available in the Conference in Gujarat.

The young children of 4th to 7th standards were involved; they

also participated in other activities like exhibitions, drawings,

etc.

In the afternoon, they prepared for the visits to the small

and marginal farmers. whose lands were on the banks of the

Tugabhadra river and from which field samples were chosen for the

soil testing, for visits to the Harijan Colony, the Janata

Colony and the most affected people. They, also, prepared for

the cultural programmes. The cultural programmes included a

couple of plays like Ivan the Fool, based on Tolstoy. basically

focusing on the dignity of labour.

The second play was Bhasmasur. depicting that too much power

lead to destructive action, which was happening in the field of

science and technology, for instance. through the use of atomic

power.

On the second day. the group visited the neighbouring 4 or 5

villages in the district. two and three kilometers away, along

with 45 teacher trainees, from Gandhi Vidhyapeeth who were

participating. They talked to the people and interacted with

them. The children enacted the plays and returned to the camp

site, at night.

On the third day, in the morning, the villagers were

consulted about their plan. One of them. invariably, asked in

xi

the beginning. "What is it that we can do against powerful forces

like the Birlas?". They discussed the history of past failures

when they followed the politicians who embraced their own vested

interests and did nothing about the issue. There was reflection

on the steps they were taking with respect to their own health

status. the health of the people. of their cattle and sheep

because IDS was working in these areas. They expressed their

willingness to take action on the problem. although it seemed

'big and serious'.

They were surprised that soil testing was done by the

children; they thought that only scientists could do it. Thus.

gradually. there was a perceptible change in the thinking of

ma~t af th@ p@ople in this regard. The conclusion was that. just

as for health. shepherding and dairying. they had their own

groups and organisation. they could form environment committees

in their villages.

From time to time. when the fish died due to the effluents,

a large market was affected. In those circumstances, the people

suggested that they could approach the Chief Hinister, the

Pollution Control Board. the local authority of the fisheries

departmen.t, to do something about it. SPS would take the

initiative to put them in touch with scientists for independent

monitoring and help; this could be done gradually. The people

could also learn where to send the fish for examination. Thus,

xii

there was active participation with the people and the

environmental committees were formed.

The government of Karnataka gave the grant and the

Additional Secretary. Department of Ecology and Environment. and

Science and Technology. visited the camp and was very impressed

by the participation of the people. the concern of people about

the issue and their willingness to do something about it. This

led to the Department's decision to support the SPS. every year.

for such camps.

SPS made sure the government officials and some scientists

in the colleges and commercial establishments were invited to the

camps. A visit to the factory was also in the offing. When SPS

wrote to the factory. the management was in a dilemma.

Immediately. they wrote back to say that there was some

construction work going on and the workers were on strike; so

they could not show the people around. Once they knew from the

pamphlet about the camp and who all were working for it. the

factory was Quick to react because they were obviously

the situation. They sent somebody to Medleri to

watching

meet the

organisers. and welcomed the visit and were ready to send their

special bus. organise the breakfast and everything else and

present the other side of the story.

The organisers used the road transport buses to reach the

factory and asked for a presentation on what the factory was

doing about the river pollution. The factory management were very

cordial once they knew about the association with the government.

On the visit. the factory made a presentation of slides and

showed everything. of how they had the best treatment plant. how

they had engaged the hydraulic engineers from Bombay as

consultants for it. that there was no problem and the SPS was

wasting time by taking up this problem which basically did not

exist. The chart showed that. just before entering Harihar

town. the river had low concentration of effluents. thus proving

that the Harihar town itself was the main pollutant. Then the

managing director. playing on his perception of people's

ignorance about the process. explained that wood was a natural

product. and. hence, could not be poisonous or toxic. He did not

realise that there were people with Ph.d. in ecology and

environment on the team. So when they started asking questions

on what chemicals were being used and what was their impact. what

were the bye-products. the speakers were nonplussed.

One of the tactics that the factory management used was to

invite the Chairman of the Technical Advisory committee of the

Pollution Control Board, a Professor at lIT in Madras.

Once the scientists on the team began in depth questioning

about the chemical process, the management became defensive. In

order not to embarrass them beyond a point. other than finding

out some other truths. the participants clarified that. "if you

felt that there was no problem, there were lots of other

xiv

problems in India and in this area which could be taken up by

SPS. but because there were fishkills. and mal-effects on the

health of the people. we were concerned .... so if you all solved

the problem there would be no need to continue."

The management and the Chairperson assured the villagers and

the scientists that all care was being taken to control the

pollution

set up

effectively through a sophisticated treatment

recently. They claimed that other industries on

banks. particularly Harihar town. were polluting the river.

xv

plant

the

Appendix VII I

e..r.Q.Ql.~§.. in__ t.he cy.!l.Q.t.iQll.i!l9.. 9i t.tl<:.. ~.ffi~t.~JS.~ $..t.~t.<:..

QQ!l.t ro l.. ElQ.~I:Q.. ~Ilq R<:"Q.QJIlIMlll..Q..~U __ Qru;__ fQ.1: IJnQ.1:Q.'l.~mt. t!Y.

tilL e!M..t.h __

PQ.ll..Y..t.iQQ..

tl.r..~ $..~R. __ .

eLQ.Q.l..<:"I!l~_ in__ t.b~ cy.!l.Q.t.i.Q.Qin....9.. Q.L t.b~. ElQ.I!.r.~:L

(i) LI!Q..Is.. QL iQ.t.~c.~;;;t.: The Board members did not show

interest in attending the meetings regularly__ Those who attended

did not come prepared on the issues__ There was continued

turnover of the government nominees__ Although not permitted.

they often sent their representatives for their meetings __

(ii ) L..1!Q.ls. Q.L f..Ql..l..Q.I!! __ ::'Y.Q. <!'Q.t.iQ!1.: T his was obse rved as a

serious drawback. In the instance of a highly polluting cement

industry. there was no action taken for at least a year except

when pressures were created by sending letters to the Chief

Minister and Industry Minister.

(iii) &t.t.ltlJ.Q..<:" Q.L 6.Q.I!c.Q.. §..t~tf __ : The field staff were more

responsive to the requests of the people affected by the

pollution__ The higher officials. however. were indifferent and

showed bias in favour of the industries. This was manifested by

delay of action. ineffective monitoring. incomplete

investigations. and not responding to letters of the people __

(i v) L..<!'Q.!i. Q.f_ 9.Q~Q!l.~§"§" tQ. ;;;Q.l~!l.t.lLlQ. §..t.y.';!le.s __ : T his wa s

exemplified by the defensive reaction of the Board to the results

of the KERS study on the status of pollution in the rivers in the

State__ There was no attempt to meet with the scientists to

xvi

clarify the issue_ The Board staff also kept reports and

documents secret_ There was an imbalance of power between the

Board staff and its members, thus removing the necessary checks

to effectively control the staff_

(v) Lack of affected ____ .. __ 0._" __ The Board

members and officials did not maintain regular contact with the

affected people nor did they respond to complaints made by the

people_ They acceded to requests for action only if letters were

sent to the Chief Minister_

(vi)

not respond to requests for information or action by the Central

Pollution Control Board_

(vii)

t,b.~ l.-,~~i~l.~ti'L~ ~§'§~!D,Q.lll, <\n~t ~QYJ)-,:;jJ.: Editorials and articles

published by newspapers were never brought to the Board meetings

for discussion_

(viii) l-_~~~ Q,L tc.~iQ5n9.. QL ~t<!fL: There was no systematic

attempt made to train the new recruits to develop their knowledge

and understanding of environmental issues_ This was despite the

fact that the Department of Ecology and Environment and other

institutions were willing to conduct those programmes_ There

were problems of motivation among the young staff members_

t..9 .. ~Q'Lic.Q,QlIl~Qt QQ tb.~. 6.Q~D;t: It was suggested that there shou ld

xvii

be at least 21 members from the State_ They should comprise

leading scientists, members of voluntary and people's

organisations, professionals undertaking studies on pollution

and its effects, industrialists with a good record of

control, trade unions with concern about occupational

pollution

health.

members of legislative bodies and environmental journalists_

( i i ) !'\QQ.Q.!.!ltlJl§Jlt- Q.L §..t-<!.tL \!Lit-tl. Q.<!.Q.!s9.CQ.YJ1Q.. <!.1lQ.. Q.Q!lQ.~r::r:L

<!.Q.QJLt- t;Jl~ l:!.!l't.!.r:Q!l!IL~n:t .. : The Chairman and the Member-Secretary

should have knowledge and commitment about ecology and the

environment_ One may be from outside the government for greater

aWar-eness of the scientific and social action developments

outside the State.

( iii) I.c<!.ill.ius. QL 6.Q.<!'CQ.. §..t!i!.f.f..: Training programmes should

be provided to help the younger staff members develop an overall

perspective of ecology and environment as well as practical and

effective ways to control pollution with the involvement of the

people. trade unions and the industry.

(iv)

~OX!.CQ!lIJl~n.t..: The Department cou ld help the Board function more

effectively, liaison with other departments. commission studies

and committees. make the Board more responsive to public opinion.

monitor the functioning of the members and facilitate discussions

on the various enactments _ It cou ld faci I i tate publ ic debate to

bring pressure on the central bodies.

(v)

Information about the effluents from industries and their effects

xvii i

should be made known to the people.

( vi) fly..lilil..IilILU.i£i.. QL Q~G..~Il.t.c.lilli§gg. ~I)!;j. im!.~~Il.Q~Il.t. G..~Il.t.rg§.

f.QL G..Q.Il.Q\!.~tj .. lJ.!1. §.t\!.Q.i~§. <In.;!. t..g§.ting Q.L P..9.1..l..l.tU.Q/l. L~~~ls:

Universities. colleges and voluntary organisations should have

laboratories which should be available to the people for testing

of polluted materials. These institutions should be encouraged

to take up independent studies.

( vii ) e.c.~~~IlU.y.~ m.~Iil§'\!'C.~§, ill. tl:l~ G..i!.§'~ Q.L rl~'I!. mQ.\!.§.t.c.i<:l.s.:

The expert committee set up by the Government should coordinate

with the Department of Industry and the Pollution Control Board

to ensure that the regulations for pollution control are strictly

implemented. The guidelines by the Centre for selection of the

site for a new industry should be effectively enforced.

(vii i) be

encouraged by providing support to voluntary organisations. They

should include awareness programmes on occupational health and

safety for industrial workers and trade unions.

Ox)

Committees consisting of concerned citizens should be set up for

monitoring of major industries. Key government officials like the

Deputy Commissioner and District Health Officer should also be

included. Testing facilities should be made available at

convenient sites. The committees should meet regularly and be in

close contact with the Board and the Department of Ecology and

Environment.

(Source: Letter by S.R. Hiremath to Shri C. Gopal Reddy.

Secr-etary. Department of Ecology and Environment. dated July 16

1987)

xix

Appendix IX

~D.:!!.,lC.Q.o..lJl~!lt.U Camp Q!l ~Q.C.~§.t.§. l!!lQ. t.1l~ e.~QP.1.~~ ill lli.'l.~.L.9.Y.!lQi.

(Q.<;;..t.Qb.!l!£.=.tfQ'l.~~~c... l·Z.Et~J. ..

There were 70 participants consisting of (i) the residents

of the Tungabhadra river belt; representatives from (ii) the

project area of Institute for Youth and Development working in

Nelamangala Taluk in Bangalore District. (iii) Gramvikas. working

in Mulbagal Taluk in Kolar District; (iv) Snehakunja project area

working in Honavar Taluk in Uttara Kannada District. from Arogya

Vikasa in Sagar Taluk in Shimoga District; (v) the poor

communities in Mugad. Dharwad District; and (vi) tribal areas

DEED project area in Hosur. Mysore District working among

Jenukurubas. project area of Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana Kendra

working among the Soligas of B_R_ Hills. Mysore District. Gowl

tribals from Holtikoti in Dharwad District.

The major objective of the camp was to promote greater

understanding among the rural communities. to enable them to

strive for self-sufficiency in fodder. energy. fertiliser. etc .•

through efficient use of common lands.

C.QD.t.§1.t .. : On the first day. the focus was on the sharing of

experiences relating to forests and discussion about the role of

voluntary agencies in conservation and afforestation_ The

facilitators led the discussion on topics like relationship

xx

between man and forests. causes of denudation of forests.

community forestry. and allied topics. Examples of movements

like Chipko and Appiko were also given.

The KPCB exhibited films about the state of the environment.

An exhibition on people's response to river pollution and

forestry was presented by TNC. Another highlight was the

enactment of a street play on the Bhopal tragedy enacted by the

'Samudaya' troupe from Harihar. More than a thousand villagers

attended these and several participated in the workshops.

On the second day. the groups were divided on themes related

to the different issues they were dealing with. Field reports

about the problems faced by the Lambanis were analysed. Several

cultural practices related to protection of trees and

afforestation were presented. Movements and appropriate

technology efforts were discussed.

On the third day. discussions on the aim of social forestry

were held. The fourth day was spent on self-evaluation.

xxi

Appendix X

t::I.!!.t.i.Q!1.Uo.. $..~!n.i.n.I!.r.. Q[L Q.Q!I!!n.Q!l.. '=-1!.1l~;t§.. L.J..4Jl!J.ll.CY J..'l.'tQ.).

To conclude the activities for the year. the SPS organised a

National Seminar on Common Lands in the Centre for Ecological

Sciences (CES). Indian Institute of Science. Bangalore. in

collaboration with the Centre for Science and Environment on

January 9-10. 1990. It was funded under the National

Environmental Awareness Campaign of the Ministry of Environment

and Forests. It was co-sponsored by five organisations in

Karnataka and outside.

The sessions covered topics related to land use policy.

community-based management systems. conservation and ecological

approach to tank irrigation. regenerating the common lands. EGS.

the role of administration in people-oriented and sustainable

management of CPRS. and reclaiming common lands.

The concluding session brought forth important follow-up

action points:-

(i) The Statement entitled 'Regenerating the Commons' was

unanimously adopted.

(ii) It was decided that the set of criteria presented by

Dr. Madhav Gadgil in his presentation "Managing CPRs as an

element of people-oriented and sustainable development" be

used as guidelines both for governmental and non-

governmental projects.

xxii

(iii) The Consensus of the seminar participants was that

the KPL should be scrapped.

(iv) The Employment Guarantee scheme should be actively

promoted in Karnataka and should be linked to regenerating

of the commons.

(v) Support from mandaI panchayats and ZPs should be

sought to implement community-based management in an

effective way.

(vi) The conservationist and ecological approach to tank

irrigation should be widely propagated. World Bank funded

tank irrigation should be evaluated from the point of view

of the rural poor.

(vii) Surveys of C and 0, forest and other lands should be

taken up and those lands reserved for meeting the needs of

the people.

(viii) Planting of multiple-use tree species should be

undertaken on large scale on the commons and the bunds of

fields.

(ix) All common lands, taken over by companies like the

KPL or MPM or FOe, at the expense of the rural people,

should be reclaimed by the villages through

movements.

people's

(x) Meetings should be convened to discuss the National

Forest Policy and the Forest Conservation Act of 1980. and

the recommendations should be sent to the government.

xxiii

The guidelines were printed and published in a booklet

called "Janaaranya" which was subsequently sent to the

Government for guiding the implementation of joint forest

management.

xxiv

APPENDIX XI

INTERVIEW GUIDES

A. Key Informants of SPS

Background Name Education Marital Status Address

Age Occupation Religion

Sex Monthly Caste

Income

Date of joining Paid/voluntary

The SPS

SPS and reasons for joining Part-tim~/full-time

A. system characteristics

Intra-system factors (Structural and functional properties):

(i) Physical setting: What is the physical setting from which SPS operates?

Influence on its functioning? Access to the people? Convenience of timings?

(ii) Policies, regulations, protocol: What are its boundaries and norms of assistance? (Ask for

written statements of policy and procedures).

Formation of SPS: Explain the process of formation of SPS. When was it started and by whom? What were the difficulties and resistances experienced in starting it? How did you resolve them? What is the relationship of SPS with IDS?

What are the goals of IDS? How was it formed? What are its activities? Why was there need to form a separate organisation?

Guiding theories and beliefs: What are the implicit and explicit philosophies of what is good and valuable to the people to which the SPS addresses itself? What is the guiding culture for problem assessment and interventions? In working on environmental issues. what is the vision of SPS? How does the SPS desire to achieve its goals within the context of the present social realities of development (continuing urbanisation, industrialisation, ecological degradation)?

Staff of SPS: they selected? Are staff pattern or responsibilities?

Who are the staff members of SPS? they paid or voluntary? (Ask for prepare one). What are their

How are they communicated to them?

xxv

How a chart roles

are on

and

What are the records they are required training do they undergo? How is their evaluated? How long do they remain with the reasons for leaving or continuing?

top maintain? What work monitored and organisation? Their

Goals and Purpose: What are the goals of SPS? Has there been any change in goals since inception and, if so, what are the reasons? What was the initial purpose of starting SPS? What is the purpose today? What are the reasons for the change?

How are the goals and objectives communicated to the staff and others? (Ask for written policy statements and procedures). How flexible is the SPS in terms of its response to the social realities?

What are the methods viewed as appropriate to achieve the purpose? What are the related tasks?

What is the desired outcome? How are the dynamics of the problem interpreted by the SPS?

Nature of problems and interpretation: What were the problems identified for intervention and how? why? Time gap between occurrence of problem and problem identification. Were other issues taken UP and abandoned? why? Influence of ideology on selection.

What were the environmental problems identified? Who were affected by the problems? How did they affect the people and the environment? What were the differences between the two issues in terms of severity, frequency of occurrence, mass level or localised, effects on environment and people, responses of the government, people and NGOs?

How did SPS develop focus on specific problems of the environment? How was the information collected on the problems and their impact?

Communicational system: What are the usual patterns of communication between the members of SPS? with the client system? with the target system? with the action system?

How are the decisions usually made? How are the conflicts usually resolved?

Output: What has SPS achieved so far?

Inter-system factors

of the SPS

Relationship with sources of support: From what kinds sources are funds for the activities of SPS sought? What are conditions for/of funding sources interested in the activities? What are the usual patterns of communication the funding agencies? Has SPS sought funds for interventions on environmental issues? Give details.

with their

xxvi

Relationship with other welfare/activist organisations: In what situations is the support of other organisations sought? What are the usual patterns of communication between SPS and other organisations?

Relationship with the community: What are the communication systems evolved to relate to the community people? From where does the sanction come? Are there areas of conflict? How are they resolved?

B. Process of Problem-solving/Interventions

Initial phase: Contact to COntract

Initiating contacts with the client system: How did SPS establish contact with the beneficiaries to work on the problems? Who were contacted? How were they identified? Differences of client-systems in the two issues. How did they deal with the issues before intervention? Differences in their perceptions of impact of problems.

Initiating contacts with the target system: How did SPS identify and establish rapport with the target system? Who were identified as the target system? What were their characteristics? What were the techniques used to overcome their resistance? How successful or unsuccessful was the SPS to do so?

Gathering information: What wer~ the tools used to collect data on the problems of environment and their impact on the environment and the people? Who helped to gather information and from whom? What type of information was sought at different points of time in the intervention? What type of information was gathered about the beneficiaries, target systems, and the action systems?

Assessment of the problems: What is the magnitude of the problem? How severe is it? What is the frequency of occurrence? What are the effects on the environment and the people? Whether affecting vast general population or specific groups? What are the macro and micro level factors leading to the problem and its sustainment? Who are the people or parties involved in creating the problem directly as well as abetting it? Who are the people most and least affected? What has been the people's response to solve the problem? What has been the government's response? the industry's response? the NGO response?

What were the goals, targets and priorities set by the to solve the problem? Who was involved in this process? were the tasks and strategies? Who were involved in planning? What was the role of the SPS in developing strategy and deciding the tasks?

xxvii

SPS What

the the

establish of the

Negotiating contracts: With whom did the SPS initial relationships and how? What was the purpose contract? What were the terms of contract? What were the of the client, target and action systems? What were their and operating procedures in relation to the change effort? were the differences in opinion and how were they resolved?

goals tasks

What

Middle phase: Problem-solving

Formation of action systems

Characteristics of the action systems: Who among the client and target systems were influenced and

motivated to form action systems to work on the problem? What is their background? What is their physical setting? How vulnerable are they to influence within and outside the system? What are the influences? How do they adapt and sustain themselves? How do the people cope? How do they relate to the larger community and to other systems?

What is the extent of convergence and what are the obstacles? How are they overcome? What has been the role of the groups and committees at different stages in their development (differentiation)? How open or closed are they to new members? What is their criteria for acceptance or selection? Which are the other voluntary organisations/experts' in the field co-opted and how? What are the system-regulating processes?

Levels of formation: At what levels did they form action systems? Are they formed

outside the target systems or within or both? What is the nature of group of committee formed? What is the size and composition of the members?

Leadership: Who were identified as leaders? How

What were the problems involved? What is the How do they relate to SPS and to the other their roles and responsibilities? Were any held to prepare the leaders?

Operating procedures:

did they emerge? type of leadership?

systems? What are training programmes

How often do the committees meet? Where? How many members usually attend? What are the issues discussed? How active are the people in the discussions? What are the activities planned and how? Who implements and how? Who monitors and evaluates and how? How many such groups/committees are formed? Do they interact with each other and how? Do they interact with the government and other organisations? What has been the experience so far of such interactions? Were the groups easy to form? What were the problems involved? How is the interest of the members sustained? Are the groups open or closed to new members?

xxviii

Taking action: What strategies were used to plan action? How were women involved? What were the strategies used to involve them in planning and implementation? How were the tasks and activities allocated? What were the techniques used in the action? Who decided, who participated and how were the people prepared? What kind of research and documentation, orientation and training planned? How was the method of networking used in the change effort? In what ways were the influence and service strategies planned and implemented?

Maintaining and coordinating the action systems: What was the history of previous interactions between the members of the various committees? How did this influence the intervention? How was the interaction initiated among the members and with the target and client systems? How were the activities coordinated between the various committees, government and other organisations? In case of cpnflict, how were the procedures modified? In what ways does the distribution of power among the members affect the cohesiveness of the systems? Is influence being used to help or disrupt the group? What are the outside interests and conflicting loyalties and how are they resolved? What are the conflicting attitudes and values and how are they resolved?

How do the members view the purpose of the action systems? How are the members involved in the diagnosis and resolution of problems with other members? What are the task and maintenance roles? How have contracts been renegotiated within the system and with other systems? What is the role of the change agents and the SPS in the resolution of problems of communication, in interpersonal relationships and in the distribution of power?

Exercising influence: What is the bases of influence on the part of the change agents and the SPS? What are the means of influence used? What kind of communication was most appropriate, what were the costs involved?

End Phase: Termination

Terminating and evaluating the change effort: What are the evaluation procedures used at the stage of termination? What are the monitoring tools? What kind of preparation is done for termination or discontinuance? How do the change agents and the SPS view their work? What has been the effect of the intervention on the environment and the future? What are the plans for future action?

SPS's Views On People's Participation: Who are the people who participated? On what issues? At what levels? How? Why did some participate and some did not? Views on nature of involvement, leadership, 'strategies used, techniques, people's roles and

xxix

Taking action: What strategies were used to plan action? How were women invoived? What were the strategies used to involve them in planning and implementation? How were the tasks and activities allocated? What were the techniques used in the action? Who decided, who participated and how were the people prepared? What kind of research and documentation, orientation and training planned? How was the method of networking used in the change effort? In what ways were the influence and service strategies planned and implemented?

Maintaining and coordinating the action systems: What was the history of previous interactions between the members of the various committees? How did this influence the intervention? How was the interaction initiated among the members and with the target and client systems? How were the activities coordinated between the various committees, government and other organisations? In case of conflict, how were the procedures modified? In what ways does the distribution of power among the members affect the cohesiveness of the systems? Is influence being used to help or disrupt the group? What are the outside interests and conflicting loyalties and how are they resolved? What are the conflicting attitudes and values and how are they resolved?

How do the members view ~he purpose of the action systems? How are the members involved in the diagnosis and resolution of problems with other members? What are the task and maintenance roles? How have contracts been renegotiated within the system and with other systems? What is the role of the change agents and the SPS in the resolution of problems of communication, in interpersonal relationships and in the distribution of power?



Terminating and evaluating the change effort: What are the evaluation procedures used at the stage of termination? What are the monitoring tools? What kind of preparation is done for termination or discontinuance? How do the ~hange agents and the SPS view their work? What has been the effect of the intervention on the environment and the future? What are the plans for future action?

SPS's Views On People's Participation: Who are the people who participated? On what issues? At what levels? How? Why did some participate and some did not? Views on nature of involvement, leadership, strategies used, techniques, people's roles and

xxix

responsibilities, involvement in decision-making, communication patterns. People's perception of success and fail ure, sharing of benefits. Perception of target systems and its role in the process. Gender and class differences in both issues. How did nature and severity of issues affect involvement? What were the changes in relationship with the environment due to the differences in interventions between the two issues?

Relationship between the interventions influence each domains above?

two issues: How other with respect

did to

B. Key Informants of Client System

Background Name Sex

the all

two the

Education Marital Status Address


Monthly Income Caste

(Ask for written documents, survey reports and evaluations)

Profile of the client system

Who are the people affected by the problems of pollution and common lands in your area? What is their socio-economic status, educational status, occupation, and income? How many of them own land? How many of them are migrants? Are they generally satisfied with their Quality of life and health status? Do they have sufficient facilities for education, occupation, health and welfare?

Perception of environmental issues

What are the environmental issues in their area which they are most concerned about? What is the problem of pollution/usurpation of common lands they are facing? Since when? Who is most affected, how many people and why? What are the effects on the Quality of life and health of the people? How have they eoped with the problems? What action have they taken to solve the problem? What action have other organisations taken like the government, the SPS or any other? What has been the result of the action taken?

the How

Client system's Perception of the Interventions

Initiating contacts

With the client system: beneficiaries to work on were they identified?

How did SPS establish contact with the problems? Who were contacted?

What were the resistances and

xxx

motivations identified? How were the resistances overcome and beneficiaries motivated to establish contact with the SPS? How was commitment increased? Were the women contacted? How were they involved?

With the target system: How did SPS identify and establish rapport with the target systems? How successful or unsuccessful was the SPS in influencing such persons? Are the people satisfied /dissatisfied with the efforts? What more do they expect?

Gathering information: What were the data on the problems of environment and environment and the people? Who helped to from whom? What type of information was points of time in the intervention?

tools used to collect their impact on the gather information and sought at different

Assessment of the problems: What is the magnitude of the problem? How severe is it? What is the frequency of occurrence? What are the effects on the environment and the people? Whether affecting vast general population or specific groups? What are the macro and micro level factors leading to the problem and its sustainment? Who are the people or parties involved in creating the problem directly as well as abetting it? Who are the people most and least affected? What has been the people's response to solve the problem? What has been the government's response? the industry's response? the NGO response?


SPS What the the

Negotiating contracts: What was the understanding reached with the people, industry, government, and other organisations? Who were the people first approached in the community? How did the SPS establish relationships with the people? What were the expectations of the SPS from the people and vice versa? How did th.y intend to go about achieving the goals? What were their tasks and operating procedures in relation to the change effort? What were the differences in opinion and how were they resolved?




motivated to form action systems to work on the problem? What is their background? What is their physical setting? How vulnerable are they to influence within and outside the system?

xxxi

What are the influences? How do themselves? How do the people cope? larger community and to other systems?

they adapt and sustain How do they relate to the

What is the extent of convergence and what are the obstacles? How are they overcome? What has been the role of the groups and committees at different stages in their development (differentiation)? How open or closed are they to new members? What is their criteria for acceptance or selection? Which are the other voluntary organisations/experts in the field co-opted and how? What are the system-regulating processes?



Leadership: Who were identified as leaders? How did they emerge?

What were the problems involved? What is the type of leadership? How do they relate to SPS and to the other systems? What are their roles and responsibilities? Were any training programmes held to prepare the leaders?

Operating procedures: How often do the committees meet? Where? How many members

usually attend? What are the issues discussed? How active are the people in the discussions? What are the activities planned and how? Who implements and how? Who monitors and evaluates and how? How many such groups/committees are formed? Do they interact with each other and how? Do they interact with the government and other organisations? What has been the experience so far of such interactions? Were the groups easy to form? What were the problems involved? How is the interest of the members sustained? Are the groups open or closed to new members?

Taking action: What strategies were used to plan action? How were women involved? What were the strategies used to involve them in planning and implementation? How were the tasks and activities allocated? What were the techniques used in the action? Who decided, who participated and how were the people prepared? What kind of research and documentation, orientation and training planned? How was the method of networking used 1n the change effort? In what ways were the influence and service strategies planned and implemented?

Maintaining and coordinating the action systems: What was the history of previous interactions between the members of the various committees? How did this influence the intervention? How was the interaction initiated among the members and with the target and client systems? How were the activities coordinated

xxxii

between the various committees. government and other organisations? In case of conflict. how were the procedures modified? In what ways does the distribution of power among the members affect the cohesiveness of the systems? Is influence being used to help or disrupt the group? What are the outside interests and conflicting loyalties and how are they resolved? What are the conflicting attitudes and values and how are they resolved?

How do the members view the purpose of the action systems? How are the members involved in the diagnosis and resolution of problems with other members? What are the task and maintenance roles? How have contracts been renegotiated within the system and with other systems? What is the role of the change agents and the SPS in the resolution of problems of communication. in interpersonal relationships and in the distribution of power?

Exercising influence: What is the bases of influence on the part of the change agents and the SPS? What are the means of influence used? What kind of communication was most appropriate. what were the costs involved?


Terminating and evaluating the change effort: How are the activities continuously evaluated? Are the beneficiaries and others involved? What kind of preparation is done for termination or discontinuance? What has been the effect of the intervention on the environment and the people? What are the plans for future action?

Are the people satisfied with the actions taken by the various organisations? Give reasons. What would the people like to do to solve the problem? What more do the people expect from the government. the SPS. your people and others?

Client system's perception of people's participation: Who are the people who participated? On what issues? At what levels? How? Why did some participate and some did not?

Participation in the process: In what ways were the beneficiaries involved in the various steps in the process of interventions? In what ways were women involved? How did they participate?

Leadership: Who provided the leadership? Did they come from your own community or from outside? As leaders what did they do? What tasks did they perform? What roles did they play? Did they have a good following? Were you satisfied with their leadership?

xxxiii

Techniques: Were you satisfied with the means used to get you and the people involved in the various interventions by the government, SPS and the others? What were the reasons?

Roles· and responsibilities: What was your role and responsibility in the intervention? What was the role and responsibility of the other people? Who delegated to you and the others the tasks? How did the leaders communicate to you and the people? Were you satisfied? What are your suggestions?

Who has been most cooperative with you in fighting for the cause? Who has been most indifferent and lor hostile in participating in the interventions? In what ways did you/SPS influence them to join hands with you? Were you satisfied with your own and people's involvement? Give reasons. What are your suggestions for getting people to participate in' the interventions on both the issues?

Outcome: interventions? interventions?

What has been achieved and not achieved due to the Who has benefited the most and the least from the How wi 11 the benefits be shared?

Role of SPS: of SPS on the suggestions?

Are you and the people satisfied with the role two issues? Give reasons. What are your

Role of the government and other organisations: In what ways have the government and other organisations been involved? Are you satisfied with their participation? What are your suggestions?

What are your suggestions for future action?


two issues: other with

C. Key Informants of Target System



Name of organisation working with Duration of work in organisation Roles and responsibilities Interactions with other organisations

xxxiv

How respect

did to

Sex

the all

two the

Monthly Income Caste

Designation

Perception of the problem

What is your perception of the problem of pollution/common lands that people are complaining about? Do you view it as

problem? Why? Who do you think is causing the problem? What do you think are the factors leading to the problems? In what ways are the people involved?

Perception of the Interventions

What are the steps, that you are aware of, which have been taken to solve the problems? Who initiated the steps and who has been supporting the action? In what ways are you or your organisation involved? What are your feelings about the steps taken, the response of the people, the role of SPS, and your organisation?

Outcome

What has been the result of the steps taken to solve the problems?

Perception of SPS

Have you heard of SPS? Do you know anything about what SPS is doing with regard to the problems? What do you feel about their activities? Have you or your organisation had occasion to interact with them? In what ways? What has been the result of the interaction?

Suggestions for future action

What are your suggestions? In what ways organisation contribute to solving the problem?

can your

A. System characteristics


( i ) What

system's timings?

Physical setting: is the physical setting's

functioning? Access to the influence people?

(ii) PQlicies, regulations, protocol:

on the target Convenience of

What are its boundaries and norms of assistance? (Ask for written statements of policy and procedures).

xxxv

Formation of SPS: was it started and by resistances experienced them?

Explain the process of whom? What were the

in starting it? , How

formation. When difficulties and did you resolve

Guiding theories and beliefs: What are the implicit and explicit philosophies of what is good and valuable to the people to which the system addresses itself? What is the guiding culture for problem assessment and interventions? In working on environmental issues, what is the vision of the target system?

Staff of SPS: Who are the staff members? How are they selected? Are they paid or voluntary? (Ask for a chart on staff pattern or prepare one). What are their roles and responsibilities? How are they communicated to them?

What are the records they are required top maintain? What training do they undergo? How is their work monitored and evaluated? How long do they remain with the organisation? Their reasons for leaving or continuing?

Goals and Purpose: What are the goals of SPS? Has there been any change in goals since inception and, if so, what are the reasons? How are the goals and objectives communicated to the staff and others? (Ask for written policy statements and procedures).

What are the methods viewed as appropriate to achieve the purpose? What are the related tasks? What is the desired outcome? How are the dynamics of the problem interpreted by the system?

Nature of problems and interpretation: What were the problems identified for intervention and how? why? Time gap between occurence of problem and problem identification. Were other issues taken up and abandoned? why? Influence of ideology on selection.


Communicational system: What are the usual patterns of communication between the staff? with the client system? with the change agent system? with the action system?

How are the decisions usually made? How are the conflicts usually resolved?

output: What has the system achieved so far?

xxxvi


Relationship with sources of support: From what kinds of sources are funds for the activities of the system sought? What are the conditions for/of funding sources interested in the activities? What are the usual patterns of communication with the funding agencies?

Relationship with other welfare/activist organisations: In what situations is the support of other organisations sought? What are the usual patterns of communication between the system and other organisations?


A. Key Informants of Action Systems



Membership of any group/s or organisation/s Type of group/organisation Roles and responsibilities Interaction with other groups/organisations Previous experience of paid/voluntary work

A. System characteristics

Sex Monthly Income Caste


(i) Physical setting: What is the physical setting from which SPS operates?

Influence on its functioning? Access to the people? Convenience of timings?

(ii) Policies, regulations, protocol: What are its boundaries and norms of assistance? (Ask for

written statements of policy and procedures).

Formation of the system: Explain the process of formation of your system. When was it started and ~y whom? What were the difficulties and resistances experienced in starting it? How did you resolve them? What is the relationship of your system with SPS? Why was there need to form a separate organisation?

xxxvii

Guiding theories and beliefs: What are the implicit and explicit philosophies of what is good and valuable to the people to which the action system addresses itself? What is the guiding culture for problem assessment and interventions? In working on environmental issues, what is the vision of the action system? How does the action system desire to achieve its goals within the context of the present social realities of development (continuing urbanisation, industrialisation, ecological degradation)?

Members of the action system: Who are the members of the action system? How are they selected? Are they paid or voluntary? (Ask for a chart on staff pattern or prepare one).

What are their roles and responsibilities? How are they communicated to them? What are the records they are required top maintain? What training do they undergo? How is their work monitored and evaluated? How long do they remain with the organisation? Their reasons for leaving or continuing?

Goals and Purpose: What are the goals of the action Has there been any change in goals since inception and, what are the reasons? What was the initial purpose of the action system? What is the purpose today? What reasons for the change?

system? if so,

starting are the

How are the goals and objectives communicated to the staff and others?' (Ask for written policy statements and procedures). How flexible is the action system in terms of its response to the social realities?

What are the methods viewed as appropriate to achieve the purpose? What are the related tasks? What is the desired outcome? How are the dynamics of the problem interpreted by the action system?

Nature of problems and interpretation: What were the problems identified for intervention and how? why? Time gap between occurence of problem and problem identification. Were other issues taken up and abandoned? why? Influence of ideology on selection.


How did the action system develop focus on specific problems of the environment? How was the information collected on the problems and their impact?

Communicational system: What are the usual patterns of communication between the members? with the client system? with the target system? with SPS? How are the decisions usually made? How are the conflicts usually resolved?

xxxviii

Output: What has the action system achieved so far?


Relationship with sources of support: From what kinds of sources are funds for the activities of the action system sought? What are the conditions for/of funding sources interested in the activities of the action system? What are the usual patterns of communication with the funding agencies? Do the beneficiaries/members contribute in any way? Has the action system sought funds for their interventions on environmental issues? Give details.

Relationship with other welfare/activist organisations: In what situations is the support of other organisations sought? What are the usual patterns of communication between the action system and other organisations?


B. Process of Problem-solving/Interventions

Initial phase: Contact to Contract

Initiating contacts with the client system: How did SPS establish contact with the beneficiaries to work on the problems? Who were contacted? How were they identified? Differences of client-systems in the two issues. How did they deal with the issues before intervention? Differences in their-perceptions of impact of problems.

Initiating contacts with the target system: How did SPS identify and establish rapport with the target system? Who were identified as the target system? What were their characteristics? What were the techniques used to overcome their resistance? How successful or unsuccessful' was the SPS to do so?

Gathering information: What were the tools used to collect data on the problems of environment and their impact on the environment and the people? Who helped to gather information and from whom? What type of information was sought at different points of time in the intervention? What type of information was gathered about the beneficiaries, target systems, and the action systems?

Assessment of the problems: What is the magnitude of the problem? How severe is it? What is the frequency of occurrence? What are the effects on the environment and the people? Whether affecting vast general population or specific groups? What are

xxxix

the macro and micro level factors leading to the problem and its sustainment? Who are the people or parties involved in creating the problem directly as well as abetting it? Who are the people most and least affected? What has been the people's response to solve the problem? What has been the government's response? the industry's response? the NGO response?


SPS What

the the

Negotiating contracts: With whom did the SPS establish initial relationships and how? What was the purpose of the contract? What were the terms of contract? What were the goals of the client. target and action systems? What were their tasks and operating procedures in relation to the change effort? What were the differences in opinion and how were they resolved?




motivated to form action systems to work on the problem? What is their background? What is their physical setting? How vulnerable are they to influence within and outside the systems? What are the influences? How do they adapt and sustain themselves? How do the people cope? How do they relate to the larger community and to other systems?

What ;s the extent of convergence and what are the obstacles? How are they overcome? What has been the role of the groups and committees at different stages in their development (differentiation)? How open or closed are they to new members? What ;s their criteria for acceptance or selection? Which are the other voluntary organisations/experts in the field co-opted and how? What are the system-regulating processes?





xxxx



Taking action: What strategies were used to plan action? How were women involved? What were the strategies used to involve them in planning and implementation? How were the tasks and activities allocated? What were the techniques used in the action? Who decided, who participated and how were the people prepared? What kind of research and documentation, orientation and training planned? How was the method of networking used in the change effort? In what ways were the influence and serVlce strategies planned and implemented?

Maintaining and coordinating the action systems: What was the history of previous interactions between the members of the vaarious committees? How did this influence the intervention? How was the interaction initiated among the members and with the target and client systems? How were the activities coordinated between the various committees, government and other organisations? In case of conflict, how were the procedures modified? In what ways does the distribution of power among the members affect the cohesiveness of the systems? Is influence being used to help or disrupt the group? What are the outside interests and conflicting loyalties and how are they resolved? What are the conflicting attitudes and values and how are they resolved?

How do the members view the purpose of the action systems? How are the members involved in the diagnosis and resolution of problems with other members? ,What are the task and maintenance roles? How have contracts been renegotiated within the system and with other systems? What is the role of the change agents and the SPS in the resolution of problems of communication, in interpersonal relationships and in the dis~ribution of power?


xxxxi


Terminating and evaluating the change effort: What are the evaluation procedures used at the stage of termination? What are the monitoring tools? What kind of preparation is done for termination or discontinuance? How do the change agents and the SPS view their work? What has been the effect of the intervention on the environment and the future? What are the plans for future action?

Views On People's Participation: Who are the people who participated? On what issues? At what levels? How? Why did some participate and some did not? Views on nature of involvement, leadership, strategies used, techniques, people's roles and responsibilities, involvement in decision-making, communication patterns. People's perception of success and failure, sharing of benefits. Perception of target systems and its role in the process. Gender and class differences in both issues. How did nature and severity of issues affect involvement? What were the changes in relationship with the environment due to the differences in interventions between the two issues?


two issues: How other with respect

did to

the all

two the

Perception of SPS: What is your perception of SPS? How did you get to know about it? What are the problems on which SPS is working? What is their philosophy of workJ What are your views? What is the relationship of the SPS with the people affected by the problem, the people not affected by the problem, the government and the industry, with other organisations helping to solve the problem? What is the action system's view about the action of SPS to solve the problem?

How did the informant get attracted to and involved in the organisation? What was his/her role and responsibility? How did he/she feel about his/her relationship with SPS, the people other organisations? Was the informant satisfied with relationship with all the systems, including the SPS? What were the suggestions for future action?

and the

Perception organisations: organisations participation?

of In

been What

the role of government what ways have the government involved? Are you ~atisfied are your suggestions?

xxxxii

and and

with

other other their

APPENDIX XII

FOCUS GROUP TOPIC GUIDE

Background of the group Name Education Marital Status Address

members Age Occupation Religion

Profile of the client system

Sex Monthly Caste

Income

Who are the people affected by the problems of pollution and common lands in your area? What is their socio-economic status, educational status, occupation, and income? How many of them own land? How many of them are migrants? Are they generally satisfied with their Quality of life and health status? Do they have sufficient facilities for education, occupation, health and welfare?

Perception of environmental issues

What are the environmental issues in their area which they are most concerned about? What is the problem of pollution/usurpation of common lands they are facing? Since when? Who is most affected, how many people and why? What are the effects on the Quality of life and health of the people? How have they coped with the problems? What action have they taken to solve the problem? What action have other organisations taken like the government, the SPS or any other? What has been the result of the action taken?

Perception of the Interventions

Initiating contacts

With the client system How did SPS establish contact with the beneficiaries to work on the problems? Who were contacted? How were they identified? What were the resistances and motivations identified? How were the resistances overcome and beneficiaries motivated to establish contact with the SPS? How was commitment increased? Were the women contacted? How were they involved?

With the target system: How did SPS identify and establish rapport with the target systems? How successful or unsuccessful was the SPS in influencing such persons? Are the people satisfied /dissatisfied with the efforts? What more do they expect?

xxxxiii

Gathering information: What were the data on the problems of environment and environment and the people? Who helped to from whom? What type of information was points of time in the intervention?

tools used to collect their impact on the gather information and

sought at different

Assessment of the problems: What is the magnitude of the problem? How severe is it? What is the frequency of occurrence? What are the effects on the environment and the people? Whether affecting vast general population or specific groups? What are the macro and micro level factors leading to the problem and its sustainment? Who are the people or parti~s involved in creating the problem directly as well as abetting it? Who are the people most and least affected? What has been the people's response to solve the problem? What has been the government's response? the industry's response? the NGO response?

What were the goals, targets and priorities set by the to solve the problem? Who was involved in this process?

SPS What the were the tasks and strategies? Who were involved in

planning? What was the role of the SPS in developing the strategy and deciding the tasks?

Negotiating contracts: What was the understanding reached with the people, industry, government, and other organisations? Who were the people first approached in the community? How did the SPS establish relationships with the people? What were the expectations of the SPS from the people and vice versa? How did they intend to go about achieving the goals? What were their tasks and operating procedures in relation to the change effort? What were the differences in opinion and how were they resolved?




motivated to form action systems to work on the problem? What is their background? What is their physical setting? How vulnerable are they to influence within and outside the system? What are the influences? How do they adapt and sustain themselves? How do the people cope? How do they relate to the larger community and to other systems?

What is the extent of convergence and what are the obstacles? How are they overcome? What has been the role of the groups and committees at different stages in their development (differentiation)? How open or closed are they to new members? What is their criteria for acceptance or selection? Which are the other voluntary organisations/experts in the field co-opted and how? What are the system-regulating processes?

xxxxiv


outside the target systems or within or both? What is the nature of gro0p of committee formed? What is the size and composition of the members?





Taking action: What strategies were used to plan action? How were women involved? What were the strategies used to involve them in planning and implementation? How were the tasks and activities allocated? What were the techniques used in the action? Who decided, who participated and how were the people prepared? What kind of research and documentation, orientation and training planned? How was the method of networking used in the change effort? In what ways were the influence and service strategies planned and implemented?

Maintaining and coordinating the action systems: What was the history of previous interactions between the members of the various committees? How did this influence the intervention? How was the interaction initiated among the members and with the target and client systems? How were the activities coordinated between the various committees, government and other organisations? In case of conflict, how were the procedures modified? In what ways does the distribution of power among the members affect the cohesiveness of the systems? Is influence being used to help or disrupt the group? What are the outside interests and conflicting loyalties and how are they resolved? What are the conflicting attitudes and values and how are they resolved?

How do the members view the purpose of the action systems? How are the members involved in the diagnosis and resolution of problems with other members? What "are the task and maintenance

xxxxv

roles? How have contracts been renegotiated within the system and with other systems? What is the role of the change agents and the SPS in the resolution of problems of communication, in interpersonal relationships and in the distribution of power?



Terminating and evaluating the change effort: How are activities continuouslY evaluated? Are the beneficiaries others involved? What kind of preparation is done termination or discontinuance? What has been the effect of intervention on the environment and the people? What are plans for future action?

Are the people satisfied with the actions taken by various organisations? Give reasons. What would the people to do to solve the problem? What more do the people expect the government, the SPS, your people and others?

the and for the the

the like from

Client system's perception of people's participation: Who are the people who participated? On what issues? At what levels? How? Why did some participate and some did not?

Participation in the process: In what ways were the beneficiaries involved in the various steps in the process of interventions? In what ways were women involved? How did they participate?

Leadership: Who provided the leadership? Did they come from your.own community or from outside? As leaders what did they do? What tasks did they perform? What roles did they play? Did they have a good following? Were you satisfied with their leadership?

Techniques: Were you satisfied with the means used to get you and the people involved in the various interventions by the government, SPS and the others? What were the reasons?

Roles and responsibilities: What was your role and responsibility in the intervention? What was the role and responsibility of the other people? Who delegated to you and the others the tasks? How did the leaders communicate to you and the people? Were you satisfied? What are your suggestions?

Who has been most cooperative with you in fighting for the cause? Who has been most. indifferent and lor hostile ln participating in the interventions? In what ways did you/SPS

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influence them to join hands with you? your own and people's involvement? Give suggestions for getting people to interventions on both the issues?

Were you satisfied reasons. What are

participate in

with your the

outcome: interventions? interventions?

What has been achieved Who has benefited the How will the benefits

and not achieved due to the most and the least from the be shared?

Role of SPS: of SPS on the suggestions?

Are you and the people satisfied with the role two issues? Give reasons. What are your

Role of the government and other organisations: ways have the government and other organisations been Are you satisfied with their participation? What suggestions?

What are your suggestions for future action?


two issues: . How other with respect

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did to

In what involved? are your

the all

two the

appendices map karnataka state map 2 dharwad districtii iii map

Documents