appendices - final revised version 2 · 422 appendix f one-way anova: differences between...

Appendices Appendix A Participant consent form.……………………………………………………………........................402

Appendix B Further information for participants...………………………………………………........................403

Appendix C Pamphlet advertising the study...……………………………………………………......................404

Appendix D Kish grid for random household survey.…………………………………………….......................405

Appendix E Cherbourg Diabetes Study questionnaire.………………………………………….......................406

Appendix F Results table: One-way ANOVA between participant categories for risk factors......................421

Appendix G Fitting missing birthweights.………..……………………………………………….........................426

Appendix H Determining the Cherbourg weight growth reference curve…………………….........................429

Appendix I Determining the distance from the reference curve……………………………….......................434

Appendix J Results table: IUGR and adult diabetes risk……………………………………...........................501

Appendix K Results tables: Birthweight, growth parameters and adult diabetes risk…..…..........................510

Appendix L Loess curves: child growth and adult diabetes risk……………………………............................531

Appendix M Results tables: food frequencies and diabetes risk……………..………………..........................543

Appendix N Results tables: physical activity and diabetes risk………………………………..........................601

Appendix O Results tables: alcohol consumption and diabetes risk………………………….........................606

Appendix P Results table: tobacco and diabetes risk…………………..…..………………….........................607

References…………………………….……………………….............….……….…………………608

403

Appendix A NB: These images of the consent forms are scaled to < 50%.

Main Survey

Pilot Study

404

Appendix B

405

Appendix C

406

Appendix D

Kish grid. Number living in household without diagnosed diabetes (over 18 years) was selected from top row (1-6), while the number in the row corresponding to the particular house determined which individual was asked to take part, i.e. If there were five people in household number one then the third eldest person was to be surveyed.

Appendix E

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Appendix F One-way ANOVA: differences between categories of participants for risk factors

FBSL

Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 984.548 6 164.091 24.324 .000 Within Groups 1261.493 187 6.746 Total 2246.042 193

Multiple Comparisons Scheffe

(I) Category (J) Category Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig. 95% Confidence Interval

Lower Bound Upper Bound Females diagnosed Females gestational 4.516(*) .8755 .000 1.373 7.659

Females high-risk 3.582(*) .7766 .002 .795 6.369

Females low-risk 4.970(*) .5537 .000 2.983 6.958

Males diagnosed .154 .6034 1.000 -2.012 2.320

Males high-risk .869 .7766 .974 -1.919 3.656

Males low-risk 4.725(*) .5981 .000 2.578 6.872

Females gestational Females diagnosed -4.516(*) .8755 .000 -7.659 -1.373

Females high-risk -.934 1.0310 .991 -4.635 2.767 Females low-risk .455 .8755 1.000 -2.688 3.597 Males diagnosed -4.362(*) .9078 .001 -7.620 -1.103

Males high-risk -3.647 1.0310 .057 -7.348 .053

Males low-risk .209 .9043 1.000 -3.037 3.455

Females high-risk Females diagnosed -3.582(*) .7766 .002 -6.369 -.795

Females gestational .934 1.0310 .991 -2.767 4.635

Females low-risk 1.388 .7766 .783 -1.399 4.176

Males diagnosed -3.428(*) .8127 .009 -6.345 -.510 Males high-risk -2.713 .9484 .231 -6.118 .691 Males low-risk 1.143 .8088 .919 -1.760 4.046

Females low-risk Females diagnosed -4.970(*) .5537 .000 -6.958 -2.983

Females gestational -.455 .8755 1.000 -3.597 2.688

Females high-risk -1.388 .7766 .783 -4.176 1.399

Males diagnosed -4.816(*) .6034 .000 -6.982 -2.650

Males high-risk -4.102(*) .7766 .000 -6.889 -1.314

Males low-risk -.245 .5981 1.000 -2.392 1.901 Males diagnosed Females diagnosed -.154 .6034 1.000 -2.320 2.012

Females gestational 4.362(*) .9078 .001 1.103 7.620

Females high-risk 3.428(*) .8127 .009 .510 6.345

Females low-risk 4.816(*) .6034 .000 2.650 6.982

Males high-risk .714 .8127 .993 -2.203 3.632

Males low-risk 4.571(*) .6444 .000 2.258 6.884

Males high risk Females diagnosed -.869 .7766 .974 -3.656 1.919

Females gestational 3.647 1.0310 .057 -.053 7.348 Females high-risk 2.713 .9484 .231 -.691 6.118 Females low-risk 4.102(*) .7766 .000 1.314 6.889

Males diagnosed -.714 .8127 .993 -3.632 2.203

Males low-risk 3.856(*) .8088 .001 .953 6.759

Males low-risk Females diagnosed -4.725(*) .5981 .000 -6.872 -2.578

Females gestational -.209 .9043 1.000 -3.455 3.037

Females high-risk -1.143 .8088 .919 -4.046 1.760

Females low-risk .245 .5981 1.000 -1.901 2.392

Males diagnosed -4.571(*) .6444 .000 -6.884 -2.258

Males high-risk -3.856(*) .8088 .001 -6.759 -.953 * The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.

423BMI

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 2600.393 6 433.399 11.150 .000 Within Groups 7385.588 190 38.872 Total 9985.981 196



Lower Bound Upper Bound Females diagnosed Females gestational 4.435982 2.0256121 .572 -2.833491 11.705454

Females high-risk -1.467531 1.8588291 .996 -8.138457 5.203394

Females low-risk 7.428516(*) 1.3218377 .000 2.684733 12.172298

Males diagnosed 4.247127 1.4288933 .190 -.880854 9.375108

Males high-risk 2.136130 1.8588291 .970 -4.534795 8.807056

Males low-risk 9.128595(*) 1.4288933 .000 4.000614 14.256576

Females gestational Females diagnosed -4.435982 2.0256121 .572 -11.705454 2.833491

Females high-risk -5.903513 2.4146899 .429 -14.569299 2.762273 Females low-risk 2.992534 2.0304523 .902 -4.294309 10.279377 Males diagnosed -.188855 2.1017178 1.000 -7.731453 7.353744

Males high-risk -2.299852 2.4146899 .989 -10.965638 6.365935

Males low-risk 4.692613 2.1017178 .547 -2.849985 12.235212

Females high-risk Females diagnosed 1.467531 1.8588291 .996 -5.203394 8.138457

Females gestational 5.903513 2.4146899 .429 -2.762273 14.569299

Females low-risk 8.896047(*) 1.8641024 .001 2.206197 15.585897

Males diagnosed 5.714659 1.9414837 .200 -1.252896 12.682213 Males high-risk 3.603662 2.2765915 .867 -4.566520 11.773843 Males low-risk 10.596127(*) 1.9414837 .000 3.628572 17.563681

Females low-risk Females diagnosed -7.428516(*) 1.3218377 .000 -12.172298 -2.684733

Females gestational -2.992534 2.0304523 .902 -10.279377 4.294309

Females high-risk -8.896047(*) 1.8641024 .001 -15.585897 -2.206197

Males diagnosed -3.181388 1.4357466 .557 -8.333964 1.971187

Males high-risk -5.292385 1.8641024 .240 -11.982236 1.397465

Males low-risk 1.700080 1.4357466 .965 -3.452496 6.852655 Males diagnosed Females diagnosed -4.247127 1.4288933 .190 -9.375108 .880854

Females gestational .188855 2.1017178 1.000 -7.353744 7.731453


Females low-risk 3.181388 1.4357466 .557 -1.971187 8.333964

Males high-risk -2.110997 1.9414837 .977 -9.078551 4.856557

Males low-risk 4.881468 1.5348777 .126 -.626867 10.389803

Males high risk Females diagnosed -2.136130 1.8588291 .970 -8.807056 4.534795

Females gestational 2.299852 2.4146899 .989 -6.365935 10.965638 Females high-risk -3.603662 2.2765915 .867 -11.773843 4.566520 Females low-risk 5.292385 1.8641024 .240 -1.397465 11.982236

Males diagnosed 2.110997 1.9414837 .977 -4.856557 9.078551

Males low-risk 6.992465(*) 1.9414837 .048 .024911 13.960019

Males low-risk Females diagnosed -9.128595(*) 1.4288933 .000 -14.256576 -4.000614



Females low-risk -1.700080 1.4357466 .965 -6.852655 3.452496

Males diagnosed -4.881468 1.5348777 .126 -10.389803 .626867

Males high-risk -6.992465(*) 1.9414837 .048 -13.960019 -.024911 * The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.

424Waist circumference





Females high-risk 1.36 4.318 1.000 -14.14 16.86

Females low-risk 19.65(*) 2.942 .000 9.09 30.21

Males diagnosed 10.33 3.214 .118 -1.21 21.87

Males high-risk 3.44 4.091 .994 -11.24 18.13

Males low-risk 24.49(*) 3.157 .000 13.16 35.83


Females high-risk -9.62 5.461 .795 -29.22 9.99 Females low-risk 8.67 4.454 .704 -7.32 24.67 Males diagnosed -.65 4.638 1.000 -17.30 16.01

Males high-risk -7.53 5.283 .916 -26.50 11.44

Males low-risk 13.52 4.599 .202 -3.00 30.03

Females high-risk Females diagnosed -1.36 4.318 1.000 -16.86 14.14


Females low-risk 18.29(*) 4.318 .008 2.79 33.79

Males diagnosed 8.97 4.508 .682 -7.21 25.15 Males high-risk 2.08 5.169 1.000 -16.48 20.64 Males low-risk 23.13(*) 4.467 .000 7.09 39.17




Males diagnosed -9.32 3.214 .216 -20.86 2.22

Males high-risk -16.21(*) 4.091 .019 -30.90 -1.52

Males low-risk 4.84 3.157 .884 -6.49 16.18 Males diagnosed Females diagnosed -10.33 3.214 .118 -21.87 1.21

Females gestational .65 4.638 1.000 -16.01 17.30


Females low-risk 9.32 3.214 .216 -2.22 20.86

Males high-risk -6.89 4.291 .859 -22.29 8.52

Males low-risk 14.16(*) 3.412 .011 1.91 26.41

Males high risk Females diagnosed -3.44 4.091 .994 -18.13 11.24

Females gestational 7.53 5.283 .916 -11.44 26.50 Females high-risk -2.08 5.169 1.000 -20.64 16.48 Females low-risk 16.21(*) 4.091 .019 1.52 30.90

Males diagnosed 6.89 4.291 .859 -8.52 22.29

Males low-risk 21.05(*) 4.248 .001 5.80 36.30

Males low-risk Females diagnosed -24.49(*) 3.157 .000 -35.83 -13.16



Females low-risk -4.84 3.157 .884 -16.18 6.49

Males diagnosed -14.16(*) 3.412 .011 -26.41 -1.91

Males high-risk -21.05(*) 4.248 .001 -36.30 -5.80 * The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.

425Systolic pressure





Females high-risk 10.29 5.333 .714 -8.86 29.43

Females low-risk 16.70(*) 3.887 .007 2.74 30.65

Males diagnosed -7.03 4.099 .816 -21.74 7.69

Males high-risk -6.03 5.474 .976 -25.69 13.62

Males low-risk 5.25 4.099 .949 -9.47 19.96


Females high-risk -8.17 7.100 .970 -33.66 17.32 Females low-risk -1.76 6.089 1.000 -23.62 20.10 Males diagnosed -25.48(*) 6.227 .013 -47.84 -3.13

Males high-risk -24.49 7.206 .079 -50.37 1.38

Males low-risk -13.21 6.227 .610 -35.57 9.14

Females high-risk Females diagnosed -10.29 5.333 .714 -29.43 8.86


Females low-risk 6.41 5.415 .965 -13.03 25.85

Males diagnosed -17.32 5.570 .146 -37.31 2.68 Males high-risk -16.32 6.647 .423 -40.19 7.54 Males low-risk -5.04 5.570 .991 -25.04 14.95


Females gestational 1.76 6.089 1.000 -20.10 23.62


Males diagnosed -23.72(*) 4.206 .000 -38.82 -8.62

Males high-risk -22.73(*) 5.554 .013 -42.67 -2.79

Males low-risk -11.45 4.206 .290 -26.55 3.65 Males diagnosed Females diagnosed 7.03 4.099 .816 -7.69 21.74

Females gestational 25.48(*) 6.227 .013 3.13 47.84


Females low-risk 23.72(*) 4.206 .000 8.62 38.82

Males high-risk .99 5.705 1.000 -19.49 21.47

Males low-risk 12.27 4.403 .262 -3.54 28.08

Males high risk Females diagnosed 6.03 5.474 .976 -13.62 25.69

Females gestational 24.49 7.206 .079 -1.38 50.37 Females high-risk 16.32 6.647 .423 -7.54 40.19 Females low-risk 22.73(*) 5.554 .013 2.79 42.67

Males diagnosed -.99 5.705 1.000 -21.47 19.49

Males low-risk 11.28 5.705 .689 -9.20 31.76

Males low-risk Females diagnosed -5.25 4.099 .949 -19.96 9.47



Females low-risk 11.45 4.206 .290 -3.65 26.55

Males diagnosed -12.27 4.403 .262 -28.08 3.54

Males high-risk -11.28 5.705 .689 -31.76 9.20 * The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.

426Diastolic pressure






Females low-risk 9.86(*) 2.703 .043 .16 19.56

Males diagnosed -2.35 2.851 .995 -12.58 7.89

Males high-risk -4.47 3.806 .967 -18.13 9.20

Males low-risk 5.23 2.851 .761 -5.00 15.46


Females high-risk -6.48 4.937 .943 -24.20 11.25 Females low-risk -2.22 4.234 1.000 -17.42 12.98 Males diagnosed -14.42 4.330 .092 -29.97 1.12

Males high-risk -16.55 5.011 .098 -34.54 1.45

Males low-risk -6.85 4.330 .867 -22.39 8.70

Females high-risk Females diagnosed -5.60 3.708 .891 -18.91 7.71


Females low-risk 4.26 3.766 .972 -9.26 17.78

Males diagnosed -7.95 3.873 .649 -21.85 5.96 Males high-risk -10.07 4.622 .578 -26.66 6.53 Males low-risk -.37 3.873 1.000 -14.27 13.54

Females low-risk Females diagnosed -9.86(*) 2.703 .043 -19.56 -.16

Females gestational 2.22 4.234 1.000 -12.98 17.42


Males diagnosed -12.20(*) 2.925 .010 -22.70 -1.70

Males high-risk -14.33(*) 3.862 .037 -28.19 -.46

Males low-risk -4.63 2.925 .867 -15.13 5.87 Males diagnosed Females diagnosed 2.35 2.851 .995 -7.89 12.58



Females low-risk 12.20(*) 2.925 .010 1.70 22.70

Males high-risk -2.12 3.967 1.000 -16.36 12.12

Males low-risk 7.58 3.062 .414 -3.42 18.57

Males high risk Females diagnosed 4.47 3.806 .967 -9.20 18.13

Females gestational 16.55 5.011 .098 -1.45 34.54 Females high-risk 10.07 4.622 .578 -6.53 26.66 Females low-risk 14.33(*) 3.862 .037 .46 28.19

Males diagnosed 2.12 3.967 1.000 -12.12 16.36

Males low-risk 9.70 3.967 .430 -4.55 23.94

Males low-risk Females diagnosed -5.23 2.851 .761 -15.46 5.00


Females high-risk .37 3.873 1.000 -13.54 14.27

Females low-risk 4.63 2.925 .867 -5.87 15.13

Males diagnosed -7.58 3.062 .414 -18.57 3.42

Males high-risk -9.70 3.967 .430 -23.94 4.55 * The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.

Appendix G

Fitting missing birthweights N.B. Birthweights were fitted and description of statistical methods were provided by

Dr Ann Cowling from the Statistical Consulting Unit, The Australian National University

Aim

To estimate the birthweights of study participants whose birthweight was not recorded by the

Cherbourg IHC.

Introduction

Estimating birthweight involves fitting a curve to the available data, extrapolating this curve,

and using the fitted value at the date of birth as the estimated birthweight. The accuracy of the

estimate decreases as the amount of extrapolation increases. In this situation, if we could

extrapolate accurately for cases in which the first weighing was within ½ month of birth, we

would increase the number of cases in the birthweight analysis from 74 to 114.

A number of curve fitting methods have been used to fit individual birth records. For this study

the Jenss curve (Jenss and Bayley 1937) was applied.

Methods

The Jenss curve and smoothing splines with 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 degrees of freedom were fitted

to test data to determine (1) which method gave the most accurate estimates and (2) how the

accuracy of the prediction decreased as the amount of extrapolation increased.

The test data comprised 61 records for which the birthweight was known and there were more

than 7 further measurements within the first year, the second occurring within 1.5 months of

birth. By deleting all weights recorded in the first ¼ month, ½ month, ¾ month and first month,

we had 4 test data sets on which predicted birthweights could be compared to the known

birthweights.

The measure of accuracy used in comparisons was the mean squared prediction error. This is the

mean of the squared differences between the true and estimated birthweights for each record.

Six curves were fitted to each data set: the Jenss curve and splines with 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25

degrees of freedom, and the mean squared prediction error was calculated for each curve and

each data set.

Appendix G

428

The curve with minimum mean squared prediction error was used to predict birthweights for 38

cases with missing birthweights. These birthweights were used in subsequent analysis.

Results

The square root of the mean squared prediction error is shown in the Table 1.

Table 1: Square root of mean squared prediction error for various curves and amount of data deleted from test data

Records deleted Jenss Curve ¼ month ½ month ¾ month 1 month

Spline 25df 0.346 0.346 0.346 0.346 Spline 20df 0.342 0.388 0.543 0.585 Spline 15df 0.331 0.371 0.477 0.504 Spline 10df 0.371 0.409 0.455 0.520

Spline 5df 0.390 0.456 0.545 0.631

The spline with 15 degrees of freedom gave the smallest mean squared prediction error for

predicting back half a month, and was therefore used to give predicted birthweights.

Prediction

Table 2 shows fitted birthweight predictions for 10 degrees of freedom and 15 degrees of

freedom.

Appendix G

429

Table 2 Predicted birthweights: 15 degrees of freedom and 10 degrees of freedom

Prediction (1) Prediction (2) ID prediction error

15 df 10 df difference between

(1) and (2)

8 0.100 3.000 3.070 -0.070 9 0.033 3.478 3.479 -0.001

13 0.067 3.365 3.371 -0.006 18 0.367 2.478 2.450 0.028 19 0.333 3.821 3.773 0.048 20 0.500 3.328 3.323 0.006 22 0.400 3.566 3.430 0.136 25 0.300 3.665 3.711 -0.046 26 0.467 3.496 3.571 -0.075 28 0.367 2.431 2.525 -0.094 29 0.333 4.636 4.749 -0.114 30 0.333 2.679 2.716 -0.037 31 0.433 3.300 3.293 0.008 34 0.300 4.578 4.573 0.005 35 0.500 3.030 3.085 -0.055 37 0.367 3.316 3.401 -0.084 39 0.333 2.590 2.789 -0.198 40 0.367 2.696 2.771 -0.075 41 0.367 3.265 3.228 0.036 43 0.267 3.147 3.162 -0.015 47 0.333 2.285 2.208 0.077 131 0.333 3.350 3.375 -0.025 141 0.233 2.869 2.686 0.183 143 0.367 3.896 3.816 0.080 149 0.433 3.008 2.017 0.990 154 0.300 2.939 2.939 0.000 155 0.333 3.192 3.248 -0.056 164 0.267 3.275 3.302 -0.027 174 0.367 3.292 3.399 -0.107 182 0.400 3.565 3.722 -0.156 191 0.133 2.515 2.533 -0.018 199 0.400 2.892 2.731 0.160 200 0.500 3.656 3.748 -0.092 203 0.333 3.860 3.840 0.020 215 0.333 3.418 3.437 -0.018 261 0.467 3.368 3.608 -0.240 271 0.033 2.466 2.419 0.047 284 0.367 3.457 3.510 -0.053

Appendix H Determining the Cherbourg reference curves

N.B. Calculation of the references and description of statistical methods were provided by

Dr Ann Cowling from the Statistical Consulting Unit, The Australian National University.

Introduction

A growth reference chart summarises the relationship between two variables in a population (for

example, weight and age) in the form of a series of centile curves. Typical centiles are the 5th,

10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th and 95th.An expert committee of the World Health Organisation has

developed some criteria for the characteristics of the population and sample from which the

reference sample is taken (Johnston 1998):

• The population should be well nourished

• Each age/sex group should contain at least 200 individuals

• The sample should be cross-sectional

• Measuring procedures should be optimal

• Measurements should include all variables to be used in nutritional evaluation

• Sampling procedures should be defined and reproducible

• Raw data and smoothing procedures should be available.

Not all these characteristics were available for the Cherbourg data. Firstly, the Cherbourg

population was not necessarily well-nourished, although severe malnutrition was probably rare

(Dugdale et al. 1990). The size of the data set is limited by the size of the community; each age

and sex group contains fewer than 200 individuals. The sample is longitudinal rather than

cross-sectional, however any cohort effects are minimised given that the birth years of children

used in the reference span a period of 32 years. Measurements were taken by nurses at the

community Infant Health Clinic, and have been validated elsewhere (Dugdale et al. 1990).

Weight is the only measure that was taken regularly at the clinic, therefore references are only

derived for W//A. For the purposes of the current study, these attributes are sufficient, given

that the reference is not intended to be used as a diagnostic tool in clinical assessment, but rather

for the comparison of individuals within the community.

Appendix H

431

Methods

Forty females and 47 males who had never been diagnosed had available weight data to use in

the reference calculations. Added to these were 10 diagnosed females and 12 diagnosed males

to comprise approximately 20% of the sample (these were randomly selected from the

diagnosed participants), providing a total of 50 females and 59 males. This proportion of

diagnosed participants was included in order to make the sample more representative of the

community than if only never-diagnosed weights were used, given that diagnosed diabetes

prevalence among adults is approximately 20% for females and males.

Reference curves were calculated separately for males and females, using a sample of 50

children for calculation of each curve from birth to age 60 months. Each child was weighed at

approximately weekly intervals. For the females, there were between two and 245 observations

per child, and for males, between one and 251 observations. The children used to calculate the

reference curves were born between 1950 and 1982; mean weight for age (W//A) among older

(5 year-old) children increased slightly over that period, probably due more to an increase in the

weights of heavier children rather than an overall increase (Dugdale et al. 1990). Possible

secular changes in growth are ignored. The date of measurement was transformed to months

from birth (a month had 30 days).

We fitted empirical 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th and 95th centiles to each month’s data using

observations lying within (month-0.5, month+0.5). The number of measurements used to

calculate the empirical centile each month are given in Table 1. The resulting empirical centiles

were then smoothed using cubic B-splines with 13, 15, 17, 20, 17, 15, 15, 13 degrees of

freedom respectively. This gave curves which were visually smooth, yet captured times of more

rapid or slower growth. Fewer degrees of freedom were used for the more extreme centiles as

there is more uncertainty (higher standard error) associated with more extreme empirical

centiles than with more central centiles and thus more smoothing was required to give a visually

smooth curve.

Appendix H

432

Table 1: Number of measurements used to calculate the empirical centiles each month (age) for females and males. Month 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

F 85 152 149 134 129 134 134 124 128 129 121 126 M 82 173 170 157 149 158 155 153 153 162 165 146

Month 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 F 128 107 103 114 115 114 103 99 90 97 100 104 M 142 139 121 118 121 112 115 109 121 124 105 113

Month 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 F 105 127 102 104 100 97 102 94 98 89 93 94 M 114 108 106 110 102 108 105 111 111 107 100 99

Month 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 F 86 97 88 96 93 94 97 96 88 93 88 M 100 98 104 106 111 104 101 108 106 99 98 98

Month 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 F 90 81 86 87 84 80 90 84 83 83 84 75 M 99 101 100 92 86 98 97 99 97 94 94 86

Month 60 F 75 M 84

Results

Tables 2 and 3 show percentiles (5th, 10th, 25th, 50th 75th, 90th 95th) for the Cherbourg W//A

reference, birth to 60 months for females and males respectively.

Appendix H 433

Table 2. Female weight growth reference, Cherbourg age

(months) 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 age (months) 5 10 25 50 75 90 95

0 2.702 2.853 3.099 3.426 3.854 4.144 4.433 31 10.829 11.193 12.048 13.023 14.641 15.804 16.096 1 3.302 3.467 3.769 4.209 4.626 4.935 5.206 32 10.924 11.301 12.180 13.218 14.977 15.978 16.270 2 3.890 4.075 4.430 4.968 5.369 5.706 5.964 33 11.038 11.399 12.294 13.382 15.219 16.130 16.439 3 4.448 4.655 5.050 5.659 6.053 6.431 6.686 34 11.176 11.503 12.390 13.531 15.397 16.262 16.592 4 4.952 5.181 5.608 6.266 6.662 7.096 7.355 35 11.338 11.626 12.474 13.677 15.537 16.379 16.718 5 5.386 5.631 6.100 6.799 7.199 7.699 7.958 36 11.514 11.770 12.568 13.849 15.624 16.499 16.828 6 5.742 5.994 6.522 7.257 7.671 8.233 8.487 37 11.697 11.939 12.689 14.137 15.668 16.635 16.935 7 6.026 6.282 6.863 7.642 8.083 8.699 8.952 38 11.875 12.119 12.829 14.459 15.731 16.790 17.064 8 6.256 6.519 7.118 7.954 8.441 9.104 9.367 39 12.034 12.303 12.989 14.711 15.849 16.965 17.233 9 6.459 6.743 7.322 8.211 8.775 9.459 9.747 40 12.167 12.478 13.183 14.882 16.005 17.165 17.447

10 6.658 6.980 7.538 8.469 9.102 9.784 10.113 41 12.273 12.628 13.429 14.992 16.175 17.393 17.706 11 6.868 7.243 7.807 8.770 9.440 10.116 10.481 42 12.367 12.748 13.721 15.084 16.359 17.640 17.986 12 7.100 7.536 8.141 9.134 9.797 10.468 10.854 43 12.457 12.849 14.016 15.198 16.543 17.880 18.260 13 7.360 7.845 8.499 9.517 10.149 10.826 11.210 44 12.559 12.956 14.271 15.333 16.702 18.081 18.501 14 7.648 8.146 8.834 9.852 10.460 11.175 11.539 45 12.671 13.073 14.451 15.445 16.842 18.219 18.688 15 7.956 8.420 9.111 10.089 10.707 11.503 11.837 46 12.786 13.199 14.577 15.529 16.987 18.288 18.812 16 8.258 8.667 9.345 10.268 10.904 11.800 12.100 47 12.915 13.346 14.688 15.602 17.122 18.312 18.912 17 8.538 8.886 9.544 10.429 11.097 12.052 12.330 48 13.074 13.525 14.815 15.689 17.218 18.324 19.033 18 8.787 9.078 9.717 10.595 11.321 12.252 12.534 49 13.268 13.729 14.955 15.815 17.257 18.363 19.216 19 9.011 9.264 9.884 10.744 11.565 12.418 12.730 50 13.498 13.965 15.116 15.984 17.286 18.478 19.481 20 9.218 9.458 10.061 10.894 11.807 12.587 12.947 51 13.758 14.224 15.306 16.209 17.350 18.660 19.805 21 9.414 9.663 10.246 11.065 12.026 12.788 13.210 52 14.030 14.516 15.511 16.452 17.438 18.863 20.134 22 9.597 9.857 10.412 11.239 12.210 13.026 13.523 53 14.276 14.796 15.710 16.686 17.545 19.076 20.416 23 9.772 10.045 10.584 11.433 12.393 13.295 13.880 54 14.473 15.028 15.901 16.904 17.685 19.293 20.693 24 9.941 10.225 10.774 11.646 12.596 13.611 14.265 55 14.613 15.184 16.080 17.101 17.864 19.488 21.010 25 10.106 10.395 10.962 11.842 12.812 13.978 14.639 56 14.711 15.252 16.221 17.254 18.037 19.597 21.332 26 10.264 10.551 11.145 12.035 13.051 14.383 14.977 57 14.785 15.247 16.314 17.326 18.195 19.623 21.612 27 10.408 10.690 11.333 12.229 13.311 14.777 15.269 58 14.850 15.220 16.371 17.373 18.366 19.602 21.882 28 10.535 10.810 11.530 12.422 13.582 15.112 15.513 59 14.915 15.197 16.414 17.503 18.576 19.538 22.144 29 10.644 10.933 11.722 12.615 13.866 15.385 15.724 60 14.982 15.177 16.453 17.696 18.814 19.453 22.403 30 10.740 11.066 11.899 12.813 14.229 15.610 15.915

Appendix H 434

Table 3. Male weight growth reference, Cherbourg age

(months) 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 age (months) 5 10 25 50 75 90 95

0 2.703 2.614 3.094 3.448 3.996 4.698 4.716 31 10.823 10.434 11.746 12.897 13.937 17.231 16.970 1 3.313 3.171 3.901 4.342 4.875 5.788 5.664 32 10.975 10.573 11.960 13.185 14.296 17.358 17.148 2 3.909 3.706 4.690 5.205 5.724 6.846 6.582 33 11.152 10.785 12.176 13.546 14.631 17.501 17.326 3 4.465 4.182 5.411 5.974 6.496 7.824 7.436 34 11.349 11.032 12.387 13.957 14.908 17.677 17.497 4 4.964 4.577 6.019 6.617 7.164 8.657 8.186 35 11.556 11.272 12.585 14.367 15.121 17.898 17.654 5 5.403 4.915 6.503 7.145 7.730 9.296 8.811 36 11.763 11.483 12.733 14.674 15.291 18.156 17.801 6 5.783 5.220 6.860 7.555 8.199 9.739 9.323 37 11.958 11.667 12.856 14.884 15.433 18.424 17.943 7 6.118 5.529 7.118 7.870 8.580 10.040 9.742 38 12.134 11.841 13.021 15.025 15.567 18.689 18.102 8 6.423 5.874 7.316 8.124 8.896 10.267 10.093 39 12.278 11.999 13.259 15.153 15.711 18.940 18.292 9 6.716 6.236 7.510 8.356 9.202 10.489 10.415 40 12.386 12.118 13.553 15.287 15.883 19.155 18.506

10 7.000 6.581 7.739 8.591 9.531 10.766 10.748 41 12.466 12.187 13.864 15.435 16.095 19.316 18.729 11 7.285 6.906 8.030 8.848 9.881 11.151 11.127 42 12.536 12.246 14.142 15.589 16.336 19.429 18.935 12 7.574 7.221 8.389 9.146 10.238 11.673 11.573 43 12.610 12.334 14.385 15.736 16.557 19.520 19.092 13 7.858 7.540 8.791 9.471 10.577 12.314 12.078 44 12.691 12.444 14.530 15.846 16.713 19.626 19.199 14 8.128 7.851 9.180 9.787 10.872 13.005 12.595 45 12.780 12.562 14.557 15.926 16.814 19.768 19.270 15 8.376 8.130 9.502 10.051 11.109 13.676 13.078 46 12.886 12.688 14.572 16.015 16.909 19.957 19.343 16 8.595 8.359 9.741 10.247 11.303 14.278 13.514 47 13.025 12.832 14.675 16.142 17.041 20.210 19.478 17 8.787 8.551 9.917 10.426 11.475 14.727 13.876 48 13.207 13.007 14.918 16.318 17.235 20.551 19.739 18 8.956 8.711 10.052 10.623 11.632 14.990 14.185 49 13.436 13.214 15.208 16.496 17.466 21.010 20.161 19 9.104 8.851 10.182 10.824 11.788 15.113 14.449 50 13.696 13.440 15.464 16.644 17.713 21.547 20.711 20 9.235 8.971 10.315 11.023 11.941 15.157 14.670 51 13.955 13.659 15.643 16.760 17.958 22.053 21.285 21 9.354 9.071 10.451 11.221 12.087 15.184 14.856 52 14.170 13.834 15.744 16.860 18.201 22.451 21.782 22 9.482 9.178 10.579 11.418 12.229 15.236 15.016 53 14.302 13.924 15.793 16.951 18.399 22.723 22.156 23 9.635 9.319 10.703 11.580 12.356 15.335 15.175 54 14.371 13.968 15.856 17.051 18.550 22.895 22.414 24 9.805 9.490 10.841 11.722 12.481 15.501 15.357 55 14.419 14.026 15.995 17.178 18.673 23.001 22.580 25 9.980 9.681 10.985 11.824 12.610 15.735 15.574 56 14.502 14.135 16.189 17.339 18.802 23.069 22.699 26 10.156 9.881 11.126 11.930 12.767 16.027 15.829 57 14.615 14.267 16.349 17.488 18.987 23.116 22.816 27 10.318 10.060 11.252 12.071 12.948 16.344 16.100 58 14.754 14.426 16.460 17.591 19.208 23.174 22.950 28 10.453 10.188 11.352 12.259 13.148 16.647 16.360 59 14.929 14.652 16.603 17.691 19.437 23.288 23.108 29 10.572 10.276 11.445 12.461 13.374 16.896 16.587 60 15.129 14.922 16.773 17.796 19.660 23.448 23.284 30 10.692 10.351 11.570 12.670 13.634 17.087 16.788

Appendix I

435

Appendix I Determining distance from the reference curve

N.B. Calculation of the distance from the references, description of statistical methods and figures were provided by Dr Ann Cowling from the Statistical Consulting Unit, The Australian

National University.

Aim

To quantify how different each child is from the median during different periods.

Methods

A smoothing spline was fitted to the data for each child. Five intervals were chosen between

birth and 60 months (0<3 months, 3<6 months, 6<15 months, 15<36 months and 36<60

months) through visual observation of the median in relation to the CDC 2000 international

reference. This was done to quantify how different the child was from the 50th centile reference

curve for all children in the Cherbourg population (Appendix H).

A common measure of the difference between two curves is the integrated difference between

the two curves, i.e. the area between the curves. The data were smoothed for each child using a

smoothing spline using the degrees of freedom chosen using the software default method.

When there had been sufficient number of weight measurements in any interval to determine the

curve for that child well in that interval, the area between the child’s curve and the 50th centile

was calculated numerically.

The intervals are of varying lengths. To compare any child’s deviation from average between

intervals, they need to be standardised in some way. This was done by dividing the area by the

length of the interval, resulting in an “average deviation” from the line. Graphs for each

participant are given below.

Results

The following graphs show individual growth and calculated weight variation from the

Cherbourg median. N.B. ID = participant’s identification number for the study. Sex: 1 =

female, 2 = male. Weight variation was used only where goodness of fit was considered

satisfactory. Where the spline did not provide adequate goodness of fit (assessed visually),

calculation of deviation from the median curve was not made. Solid line is sex-specific

Cherbourg reference median; dashed line is the individual’s recorded data; dotted line is the

Appendix I

436

fitted spline. A= age 0<3 months, B=age 3<6 months, C= ages 6<15 months, D=age 15<36

months, E=age 36<60 months.

Weight variation for each individual is shown in the following Figures. Figures are grouped as

follows: diagnosed females, diagnosed males, high risk females, high risk males, low risk

females, low risk males, and females once diagnosed with gestational diabetes.

Diagnosed females

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 1 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

63.62.6513

Mean weight deviation (kg) from the median during period

Total weight deviation (kg) from the median during period

Weight deviations not calculated where goodness of fit is poor

Appendix I

437

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 43 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-0.7-0.2491

1.5

0.502

15.81.7576

65.63.1233

162.16.7535

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 19 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

2.40.7865

4.8

1.6143

15.81.7515

73.83.516

106.94.4539

Appendix I

438

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 34 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

5.51.8395

5.3

1.7801

18.62.0666

763.6193

136.35.6788

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 40 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-0.9-0.294

0.7

0.2446

6.30.6946

59.12.8136

69.92.9117

Appendix I

439

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 22 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

0.10.0341

2.9

0.977

141.5525

28.61.3604

26.81.115

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 50 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-1.5-0.4958

-3.5

-1.1516

-8.5-0.9444

25.21.199

51.62.1518

Appendix I

440

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 25 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

3.81.2803

6

2.012

13.21.4656

25.21.1998

37.11.5441

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 9 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-0.3-0.099

-2.7

-0.9145

-10.5-1.1716

-15.6-0.7441

-19.3-0.8024

Appendix I

441

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 42 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

0.20.0086

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 31 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

0.50.1802

1.5

0.5038

3.80.4267

-0.7-0.033

9.40.3926

Appendix I

442

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 4 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-1-0.3329

-4

-1.3195

-18.1-2.0089

-8.2-0.389

-2-0.0822

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 39 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-2.4-0.8129

-1.2

-0.4147

-4.8-0.5374

-36.5-1.7402

-42.8-1.7827

Appendix I

443

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 47 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-2.7-0.886

1.5

0.4842

2.60.2906

-13.6-0.6485

-43.3-1.8049

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 49 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

0-0.0073

2.6

0.8591

7.30.8082

2.80.1345

-35.6-1.4853

Appendix I

444

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 279 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-11.8-1.3155

-14.9-0.7073

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 28 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-4.2-1.4

-4.8

-1.5839

-9.9-1.0966

-43.9-2.0921

-92.5-3.8529

Appendix I

445

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 36 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 129 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

1.40.4601

-0.5

-0.1651

-1.6-0.1814

-9.8-0.4679

-20.5-0.8551

Appendix I

446

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 132 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

15.70.6551

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 5 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-43-4.7744

-87.3-4.1581

-70-2.9186

Appendix I

447

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 37 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

0.50.1599

1.1

0.3768

-12.2-1.3517

-45.6-2.1692

-74.1-3.087

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 3 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-58.7-2.7975

-40.3-1.6774

Appendix I

448

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 210 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-2.9-0.9722

-5.1

-1.7129

-31.2-3.462

-86.3-4.1083

-58.1-2.4208

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 18 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-3.4-1.1201

-4.7

-1.5679

-32.9-3.6554

-88.8-4.2292

-81.6-3.4004

Appendix I

449

Diagnosed males

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 32 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

0.90.1048

183.47.6427

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 51 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

-3.5-1.1689

0

-0.0108

15.91.7685

55.92.6626

130.65.4437

Appendix I

450

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 14 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

8.72.8917

10.8

3.5964

21.72.4076

74.63.552

108.34.5137

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 253 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

-0.5-0.1678

-2.5

-0.8491

-2.1-0.2325

23.31.1092

351.4601

Appendix I

451

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 29 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

6.52.1796

6.7

2.2422

17.41.9356

51.92.4717

33.21.3828

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 23 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

38.34.2506

24.61.1698

210.8757

Appendix I

452

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 21 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

-2.4-0.2701

33.31.586

40.81.7004

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 11 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

3.21.0678

2

0.6792

3.70.4141

19.50.9309

21.80.91

Appendix I

453

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 15 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

2.90.9556

3.9

1.3151

19.12.1217

21.31.0131

10.50.439

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 131 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

-0.7-0.2212

-0.8

-0.263

-5-0.5571

10.70.5091

6.10.2553

Appendix I

454

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 10 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

0.70.25

-0.4

-0.1211

-4.6-0.5123

25.61.2172

17.80.7428

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 46 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

0.80.2577

0.2

0.0751

10.111

1.90.0916

12.60.5239

Appendix I

455

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 2 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

-42.4-2.0167

45.21.8821

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 26 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

1.20.4109

1.4

0.47

-0.1-0.0134

-10-0.4771

-33.5-1.3958

Appendix I

456

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 8 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

-3.1-1.0235

-4

-1.3449

-4.5-0.496

-14.5-0.69

-22.9-0.9549

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 38 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

-1.3-0.4244

-2

-0.664

-5.1-0.5708

-14.1-0.6734

-44.7-1.8638

Appendix I

457

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 45 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

0.20.051

1

0.3279

-6.9-0.7689

-28.9-1.3784

-93.3-3.8857

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 35 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

-0.9-0.2859

-2.1

-0.714

-17-1.8867

-56.4-2.6876

-86-3.5821

Appendix I

458

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 20 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

-1.7-0.551

-5

-1.6826

-23.7-2.6387

-64-3.0492

-69-2.8763

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 30 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

-3.4-1.1225

-3.7

-1.2487

-13.5-1.4986

-27.8-1.3221

-74.8-3.1176

Appendix I

459

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 41 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

-0.5-0.1741

-1.1

-0.3741

-12.4-1.375

-37.4-1.7819

-98.8-4.1157

Appendix I

460

High risk females

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 170 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

3.41.1272

0.7

0.2467

4.50.4962

46.72.2235

69.32.888

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 237 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-3.1-1.0343

-4.4

-1.4619

-1.5-0.1683

13.50.6405

51.62.1511

Appendix I

461

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 203 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

2.10.7149

3.5

1.1557

6.40.7151

11.80.5604

68.52.8522

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 181 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-1.4-0.4538

-4.3

-1.432

-16.9-1.8734

-0.6-0.0276

19.50.8125

Appendix I

462

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 137 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

1.10.3537

1

0.3408

10.31.15

19.40.9228

-5.8-0.2432

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 196 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-0.4-0.1391

1.6

0.5279

2.50.2799

-12-0.5695

-31.4-1.3092

Appendix I

463

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 270 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-1.3-0.4216

-2.9

-0.9688

-12.7-1.4123

-13.9-0.6625

-30.3-1.264

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 141 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-3-0.9927

Appendix I

464

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 143 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-1.8-0.5857

Appendix I

465

High risk males

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 182 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

20.6657

2.9

0.9523

15.21.6878

52.42.4958

66.22.7603

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 199 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

-1.6-0.5391

4.3

1.4456

21.62.3995

79.83.3254

Appendix I

466

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 248 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

4.61.5362

9.4

3.1382

26.32.9239

48.72.3214

53.72.2358

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 280 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

-1.3-0.4364

0.5

0.1819

0.40.0495

0.60.0306

-0.4-0.0182

Appendix I

467

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 207 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

3.61.1955

1.5

0.4978

2.10.2319

-1.8-0.0867

-11.3-0.4712

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 206 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

-1.6-0.5219

-2.9

-0.9713

-5.3-0.5892

3.80.1787

14.70.612

Appendix I

468

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 245 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

-2.3-0.7583

-2.4

-0.794

-15.2-1.6867

-73.7-3.5111

-158.6-6.6099

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 269 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

-2.5-0.8252

-2.2

-0.7225

-8.5-0.9431

Appendix I

469

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 149 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

-0.2-0.0714

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 192 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

Appendix I

470

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 154 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

-1.2-0.3844

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 147 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

Appendix I

471

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 147 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

Appendix I

472

Low risk females

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 288 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

3.71.2263

4.9

1.6232

23.82.6498

69.53.3106

107.74.4877

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 185 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-0.3

-0.1027

12.31.3694

81.83.8933

61.42.5571

Appendix I

473

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 175 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

10.3361

0.3

0.0915

-0.2-0.0236

32.91.5688

50.12.087

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 233 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

101.64.2316

Appendix I

474

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 197 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

4.61.5392

7.8

2.6156

16.71.8526

16.30.7773

2.80.1175

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 223 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

2.20.7412

3

1.0065

13.71.5217

36.11.7173

15.50.6472

Appendix I

475

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 224 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-4.7-1.5822

-2.1

-0.711

131.4454

38.71.8431

0.40.0175

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 257 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-0.5-0.1635

2.9

0.9659

6.30.7016

42.92.0446

-7.5-0.3123

Appendix I

476

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 153 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

1.10.3711

4.4

1.4809

13.91.5452

14.60.694

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 244 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

0.10.0236

1.6

0.519

4.80.5377

3.60.1706

24.31.0126

Appendix I

477

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 277 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

0.50.183

0.1

0.0185

-4.5-0.5022

-10.2-0.4841

-20.1-0.8365

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 226 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-3.7-1.2337

-1.8

-0.5922

8.50.9398

31.31.4886

6.10.2528

Appendix I

478

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 200 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

10.342

0.4

0.1239

1.90.2151

-13.1-0.6247

-30.3-1.2623

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 231 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

7.70.8555

17.40.8275

-39.9-1.6626

Appendix I

479

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 160 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-28.2-1.1734

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 221 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

2.20.729

4.6

1.519

10.91.2056

11.30.5404

5.40.2254

Appendix I

480

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 174 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-0.2-0.0647

-1.9

-0.6435

-13.4-1.4883

-23.7-1.1294

23.20.9681

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 249 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-42.6-2.0291

-30.8-1.2843

Appendix I

481

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 228 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

2.10.7112

2.5

0.8294

8.40.9331

0.80.0398

-8.4-0.3479

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 218 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-2.5-0.8255

-4

-1.3311

-8.8-0.9749

-28.7-1.3676

-52.6-2.1927

Appendix I

482

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 183 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-1.4-0.4535

0.3

0.0913

-7-0.7824

-40.1-1.9119

-60.2-2.5082

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 198 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

1.70.5659

2

0.6612

-0.7-0.0736

-24.1-1.1492

-75.5-3.1447

Appendix I

483

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 163 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-3.8-1.2738

-3.3

-1.1109

-16.3-1.8167

-39.3-1.8706

-48.1-2.0046

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 191 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-3.5-1.1528

-3.6

-1.196

-23.1-2.5707

-64.8-3.0852

-92.2-3.8403

Appendix I

484

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 232 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-2.4-0.8098

-2.8

-0.9445

-13.3-1.4748

-43.8-2.0873

-69.7-2.9049

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 256 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-1.6-0.536

-3.3

-1.1122

-21.3-2.3668

-51.9-2.4691

-83.8-3.4922

Appendix I

485

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 278 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-1.7-0.5807

-59.1-2.8147

-66.7-2.7809

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 243 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

0.10.0354

-0.7

-0.228

-12.3-1.3705

-59.7-2.8433

-112.7-4.6976

Appendix I

486

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 216 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-0.5-0.1707

0.2

0.0549

4.70.5264

-41.3-1.9687

-118.8-4.9484

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 167 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-6-1.9909

-11.3

-3.7752

-30.8-3.42

Appendix I

487

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 208 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 274 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

0.40.1266

0.7

0.2173

Appendix I

488

Low risk males

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 162 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

-1.7-0.5669

-0.8

-0.2589

13.51.499

132.96.3269

157.16.5454

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 165 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

0.70.2229

2.7

0.8869

21.42.3729

104.74.9851

1074.4573

Appendix I

489

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 194 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

2.5

0.8248

18.82.0927

96.64.6017

89.53.7289

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 283 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

-2.2-0.7262

-2.8

-0.9486

10.31.1406

41.81.9884

331.373

Appendix I

490

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 190 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

59.52.4782

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 287 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

6.52.159

10.2

3.3845

22.42.4883

33.61.6006

8.10.339

Appendix I

491

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 186 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

48.62.0255

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 211 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

0.60.2052

0.7

0.2462

1.20.1307

34.91.6627

-11.7-0.4869

Appendix I

492

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 235 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

3.71.2251

4.6

1.5216

22.52.4951

67.83.2274

-14.5-0.6043

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 284 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

0.50.1604

-0.3

-0.0851

7.60.8407

26.21.2472

-38.2-1.5897

Appendix I

493

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 286 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

00.0137

5.7

1.9037

20.52.2819

23.91.1373

-16.3-0.6803

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 264 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

4.41.4504

4.6

1.5434

121.3292

14.60.696

Appendix I

494

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 158 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

1.10.3722

3.6

1.1843

22.42.4858

53.52.5482

21.70.9043

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 282 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

1.90.6357

5.4

1.7912

7.60.8421

12.40.5891

9.30.3888

Appendix I

495

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 289 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

0.90.2925

2.6

0.8606

10.61.1809

28.61.3597

6.10.2559

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 189 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

-2.1-0.6895

-3.7

-1.2321

-13.5-1.4994

-30.7-1.4639

Appendix I

496

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 166 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

2.40.7868

3.1

1.0431

8.10.8998

4.80.2295

-19.7-0.822

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 164 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

-0.4-0.1294

4.50.5007

-8.7-0.4131

-22.7-0.9471

Appendix I

497

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 251 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

-0.9-0.3021

-1.4

-0.4561

-4.7-0.5272

11.20.5315

80.3327

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 246 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

-4.7-1.5503

-5.8

-1.9277

-15.4-1.7129

-18.8-0.8929

3.30.1355

Appendix I

498

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 261 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

1.70.5604

1.9

0.6337

0.80.0922

-15.9-0.7587

-29-1.2089

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 187 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

-2.6-0.8749

-0.1

-0.0277

-4.8-0.5322

-27-1.2841

Appendix I

499

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 276 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

-1-0.3413

-2.8

-0.9338

-9-1.005

-5.1-0.2413

-63.9-2.6637

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 217 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

-0.5-0.1812

-1

-0.3406

-1.4-0.1532

-22-1.0489

-86.7-3.6141

Appendix I

500

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 250 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

-2.3-0.7566

-2.6

-0.8653

-9.7-1.0819

-31.4-1.4935

-106.8-4.451

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 285 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

-1.7-0.5605

1.1

0.3789

-0.3-0.0293

-15-0.7123

-78.7-3.2788

Appendix I

501

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 212 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

-7-2.3259

-8.1

-2.7104

-25.6-2.8407

-31.2-1.4846

-54-2.2491

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 265 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

-4.3-1.4445

-8.8

-2.9179

-28-3.1063

-11.2-0.5326

-1.1-0.0461

Appendix I

502

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 271 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

-3.5-1.1576

-2

-0.6549

-11-1.2213

-25.9-1.2314

-38.4-1.601

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 268 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

-0.2-0.0794

1.4

0.478

-0.8-0.0905

-16-0.7629

-55.6-2.3168

Appendix I

503

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 293 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

1.90.6216

-0.3

-0.0912

-5.6-0.6205

-43.5-2.0711

-78.8-3.284

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 52 sex= 2

A

B

C

D

E

-4.5-1.4912

-5.6

-1.8504

-19.4-2.1571

-57.9-2.7563

-123.2-5.1331

Appendix I

504

Gestational females

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 215 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

2.80.9295

8.5

2.8445

232.5607

100.14.7682

128.75.364

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 177 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-3.9

-1.2943

-14.1-1.5668

16.70.7934

Appendix I

505

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 136 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

1.30.4426

2.4

0.7981

8.50.9427

33.41.5927

45.61.9019

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 275 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-1.2-0.0557

Appendix I

506

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 202 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-31.6-1.5027

-45-1.8743

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 267 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

-53.3-2.5379

-55.8-2.3257

Appendix I

507

Age (months)

Wei

ght (

kilo

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

05

1015

2025

ID= 266 sex= 1

A

B

C

D

E

0.80.2697

-0.1

-0.0474

-12.5-1.3929

-68.9-3.2796

-118.7-4.9463

508

Appendix J

Statistical tables for results of ANOVA tests between IUGR status and adult diabetes risk

N.B. All available data for participant birthweights and weight growth were used in these

calculations. Groups were based on whether individual was above or below the median for their

sex (Table 1). This was done for velocity between birth and one month and birth and three

months. Those in Group 2 (especially for velocity between birth and one month) are those most

likely to have been IUGR.

Table 1. Method for sorting individuals into groups based on birthweight and growth velocity

Birthweight Velocity (grams per month)

Group 1 Low Low

Group 2 Low High

Group 3 High Low

Group 4 High High

Results for tests of significant differences in risk factor values between these groups for velocity

between birth and one month and birth and three months are shown in Tables 2 (females) and 3

(males). Significant results (<0.05)and those approaching significance (<0.1) are in bold type.

Appendix J 509

Table 2. Results of ANOVA tests between groups for weight growth velocity between birth and one month and birth and three months (females)

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Females months mean SD n mean SD n mean SD n mean SD n F Sig.

1 33.08 9.05 13 36.3 5.66 10 35.64 5.66 11 30.0 7.12 13 1.543 .217 Age

3 34.43 9.01 14 33.1 7.02 10 33.45 9.92 11 32.93 7.69 15 .086 .967

1 8.2 3.94 13 7.08 1.64 10 8.21 3.81 10 5.55 0.92 12 2.179 .105 Fasting BSL 3 7.2 3.20 14 7.95 3.28 10 7.37 3.30 10 6.32 2.39 14 .602 .617

1 1.59 .071 13 1.59 .06 10 1.64 .042 10 1.63 .04 12 2.042 .123 Height

3 1.58 .053 14 1.61 .07 10 1.64 .044 10 1.63 .04 14 3.218 .032

1 79.65 25.39 13 83.5 23.95 10 89.91 20.99 10 88.54 26.04 12 .441 .725 Weight

3 69.26 19.84 14 89.46 19.84 10 88.37 20.90 10 89.23 24.19 14 2.858 .048

1 31.19 9.44 13 33.12 10.17 10 33.32 7.53 10 33.30 9.88 12 .150 .929 BMI

3 27.79 8.27 14 34.78 8.10 10 32.62 7.13 10 33.54 9.32 14 1.732 .174

1 110.92 21.92 13 113.7 18.99 10 113.1 15.29 9 109.2 22.59 10 .105 .957 Waist

3 103.29 20.61 14 116.8 16.10 10 108.8 17.72 8 112.6 18.86 13 1.140 .344

1 120.92 17.37 13 128.5 20.55 10 126.6 26.12 10 115.3 16.06 10 .882 .459 Systolic blood

pressure 3 125.31 18.54 13 124.5 19.56 10 128.1 28.4 10 115.2 11.19 12 .918 .441

1 82.62 12.89 13 91.3 15.06 10 84.7 12.76 10 75.1 14.31 10 2.369 .085 Diastolic blood

pressure 3 56.89 14.81 13 84.6 14.55 10 82.4 18.83 10 79.58 9.33 12 .535 .661

1 87.38 10.72 13 83.4 10.04 10 88.4 9.82 10 75.90 10.28 10 3.174 .035 Pulse

3 88.77 11.05 13 79.5 10.90 10 88.5 12.8 10 78.92 9.06 12 2.813 .051

Appendix J 510

Table 3. Results of ANOVA tests between groups for weight growth velocity between birth and one month and birth and three months (males)

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Females months mean SD N mean SD n mean SD n mean SD n F Sig.

1 37.92 7.91 12 32.2 6.13 10 32.60 8.11 10 37.75 7.81 12 1.836 .156 Age

3 36.25 7.79 12 32.82 7.97 11 34.36 8.38 11 35.08 8.37 13 .357 .785

1 6.89 2.11 12 9.1 5.76 10 6.17 3.30 6 6.95 1.99 12 1.172 .334 Fasting BSL 3 7.76 2.82 12 9.01 5.61 11 5.24 .95 8 7.53 2.74 11 1.747 .174

1 1.69 .093 12 1.71 .036 10 1.77 .046 6 1.78 .13 12 2.096 .118 Height

3 1.69 .070 12 1.73 .078 11 1.76 .052 8 1.78 .132 11 2.094 .117

1 84.09 24.28 12 86.34 5.52 10 80.15 19.30 6 94.15 25.06 12 .773 .517 Weight

3 83.93 18.72 12 88.31 17.28 11 81.4 19.22 8 93.09 26.32 11 .613 .611

1 28.83 6.08 29.54 29.54 1.60 10 25.59 6.03 6 29.45 5.61 12 .937 .433 BMI

3 29.11 5.54 12 29.20 3.19 11 26.16 5.96 8 28.93 5.67 11 .699 .558

1 102.33 16.52 12 104.2 6.14 10 97.33 15.96 6 106.2 16.20 12 .530 .665 Waist

3 103.67 14.7 12 102.82 10.12 11 100.1 17.17 8 103.2 17.23 11 .100 .959

1 129.83 17.54 12 137.4 19.67 10 126.0 10.47 6 133.3 13.16 12 .749 .530 Systolic blood

pressure 3 126.83 16.41 12 143.09 18.81 11 128.6 13.21 8 134.6 13.38 11 2.326 .090

1 85.42 12.18 12 95.4 23.6 10 87.0 9.63 6 90.17 12.63 12 .800 .502 Diastolic blood

pressure 3 86.08 12.21 12 95.91 23.02 11 88.5 10.01 8 91.64 14.17 11 .790 .507

1 74.75 14.67 12 88.9 13.03 10 81.0 21.7 6 80.0 12.5 12 1.661 .193 Pulse

3 78.08 13.21 12 85.27 16.06 11 83.88 18.89 8 77.64 11.83 11 .744 .532

511

Appendix K

Statistical tables: tests between birthweight and growth parameters

and adult diabetes risk

Tables 1 and 2 show p values for all analyses between birthweight, growth parameters (other

than IUGR) and adult diabetes risk factors.

* indicates interactions between variables.

All p≤0.10 are in bold type.

indicates significance at 0.05



Table 1 shows results for females, Table 2 shows results for males.

Tables 3 and 4 show calculated odds ratios for the presence of adult diabetes risk factors

(including fasting BSL) according to birthweight and growth parameter quintiles.

Appendix K 512

Table 1. Linear modelling for child weights, risk / surveyed measure and age (females): significance of associations between diabetes risk factors and birthweight (BW), mean weight variations from the Cherbourg (sex-specific) median for 0-3 months (A), 3-6 months (B), 6-15 months (C), 15-36 months (D) and 36-60 months (E), and Index 1 to Index 10. All are binary logistic regressions with the growth parameter as explanatory variable and the risk / surveyed measure as the response variable, except for risks of age and family history, for which ANOVAs were used. The risk factors of age and family history are treated as the explanatory variables, with growth as the response. N.B. R squares for logistic regressions are approximate only (Cox & Snell; Nagelkerke); women who have had gestational diabetes but do not currently have diabetes are omitted from the analysis for the response of case (diagnosed plus high risk) / control. Females FBSL

>5.5mmol/l BMI

>30kg/m2 Waist >88cm

Systolic pressure >120mmHg

Diastolic pressure >90mmHg Age Family history Case / control

p Wald ExpB p Wald ExpB p Wald ExpB p Wald ExpB p Wald ExpB p F p F p Wald ExpB

BW 0.593 0.285 0.998 0.835 0.043 0.999 0.534 0.388 1.002 0.122 2.395 1.011 0.961 0.002 1.000 0.661 0.195 0.182 1.831 0.777 0.080 1.001

age 0.890 0.019 0.959 0.971 0.001 1.009 0.303 1.062 1.458 0.077 3.122 3.090 0.841 0.040 1.068 0.140 2.247 0.861 0.031 0.946

BW*age 0.527 0.400 1.000 0.745 0.106 1.000 0.542 0.372 1.000 0.122 2.390 1.000 0.872 0.026 1.000 0.147 2.166 0.720 0.129 1.000

Rsq 0.229; 0.307 0.114; 0.152 0.180; 0.275 0.205; 0.372 01.67; 0.242 0.003 0.044 0.285; 0.380

A 0.379 0.773 0.133 0.572 0.320 0.346 0.601 0.274 3.491 0.064 3.430 45149.4 0.620 0.245 3.198 0.784 0.076 0.463 0.548 0.352 0.866 9.811

age 0.002 9.600 1.166 0.018 5.569 1.097 0.006 7.667 1.182 0.009 6.814 1.277 0.023 5.183 1.100 0.404 0.707 0.001 11.117 0.838

A*age 0.385 0.753 1.059 0.410 0.679 1.045 0.761 0.092 0.977 0.060 3.536 0.763 0.711 0.137 0.977 0.405 0.705 0.361 0.833 0.939

Rsq 0.220; 0.297 0.137; 0.184 0.208; 0.321 0.268; 0.458 0.118; 0.169 0.001 0.017 0.286; 0.381

B 0.184 1.765 0.101 0.541 0.374 0.421 0.311 1.027 7.601 0.059 3.562 726.966 0.585 0.298 2.508 0.984 0.000 0.766 0.089 0.099 2.720 25.439

age 0.002 9.808 1.172 0.013 6.215 1.104 0.008 7.055 1.193 0.018 5.560 1.221 0.045 4.023 1.090 0.766 0.090 0.001 11.092 0.824

B*age 0.200 1.646 1.065 0.432 0.617 1.032 0.527 0.401 0.961 0.046 3.990 0.838 0.632 0.230 0.979 0.702 0.148 0.103 2.656 0.913

Rsq 0.234; 0.315 0.139; 0.186 0.269; 0.414 0.291; 0.493 0.091; 0.134 0.000 0.005 0.312; 0.416

C 0.075 3.160 0.154 0.793 0.069 1.254 0.221 1.499 5.254 0.107 2.604 36.688 0.992 0.000 1.010 .0150 2.134 0.714 0.136 0.092 2.830 6.788

age 0.001 12.079 1.223 0.012 6.249 1.104 0.016 5.851 1.164 0.039 4.268 1.170 0.067 3.363 1.086 0.249 1.360 <0.001 13.564 0.798

C*age 0.074 3.195 1.052 0.951 0.004 0.999 0.086 0.815 0.963 0.076 3.154 0.905 0.902 0.015 0.997 0.527 0.405 0.089 2.889 0.950

Rsq 0.296; 0.398 0.136; 0.182 0.231; 0.369 0.303; 0.501 0.099; 0.145 0.037 0.064 0.365; 0.487

D 0.205 1.610 0.348 0.402 0.704 1.738 0.525 0.404 1.866 0.379 0.773 3.145 0.208 1.586 0.315 0.667 0.188 0.270 1.218 2.900

age <0.001 13.513 1.220 0.029 4.773 1.082 0.012 6.365 1.172 0.022 5.215 1.162 0.025 5.028 1.120 0.950 0.004 0.227 14.035 0.797

D*age 0.212 1.555 1.030 0.555 0.348 0.989 0.617 0.251 0.984 0.309 1.034 0.967 0.279 1.174 1.026 0.893 0.018 <0.001 1.462 0.968

Rsq 0.299; 0.401 0.136; 0.181 0.182; 0.302 0.223; 0.382 0.124; 0.186 0.029 0.373; 0.498

Appendix K 513

Table 1 continued

Females FBSL >5.5mmol/l

BMI >30kg/m2

Waist >88cm




E 0.599 0.277 1.353 0.037 4.360 3.320 0.880 0.023 1.130 0.735 0.115 1.389 0.181 1.786 0.444 0.061 3.638 0.627 .0238 0.312 1.023 0.482

age 0.003 8.933 1.141 0.090 2.883 1.062 0.017 5.650 1.175 0.002 9.418 1.196 0.006 7.703 1.127 0.188 1.773 0.001 10.890 0.862 E*age 0.576 0.313 0.991 0.049 3.873 0.970 0.956 0.003 0.999 0.305 0.268 0.988 0.257 1.286 1.018 0.692 0.159 0.374 0.791 1.017 Rsq 0.224; 0.300 0.185; 0.246 0.181; 0.298 0.244; 0.401 0.147; 0.212 0.057 0.063 0.322; 0.429

Index1 0.261 1.262 0.040 0.715 0.134 0.391 0.193 1.694 4412.0 0.167 1.906 951.330 0.564 0.333 5.358 0.795 0.068 0.224 1.515 0.101 2.684 190.80

age 0.003 8.963 1.149 0.012 6.271 1.103 0.013 6.200 1.198 0.019 5.493 1.191 0.060 3.536 1.084 0.176 1.889 0.001 11.209 0.841

I1*age 0.285 1.141 1.091 0.677 0.174 1.031 0.388 0.745 0.884 0.127 2.327 0.815 0.947 0.485 0.947 0.128 2.396 0.108 2.584 0.864

Rsq 0.215; 0.289 0.129; 0.173 0.324; 0.507 0.279; 0.467 0.104; 0.152 0.001 0.073 0.304; 0.406

Index2 0.120 2.416 0.094 0.649 0.207 1.800 0.217 1.527 13.227 0.141 2.171 28.063 0.703 0.146 0.549 0.359 0.857 0.885 0.021 0.149 2.083 12.623

age 0.002 9.995 1.199 0.014 6.083 1.109 0.029 4.768 1.147 0.081 3.051 1.145 0.101 2.689 1.082 0.479 0.509 0.001 11.641 0.811

I2*age 0.104 2.638 1.076 0.757 0.096 0.988 0.355 0.854 0.942 0.091 2.862 0.899 0.892 0.018 1.006 0.688 0.164 0.133 2.255 0.928

Rsq 0.260; 0.350 0.152; 0.204 0.236; 0.378 0.292; 0.484 0.116; 0.168 0.017 0.043 0.331; 0.441

Index3 0.445 0.584 0.464 0.092 2.846 5.455 0.582 0.303 2.105 0.406 0.691 4.614 0.186 1.748 0.196 0.700 0.150 0.574 0.320 0.397 0.717 2.817

age 0.002 9.578 1.174 0.034 4.496 1.095 0.028 4.820 1.161 0.019 5.458 1.188 0.027 4.902 1.130 0.604 0.0272 0.001 11.378 0.818

I3*age 0.424 0.638 1.025 0.132 2.271 0.957 0.784 0.075 0.988 0.326 0.967 0.954 0.307 1.042 1.035 0.787 0.074 0.297 1.086 0.963 Rsq 0.238; 0.320 0.216; 0.290 0.224; 0.360 0.247; 0.411 0.176; 0.255 0.003 0.038 0.344; 0.446

Index4 0.850 0.036 0.869 0.037 4.347 6.022 0.935 0.007 0.915 0.683 0.167 1.766 0.209 1.577 0.356 0.095 2.890 0.800 0.065 0.925 0.009 1.093

age 0.005 7.760 1.158 0.145 2.123 1.069 0.038 4.306 1.171 0.020 5.437 1.193 0.019 5.523 1.143 0.324 0.991 0.002 9.141 0.940

I4*age 0.786 0.074 1.006 0.048 3.904 0.953 0.804 0.062 1.009 0.547 0.364 0.978 0.358 0.845 1.021 0.883 0.022 0.691 0.158 0.989

Rsq 0.233; 0.315 0.250; 0.335 0.204; 0.325 0.249; 0.410 0.171; 0.247 0.056 0.060 0.346; 0.462

Index5 0.089 2.891 0.037 0.519 0.415 3.021 0.262 1.260 25.874 0.349 0.876 22.414 0.342 0.902 0.107 0.203 1.660 0.367 0.830 0.321 0.983 8.164

age 0.001 10.858 1.229 0.022 5.263 1.101 0.014 6.063 1.163 0.032 4.624 1.179 0.073 3.2050 1.100 0.910 0.013 0.001 11.722 0.816

I5*age 0.068 3.328 1.115 0.598 0.279 0.973 0.250 1.324 0.888 0.262 1.256 0.906 0.478 0.503 10.46 0.438 0.611 0.276 1.187 0.935

Rsq 0.282; 0.379 0.141; 0.188 0.197; 0.310 0.245; 0.413 0.123; 0.181 0.031 0.051 0.320; 0.426

Appendix K 514

Table 1 continued

Females FBSL >5.5mmol/l

BMI >30kg/m2

Waist >88cm



p Wald ExpB p Wald ExpB p Wald ExpB p Wald ExpB p Wald ExpB p F p F p Wald ExpB Index6 0.344 0.896 0.383 0.099 2.725 5.158 0.860 0.031 0.788 0.811 0.057 1.568 0.098 2.732 0.105 0.748 0.105 0.360 0.852 0.529 11.652 2.108

age 0.001 10.234 1.181 0.026 4.964 1.096 0.008 7.084 1.200 0.008 7.020 1.214 0.021 5.309 1.142 0.380 0.783 0.001 0.395 0.818

I6*age 0.032 0.967 1.032 0.116 2.466 0.954 0.896 0.017 1.006 0.731 0.119 0.983 0.173 1.857 1.051 0.447 0.589 0.396 0.721 0.396 Rsq 0.250; 0.337 0.184; 0.246 0.194; 0.312 0.218; 0.364 0.191; 0.278 0.002 0.025 0.338; 0.450

Index7 0.828 0.047 0.852 0.052 3.766 4.892 0.611 0.258 0.593 0.960 0.003 0.937 0.135 2.235 0.289 0.112 2.624 0.671 0.183 0.935 0.007 0.929

age 0.004 8.228 1.161 0.079 3.091 1.081 0.013 6.234 1.209 0.009 6.813 1.220 0.014 6.027 1.149 0.248 1.367 0.002 9.802 0.839 I7*age 0.774 0.082 1.007 0.067 3.364 0.958 0.634 0.227 1.017 0.924 0.009 0.997 0.237 1.396 1.028 0.636 0.227 0.831 0.046 0.994 Rsq 0.235; 0.317 0.235; 0.315 0.196; 0.313 0.230; 0.379 0.175; 0.254 0.051 0.056 0.350; 0.467

Index8 0.981 0.001 0.966 0.050 3.841 15.140 0.356 0.853 0.082 0.644 0.213 0.307 0.058 3.600 0.032 0.130 2.359 0.474 0.520 0.926 0.009 1.196

age 0.001 11.136 1.177 0.016 5.834 1.102 0.010 6.560 1.231 0.003 8.813 1.228 0.007 7.355 1.143 0.190 1.763 <0.001 12.558 0.825

I8*age 0.988 0.000 0.999 0.051 3.797 0.926 0.386 0.752 1.085 0.662 0.191 1.029 0.109 2.570 1.080 0.564 0.337 0.728 0.121 0.980

Rsq 0.260; 0.351 0.189; 0.253 0.208; 0.341 0.232; 0.380 0.204; 0.298 0.042 0.056 0.365; 0.487

Index9 0.534 0.386 1.720 0.041 4.182 6.608 0.314 1.013 0.217 0.460 0.547 0.384 0.105 2.628 0.226 0.008 7.587 0.926 0.009 0.435 0.610 0.417

age 0.005 7.953 1.157 0.053 3.756 1.091 0.015 5.920 1.245 0.002 9.320 1.258 0.005 7.942 1.156 0.140 2.246 0.003 9.084 0.851

I9*age 0.565 0.331 0.985 0.054 3.707 0.951 0.340 0.910 1.051 0.513 0.428 1.022 0.171 1.874 1.035 0.813 0.057 0.639 0.220 1.015

Rsq 0.255; 0.343 0.253; 0.340 0.208; 0.336 0.263; 0.423 0.185; 0.265 0.129 0.136 0.378; 0.504

Index10 0.530 1.457 2.496 0.037 4.339 17.165 0.418 0.657 0.150 0.869 0.027 0.705 0.519 0.415 0.404 0.001 11.909 0.617 0.253 0.364 0.826 0.203

age 0.006 0.051 1.150 0.068 3.324 1.079 0.014 6.081 1.227 0.002 9.567 1.234 0.013 6.144 1.120 0.167 1.963 0.003 8.789 0.856

I10*age 0.611 0.044 0.987 0.043 4.098 0.923 0.434 0.612 1.064 0.979 0.001 0.999 0.642 0.216 1.018 0.826 0.049 0.524 0.406 1.032

Rsq 0.264; 0.354 0.200; 0.268 0.193; 0.310 0.237; 0.394 0.117; 0.171 0.175 0.197; 0.153 0.385; 0.514

Appendix K 515

Table 2. Linear modelling for child weights, risk / surveyed measure and age (males): significance of associations between diabetes risk factors and birthweight (BW), mean weight variations from the Cherbourg (sex-specific) median for 0-3 months (A), 3-6 months (B), 6-15 months (C), 15-36 months (D) and 36-60 months (E), and Index 1 to Index 10. All are binary logistic regressions with the growth parameter as explanatory variable and the risk / surveyed measure as the response variable, except for risks of age and family history, for which ANOVAs were used. The risk factors of age and family history are treated as the explanatory variables, with growth as the response. N.B. R squares for logistic regressions are approximate only (Cox & Snell; Nagelkerke).

Males FBSL >5.5mmol/l

BMI >30kg/m2

Waist >102cm



p Wald ExpB p Wald ExpB p Wald ExpB p Wald ExpB p Wald ExpB p F p F p Wald ExpB BW 0.077 3.119 0.994 0.024 5.095 0.992 0.073 3.222 0.994 0.853 0.034 1.000 0.642 0.216 0.999 0.582 0.307 0.337 0.944 0.049 3.885 1.009

age 0.128 2.313 0.588 0.042 4.128 0.517 0.164 1.939 0.659 0.794 0.068 1.052 0.960 0.003 0.991 0.758 0.096 0.115 2.482 1.997

BW*age 0.083 3.005 1.000 0.025 4.049 1.000 0.072 3.226 1.000 0.930 0.008 1.000 0.751 0.100 1.000 0.300 1.098 0.053 3.754 1.000 Rsq 0.174; 0.240 0.234; 0.325 0.275; 0.375 0.054; 0.077 0.036; 0.049 0.007 0.032 0.413; 0.551

A 0.971 0.001 1.060 0.322 0.981 0.193 0.130 2.289 0.049 0.993 0.000 0.988 0.303 1.059 0.227 0.814 0.056 0.884 0.021 0.265 1.291 6.765

age 0.156 2.014 1.060 0.253 1.307 1.049 0.016 5.838 1.120 0.101 2.687 1.068 0.224 1.480 1.046 0.711 0.139 0.003 8.897 0.873

A*age 0.850 0.036 1.008 0.194 1.689 10.62 0.090 2.873 1.095 0.848 0.037 1.007 0.317 1.001 1.038 0.818 0.053 0.180 1.799 0.939 Rsq 0.063; 0.086 0.109; 0.156 0.186; 0.257 0.063; 0.089 0.046; 0.063 0.001 0.005 0.216; 0.289

B 0.289 1.123 3.432 0.982 0.001 1.025 0.269 1.219 0.259 0.739 0.111 1.404 0.276 1.186 0.315 0.544 0.374 0.610 0.263 0.625 0.239 1.681

age 0.203 1.622 1.055 0.398 0.714 1.040 0.084 2.988 1.079 0.130 2.287 1.068 0.273 1.200 1.043 0.335 0.949 0.008 7.064 0.893

B*age 0.476 0.509 0.987 0.591 0.031 1.017 0.152 2.056 1.050 0.944 0.005 0.998 0.303 1.062 1.029 0.511 0.439 0.493 0.471 0.980 Rsq 0.102; 0.138 0.134; 0.192 0.168; 0.235 0.069; 0.098 0.057; 0.077 0.007 0.024 0.173; 0.231

C 0.822 0.050 1.210 0.919 0.010 0.908 0.082 3.027 0.111 0.748 0.103 0.728 0.348 0.880 0.448 0.351 0.887 0.226 1.500 0.267 1.231 3.118

age 0.202 1.630 1.051 0.376 0.782 1.039 0.050 3.829 1.094 0.108 2.585 1.071 0.429 0.625 1.060 0.102 2.770 0.004 8.439 0.882

C*age 0.941 0.005 1.002 0.635 0.225 1.012 0.043 4.109 1.077 0.541 0.373 1.016 0.344 0.896 1.022 0.186 1.799 0.213 1.553 0.966

Rsq 0.060; 0.082 0.074; 0.105 0.236; 0.327 0.094; 0.133 0.033; 0.045 0.016 0.052 0.206; 0.275 D 0.926 0.009 0.931 0.410 0.680 0.495 0.116 2.468 0.210 0.639 0.220 0.663 0.514 0.426 0.603 0.511 0.437 0.375 0.803 0.356 0.852 2.252

age 0.216 1.529 1.048 0.363 0.829 1.037 0.029 4.789 1.102 0.100 2.707 1.072 0.386 0.751 1.032 0.391 0.750 0.002 9.433 0.877

D*age 0.992 0.000 1.000 0.316 1.005 1.025 0.070 3.284 1.054 0.508 0.438 1.016 0.450 0.752 1.017 0.446 0.589 0.383 0.760 0.978 Rsq 0.037; 0.050 0.051; 0.074 0.194; 0.270 0.077; 0.111 0.029; 0.040 0.008 0.028 0.209; 0.280

Appendix K 516

Table 2 continued


BMI >30kg/m2

Waist >102cm




E 0.908 0.013 0.940 0.037 4.365 0.260 0.082 3.023 0.300 0.754 0.106 0.827 0.643 0.215 1.278 0.236 1.439 0.052 3.959 0.846 0.038 1.121

age 0.206 1.603 1.053 0.328 0.959 1.044 0.041 4.192 1.100 0.167 1.190 1.060 0.693 0.156 1.015 0.650 0.209 0.005 7.862 0.886 E*age 0.844 0.039 1.003 0.022 5.212 1.044 0.043 4.082 1.042 0.722 0.127 1.006 0.644 0.214 0.993 0.690 3.444 0.773 0.083 0.995 Rsq 0.040; 0.054 0.149; 0.210 0.212; 0.290 0.038; 0.055 0.009; 0.012 0.026 0.099 0.172; 0.230

Index1 0.176 1.834 20.983 0.133 2.255 23.955 0.977 0.001 0.940 0.588 0.293 22.802 0.461 0.543 0.233 0.299 1.103 0.350 0.890 0.441 0.594 0.235

age 0.111 2.538 1.074 0.099 2.716 1.092 0.058 3.588 1.093 0.121 2.407 1.075 0.343 0.901 1.038 0.090 2.991 0.007 7.349 0.883

I1*age 0.282 1.157 0.935 0.273 1.199 0.938 0.728 0.121 1.021 0.805 0.061 0.987 0.475 0.509 1.040 0.235 1.446 0.467 0.528 1.040 Rsq 0.111; 0.150 0.120; 0.174 0.122; 0.172 0.072; 0.103 0.042; 0.057 0.022 0.071 0.163; 0.217

Index2 0.317 1.001 0.647 0.808 0.059 0.901 0.874 0.025 1.069 0.945 0.005 1.029 0.175 1.843 1.693 0.087 3.041 0.160 2.040 0.940 0.006 1.110

age 0.319 0.993 1.043 0.355 0.855 1.041 0.042 4.148 1.096 0.150 2.074 1.064 0.119 2.435 1.065 0.026 5.313 0.010 6.609 0.897

I2*age 0.121 2.405 1.035 0.174 1.845 1.027 0.375 0.786 1.017 0.450 0.572 1.014 0.319 0.993 0.983 0.138 2.276 0.967 0.002 0.998 Rsq 0.087; 0.177 0.076; 0.111 0.123; 0.172 0.067; 0.096 0.066; 0.089 0.057 0.101 0.149; 0.199

Index3 0.888 0.020 1.185 0.508 0.438 0.422 0.138 2.196 0.095 0.745 0.106 0.656 0.703 0.146 0.645 0.634 0.230 0.256 1.322 0.584 0.300 0.496

age 0.264 1.246 1.046 0.451 0.568 1.032 0.071 3.260 1.084 0.089 2.883 1.077 0.193 1.696 1.052 0.366 0.832 0.007 7.160 0.893

I3*age 0.725 0.123 0.987 0.523 0.408 1.025 0.113 2.516 1.079 0.671 0.181 1.016 0.593 0.285 1.019 0.323 1.000 0.480 0.499 1.028 Rsq 0.075; 0.101 0.021; 0.032 0.143; 0.202 0.072; 0.103 0.057; 0.078 0.005 0.038 0.184; 0.248

Index4 0.737 0.113 1.270 0.114 2.503 0.254 0.198 1.657 0.333 0.989 0.000 0.989 0.779 0.079 0.821 0.470 0.531 0.063 3.650 0.299 0.733 0.467

age 0.258 1.282 1.051 0.198 1.658 1.066 0.043 4.084 1.106 0.208 1.584 1.062 0.280 1.166 1.047 0.608 0.267 0.042 0.045 0.912

I4*age 0.704 0.145 0.992 0.105 2.623 1.042 0.140 2.181 1.039 0.941 0.005 0.998 0.623 0.242 1.011 0.104 2.753 0.299 0.022 1.023 Rsq 0.045; 0.061 0.069; 0.098 0.138; 0.191 0.047; 0.067 0.058; 0.078 0.011 0.104 0.162; 0.216

Index5 0.528 0.398 0.251 0.325 0.968 0.105 0.260 1.267 0.061 0.428 0.627 0.157 0.358 0.846 0.140 0.118 2.531 0.221 1.539 0.315 2.483 12.129

age 0.336 0.924 1.040 0.282 1.160 1.046 0.028 4.802 1.107 0.124 2.371 1.068 0.100 2.968 1.071 0.093 2.931 0.009 0.045 0.888

I5*age 0.625 0.239 1.031 0.313 1.020 1.067 0.208 1.587 1.093 0.419 0.652 1.054 0.241 1.376 1.077 0.295 1.122 0.351 0.070 0.937 Rsq 0.046; 0.062 0.038; 0.055 0.120; 0.168 0.056; 0.080 0.092; 0.125 0.048 0.086 0.174; 0.233

Appendix K 517

Table 2 continued


BMI >30kg/m2

Waist >88cm



p Wald ExpB p Wald ExpB p Wald ExpB p Wald ExpB p Wald ExpB p F p F p Wald ExpB Index6 0.265 1.244 0.215 0.114 2.497 0.112 0.167 1.651 0.167 0.691 0.158 0.591 0.867 0.028 0.817 0.984 0.000 0.370 0.819 0.750 0.102 1.531

age 0.240 1.380 1.050 0.307 1.046 1.044 0.048 3.906 1.091 0.079 3.077 1.079 0.186 1.752 1.054 0.816 0.055 0.006 7.415 0.889

I6*age 0.366 0.816 1.037 0.119 2.430 1.066 0.156 2.014 1.060 0.709 0.140 1.015 0.741 0.109 1.012 0.529 0.402 0.896 0.039 0.995

Rsq 0.105; 0.141 0.064; 0.092 0.125; 0.176 0.065; 0.094 0.059; 0.081 0.000 0.042 0.191; 0.257

Index7 0.932 0.007 0.395 0.058 3.591 0.169 0.318 0.996 0.433 0.887 0.020 0.883 0.986 0.000 0.987 0.296 1.117 0.091 2.986 0.404 0.695 0.518

age 0.251 1.316 1.057 0.109 2.572 1.093 0.059 3.571 1.101 0.215 1.540 1.070 0.353 0.862 1.043 0.989 0.000 0.059 3.574 0.913

I7*age 0.352 0.000 1.000 0.057 3.624 1.054 0.237 1.400 1.030 0.969 0.001 0.999 0.829 0.047 1.005 0.184 1.820 0.382 0.764 1.021

Rsq 0.042; 0.056 0.091; 0.128 0.112; 0.155 0.066; 0.094 0.054; 0.073 0.024 0.130 0.161; 0.216

Index8 0.246 1.345 0.144 0.145 2.125 0.097 0.688 0.161 1.830 0.589 0.291 2.456 0.563 0.335 2.274 0.390 0.751 0.627 0.239 0.671 1.635 2.001

age 0.177 1.823 1.057 0.474 0.513 1.030 0.073 3.209 1.077 0.080 3.056 1.078 0.346 0.888 1.037 0.483 0.500 0.002 0.043 0.875

I8*age 0.413 0.670 1.038 0.139 2.191 1.067 0.747 0.104 0.987 0.484 0.489 0.969 0.642 0.216 0.892 0.853 0.035 0.835 0.045 0.991

Rsq 0.142; 0.191 0.049; 0.071 0.075; 0.106 0.090; 0.130 0.036; 0.050 0.015 0.053 0.210; 0.281

Index9 0.983 0.000 1.016 0.072 3.230 0.201 0.959 0.003 1.042 0.679 0.171 0.697 0.253 1.307 2.377 0.040 4.446 0.156 2.076 0.433 0.791 0.901

age 0.259 1.275 1.055 0.192 1.704 1.073 0.153 2.041 1.069 0.110 2.560 1.089 0.966 0.002 1.002 0.456 0.565 0.031 0.048 0.538

I9*age 0.941 0.005 0.998 0.056 3.656 1.049 0.873 0.025 1.003 0.764 0.090 1.007 0.274 1.197 0.977 0.240 1.417 0.464 0.022 1.016

Rsq 0.036; 0.049 0.093; 0.131 0.094; 0.129 0.064; 0.091 0.039; 0.052 0.082 0.138 0.180; 0.240

Index10 0.542 0.732 1.809 0.195 1.682 0.196 0.907 0.014 0.887 0.917 0.011 1.158 0.188 1.732 4.300 0.003 9.680 0.038 4.582 0.156 1.099 0.210

age 0.612 0.257 1.026 0.286 1.138 1.063 0.156 2.010 1.070 0.239 1.387 1.079 0.750 0.101 0.985 0.379 0.789 0.111 0.050 0.924

I10*age 0.735 0.115 0.991 0.179 1.804 1.050 0.724 0.125 1.010 0.635 0.225 0.981 0.210 1.568 0.960 0.064 3.594 0.260 0.029 1.033

Rsq 0.066; 0.089 0.064; 0.092 0.091; 0.125 0.106; 0.151 0.049; 0.067 0.165 0.250 0.233; 0.311

Appendix K 518

Table 3. Odds ratios between risk presence and quintiles of growth parameters: females. Table shows calculated odds ratios (95% confidence limits). Significant results are in bold. Q1 = odds of having a diabetes risk if growth parameter was in the lowest quintile versus the remaining quintiles; Q5 = odds of having a diabetes risk if growth parameter was in the highest quintile versus the remaining quintiles; Extremes = odds of having a diabetes risk factor if growth parameter was in either the lowest or highest quintile (‘extremes’) versus the middle three quintiles. Odds ratios relating to significant (<0.05) or approaching significance (<0.1) results in linear modelling were reported in main text.

Q1 Q5 Extremes BW .865 (.301-2.492) 1.145 (.613-2.142) 1.033 (.594-1.798) Akg 1.067 (.373-3.054) 1.079 (.535-2.177) .982 (.579-1.665) Bkg 2.333 (.680-8.012) 1.000 (.5000-2.000) 1.385 (.804-2.385) Ckg 1.000 (.328-3.407) 1.000 (.502-1.993) 1.000 (.572-1.748) Dkg 1.857 (.517-6.673) .957 (.484-1.890) 1.192 (.714-1.991) Ekg .643 (.204-2.029) 1.600 (.985-2.600) 1.214 (.726-2.030) I1 2.280 (.654-7.672) .847 (.385-1.861) 1.241 (.722-2.132) I2 1.250 (.381-4.096) 1.140 (.585-2.222) 1.190 (.678-2.091) I3 .575 (.155-2.136) 1.111 (.571-2.161) .882 (.482-1.616) I4 .550 (.149-2.037) 2.056 (1.330-3.177) 1.443 (.845-2.465) I5 .521 (.147-1.850) .780 (.344-1.768) .650 (.334-1.266) I6 .500 (.141-1.772) 1.316 (.702-2.465) .912 (.496-1.376) I7 .274 (.063-1.183) 1.739 (1.058-2.857) .967 (.541-1.727) I8 .412 (.120-1.418) 1.719 (1.061-2.785) .1053 (.608-1.824) I9 .768 (.235-2.523) 2.092 (1.363-3.209) 1.590 (.938-2.694)

case

(d

iagn

osed

plu

s hi

gh ri

sk)

I10 .248 (0.056-1.024) 1.925 (1.221-3.036) 1.048 (.609-1.802)

Appendix K 519

Table 3 continued Q1 Q5 Extremes

BW 1.157 (.683-1.961) 1.305 (.795-2.141) 1.333 (.835-2.130) Akg 1.256 (.779-1.974) 1.111 (.656-1.882) 1.269 (.821-1.962) Bkg 1.036 (.584-1.840) 1.036 (.584-1.840) 1.050 (.649-1.698) Ckg .833 (.427-1.628) 1.043 (.589-1.849) .917 (.560-1.500) Dkg 1.394 (.898-2.161) 1.008 (.573-1.772) 1.254 (.811-1.940) Ekg .827 (.425-1.608) 1.562 (1.046-2.332) 1.255 (.805-1.957) I1 1.009 (.570-1.787) .704 (.326-1.519) .819 (.493-1.361) I2 .715 (.330-1.548) 1.439 (.910-2.276) 1.069 (.656-1.743) I3 .804 (.385-1.681) 1.400 (.888-2.207) 1.132 (.704-1.822) I4 .783 (.375-1.632) 1.944 (1.409-2.683) 1.475 (.941-2.311) I5 .734 (.339-1.593) 1.057 (.593-1.886) .867 (.515-1.459) I6 .715 (.330-1.593) 1.357 (.830-2.219) 1.003 (.608-1.657) I7 .500 (.193-1.296) 1.684 (1.145-2.477) 1.031 (.636-1.672) I8 .711 (.330-1.534) 1.159 (.680-1.976) .906 (.550-1.493) I9 .918 (.485-1.738) 1.407 (.896-2.210) 1.208 (.761-1.920)

FBSL

(≥

5.5m

mol

/l)

I10 .624 (.282-1.381) 1.818 (1.257-2.629) 1.244 (.787-1.969)

Appendix K 520


BW 1.041 (.565-1.920) 1.041 (.565-1.920) 1.057 (.634-1.763) Akg .949 (.520-1.731) 1.070 (.602-1.899) 1.008 (.621-1.638) Bkg 1.273 (.777-2.084) 1.273 (.777-2.084) 1.400 (.885-2.215) Ckg .875 (.446-1.715) 1.336 (.812-2.198) 1.129 (.696-1.832) Dkg 1.000 (.527-1.897) .880 (.450-1.722) .921 (.551-1.540) Ekg .720 (.323-1.607) 1.273 (.745-2.174) .989- (.590-1.658) I1 1.241 (.760-2.027) 1.59 (.680-1.976) 1.283 (.815-2.018) I2 .942 (.497-1.787) 1.182 (.690-2.024) 1.078 (.665-1.749) I3 .585 (.232-1.475) .918 (.485-1.738) .706 (.402-1.241) I4 .594 (.235-1.500) 1.439 (.910-2.276) 1.003 (.608-1.657) I5 .741 (.342-1.605) .848 (.433-1.662) .748 (.433-1.292) I6 .722 (.334-1.562) 1.087 (.597-1.979) .864 (.509-1.465) I7 .528 (.203-1.372) 1.206 (.701-2.077) .806 (.468-1.386) I8 .854 (.437-1.681) 1.485 (.944-2.335) 1.189 (.741-1.908) I9 .966 (.508-1.836) 1.212 (.706-2.081) 1.114 (.684-1.815)

obes

ity

(BM

I>30

kg/m

2 )

I10 .492 (.185-1.308) 1.212 (.710-2.070) .794 (.465-1.356)

Appendix K 521


BW 1.074 (.775-1.488) 1.232 (.950-1.597) 1.217 (.920-1.610) Akg 1.056 (.763-1.461) 1.190 (.909-1.559) 1.169 (.886-1.543) Bkg .903 (.582-1.401) 1.429 (1.166-1.750) 1.214 (.901-1.636) Ckg 1.018 (.719-1.442) 1.355 (1.131-1.622) 1.252 (.964-1.626) Dkg .946 (.650-1.376) 1.131 (.877-1.460) 1.053 (.815-1.359) Ekg .692 (.412-1.163) 1.143 (.899-1.452) .893 (.677-1.178) I1 1.040 (.730-1.482) 1.379 (1.140-1.669) 1.278 (.966-1.692) I2 .978 (.667-1.436) 1.345 (1.118-1.617) 1.212 (.925-1.589) I3 .739 (.425-1.284) 1.310 (1.098-1.564) 1.029 (.775-1.367) I4 .742 (.426-1.292) 1.134 (.842-1.510) .924 (.677-1.262) I5 1.004 (.681-1.478) 10.40 (.730-1.482) 1.030 (.759-1.397) I6 .978 (.667-1.436) .938 (.610-1.440) .948 (.692-1.299) I7 .817 (.503-1.329) .985 (.670-1.449) .873 (.627-1.215) I8 .844 (.550-1.296) .961 (.658-1.403) .873 (.642-1.187) I9 .972 (.664-1.425) 1.147 (.863-1.525) 1.076 (.813-1.425)

cen

tral

obe

sity

(w

aist

≥88

cm

I10 .844 (.550-1.296) 1.173 (.913-1.507) 1.012 (.769-1.331)

Appendix K 522


BW 2.291 (.645-8.142) 1.273 (.297-5.459) 2.348 (.626-8.818) Akg 1.818 (.540-6.126) 1.171 (.286-4.804) 1.786 (.543-5.874) Bkg 3.200 (1.047-9.782) .500 (.070-3.550) 1.875 (.572-6.144) Ckg 2.800 (.969-8.087) .467 (.067-3.272) 1.600 (.529-4.838) Dkg 5.000 (1.817-13.757) 1.100 (.274-4.412) 4.298 (1.254-14.732) Ekg 3.750 (1.423-9.883) 1.500 (.475-4.741) 4.317 (1.287-14.482) I1 1.950 (.588-6.469) .556 (.079-3.901) 1.263 (.387-4.121) I2 3.467 (1.157-10.383) N/A (none with systolic hypertension at quintile 5) 1.333 (.411-4.330) I3 2.438 (.765-7.764) .528 (.075-3.701) 1.412 (.437-4.560) I4 3.800 (1.302-11.091) 1.175 (.292-4.727) 3.412 (.978-11.907) I5 2.222 (.681-7.249) .488 (.069-3.459) 1.263 (.387-4.121) I6 2.167 (.665-7.060) .625 (.090-4.329) 1.459 (.451-4.720) I7 2.111 (.649-6.872) 1.206 (.299-4.860) 2.014 (.621-6.527) I8 .456 (.065-3.192) 2.000 (.636-6.285) 1.123 (.362-3.478) I9 1.095 (.607-5.974) 1.111 (.282-4.374) 1.722 (.576-5.149)

syst

olic

hyp

erte

nsio

n (>

140m

mH

g)

I10 1.025 (.256-4.102) .909 (.225-3.681) .952 (.306-2.965)

Appendix K 523


BW .587 (.155-2.227) 2.545 (1.154-5.617) 1.610 (.685-3.785) Akg 1.322 (.522-3.350) 1.491 (.599-3.711) 1.633 (.700-3.810) Bkg 1.200 (.404-3.563) 1.200 (.404-3.563) 1.286 (.506-3.266) Ckg 1.145 (.391-3.354) 1.145 (.391-3.354) 1.200 (.488-2.949) Dkg 2.778 (1.216-6.347) 1.200 (.409-3.520) 2.456 (.999-6.036) Ekg 2.045 (.915-4.575) 1.333 (.532-3.341) 2.082 (.913-4.747) I1 1.733 (.670-4.487) 1.333 (.458-3.881) 1.842 (.729-4.653) I2 1.300 (.447-3.780) .361 (.054-2.431) .741 (.266-2.060) I3 2.167 (.882-5.325) .768 (.205-2.873) 1.513 (.607-3.772) I4 2.111 (.860-5.181) 1.233 (.425-3.577) 1.990 (.800-4.951) I5 1.975 (.780-5.005) .709 (.186-2.700) 1.353 (.536-3.419) I6 2.708 (1.157-6.339) .417 (.063-2.768) 1.563 (.625-3.097) I7 1.877 (.743-4.742) 1.267 (.436-3.679) 1.880 (.750-4.708) I8 1.118 (.382-3.271) 1.273 (.443-3.652) 1.263 (.517-3.086) I9 2.469 (1.088-5.606) 1.212 (.423-3.471) 2.296 (.948-5.563)

dias

tolic

hyp

erte

nsio

n (>

90m

mH

g)

I10 1.118 (.382-3.271) 1.455 (.563-3.755) 1.429 (.588-3.468)

Appendix K 524


BW 1.193 (.927-1.535) .898 (.608-1.328) 1.057 (.804-1.390) Akg 1.254 (.960-1.638) 1.058 (.742-1.509) 1.224 (.914-1.640) Bkg 1.067 (.746-1.526) .903 (.582-1.401) .978 (.710-1.348) Ckg .618 (.327-1.168) 1.084 (.757-1.551) .800 (.557-1.149) Dkg 1.029 (.699-1.515) 1.238 (.940-1.629) 1.179 (.886-1.569) Ekg .900 (.583-1.390) .941 (.634-1.398) .899 (.653-1.239) I1 .755 (.444-1.283) 1.226 (.909-1.654) .961 (.689-1.341) I2 .867 (.529-1.419) 1.046 (.705-1.552) .942 (.665-1.334) I3 1.219 (.878-1.691) 1.251 (.920-1.701) 1.324 (.974-1.799) I4 1.188 (.859-1.641) 1.028 (.693-1.524) 1.137 (.830-1.557) I5 1.037 (.700-1.535) 1.254 (.942-1.667) 1.203 (.887-1.631) I6 1.238 (.914-1.677) 1.429 (1.166-1.750) 1.459 (1.095-1.943) I7 1.206 (.894-1.627) 1.206 (.894-1.627) 1.289 (.961-1.729) I8 1.093 (.762-1.569) 1.054 (.711-1.561) 1.098 (.799-1.509) I9 1.226 (.909-1.654) 1.037 (.700-1.535) 1.174 (.865-1.594)

fam

ily h

isto

ry o

f dia

bete

s

I10 1.230 (.932-1.623) .795 (.496-1.276) .994 (.729-1.355)

Appendix K 525

Table 4. Odds ratios between risk presence and quintiles of growth parameters: males. Table shows calculated odds ratios (95% confidence limits). Significant results are in bold. Q1 = odds of having a diabetes risk if growth parameter was in the lowest quintile versus the remaining quintiles; Q5 = odds of having a diabetes risk if growth parameter was in the highest quintile versus the remaining quintiles; Extremes = odds of having a diabetes risk factor if growth parameter was in either the lowest or highest quintile (‘extremes’) versus the middle three quintiles. Odds ratios relating to significant (<0.05) or approaching significance (<0.1) results in linear modelling were reported in main text.

Q1 Q5 Extremes BW .909 (.460-1.795) .909 (.460-1.795) .882 (.515-1.512) Akg .890 (.440-1.802) 1.360 (.792-2.335) 1.155 (.690-1.932) Bkg .727 (.315-1.677) .952 (.465-1.952) .794 (..435-1.449) Ckg .909 (.449-1.843) 1.022 (.541-1.931) .957 (.559-1.637) Dkg 1.195 (.640-2.232) .950 (.465-1.941) 1.094 (.630-1.900) Ekg 1.115 (.604-2.058) 1.115 (.604-2.058) 1.155 (.690-1.932) I1 1.320 (.724-2.407) .711 (.309-1.637) .982 (.555-1.737) I2 1.474 (.841-2.582) .952 (.465-1.952) 1.286 (.741-2.230) I3 1.771 (1.023-3.065) .614 (.227-1.661) 1.179 (.652-2.130) I4 1.025 (.512-2.053) 1.025 (.512-2.053) 1.033 (.585-1.826) I5 1.200 (.640-2.251) .727 (.315-1.677) .937 (.526-1.670) I6 1.130 (.559-2.290) .614 (.227-1.661) .825 (.434-1.567) I7 .781 (.345-1.766) .781 (.345-1.766) .729 (.391-1.362) I8 .744 (.322-1.718) .974 (.475-1.999) .818 (.447-1.497) I9 .667 (.292-1.524) 1.091 (.590-2.018) .833 (.479-1.450)

case

(d

iagn

osed

plu

s hi

gh ri

sk)

I10 .550 (.206-1.472) 1.646 (1.005-2.697) 1.080 (.631-1.851)

Appendix K 526


BW .913 (.522-1.598) .964 (.536-1.733) .917 (.582-1.445) Akg 1.044 (.627-1.737) 1.338 (.869-2.060) 1.244 (.818-1.982) Bkg .813 (.417-1.584) 1.486 (.971-2.272) 1.178 (.744-1.865) Ckg .881 (.489-1.588) 1.273 (.814-1.989) 1.096 (.709-1.693) Dkg 1.248 (.766-2.032) 1.025 (.581-1.809) 1.185 (.753-1.865) Ekg 1.167 (.686-1.984) 1.248 (.766-2.032) 1.288 (.824-2.013) I1 .722 (.334-1.562) 1.267 (.771-2.081) .988 (.605-1.613) I2 1.017 (.576-1.799) 1.017 (.476-1.799) 1.024 (.639-1.639) I3 1.206 (.701-2.077) .609 (.241-1.542) .882 (.517-1.507) I4 1.101 (.601-2.019) .841 (.400-1.767) .960 (.565-1.629) I5 1.159 (.680-1.976) .813 (.417-1.584) .965 (.596-1.563) I6 1.108 (.606-2.026) .609 (.241-1.542) .816 (.464-1.434) I7 .987 (.492-1.981) .841 (.400-1.767) .889 (.510-1.550) I8 1.449 (.924-2.274) .640 (.289-1.419) .997 (.613-1.622) I9 .926 (.490-1.750) .813 (.417-1.584) .831 (.501-1.378)

FBSL

(≥

5.5m

mol

/l)

I10 .600 (.238-1.515) 1.267 (.771-2.081) .926 (.558-1.536)

Appendix K 527


BW .923 (.324-2.629) .923 (.324-2.629) .900 (.389-2.083) Akg .267 (.040-1.805) 1.780 (.791-4.005) .893 (.385-2.071) Bkg .267 (.039-1.807) 2.400 (1.115-5.166) 1.167 (.510-2.669) Ckg .582 (.155-2.182) 2.742 (1.323-5.682) 1.761 (.795-3.902) Dkg 1.394 (.555-3.500) 1.901 (.831-4.348) 2.045 (.891-4.697) Ekg 1.221 (.498-2.992) 2.136 (1.032-4.423) 2.045 (.953-4.389) I1 .667 (.181-2.536) 1.955 (.840-4.550) 1.375 (.585-3.230) I2 1.455 (.571-3.703) 2.000 (.858-4.661) 2.250 (.932-5.430) I3 1.173 (.400-3.437) 1.173 (.400-3.437) 1.237 (.503-3.047) I4 1.491 (.599-3.711) 1.025 (.355-2.957) 1.356 (.583-3.155) I5 1.333 (.532-3.341) .923 (.317-2.684) 1.167 (.510-2.669) I6 1.075 (.372-3.108) 1.075 (.372-3.108) 1.100 (.460-2.628) I7 1.367 (.558-3.348) .946 (.332-2.698) 1.206 (.535-2.716) I8 1.488 (.584-3.791) 1.488 (.584-3.791) 1.766 (.747-4.178) I9 1.231 (.498-3.043) 1.231 (.498-3.043) 1.333 (.608-2.923)

obes

ity

(BM

I>30

kg/m

2 )

I10 1.015 (.355-2.904) 1.303 (.521-3.262) 1.222 (.537-2.782)

Appendix K 528


BW .750 (.270-2.080) 1.067 (.452-2.156) .875 (.417-1.835) Akg .475 (.129-1.751) 1.831 (.913-3.671) 1.091 (.531-2.242) Bkg .500 (.134-1.859) 1.538 (.967-3.397) .955 (.438-2.080) Ckg .770 (.273-2.174) 2.109 (1.084-4.101) 1.565 (.775-3.162) Dkg .784 (.276-2.225) 1.930 (.950-3.923) 1.432 (.693-2.958) Ekg .712 (.215-1.997) 2.136 (1.142-3.996) 1.488 (.759-2.914) I1 .943 (.333-2.670) 1.203 (.487-2.970) 1.100 (.496-2.438) I2 .857 (.298-2.468) 1.667 (.743-3.737) 1.333 (.608-2.923) I3 .614 (.165-2.281) .614 (.165-2.281) .550 (.205-1.474) I4 .879 (.311-2.480) 1.708 (.782-3.732) 1.378 (.639-2.972) I5 .800 (.280-2.283) 1.143 (.468-2.793) .955 (.438-2.080) I6 .573 (.155-2.115) .921 (.326-2.607) .688 (.284-1.663) I7 .820 (.293-2.294) 1.577 (.733-3.390) 1.240 (.591-2.600) I8 1.169 (.478-2.859) 1.573 (.712-3.478) 1.545 (.728-3.279) I9 .706 (.251-1.986) 1.714 (.859-3.423) 1.227 (.612-2.463)

cen

tral

obe

sity

(w

aist

≥10

2cm

I10 .518 (.142-1.889) 1.804 (.891-3.652) 1.143 (.552-2.367)

Appendix K 529


BW 2.222 (.954-5.176) 1.091 (.373-3.187) 2.000 (.818-4.893) Akg .916 (.317-2.643) 1.315 (.530-3.260) 1.145 (.511-2.568) Bkg .286 (.042-1.945) 1.455 (.571-3.703) .750 (.296-1.897) Ckg .935 (.324-2.702) 1.632 (.713-3.737) 1.391 (.628-3.083) Dkg .299 (.044-2.036) 1.521 (596-3.879) .795 (.313-2.020) Ekg .986 (.338-2.875) .986 (.338-2.875) .982 (.415-2.325) I1 N/A (none with systolic hypertension at quintile 5) .601 (.159-2.281) .242 (.061-.965) I2 .615 (.162-2.336) 1.455 (.571-3.703) 1.000 (.414-2.413) I3 .717 (.190-2.708) .717 (.190-2.708) .660 (.239-1.826) I4 .683 (.181-2.578) .315 (.047-2.136) .423 (.134-1.330) I5 1.455 (.571-3.076) 1.000 (.340-2.942) 1.313 (.556-3.099) I6 1.173 (.400-3.437) .717 (.190-2.708) .917 (.357-2.350) I7 1683 (.181-2.578) .315 (.047-2.136) .423 (.134-1.330) I8 1.488 (.584-3.791) .6129 (.166-2.391) 1.030 (.426-2.491) I9 1.333 (.532-3.341) .923 (.317-2.684) 1.167 (.510-2.669)

syst

olic

hyp

erte

nsio

n (>

140m

mH

g)

I10 1.100 (.380-3.183) .601 (.159-2.281) .786 (.312-1.979)

Appendix K 530


BW 1.143 (.479-2.724) .800 (.286-2.236) .955 (.446-2.041) Akg .949 (.401-2.248) .949 (.401-2.248) .935 (.470-1.860) Bkg .706 (.251-1.986) .706 (.251-1.986) .643 (.262-1.416) Ckg .727 (.259-2.041) .653 (.230-1.856) .626 (.284-1.378) Dkg .492 (.133-1.822) 1.115 (.460-2.703) .734 (.328—1.646) Ekg .754 (.267-2.127) 1.068 (.444-2.568) .881 (.416-1.866) I1 .776 (.281-2.148) .434 (.118-1.597) .524 (.224-1.227) I2 .941 (.396-2.237) 1.600 (.812-3.152) 1.364 (.701-2.652) I3 1.147 (.484-2.715) 1.147 (.484-2.715) 1.200 (.583-2.470) I4 .456 (.126-1.650) 1.367 (.653-2.862) .835 (.403-1.726) I5 .706 (.251-1.986) 1.333 (.619-2.870) 1.000 (.490-2.041) I6 .860 (.307-2.411) 1.654 (.767-3.566) 1.320 (.626-2.782) I7 .482 (.133-1.756) 1.464 (.691-3.105) .904 (.430-1.902) I8 1.091 (.451-2.641) 1.091 (.451-2.641) 1.124 (.538-2.347) I9 .706 (.251-1.986) 1.000 (.417-2.397) .808 (.384-1.699)

dias

tolic

hyp

erte

nsio

n (>

90m

mH

g)

I10 .825 (.296-2.298) 1.804 (.891-3.652) 1.414 (.692-2.892)

Appendix K 531


BW 1.176 (.574-2.410) .889 (.387-2.044) 1.038 (.551-1.958) Akg .743 (.323-1.712) 1.221 (.653-2.284) .963 (.543-1.708) Bkg .762 (.329-1.766) 1.263 (.668-2.389) 1.000 (.554-1.806) Ckg .909 (.449-1.843) 1.022 (.541-1.931) .957 (.559-1.637) Dkg .950 (.465-1.941) .727 (.316-1.674) .795 (.438-1.444) Ekg 1.068 (.582-1.961) 1.068 (.582-1.961) 1.091 (.660-1.803) I1 .600 (.223-1.618) .977 (.475-2.012) .739 (.391-1.399) I2 .727 (.315-1.677) .952 (.465-1.952) .794 (.435-1.449) I3 .614 (.227-1.661) .614 (.227-1.661) .550 (.263-1.151) I4 1.025 (.512-2.053) .781 (.345-1.766) .872 (.482-1.577) I5 1.263 (.668-2.389) 1.000 (.485-2.062) 1.179 (.662-2.098) I6 .905 (.395-2.076) .645 (.237-1.752) .722 (.361-1.444) I7 1.079 (.535-2.177) .586 (.217-1.581) .775 (.410-1.464) I8 1.227 (.653-2.306) 1.227 (.653-2.306) 1.325 (.761-2.305) I9 1.091 (.590-2.018) .870 (.429-1.762) .971 (.570-1.654)

fam

ily h

isto

ry o

f dia

bete

s

I10 1.540 (.916-2.588) .680 (.296-1.559) 1.080 (.631-1.851)

532

Appendix L

age (years)

5045403530252015

birth

wei

ght (

g)

5000

4000

3000

2000

m

f

age (years)

5045403530252015

devi

atio

n at

A (k

g)

3

2

1

0

-1

-2

-3

m

f

age (years)

5045403530252015

devi

atio

n at

B (k

g)

4

2

0

-2

-4

m

f

age (years)

5045403530252015

devi

atio

n at

C (k

g)

3

2

1

0

-1

-2

-3

-4

m

f

age (years)

5045403530252015

devi

atio

n at

D (k

g)

8

6

4

2

0

-2

-4

m

f

age (years)

555045403530252015

devi

atio

n at

E (k

g)

8

6

4

2

0

-2

-4

-6

-8

m

f

age (years)

5045403530252015

IND

EX

1 (k

g)

3

2

1

0

-1

-2

m

f

age (years)

5045403530252015

IND

EX

2 (k

g)

4

3

2

1

0

-1

-2

m

f

Loess curves (fitting 50% of the data, three iterations) for risk factors and child growth parameters.

Appendix L

533

age (years)

5045403530252015

IND

EX

3 (k

g)

8

6

4

2

0

-2

-4

m

f

age (years)

5045403530252015

IND

EX

4 (k

g)

8

6

4

2

0

-2

-4

-6

m

f

age (years)

5045403530252015

IND

EX

5 (k

g)

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

.5

0.0

-.5

-1.0

-1.5

m

f

age (years)

5045403530252015

IND

EX

6 (k

g)

8

6

4

2

0

-2

-4

m

f

age (years)

5045403530252015

IND

EX

7 (k

g)

8

6

4

2

0

-2

-4

-6

m

f

age (years)

5045403530252015

IND

EX

8 (k

g)

6

4

2

0

-2

-4

m

f

age (years)

5045403530252015

IND

EX

9 (k

g)

6

4

2

0

-2

-4

-6

m

f

age (years)

5045403530252015

IND

EX

10

(kg)

3

2

1

0

-1

-2

-3

-4

m

f

Appendix L

534

birthweight (grams)

5000400030002000

FBS

L

2322212019181716151413121110

9876543

m

f

deviation at A (kg)

210-1-2-3

FBS

L

2322212019181716151413121110

9876543

m

f

deviation at B (kg)

43210-1-2-3-4

FBS

L

2322212019181716151413121110

9876543

m

f

deviation at C (kg)

3210-1-2-3-4

FBS

L

2322212019181716151413121110

9876543

m

f

deviation at D (kg)

86420-2-4

FBS

L

2322212019181716151413121110

9876543

m

f

deviation at E (kg)

86420-2-4-6-8

FBS

L

2322212019181716151413121110

9876543

m

f

INDEX 1 (kg)

210-1-2

FBS

L

2322212019181716151413121110

9876543

m

f

INDEX 2 (kg)

43210-1-2

FBS

L

2322212019181716151413121110

9876543

m

f

Appendix L

535

INDEX 3 (kg)

86420-2-4

FBS

L

2322212019181716151413121110

9876543

m

f

INDEX 4 (kg)

86420-2-4-6

FBS

L

2322212019181716151413121110

9876543

m

f

INDEX 5 (kg)

2.52.01.51.0.50.0-.5-1.0-1.5

FBS

L

2322212019181716151413121110

9876543

m

f

INDEX 6 (kg)

86420-2-4

FBS

L

2322212019181716151413121110

9876543

m

f

INDEX 7 (kg)

86420-2-4-6

FBS

L

2322212019181716151413121110

9876543

m

f

INDEX 8 (kg)

531-1-3

FBS

L

2322212019181716151413121110

9876543

m

f

INDEX 9 (kg)

6420-2-4-6

FBS

L

2322212019181716151413121110

9876543

m

f

INDEX 10 (kg)

3210-1-2-3-4

FBS

L

2322212019181716151413121110

9876543

m

f

Appendix L

536

birthweight (grams)

5000400030002000

BM

I

60

50

40

30

20

10

m

f

deviation at A (kg)

210-1-2-3

BM

I

60

50

40

30

20

10

m

f

deviation at B (kg)

43210-1-2-3-4

BM

I

60

50

40

30

20

10

m

f

deviation at C (kg)

3210-1-2-3-4

BM

I

60

50

40

30

20

10

m

f

deviation at D (kg)

86420-2-4

BM

I

60

50

40

30

20

10

m

f

deviation at E (kg)

86420-2-4-6-8

BM

I

60

50

40

30

20

10

m

f

INDEX 1 (kg)

3210-1-2

BM

I

60

50

40

30

20

10

m

f

INDEX 2 (kg)

43210-1-2

BM

I

60

50

40

30

20

10

m

f

Appendix L

537

INDEX 3 (kg)

86420-2-4

BM

I

60

50

40

30

20

10

m

f

INDEX 4 (kg)

86420-2-4-6

BM

I

60

50

40

30

20

10

m

f

INDEX 5 (kg)

2.52.01.51.0.50.0-.5-1.0-1.5

BM

I

60

50

40

30

20

10

m

f

INDEX 6 (kg)

86420-2-4

BM

I

60

50

40

30

20

10

m

f

INDEX 7 (kg)

86420-2-4-6

BM

I

60

50

40

30

20

10

m

f

INDEX 8 (kg)

543210-1-2-3

BM

I

60

50

40

30

20

10

m

f

INDEX 9 (kg)

6420-2-4-6

BM

I

60

50

40

30

20

10

m

f

INDEX 10 (kg)

3210-1-2-3-4

BM

I

60

50

40

30

20

10

m

f

Appendix L

538

birthweight (grams)

5000400030002000

wai

st (c

m)

160

140

120

100

80

60

m

f

deviation at A (kg)

210-1-2-3

wai

st (c

m)

160

140

120

100

80

60

m

f

deviation at B (kg)

43210-1-2-3-4

wai

st (c

m)

160

140

120

100

80

60

m

f

deviation at C (kg)

3210-1-2-3-4

wai

st (c

m)

160

140

120

100

80

60

m

f

deviaiton at D (kg)

86420-2-4

wai

st (c

m)

160

140

120

100

80

60

m

f

deviation at E (kg)

86420-2-4-6-8

wai

st (c

m)

160

140

120

100

80

60

m

f

INDEX 1 (kg)

3210-1-2

wai

st (c

m)

160

140

120

100

80

60

m

f

INDEX 2 (kg)

43210-1-2

wai

st (c

m)

160

140

120

100

80

60

m

f

Appendix L

539

INDEX 3 (kg)

86420-2-4

wai

st (c

m)

160

140

120

100

80

60

m

f

INDEX 4 (kg)

86420-2-4-6

wai

st (c

m)

160

140

120

100

80

60

m

f

INDEX 5 (kg)

2.52.01.51.0.50.0-.5-1.0-1.5

wai

st (c

m)

160

140

120

100

80

60

m

f

INDEX 6 (kg)

86420-2-4

wai

st (c

m)

160

140

120

100

80

60

m

f

INDEX 7 (kg)

86420-2-4-6

wai

st (c

m)

160

140

120

100

80

60

m

f

INDEX 8 (kg)

6420-2-4

wai

st (c

m)

160

140

120

100

80

60

m

f

INDEX 9 (kg)

6420-2-4-6

wai

st (c

m)

160

140

120

100

80

60

m

f

INDEX 10 (kg)

3210-1-2-3-4

wai

st (c

m)

160

140

120

100

80

60

m

f

Appendix L

540

birthweight (grams)

5000400030002000

syst

olic

pre

ssur

e

180

160

140

120

100

80

m

f

deviation at A (kg)

210-1-2-3

syst

olic

pre

ssur

e

180

160

140

120

100

80

m

f

deviation at B (kg)

43210-1-2-3-4

syst

olic

pre

ssur

e

180

160

140

120

100

80

m

f

deviation at C (kg)

3210-1-2-3-4

syst

olic

pre

ssur

e

180

160

140

120

100

80

m

f

deviation at D (kg)

86420-2-4

syst

olic

pre

ssur

e

180

160

140

120

100

80

m

f

deviation at E (kg)

86420-2-4-6-8

syst

olic

pre

ssur

e

180

160

140

120

100

80

m

f

INDEX 1 (kg)

210-1-2

syst

olic

pre

ssur

e

180

160

140

120

100

80

m

f

INDEX 2 (kg)

43210-1-2

syst

olic

pre

ssur

e

180

160

140

120

100

80

m

f

Appendix L

541

INDEX 3 (kg)

86420-2-4

syst

olic

pre

ssur

e

180

160

140

120

100

80

m

f

INDEX 4 (kg)

86420-2-4-6

syst

olic

pre

ssur

e

180

160

140

120

100

80

m

f

INDEX 5 (kg)

2.52.01.51.0.50.0-.5-1.0-1.5

syst

olic

pre

ssur

e

180

160

140

120

100

80

m

f

INDEX 6 (kg)

86420-2-4

syst

olic

pre

ssur

e

180

160

140

120

100

80

m

f

INDEX 7 (kg)

86420-2-4-6

syst

olic

pre

ssur

e

180

160

140

120

100

80

m

f

INDEX 8 (kg)

543210-1-2-3

syst

olic

pre

ssur

e

180

160

140

120

100

80

m

f

INDEX 9 (kg)

6420-2-4-6

syst

olic

pre

ssur

e

180

160

140

120

100

80

m

f

INDEX 10 (kg)

3210-1-2-3-4

syst

olic

pre

ssur

e

180

160

140

120

100

80

m

f

Appendix L

542

birthweight (grams)

5000400030002000

dias

tolic

pre

ssur

e

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

m

f

deviation at A (kg)

210-1-2-3

dias

tolic

pre

ssur

e

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

m

f

deviation at B (kg)

43210-1-2-3-4

dias

tolic

pre

ssur

e

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

m

f

deviation at C (kg)

3210-1-2-3-4

dias

tolic

pre

ssur

e

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

m

f

deviation at D (kg)

86420-2-4

dias

tolic

pre

ssur

e

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

m

f

deviation at E (kg)

86420-2-4-6-8

dias

tolic

pre

ssur

e

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

m

f

INDEX 1 (kg)

3210-1-2

dias

tolic

pre

ssur

e

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

m

f

INDEX 2 (kg)

43210-1-2

dias

tolic

pre

ssur

e

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

m

f

Appendix L

543

INDEX 3 (kg)

86420-2-4

dias

tolic

pre

ssur

e

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

m

f

INDEX 4 (kg)

86420-2-4-6

dias

tolic

pre

ssur

e

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

m

f

INDEX 5 (kg)

2.52.01.51.0.50.0-.5-1.0-1.5

dias

tolic

pre

ssur

e

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

m

f

INDEX 6 (kg)

86420-2-4

dias

tolic

pre

ssur

e

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

m

f

INDEX 7 (kg)

86420-2-4-6

dias

tolic

pre

ssur

e

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

m

f

INDEX 8 (kg)

6420-2-4

dias

tolic

pre

ssur

e

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

m

f

INDEX 9 (kg)

6420-2-4-6

dias

tolic

pre

ssur

e

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

m

f

INDEX 10 (kg)

3210-1-2-3-4

dias

tolic

pre

ssur

e

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

m

f

544

Appendix M Statistical tables for nutrition and risk of diabetes

Table 1: details of statistical results for food frequency comparisons between groups.

Table 2: details of statistical results for food frequency comparisons between groups for combined food types and ratios.

Table 3: quintile ranges for each risk factor: all females, never-diagnosed females, all males, never-diagnosed males.

Table 4: details of statistical results for food frequency relationships with fasting BSL and diabetes risk factors for all females.

Table 5: details of statistical results for food frequency relationships with fasting BSL and diabetes risk factors for never-diagnosed females.

Table 6: details of statistical results for food frequency relationships with fasting BSL and diabetes risk factors for all males.

Table 7: details of statistical results for food frequency relationships with fasting BSL and diabetes risk factors for never-diagnosed males.

Table 8: details of stats results for missed meals with fasting BSL and diabetes risk factors.

(N.B. All frequency data was log transformed. All fasting BSL and risk factors were divided into quintiles for FFQ analysis.)

Significance values <0.10 are in bold type.

Appendix M 545

Table 1. Results of ANOVA tests between groups in food frequency

salt soft-drink

diet soft-drink

fish vegeta-bles fruit frozen

meals pastries poultry red meat

salty snacks

take-away

fat on meat

wholemeal bread

white bread cereals regular

dairy low fat dairy

bush tucker

Mean 1.148 -1.774 -1.247 -1.674 1.604 0.639 -2.867 -1.130 -0.062 0.020 -1.352 -1.263 -1.584 -1.313 1.134 0.035 0.487 -1.780 -2.940 N 42 41 42 42 41 42 42 42 43 42 43 42 42 42 42 43 42 41 41 D

SD 1.858 2.555 2.775 1.999 1.221 2.155 2.430 2.126 1.605 1.994 2.516 2.378 2.807 2.851 1.647 2.579 2.244 2.852 2.138 Mean -0.508 -1.392 -2.831 -0.961 1.466 0.146 -2.481 -0.979 0.644 -0.277 -1.247 -1.040 -1.554 -0.656 0.394 -1.191 0.692 -3.316 -3.431

N 12 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 12 12 12 12 12 G SD 3.156 3.193 3.055 2.464 1.110 2.496 2.693 1.889 1.158 2.400 2.224 2.201 2.775 2.346 2.473 2.746 1.578 2.447 2.244

Mean 1.905 -0.564 -2.235 -1.368 1.281 -0.217 -1.676 -0.557 -0.047 0.879 0.020 -0.407 -1.421 -0.546 1.842 -0.424 1.372 -2.255 -2.174 N 13 11 11 12 12 12 12 10 11 12 12 13 12 11 11 12 12 11 12 H

SD 0.568 2.784 3.303 2.587 2.021 2.780 2.316 2.292 1.701 1.882 2.348 2.003 3.006 2.522 0.774 2.766 1.146 2.847 2.830 Mean 0.833 0.601 -3.202 -1.045 1.757 0.828 -2.270 -0.074 0.431 0.772 -0.201 0.211 -1.838 -1.294 1.565 -0.146 0.994 -2.752 -2.712

N 46 45 44 46 46 46 45 45 44 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 44 45 44

females

L SD 2.345 1.684 2.424 2.101 0.793 1.431 2.591 1.897 1.115 1.766 2.129 1.443 2.692 2.775 0.976 2.524 1.767 2.616 2.276

Mean 0.432 -1.301 -0.848 -0.729 1.316 0.816 -1.820 -1.056 0.402 0.860 -0.649 -0.760 -1.148 -0.297 1.086 -0.063 0.982 -0.984 -2.291 N 32 33 33 33 32 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 32 33 33 33 33 33 31 D

SD 2.631 2.687 2.703 1.293 1.108 1.280 2.460 2.314 1.016 1.480 2.126 2.062 2.608 2.519 1.211 2.580 1.202 2.742 2.344 Mean 1.038 0.372 -3.171 -0.222 1.143 0.083 -2.562 -0.386 0.313 0.940 -0.847 0.135 -2.766 -1.266 1.012 -0.393 1.330 -2.923 -2.871

N 15 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 H SD 1.635 1.733 2.453 0.776 1.296 2.232 2.160 1.925 0.695 1.014 2.211 0.624 2.595 2.752 1.885 2.496 1.151 2.413 2.172

Mean 1.347 0.131 -3.401 -0.509 1.198 0.255 -1.729 -0.762 0.192 1.099 -0.664 -0.612 -2.235 -1.564 1.917 0.715 1.076 -2.916 -1.781 N 39 38 37 38 39 39 39 39 39 38 38 39 39 39 39 39 39 38 39

males

L SD 1.856 2.079 2.382 1.521 1.577 2.134 2.711 2.389 1.239 1.349 2.455 2.116 2.936 2.732 0.694 2.242 2.090 2.735 2.153

Mean 0.940 -0.518 -2.329 -0.979 1.451 0.516 -2.212 -0.708 0.248 0.643 -0.713 -0.547 -1.773 -1.103 1.366 -0.021 0.928 -2.297 -2.527 N 199 193 192 197 196 198 197 195 196 196 197 198 196 195 196 198 196 194 193 Total

SD 2.179 2.471 2.800 1.877 1.263 1.948 2.524 2.152 1.266 1.742 2.316 2.009 2.765 2.701 1.381 2.523 1.793 2.765 2.278 F 1.969 5.506 5.040 1.989 1.049 0.941 1.004 1.165 0.978 2.195 1.242 2.540 0.833 0.893 3.175 1.112 0.752 2.502 1.464

Sig. 0.072 0.000 0.000 0.069 3.395 0.467 0.424 0.327 0.442 0.045 0.286 0.022 0.546 0.501 0.005 0.357 0.609 0.024 0.193

Appendix M 546

Table 2. Results of ANOVA tests between groups in food frequency: combined food groups and ratios

total cereal (breads + cereals)

total dairy (regular + low

fat)

total meat (red meat, poultry,

fish)

total animal foods (all meat +

all dairy)

total plant foods (cereals, breads,

veg, fruit) wholemeal: white bread

low fat: regular dairy

cereals: meat

cereals: animal foods

all plant:all animal foods

D Mean 2.192 0.897 1.331 2.206 2.996 -2.169 -1.937 0.876 -0.048 0.756 N 41 41 42 41 40 39 36 41 40 39 SD 0.911 2.301 0.949 0.890 0.646 2.347 2.531 1.299 1.137 0.914 G Mean 1.947 0.774 1.687 2.275 2.776 -2.180 -3.832 0.127 -0.497 0.331 N 11 12 12 12 11 10 12 11 11 11 SD 0.934 1.666 1.050 0.986 0.918 1.807 1.573 0.955 0.769 0.564 H Mean 2.548 1.566 1.968 2.596 3.147 -2.079 -2.857 0.591 -0.088 0.511 N 10 11 11 11 10 11 11 10 10 10 SD 0.431 0.996 0.578 0.522 0.402 2.238 2.318 0.470 0.451 0.636 L Mean 2.292 1.186 1.839 2.468 3.009 -2.144 -3.157 0.451 -0.180 0.552 N 45 44 44 43 45 45 41 44 43 43

females

SD 0.802 1.798 0.898 0.795 0.656 2.242 2.076 0.874 0.730 0.734 D Mean 2.202 1.570 1.749 2.466 2.879 -1.008 -1.583 0.453 -0.264 0.428 N 33 33 33 33 32 33 33 33 33 32 SD 0.920 1.072 0.789 0.788 0.749 2.314 2.476 0.880 0.729 0.656 H Mean 2.205 1.443 1.686 2.363 2.786 -1.865 -3.548 0.519 -0.158 0.423 N 14 14 14 14 14 13 14 14 14 14 SD 0.556 1.169 0.732 0.751 0.616 2.491 1.704 0.838 0.783 0.529 L Mean 2.561 1.269 1.899 2.598 3.067 -2.595 -3.289 0.698 -0.001 0.508 N 39 38 37 37 39 39 34 37 37 37

males

SD 0.632 2.173 0.685 0.664 0.541 1.956 2.001 0.664 0.568 0.450 Mean 2.297 1.221 1.711 2.424 2.974 -2.023 -2.709 0.585 -0.143 0.539

N 193 193 193 191 191 190 181 190 188 186 Total SD 0.803 1.816 0.853 0.790 0.651 2.242 2.299 0.945 0.802 0.691

F 1.460 0.642 2.104 1.031 0.750 1.653 3.720 1.453 0.789 1.026 Sig. 0.194 0.697 0.055 0.407 0.610 0.135 0.002 0.197 0.579 0.410

Appendix M

547

Table 3. Quintile ranges for each diabetes risk factor (N.B. ranges are inclusive) Females Males

Risk factor

Qui

ntile

All females Never-diagnosed All males Never-

diagnosed 1 4.2-5.0 4.2-4.8 3.9-5.2 3.9-4.9

2 5.1-5.4 4.9-5.1 5.3-6.0 5.0-5.4

3 5.5-6.4 5.2-5.3 6.1-6.8 5.5-6.1

4 6.6-9.2 5.4-5.9 7.0-11.0 6.2-6.7

Fasting BSL (mmol/l)

5 9.3-17.3 6.1-10.7 11.9-22.3 6.8-22.3

1 16.16-23.66 16.19-21.26 17.38-24.17 17.38-22.00

2 23.87-29.06 21.67-25.90 24.43-27.03 22.54-25.42

3 29.08-32.67 26.78-29.90 27.04-29.23 25.48-28.77

4 32.97-37.57 30.27-35.38 29.24-32.32 28.91-30.69

BMI

5 37.92-51.91 35.67-51.49 32.38-44.51 30.76-44.51

1 74-93 74-87 70-91 70-87

2 94-103 88-96 92-98 88-95

3 104-113 97-99 99-104 97-99

4 114-124 100-103 105-112 101-108

Waist circumference

(cm)

5 125-148 105-148 114-150 109-150

1 88-110 88-109 107-119 111-118

2 111-119 110-114 120-132 120-132

3 120-126 115-122 133-140 133-137

4 127-142 123-132 141-151 138-142

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

5 144-198 133-168 152-183 143-169

1 49-74 49-73 68-81 68-81

2 75-80 74-78 82-85 82-84

3 81-86 79-84 86-91 85-89

4 87-94 85-91 92-98 91-98

Diastolic blood

pressure (mmHg)

5 85-139 94-106 99-158 100-112

1 18-26 18-23 19-29 19-26

2 27-33 24-27 30-37 27-31

3 34-39 28-33 38-42 32-36

4 40-48 34-40 43-47 37-41

Age (years)

5 49-71 41-66 50-79 42-65

Appendix M

548

Table 4. ANOVA results for food frequency relationships with fasting BSL and diabetes risk factors for all females

BSL: all females Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

salt Between Groups 43.325 4 10.831 2.298 0.064 Within Groups 494.793 105 4.712 Total 538.118 109

soft-drink Between Groups 103.885 4 25.971 4.582 0.002 Within Groups 566.807 100 5.668 Total 670.692 104

diet soft-drink Between Groups 96.820 4 24.205 3.283 0.014 Within Groups 737.336 100 7.373 Total 834.156 104

fish Between Groups 24.337 4 6.084 1.297 0.276 Within Groups 487.814 104 4.691 Total 512.151 108

vegetables Between Groups 3.896 4 0.974 0.698 0.595 Within Groups 143.640 103 1.395 Total 147.536 107

fruit Between Groups 9.439 4 2.360 0.596 0.666 Within Groups 411.854 104 3.960 Total 421.293 108

frozen meals Between Groups 27.866 4 6.967 1.099 0.361 Within Groups 652.639 103 6.336 Total 680.505 107

pastries Between Groups 22.633 4 5.658 1.392 0.242 Within Groups 410.605 101 4.065 Total 433.238 105

poultry Between Groups 8.580 4 2.145 1.086 0.367 Within Groups 201.410 102 1.975 Total 209.989 106

red meat Between Groups 8.200 4 2.050 0.515 0.725 Within Groups 410.070 103 3.981 Total 418.271 107

salty snacks Between Groups 40.335 4 10.084 1.894 0.117 Within Groups 553.713 104 5.324 Total 594.048 108

take-away Between Groups 36.767 4 9.192 2.302 0.063 Within Groups 415.237 104 3.993 Total 452.004 108

fat on meat Between Groups 11.578 4 2.895 0.373 0.827 Within Groups 798.385 103 7.751 Total 809.963 107

Appendix M

549


wholemeal bread Between Groups 18.633 4 4.658 0.604 0.661 Within Groups 779.400 101 7.717 Total 798.033 105

white bread Between Groups 12.858 4 3.214 1.475 0.215 Within Groups 222.286 102 2.179 Total 235.143 106

cereals Between Groups 48.180 4 12.045 1.876 0.120 Within Groups 667.779 104 6.421 Total 715.959 108

dairy (regular) Between Groups 23.568 4 5.892 1.658 0.166 Within Groups 362.573 102 3.555 Total 386.141 106

low fat dairy Between Groups 25.053 4 6.263 0.830 0.509 Within Groups 761.841 101 7.543 Total 786.894 105

bush tucker Between Groups 0.598 4 0.150 0.028 0.998 Within Groups 546.398 101 5.410 Total 546.996 105

total cereals Between Groups 2.525 4 0.631 0.876 0.481 Within Groups 71.313 99 0.720 Total 73.838 103

total dairy Between Groups 13.063 4 3.266 0.868 0.486 Within Groups 376.147 100 3.761 Total 389.210 104

total meat Between Groups 4.492 4 1.123 1.276 0.284 Within Groups 88.883 101 0.880 Total 93.375 105

total animal foods Between Groups 1.327 4 0.332 0.455 0.769 Within Groups 72.177 99 0.729 Total 73.504 103

total plant foods Between Groups 0.782 4 0.195 0.425 0.790 Within Groups 45.057 98 0.460 Total 45.839 102

wholemeal: white bread Between Groups 3.058 4 0.764 0.151 0.962

Within Groups 490.690 97 5.059 Total 493.748 101

low fat: regular dairy Between Groups 32.934 4 8.234 1.571 0.189


Appendix M

550


cereals: meat Between Groups 10.245 4 2.561 2.361 0.058 Within Groups 106.306 98 1.085 Total 116.551 102

cereals: animal foods Between Groups 5.087 4 1.272 1.598 0.181


plant: animal foods Between Groups 2.522 4 0.630 0.997 0.413 Within Groups 60.088 95 0.633 Total 62.610 99

BMI: all females Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.











Appendix M

551
















Appendix M

552










Waist circumference: all females Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.









Appendix M

553
















Appendix M

554












Systolic pressure: all females Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.







Appendix M

555
















Appendix M

556














Diastolic pressure :all females Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.





Appendix M

557
















Appendix M

558
















Age: all females Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.



Appendix M

559
















Appendix M

560


















Appendix M

561

Table 5. ANOVA results for food frequency relationships with fasting BSL and diabetes risk factors for never-diagnosed females

BSL: never-diagnosed females Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.















Appendix M

562

















Appendix M

563





BMI: never-diagnosed females Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.












Appendix M

564

















Appendix M

565








Waist circumference: never-diagnosed females Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.










Appendix M

566
















Appendix M

567











Systolic pressure: never-diagnosed females Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.








Appendix M

568
















Appendix M

569













Diastolic pressure: never-diagnosed females Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.






Appendix M

570
















Appendix M

571















Age: never-diagnosed females Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.




Appendix M

572
















Appendix M

573

















Appendix M

574

Table 6. ANOVA results for food frequency relationships with fasting BSL and diabetes risk factors for all males

BSL: all males Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.















Appendix M

575

















Appendix M

576





BMI: all males Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.












Appendix M

577

















Appendix M

578








Waist circumference: all males Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.










Appendix M

579
















Appendix M

580











Systolic pressure: all males Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.








Appendix M

581
















Appendix M

582













Diastolic pressure: all males Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.






Appendix M

583
















Appendix M

584















Age: all males Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.




Appendix M

585
















Appendix M

586

















Appendix M

587

Table 7. ANOVA results for food frequency relationships with fasting BSL and diabetes risk factors for never-diagnosed male

BSL: never-diagnosed males Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.















Appendix M

588

















Appendix M

589




plant: animal foods Between Groups 0.551 4 0.138 0.571 0.685

Within Groups 9.404 39 0.241

Total 9.955 43

BMI: never-diagnosed males Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.







frozen meals Between Groups 12.139 4 3.035 0.432 0.784





Appendix M

590






white bread Between Groups 6.619 4 1.655 1.067 0.385 Within Groups 63.576 41 1.551

Total 70.194 45 cereals Between Groups 47.563 4 11.891 2.194 0.087









Appendix M

591












Waist circumference: never-diagnosed males Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.







Appendix M

592







take-away Between Groups 16.744 4 4.186 1.172 0.337 Within Groups 146.468 41 3.572

Total 163.212 45 fat on meat Between Groups 71.388 4 17.847 2.759 0.040








Appendix M

593
















Systolic pressure: never-diagnosed males Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.



Appendix M

594




vegetables Between Groups 7.521 4 1.880 1.154 0.345 Within Groups 65.162 40 1.629

Total 72.682 44 fruit Between Groups 15.546 4 3.887 0.940 0.451











Appendix M

595


















Appendix M

596




Diastolic pressure: never-diagnosed males Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.






fruit Between Groups 10.217 4 2.554 0.598 0.666







Appendix M

597


take-away Between Groups 22.679 4 5.670 1.729 0.163 Within Groups 131.204 40 3.280

Total 153.883 44 fat on meat Between Groups 14.141 4 3.535 0.435 0.782



white bread Between Groups 10.214 4 2.553 1.696 0.170 Within Groups 60.233 40 1.506

Total 70.447 44 cereals Between Groups 70.438 4 17.609 4.625 0.004










Appendix M

598











Age: never-diagnosed males Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.





vegetables Between Groups 6.721 4 1.680 0.735 0.572




Appendix M

599


pastries Between Groups 44.407 4 11.102 2.400 0.063 Within Groups 221.999 48 4.625

Total 266.406 52 poultry Between Groups 1.626 4 0.406 0.309 0.871













Appendix M

600















Appendix M

601

Table 8. Details of independent samples t-test (two-tailed) results of relation between risk factors and whether meals are missed regularly

Females: all Females: never-diagnosed

miss meals N Mean Std.

Deviation Sig. miss meals N Mean Std.

Deviation Sig.

fasting BSL y 96 7.264 3.303 fasting

BSL y 51 5.433 1.051

n 15 7.460 2.372 0.825

n 6 5.550 0.695 0.793

BMI y 97 30.703 7.704 BMI y 51 28.711 8.282

n 15 34.042 9.596 0.134

n 6 30.358 9.653 0.652

waist circumf-erence

y 94 107.872 16.496 waist

circumf-erence

y 49 101.694 16.957

n 14 114.500 19.708

0.174

n 5 102.400 18.623

0.930

systolic pressure y 92 124.826 19.711 systolic

pressure y 47 119.894 14.059

n 15 135.733 19.937 0.050

n 6 128.833 24.799 0.423

diastolic pressure y 92 84.467 13.442 diastolic

pressure y 47 82.043 11.375

n 15 89.200 14.214 0.212

n 6 80.500 10.672 0.754

age y 99 35.404 10.958 age y 53 30.642 8.476

n 15 44.400 13.405 0.005

n 6 37.500 16.072 0.095

Males: all Males: never-diagnosed

miss meals N Mean Std.

Deviation Sig. miss meals N Mean Std.

Deviation Sig.

fasting BSL y 60 8.018 3.802 fasting

BSL y 38 6.616 3.351

n 15 7.100 2.868 0.385

n 8 6.538 3.091 0.952

BMI y 59 28.459 5.735 BMI y 38 27.873 6.072

n 16 28.735 5.198 0.863

n 8 25.605 3.892 0.319

waist circumf-erence

y 59 102.915 15.662 waist

circumf-erence

y 38 101.211 16.792

n 15 104.133 14.880

0.787

n 8 95.625 11.045

0.375

systolic pressure y 59 137.288 16.384 systolic

pressure y 37 134.162 12.883

n 15 135.933 22.442 0.792

n 8 128.375 17.856 0.289

diastolic pressure y 59 90.576 13.669 diastolic

pressure y 37 88.622 10.026

n 15 88.467 10.809 0.581

n 8 85.500 13.038 0.453

age y 68 39.353 11.517 age y 43 34.698 8.935

n 18 40.944 13.960 0.620

n 10 31.600 6.687 0.309

602

Appendix N Results tables for physical activity and diabetes risk

Tables 1, 2 and 3: results of ANOVA tests between leisure, occupational and total

activity levels respectively for never-diagnosed participants.

Tables 4 and 5: results of ANOVA tests between categories of activity levels compared

to others of same age and sex and perceived physical fitness compared to others of

the same age and sex.

Table 1. Leisure physical activity level and risk (ANOVA)

fasting BSL Between Groups 0.894 3 0.298 0.281 0.839 Within Groups 57.249 54 1.060 Total 58.142 57

BMI Between Groups 422.709 3 140.903 2.116 0.109 Within Groups 3595.287 54 66.579 Total 4017.995 57

waist circumference Between Groups 2299.194 3 766.398 2.881 0.045 Within Groups 13568.733 51 266.054 Total 15867.927 54

systolic pressure Between Groups 355.058 3 118.353 0.483 0.696 Within Groups 12261.090 50 245.222 Total 12616.148 53

diastolic pressure Between Groups 780.473 3 260.158 2.259 0.093 Within Groups 5758.064 50 115.161 Total 6538.537 53

age Between Groups 869.702 3 289.901 3.512 0.021 Within Groups 4622.881 56 82.551

Fem

ales

Total 5492.583 59 fasting BSL Between Groups 13.048 3 4.349 0.389 0.761







Mal

es

Total 3920.868 52

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Appendix N

603

Table 2. Occupational physical activity level and risk (ANOVA)







Fem

ales








Mal

es

Total 3928.058 51


Appendix N

604

Table 3. Total activity level and risk (ANOVA)







Fem

ales








Mal

es

Total 3898.706 50


Appendix N

605

Table 4. Comparing physical activity with others of the same age and sex (less active, about the same, more active) (ANOVA)

fasting BSL Between Groups 5.752 2 3 0.279 0.757 Within Groups 1104.378 107 10 Total 1110.130 109

BMI Between Groups 44.875 2 22 0.341 0.712 Within Groups 7106.852 108 66 Total 7151.727 110

waist circumference Between Groups 296.069 2 148 0.501 0.608 Within Groups 30758.230 104 296 Total 31054.299 106

systolic pressure Between Groups 48.925 2 24 0.059 0.942 Within Groups 42474.849 103 412 Total 42523.774 105

diastolic pressure Between Groups 96.694 2 48 0.256 0.775 Within Groups 19444.901 103 189 Total 19541.594 105

age Between Groups 290.487 2 145 1.066 0.348 Within Groups 14983.230 110 136

Fem

ales

Total 15273.717 112 fasting BSL Between Groups 43.037 2 22 1.655 0.198

Within Groups 935.879 72 13 Total 978.915 74

BMI Between Groups 2.607 2 1 0.041 0.960 Within Groups 2305.632 72 32 Total 2308.239 74

waist circumference Between Groups 293.718 2 147 0.612 0.545 Within Groups 17038.998 71 240 Total 17332.716 73

systolic pressure Between Groups 161.582 2 81 0.255 0.776 Within Groups 22484.364 71 317 Total 22645.946 73

diastolic pressure Between Groups 8.296 2 4 0.024 0.977 Within Groups 12527.650 71 176 Total 12535.946 73

age Between Groups 105.447 2 53 0.363 0.696 Within Groups 12042.146 83 145

Mal

es

Total 12147.593 85


Appendix N

606

Table 5. Comparing physical fitness with others of the same age and sex (less active, about the same, more active) (ANOVA)







Fem

ales








Mal

es

Total 11567.209 85


607

Appendix O Results table of patterns of alcohol consumption as these relate to diabetes risk factors

among never-diagnosed participants (Pearson correlation). p values <0.10 are in bold type

usual number of drinking days per

week (a)

usual number of drinks per

drinking day (b) a*b

fasting BSL Pearson Correlation 0.027 0.120 0.037 Sig. (2-tailed) 0.838 0.457 0.785 N 58 41 58

BMI Pearson Correlation -0.224 -0.007 -0.210 Sig. (2-tailed) 0.091 0.963 0.114 N 58 41 58

waist circumference Pearson Correlation -0.131 -0.085 -0.136 Sig. (2-tailed) 0.341 0.602 0.322 N 55 40 55

systolic pressure Pearson Correlation 0.084 -0.091 0.081 Sig. (2-tailed) 0.548 0.594 0.560 N 54 37 54

diastolic pressure Pearson Correlation 0.254 -0.112 0.253 Sig. (2-tailed) 0.064 0.509 0.065

Fem

ales

N 54 37 54 age Pearson Correlation -0.034 -0.122 -0.060

Sig. (2-tailed) 0.797 0.436 0.651 N 60 43 60

fasting BSL Pearson Correlation -0.060 -0.224 -0.099 Sig. (2-tailed) 0.698 0.176 0.522 N 44 38 44

BMI Pearson Correlation -0.157 -0.060 -0.168 Sig. (2-tailed) 0.308 0.721 0.276 N 44 38 44

waist circumference Pearson Correlation -0.160 -0.070 -0.169 Sig. (2-tailed) 0.299 0.678 0.272 N 44 38 44

systolic pressure Pearson Correlation 0.297 0.024 0.273 Sig. (2-tailed) 0.053 0.890 0.077 N 43 36 43

diastolic pressure Pearson Correlation 0.422 -0.012 0.382 Sig. (2-tailed) 0.005 0.943 0.012 N 43 36 43

age Pearson Correlation 0.041 -0.184 0.032 Sig. (2-tailed) 0.774 0.237 0.826

Mal

es

N 51 43 51

608

Appendix P Results tables for smoking and diabetes risk

Table 1. ANOVA table of number of cigarettes consumed by group (females and males: diagnosed, high-risk, low-risk and gestational)


Between Groups (Combined) 525.181 6 87.530 .546 .772

Within Groups 15711.581 98 160.322

Total 16236.762 104

609

Appendices references

Dugdale, A. E., I. A. Musgrave and K. Streatfield (1990). The changing growth of Aboriginal children. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 26: 192-196.

Jenss, R. M. and N. Bayley (1937). A mathematical method for studying the growth of a child. Human Biology 29: 556-563.

Johnston, F. E. (1998). Height and weight references. In The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Growth and Development. Ulijaszek, S. J., F. E. Johnston and M. A. Preece (Eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

appendices - final revised version 2 · 422 appendix f one-way anova: differences between...

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