177© Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015R. Xiao, X. Hu, Corpus-Based Studies of Translational Chinese in English- Chinese Translation, New Frontiers in Translation Studies, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-41363-6

Appendices

Appendix 1: Tagset of LCMC and ZCTC

Appendix 1 is the tagset used by the Lancaster Corpus Mandarin Chinese (LCMC 2.0) and Zhejiang University Corpus of Translational Chinese (ZCTC). Both cor-pora are annotated with ICTCLAC 2008 developed by Chinese Academy of Sciences and processed to correct apparent systematic annotation errors. The fol-lowing is a revised version based on the Chinese Part-of-Speech Tagset (version 3.0) developed by the Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Science.

Tag Chinese Romanisation English

a 形容词 xing rong ci adjective ad 副形词 fu xing ci adjective as adverbial ag 形容词性语素 xing rong ci xing yu su adjectival morpheme al 形容词性惯用语 xing rong ci xing guan

yong yu adjectival formulaic expression

an 名形词 ming xing ci adjective with nominal function b 区别词 qu bie ci modifi er (non-predicate noun

modifi er) bg 区别词语素 qu bie ci yu su noun modifi er morpheme bl 区别词性惯用语 qu bie ci xing guan yong

yu noun modifi er formulaic expression

c 连词 lian ci conjunction cc 并列连词 bing lie lian ci coordinating conjunction cg 连词语素 lian ci yu su conjunction morpheme d 副词 fu ci adverb dg 副词性语素 fu ci xing yu su adverbial morpheme dl 副词性惯用语 fu ci xingguan yong yu adverbial formulaic expression

(continued)

178

Tag Chinese Romanisation English

e 叹词 tan ci interjection ew 句末标点 ju mo biao dian sentential punctuation (full stop,

semi-colon, question mark, exclamation mark)

f 方位词 fang wei ci space word fg 方位词语素 fang wei ci yu su space word morpheme g 语素 yu su morpheme h 前缀 qian zhui prefi x i 成语 cheng yu idiom k 后缀 hou zhui suffi x m 数词 shu ci numeral and quantifi er mg 数词性语素 shu ci xing yu su numeral and quantifi er morpheme mq 数量词 shu liang ci numeral-classifi er j 缩写 suo xie abbreviation l 惯用语 guan yong yu fi xed expressions n 名词 ming ci noun ng 名词性语素 ming ci xing yu su nominal morpheme nl 名词性惯用语 ming ci xingguan yong

yu nominal formulaic expression

nr 汉语人名 han yu ren ming person name nr1 汉语姓氏 han yu xing shi Chinese surname nr2 汉语名字 han yu ming zi Chinese fi rst name nrf 音译人名 yin yi ren ming transliterated foreign person name nrj 日语人名 ri yu ren ming Japanese name ns 地名 di ming place name nsf 音译地名 yin yi di ming transliterated foreign place name nt 机构团体名 ji gou tuan ti ming organization name nx 名词性字符串 ming ci xing zi fu chuan nominal character string nz 其它专名 qi ta zhuan ming other proper noun o 拟声词 ni sheng ci onomatopoeia p 介词 jie ci preposition pba 介词“把” jie ci“ba” preposition ba 把 pbei 介词“被” jie ci“bei” preposition bei 被 pg 介词性语素 jie ci xing yu su preposition morpheme q 量词 liang ci classifi er qg 量词性语素 liang ci xing yu su classifi er morpheme qt 时量词 shi liang ci temporal classifi er qv 动量词 dong liang ci verbal classifi er r 代词 dai ci pronoun rg 代词性语素 dai ci xing yu su pronominal morpheme rr 人称代词 ren cheng dai ci personal pronoun ry 疑问代词 yiwen dai ci interrogative pronoun rys 处所疑问代词 chu suo yi wen dai ci place interrogative pronoun ryt 时间疑问代词 shi jian yi wen dai ci temporal interrogative pronoun

(continued)

Appendices

179

Tag Chinese Romanisation English

ryv 谓词性疑问代词 wei ci xingyiwen dai ci verbal interrogative pronoun rz 指示代词 zhi shi dai ci deictic pronoun rzs 处所指示代词 chu suo zhi shi dai ci place pronoun rzt 时间指示代词 shi jian zhi shi dai ci temporal pronoun rzv 谓词性指示代词 wei ci xing zhi shi dai ci verbal pronoun s 处所词 chu suo ci place word t 时间词 shi jian ci time word tg 时间词性语素 shi jian ci xing yu su time word morpheme u auxiliary zhu ci auxiliary ude1 的, 底 de, di auxiliary de 的, di 底 ude2 地 di auxiliary di 地 ude3 得 de auxiliary de 得 u deng 等, 等等, 云云 deng, dengdeng, yunyun auxiliary deng 等, dengdeng 等等,

yunyun 云云 udh …的话 …de hua auxiliary … dehua …的话 uguo 过 guo auxiliary guo 过 ule 了 le auxiliary le 了 ulian 连 lian auxiliary lian 连 uls 来讲, 来说, 而言,

说来 lai jiang, lai shuo, er yan, shuo lai

auxiliary laijiang 来讲, laishuo 来说, eryan 而言, shuolai 说来

usuo 所 suo auxiliary suo 所

uyy 一样, 一般, 似的, 般

yi yang, yi ban, si de, ban

auxiliary yiyang 一样, yiban 一般, side 似的, ban 般

uzhe 着 zhe auxiliary zhe 着 uzhi 之 zhi auxiliary zhi 之 v 动词 dong ci verb vd 副动词 fu dong ci adverbial use of verb vf 趋向动词 qu xiang dong ci directional verb vg 动词性语素 dong ci xing yu su verb morpheme vi 不及物动词 bu ji wu dong ci intransitive verb vl 动词性惯用语 dong ci xing guan yong

yu verbal formulaic expression

vn 名动词 ming dong ci nominal use of verb vshi 动词“是” dong ci“shi” verb shi 是 vx 形式动词 xing shi dong ci pro-verb vyou 动词“有” dong ci“you” verb you 有 w 标点符号 biao dian fu hao symbol and punctuation wb 百分号或千分号 bai fen hao huo qian fen

hao percentage and permillage sign

wd 逗号 dou hao full or half-length comma “,” “,” wj 全角句号 quan jiao ju hao full stop of full length “。” wkz 左括号 zuo kuo hao opening brackets wky 右括号 you kuo hao closing brackets wm 冒号 mao hao colon

(continued)

Appendices

180

Tag Chinese Romanisation English

wn 顿号 dun hao full-length enumeration mark , wp 破折号 po zhe hao dash ws 省略号 sheng lue hao full-length ellipsis wy 引号 yin hao quote x 字符串 zi fu chuan non-word character string y 语气词 yu qi ci particle yg 语气词语素 yu qi ci yu su particle morpheme z 状态词 zhuang tai ci descriptive word

Appendix 2: Keywords in ZCTC

The top 100 keywords in the Zhejiang University Corpus of Translational Chinese (ZCTC) sorted according to the “keyness” of the words. The reference corpus used for this list is the Lancaster Corpus of Mandarin Chinese (LCMC).

Keyword Romanisation English gloss

1 公司 gongsi company 2 美国 Meiguo USA 3 的 de de 4 A A A 5 E E E 6 他 ta he 7 我 wo I 8 N N N 9 O O O 10 C C C 11 I I I 12 S S S 13 T T T 14 会 hui will, shall 15 他们 tamen they 16 美元 meiyuan dollar 17 她 ta she, her 18 R R R 19 英国 yingguo UK 20 L L L 21 这些 zhexie these 22 可能 keneng maybe 23 B B B 24 该 gai should

(continued)

Appendices

181

Keyword Romanisation English gloss

25 M M M 26 它 ta it 27 D D D 28 在 zai at, in, on 29 将 jiang will 30 P P P 31 但是 danshi but 32 如果 ruguo if 33 # # # 34 所有 suoyou all 35 你 ni you 36 全球 quanqiu global 37 网络 wangluo internet 38 斯 si si 39 社论 shelun editorial 40 克林顿 kelindun Clinton 41 俄罗斯 eluosi Russia 42 预计 yuji estimate 43 因为 yinwei because 44 第 di No. 45 关税 guanshui customs 46 那些 naxie those 47 H H H 48 提供 tigong supply 49 澳大利亚 aodaliya Australia 50 资本 ziben capital 51 任何 renhe any 52 银行 yinxing bank 53 风险 fengxian risk 54 品牌 pinpai brand 55 贸易 maoyi commerce 56 U U U 57 亚洲 yazhou Asia 58 款 kuan section 59 约翰 yuehan John 60 最 zui superlative 61 我们 women we 62 纽约 niuyue New York 63 V V V 64 它们 tamen they 65 或 huo or 66 题 ti issue, item 67 政府 zhengfu government 68 所 suo suo

(continued)

Appendices

182

Keyword Romanisation English gloss

69 其他 qita other 70 产量 chanliang production 71 F F F 72 因特网 yintewang Internet 73 这种 zhezhong this type 74 模式 moshi model 75 可以 keyi may 76 耶稣 yesu Jesus 77 药物 yaowu medicine 78 税率 shuilu tax rate 79 东盟 dongmeng ASEAN 80 货物 huowu products 81 亿 yi thousand million 82 金融 jinrong fi nance 83 华盛顿 huashengdun Washington 84 治疗 zhiliao treatment 85 市场 shichang market 86 已经 yijing already 87 上月 shangyue last month 88 成本 chengben cost 89 也许 yexu probably 90 进口 jinkou import 91 网站 wangzhan website 92 纳米 nami Nanotech 93 钻石 zuanshi diamond 94 像 xiang as if 95 补贴 butie subsidy 96 大多数 daduoshu most, majority 97 危机 weiji crisis 98 大学 daxue university 99 适用 shiyong applicable 100 汤姆 tangmu Tom

Appendices

183

Appendix 3: Notes for the Corpora and Tools Available with This Book

The Lancaster Corpus of Mandarin Chinese (LCMC, version 2.0) and the Zhejiang University Corpus of Translational Chinese (ZCTC) together with Xaira, the corpus concordancing and analysing tool, are made publicly available for the readers of this book. The two corpora are already indexed with Xiara indexer and can be used directly on the reader’s computer. Due to the incomparability of different versions of Xaira, readers who have purchased the XML CD disc of the British National Corpus (BNC) will need Xaira (version 1.23) to search the corpus. For these read-ers, we also prepare indices with version 1.23. The readers can download and install the respective Xaira program packages. The two corpora, LCMC and ZCTC, will be available for use by just opening the Xaira Client. Alternatively, the readers can open the root folder of the corpora, and double click on the fi le named “ xcorpus ” to run the Client program for the corpora. The Unicode versions of the two corpora ready for use with WordSmith Tools (version 4.0 or 5.0) are also available to down-load. Please visit the following website to download the associated corpora and corpus tools: www.lancs.ac.uk/fass/projects/corpus/CBSTC/ . The password for decompacting all fi les is “ jiaodachuban ”.

Appendices

185

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A Aspect marker , 7, 48, 90, 149–151, 160, 166

B ba construction , 32, 131–135, 164 bei passive , 33, 121, 124, 127–130, 163,

164, 171, 172 British National Corpus (BNC) , 13, 16, 41,

54, 63, 67, 108, 112, 175 Brown corpus , 12, 32, 40, 41

C Classifi er , 93, 146, 147, 149, 166 Comparable corpus , 11–13, 17, 112, 157 Conjunction , 18, 23, 28, 29, 92,

104–106, 162, 170 Connective , 17, 18, 26, 104, 112, 114, 161 Content word , 30, 68, 89, 90, 93, 96, 161, 170 Convergence , 20, 22, 25, 86, 160, 162, 169, 172 Corpus-based translation studies (CTS) ,

2, 4–6, 9, 11, 13, 21, 26, 27, 33, 34, 173, 174

Corpus linguistics , 3, 4, 9, 10, 21, 38, 41, 65, 68, 76

CTS. See Corpus-based translation studies (CTS)

D Demonstrative pronoun , 90, 101, 103, 161 Descriptive translation studies (DTS) , 2–4, 6,

16, 20–22, 173, 174 Discourse marker , 25, 110, 111

E Existential you sentence , 135–138, 165 Explicitation , 16–18, 20, 22, 23, 26–29, 34, 75,

101, 103–105, 112, 119, 159, 163, 169

F Freiburg-LOB corpus of British English

(FLOB) , 12, 40–43, 49, 53, 55, 58, 63, 77, 79–81, 83, 116, 123, 124, 160, 174, 175

Frown , 12, 41, 42, 49, 174, 175 Function word , 27–29, 70, 89, 90, 93, 95,

96, 98, 99, 152, 153, 157, 158, 160, 161, 166, 170, 171

G General Chinese-English Parallel Corpus

(GCEPC) , 29–31, 34, 53, 54, 116, 129, 132, 153

Grammatical explicitation , 28, 157, 158, 162, 170

Grammatical simplifi cation , 170

H High frequency word , 7, 30, 67, 71–73,

89, 158, 159, 161, 162

I Idiom , 107–110, 163, 172 Imperfective aspect marker , 90, 149–151, 166 Interrogative pronoun , 101, 103, 161, 167

Index

© Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015R. Xiao, X. Hu, Corpus-Based Studies of Translational Chinese in English- Chinese Translation, New Frontiers in Translation Studies, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-41363-6

204

K Keyword , 79, 89–91, 93, 160, 161

analysis , 58, 65, 74, 89 class , 89, 91, 93, 98, 137, 142, 160 cluster , 79, 95, 98, 99, 162 negative keyword , 74, 89, 90, 160 negative keyword-class , 91, 92, 98,

137, 162 translated and non-translated corpora , 30

L Lancaster Corpus of Mandarin Chinese

(LCMC) , 30, 40, 49, 68, 69, 71, 72, 74, 75, 77, 79–81, 83, 91, 93, 95, 96, 99, 104, 109, 114, 123, 124, 137, 139, 143, 145, 150

Lancaster/Oslo-Bergen corpus of British English (LOB) , 12, 41

LCMC. See Lancaster Corpus of Mandarin Chinese (LCMC)

LD. See Lexical density (LD) Levelling out , 22, 25, 86, 160, 162, 172 .

See Convergence Lexical density (LD) , 7, 26, 30, 67–69,

71, 92, 157, 158 Lexical simplifi cation , 30, 158, 161, 170 Lexical variability , 68, 71, 72, 158 Lian construction , 144, 145 Light verb , 90, 92, 172 Literate reformulation marker , 114–117 LL. See Log-likelihood test (LL) LOB. See Lancaster/Oslo-Bergen corpus

of British English (LOB) Logical explicitation , 170 Log-likelihood test (LL) , 63, 79, 93, 104, 109,

114, 123, 124, 133, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 146, 150, 151

Long passive , 33, 123, 164 Low frequency word , 7, 67, 72, 73, 89, 105,

158, 160

M Mean

paragraph length , 77, 158, 159 sentence length , 23, 75, 77, 158, 159, 170 word length , 72, 73, 158, 170, 172

Mean sentence segment length (MSSL) , 75–77, 158, 159, 170, 171

Modal particle , 93, 154, 161, 162, 167, 171 MSSL. See Mean sentence segment length

(MSSL)

N Negative keyword/class. See Keyword Non-sentence-fi nal punctuation

mark , 99, 101 Normalisation , 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 33, 83,

101, 106, 108, 109, 116, 121, 127, 160–163, 172

Notional passive , 122, 126

O Oral reformulation marker , 114–117, 163

P Parallel corpus , 2, 6, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 28, 29,

31–33, 54, 112, 116, 117, 127, 129, 150, 164, 165, 173, 175

Perfective aspect marker , 90, 149, 150, 166 Personal pronoun , 26, 29, 30, 90,

101, 103, 161 Positive keyword. See keyword Pronoun , 90, 91, 101, 103, 136, 161 Punctuation mark , 99–101, 159, 162,

170, 172

R Reformulation marker , 110, 112–119, 163

S Sanitisation , 16, 17, 20, 22, 24, 27 Semantic explicitation , 101, 161, 163,

169, 170 Semantic simplifi cation , 157, 161, 170 Sentence-fi nal punctuation mark , 99, 100, 172 Shi sentence , 138–142, 165 Short passive , 123, 164 Simplifi cation , 16, 17, 20, 22–24, 27, 29, 30,

34, 73, 105, 106, 116, 135, 138, 153, 158–160, 162, 165, 170–172

Source language (SL) , 1, 5, 27, 53, 159 Source language interference , 2, 22, 31, 33,

123, 126–131, 139, 144, 154, 159–162, 164, 165, 167, 171, 172

Source language shining through , 22, 25, 121, 126, 161, 169

Standardised type token ratio (STTR) , 30, 68–72, 158

Structural auxiliary , 7, 33, 74, 138, 141, 142, 152, 153, 160, 161, 166, 167, 171

Index

205

STTR. See Standardised type token ratio (STTR)

S-universals , 20, 22, 27 Suo sentence , 142–144, 165, 166

T Target language (TL) , 1, 5, 11, 14–22,

24, 25, 27, 138, 159, 163, 167, 171–173

under-representation , 22, 25, 138, 145, 149, 154, 162, 163, 165–167, 169, 171, 172

TEC. See Translational English Corpus (TEC)

Textual information load , 7, 67, 71, 157, 161, 162

Third Code , 1, 2, 20, 21, 27, 169, 172, 174

TL. See Target language (TL) Translational English Corpus (TEC) ,

5, 16, 173, 175 Translationese , 3, 20, 21, 43, 141, 171 Translation universals (TUs) , 1, 2, 4–7, 16,

20–22, 27, 34, 35, 75, 155, 167, 169, 173, 174, 175

Translation universals hypotheses , 7, 25, 26, 34, 35, 157, 169, 175 . See also Translation universals (TUs)

TTR. See Type token ratio (TTR) T-universals , 20, 22, 23, 27, 29 TUs. See Translation universals (TUs) Type token ratio (TTR) , 18, 19, 26, 30, 68

U Under-representation. See Target language

(TL), under-representation

W Word-class , 162 Word-class cluster , 161, 162 Word cluster , 17, 24, 58, 59, 63, 67, 78–81,

83, 86, 159, 160, 162, 163, 170, 172

Z Zhejiang University Corpus of Translational

Chinese (ZCTC) , 37, 40, 48, 68, 69, 71, 72, 74, 75, 77, 79–81, 83, 123, 124, 137, 139, 143, 145, 150, 174

Index