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APJCN 2003: 12, Supplement: S1-S70 ISSN 0964-7058

2003 Volume 12 Supplement

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Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia (2003), Volume 27

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Editors

Mark Wahlqvist, Melbourne Akira Okada, Osaka

Guest Editor Dave Roberts, Canberra

CNS ● IUNS ● NSNZ

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HEC PRESS www.healthyeatingclub.com

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Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia is published annually to incorporate papers read at the Society’s Annual Scientific Meeting. Papers read at plenary sessions and symposia are by invitation. Contributed papers are one page in format, and are presented at the meeting as either oral or poster communications. Invited papers and contributed papers have been peer reviewed. Every attempt is made to edit all papers to conform to the Society’s ‘Instructions to Authors’, subject to the constraints imposed by the necessity to publish the Proceedings in time for distribution at the Scientific Meeting. Enquiries regarding the Nutrition Society of Australia Inc. should be made to: NSA Inc. National Secretariat PO Box 949 Kent Town SA 5071 AUSTRALIA Email: [email protected] Website: www.nsa.asn.au

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THE JOURNAL OF THE ASIA PACIFIC CLINICAL NUTRITION SOCIETY

APJCN 2003: Volume 12 (Supplement) ISSN 0964-7058

EDITORS: Mark Wahlqvist MD, Asia Pacific Health and Nutrition Centre, Monash Asia Institute, 8th Floor, Menzies Building, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, AUSTRALIA . Fax: (+61) 3 9905 8146; Email: [email protected]. Akira Okada MD, President, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, 840 Murodo-cho, Izumi City, Osaka, 594-1101, JAPAN. Fax: (+81) 725 56 5682; Email: [email protected]. Managing Editor: Antigone Kouris-Blazos PhD, HEC PRESS, 157 Clarendon Street, Southbank, Melbourne, Victoria 3006, AUSTRALIA; Fax: (+61) 3 96994474. Email: [email protected] Editorial Office: Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Asia Pacific Health and Nutrition Centre, Monash Asia Institute, 8th Floor, Menzies Building, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, AUSTRALIA Fax: (+61) 3 9905 8146. Email: [email protected]. Administration officer: Wendy Yu

Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition (APJCN) is a peer-reviewed journal published for the Asia Pacific Clinical Nutrition Society (APCNS). The journal publishes original research reports, short communications, reviews, and letters to the editors. Letters to the editors may be either very short articles (500 words) containing new material, case reports, or comments on previous papers or on other topics of current interest. News, book reviews and other items may also be included. All articles are peer-reviewed by at least two researchers expert in the field of the submitted paper. For detailed instructions concerning the submission of manuscripts, please refer to the Instructions to Authors at the back of this issue or visit the journal web page, listed below.

The aims of the Asia Pacific Clinical Nutrition Society (APCNS) are to promote the education and training of clinical nutritionists in the region and to enhance the practice of human nutrition and related disciplines in their application to health and the prevention of disease.

The journal is also an organ of The Nutrition Society of New Zealand and of The Nutrition Society of Australia, whose members receive APJCN as part of their society membership. The International Union of Nutritional Sciences (IUNS) is acknow-ledged as a non-financial co-sponsor of the journal.

Abstracting and Indexing Services: The Journal is indexed by Australasian Medical Index, CAB Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts Service, Current Contents/Clinical Medicine, Current Opinion, Index Medicus/MEDLINE, ISI Alerting Services, Science Citation Index, SciSearch and SUBIS Current Awareness in Biomedicine. The Journal is also indexed selectively in APAIS. Business Correspondence and Advertisement Booking: All matters relating to orders, subscriptions, back issues, offprints, advertisement booking and general enquiries should be addressed to: HEC PRESS, Healthy Eating Club Pty Ltd., 157 Clarendon St, Southbank, Melbourne, Victoria 3006, Australia; Fax: +61 (0) 3 96994474; [email protected]; http://www.healthyeatingclub.com

Subscription Rates: The journal is published four times per year and the prices per annum for 2003 are as follows:

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The journal is despatched to subscribers outside Australia by surface air-lifted delivery.

Copyright and Photocopying: © 2003 HEC PRESS, Healthy Eating Club Pty Ltd. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by HEC PRESS, Healthy Eating Club Pty Ltd for libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that the base fee of US$15 per copy is paid directly to: CCC, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works or for resale. Special requests should be addressed to the Publisher.

APJCN online & CD-ROM Issue prior to 2003: Full papers are available free-of-charge via the website http://www.healthyeatingclub.com. Volumes 1-11 can also be purchased on CD-ROM for AU$170 (US$100) (to order CD-ROM use APJCN subscription form on last page of this issue). Issues after 2002: subscribers have on-line access to full papers on the website www.healthyeatingclub.com (password access).

Disclaimer: The Publisher, the Society and the Editors cannot be held responsible for errors or any consequences arising from the use of information contained in this journal; the views and opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the Publisher, the Society or the Editors, neither does the publication of advertisements constitute any endorsement by the Publisher, the Society or the Editors of the products advertised.

� APJCN Editorial Advisory Board

Australia Professor Paul J Nestel

Baker Institute, Alfred Hospital, Commercial Rd, Prahran, VIC 3181 Tel: +61-3-9522-4333 Fax: +61-3-9521-1362 Email: [email protected]

Professor Boyd Swinburn Physical Activity and Nutrition Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125 Tel: +61-3-9251-7096 Fax: +61-3-9244-6017 Email: [email protected]

Professor A Stewart Truswell Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry Dept, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Tel: +61-2-9351-3726 Fax: +61-2-9351-6022

China Professor Gu Jing-Fan

Professor of Nutrition, Institute of Hygiene and Environment Medicine, 1 Da Li Dao, Tianjin, 300050 Tel: +86-3221-972-193 Fax: +86-1-301-1875 (c/o Chinese Nutrition Society)

Fiji Jimaima Veisikiaki Lako

c/o Professor Subramaniam Sotheeswaran, Department of Chemistry, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji Email: [email protected]

Guatemala Dr Noel W Solomons

Centre for Studies of Sensory Impairment, Aging and Metabolism, PO Box 02-5339 Section 3162/Guatemala Miami, FL 33102-5339 Tel: +502-473-3942 Fax: +502-473-3942 Email: [email protected]

Germany Professor Peter Fürst

c/o Institut für Ernährungswissenschaft Universität BonnEndenicher Allec 11-3 D-53115 Bonn, Germany Tel: +49-228-73-38-14 Fax: +49-228-73-64-83

Indonesia Assoc. Professor Widjaja Lukito

SEAMEO-TROPMED* National Centre Indonesia, Regional Center of Community Nutrition, University of Indonesia, Jalan Salemba Raya 6, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia Tel: +62-21-330-205 Fax: +62-21-390-7695

Professor Soemilah Sastroamidjojo (for SEAMEO-TROPMED Nutrition Centre) Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, 6 Salemba Raya, Jakarta 10430

Japan Professor Kazuo Kondo

Institute of Environmental Science for Human Life, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Ohtsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610 Tel: +81-3-5978-5812 Fax: +81-3-5978-2694 Email: [email protected]

Korea Professor Sook He Kim

Department of Foods and Nutrition, Ewha Women’s University,

11-1 Dae-hyun Dong, Seo-dae moon Ku, Seoul 120-750 Tel: +82-2-393-0051 Fax: +82-2-393-5903 Email: [email protected]

Malaysia Professor B Abdul K Khalid

Professor of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur Tel: +60-3-440-5000 Fax: +60-3-291-2659

New Caledonia Dr Sitaleki Finau

Health Coordinator, South Pacific Commission, BP D5, Noumea Cedex Tel: +687-26-2000 Fax: +687-26-3818

New Zealand Professor Jim Mann Department of Nutrition, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin Tel: +64-9-795-780 Fax: +64-9-770-956

Philippines Dr Rodolfo Florentino

Food & Nutrition Research Institute, Pedro Gil Street, PO Box EA-467, Emita, Manila 1000 Tel: +63-2-823-8071 Fax: +63-2-823-8934

Singapore Dr Paul Deurenberg

Block 135, Serangoon Avenue 3, #10–01, Singapore 556114 Tel: +65-979-96456 Fax: +65-858-5985 Email: [email protected]

Taiwan Professor Wei-Jao Chen

National Taiwan University No. 1, Jen Ai Road, 1st Section, Taipei 10018 Tel: +886-2-321-2258 Fax: +886-2-322-4793

Thailand Assoc. Professor Prasong Tienboon

Division of Nutrition, Dept of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50002 Tel: +66-53-221-122 Fax: +66-52-217-144 Email: [email protected]

Vietnam Professor Ha Huy Khoi

National Institute of Nutrition, 48 Tang Bat Ho, Hanoi Tel: +84-4971-7090 Fax: +84-4971-7885

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* SEAMO-TROPMED = South East Asia Ministry of Education, Tropical Medicine

Proceedings of

THE NUTRITION SOCIETY of

AUSTRALIA

Volume 27

Twenty-seventh Annual Scientific Meeting

Hobart, Tasmania, 30 November – 3 December, 2003

2003, The Nutrition Society of Australia ISSN-0314-1004

THE NUTRITION SOCIETY OF AUSTRALIA (incorporated)

OFFICE BEARERS 2003

President Professor Jennie Brand-Miller

Vice-President Professor Wayne Bryden

Honorary Secretary Dr Dianne Volker

Honorary Treasurer Dr Maria Makrides

Honorary Editor Dr Dave Roberts

Group Chairpersons Dr Dean Revell (Adelaide)

Dr Leigh Ward (Brisbane)

Associate Professor Karen Cashel (Canberra)

Dr Neil Mann (Melbourne)

Dr Manohar Garg (Newcastle)

Dr Jonathan Hodgson (Perth)

Dr Jayashree Arcot (Sydney)

Dr David Woodward (Regional Tasmania)

Dr Barbara Meyer (Wollongong)

Editorial Board Dr KI Baghurst

Dr H Dove

Dr DCK Roberts

Associate Professor S Samman

Professor A.J Sinclair

Business Manager Ms Elisabeth Eaton

Council Executive

Dr Dianne Volker (left), Professor Wayne Bryden,

Professor Jennie Brand-Miller and Dr Maria Makrides

Honorary Editor, Dr Dave Roberts

Fellows of The Nutrition Society of Australia Fellowship is awarded to persons, who in the opinion of Council, have rendered eminent service within the field of interest of the Society. Ian Wilbur McDonald elected 18 August 1980* Eric John Underwood elected 18 August 1980* Reginald John Moir elected 1 December 1986 Michael Vincent Tracey elected 24 November 1987 Ernest Frank Annison elected 8 December 1991 Basil Stuart Hetzel elected 8 December 1991 Paul John Nestel elected 9 May 1993 Richard Miln Smith elected 9 May 1993 Arthur Stewart Truswell elected 26 September 1995 Ivor Eustace Dreosti elected 3 December 2001 Kerin O’Dea elected 3 December 2001 Ingrid Coles-Rutishhauser elected 3 December 2002 * Deceased Honorary Members of The Nutrition Society of Australia Honorary Membership is awarded to persons, who in the opinion of Council, have rendered meritorious service to the Society. John Roland Lindsay elected 8 December 1991 Graham John Faichney elected 26 September 1995 Richard Read elected 3 December 2002 Nutrition Society of Australia Medal The Nutrition Society of Australia medal is awarded to Australian nutrition scientists with an outstanding track record in the field of animal or human nutrition with the work carried out predominantly in Australia. Associate Professor Robert A Gibson awarded 3 December, 2002

Fellowship of the Nutrition Society of Australia

Ingrid HE Rutishauser

BSc MSc RPHNutr

Nutrition Society of Australia Medal

Robert A Gibson

PhD

2002 NSA/MEAT AND LIVESTOCK STUDENT PRIZE

The 2002 NSA/Meat and Livestock student prize for oral presentation went to

Renate Zilkens

University of Western Australia Department of Medicine and the Western Australian Institute for Medicial Research (WAIMR), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.

RR Zilkens, JM Hodgson, V Burke, LJ Beilin, GF Watts, IB Puddey. The effect of red wine and beer on plasma homocysteine levels: a randomised controlled trial

Proc Nutr Soc Aust 2002; 26:S281.

LOCAL ORGANISING COMMITTEE 27th Annual Scientific Meeting

HOBART 2003

Dr David Woodward (Chairman) Professor Madeleine Ball

Dr Christine Booth Associate Professor Chris Carter

Mr Chris Forbes-Ewan Ms Lee-Anne Mundy

Associate Professor Malcolm Riley Ms Judy Seal

Ms Bianca Scarlett (Conference Manager, from May 2003) Ms Lara Malcolm (Conference Manager, until May 2003)

National Program Committee

Professor Wayne Bryden

(Chair, 2003)

Ms Wendy Morgan (Chair, Until December 2002)

Dr Madeleine Ball

Professor Jennie Brand Miller

Associate Prof Robert Gibson

Dr Neil Mann

Dr Barbara Meyer

Dr Dave Roberts

Dr David Sullivan

Dr Colin White

Dr David Woodward

Conference Management

Festival City Conventions Pty Ltd

PO Box 949 Kent Town SA 5071

Phone: 08 8363 1307 Fax: 08 8363 1604 Email: [email protected]

Nutrition Society of Australia Website: www.nsa.asn.au

SPONSORS of the 27th ANNUAL SCIENTIFIC MEETING

Sponsor of the Nutrition Society of Australia

Gold Sponsor

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia (2003) 27

PROGRAM SUNDAY 30 DECEMBER 2003 1400 – 1800 REGISTRATION Mezzanine Foyer 1400 – 1430 Coffee and Tea on arrival Mezzanine Foyer 1430 – 1615 PLENARY SYMPOSIUM 1 (INVITED) Ballroom South Nutrition and Physical Activity Diet, genes and exercise performance Prof Mark Hargreaves, School of Health Sciences, Deakin University, VIC Combat rations and military performance – do soldiers on active service eat enough?

Dr Christine Booth, Defence Science & Technology Organisation, Scottsdale, TAS

Adaptations for endurance exercise in migratory birds Dr Phil Battley, Griffith University, QLD

Panel Discussion for Symposium 1 1645 – 1800 Student Session: Writing a PhD Thesis – and Surviving? Ballroom South 1830 – 2030 Welcome Reception Hope and Anchor Hotel Macquarie Street, Hobart MONDAY 1 DECEMBER 2003 0800 – 1730 REGISTRATION Mezzanine Foyer 0830 – 0945 PLENARY SYMPOSIUM 2 (INVITED) Ballroom South Nutrition and Chronic Disease – Part A Diet and development of the insulin resistance syndrome Prof David Ludwig, Harvard University, USA Nutritional factors in development of age-related eye disease

Prof Paul Mitchell, Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, NSW

0945 – 1015 Morning Tea Mezzanine Foyer 1015 – 1200 PLENARY SYMPOSIUM 2 (INVITED) Ballroom South Nutrition and Chronic Disease – Part B Diet in the prevention of diabetes and obesity in companion animals

Prof Jacquie Rand, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, QLD

The obesity epidemic in Australia: can public health interventions work? Prof Boyd Swinburn, School of Health Sciences, Deakin University, VIC

Novel treatments for obesity Prof David Ludwig, Harvard University, USA

Panel Discussion for Symposium 2


1200 – 1245 Lunch Mezzanine Foyer 1245 - 1315 CONCURRENT POSTER HEADLINE SESSION A: Ballroom South Obesity, Chronic Disease 1245 - 1315 CONCURRENT POSTER HEADLINE SESSION B: Ballroom North Nutrition Assessment 1315 – 15.05 CONCURRENT ORAL PRESENTATION SESSION 1: Ballroom South Obesity, Diet and Disease Antioxidant restricted diet increases oxidative stress during acute exhaustive exercise

Watson TA, Callister R, Taylor R, Sibbritt D, MacDonald-Wicks LK, Garg ML

The effect of protein source (dairy vs mixed) in high protein, energy restricted diets on body composition, vascular health and metabolic markers in overweight adults Bowen J, Noakes M, Clifton P

Dietary approaches for weight loss with increased fruit, vegetables and dairy Booth AO, Nowson CA, Worsley T, Margerison C, Jorna MK

Effect of an energy reduced high protein red meat diet on weight loss and metabolic parameters in obese women Clifton PM, Noakes M, Keogh J, Foster P

Dietary restraint behaviour in adolescence and weight status in young adulthood

Watson MJ, Coffey C, Carlin JB, Sawyer SM, Paton GC Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load and diabetes in a sample of older Australians

Barclay AW, Brand-Miller JC, Mitchell P Anxiety following increased hind-gut fermentation

Hanstock TL, Claytons EH, Mallet PE Effects of phenolic acids and wheat bran on aberrant crypt foci development in the rat

Coleman LJ, Bird AR, McIntosh GH Resistant starch attenuates colonic DNA damage induced by a high protein diet in rats

Toden S, Bird AR, Topping DL, Conlon MA 1315 – 1505 CONCURRENT ORAL PRESENTATION SESSION 2: Ballroom North Public Health Nutrition The Tasmanian Iodine Monitoring Program in schools

Doyle Z, Seal J Selenium and iodine interactions with thyroid status

Thomson CD Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) in the New Zealand population: another example of an outmoded

IDD control programme Skeaff SA, Thomson CD, Gibson RS

Iodine status in early pregnancy: ethnic variations

Hamrosi MA, Wallace EM, Riley MD Nutrition and physical activity interventions in the school – Is it a win-win situation?

Thow AM, Cashel KM The impact of FSANZ labelling changes on knowledge of nutrition and allergens by consumers,

health professionals and allergen sufferers Henderson J, Mann NJ, Cooper J


Food security and eating well for all in Victoria Wood B, Swinburn B, Burns C

The influence of red meat intake upon the response to a resistance exercise-training program in older Australians McLennan PL, Tapsell LC, Owen AJ, Gutteridge IF

1505 – 1530 Afternoon Tea Mezzanine Foyer 1530 – 1730 CONCURRENT ORAL PRESENTATION SESSION 3: Ballroom South Plant Foods and Cardiovascular Disease Effects of vitamin C and grape-seed polyphenols on blood pressure in treated hypertensive

individuals: results of a randomised double blind, placebo-controlled trial NC Ward, JM Hodgson, KD Croft, MW Clarke, V Burke, LJ Beilin, IB Puddey Tea intake is inversely related to blood pressure in older women Hodgson JM, Devine A, Puddey IB, Chan SY, Beilin LJ, Prince RL Dietary approaches to reduce blood pressure in a community setting: a randomised crossover

study Nowson CA, Worsley T, Margerison C, Jorna MK, Frame AG, Torres SJ, Godfrey SJ Fruit and vegetable intake prior to and following a 4-week intervention (OZDASH study) Margerison C, Nowson CA, Worsley T, Jorna MK, Frame AG Plasma coagulation factor VII activity and its correlates in healthy men Li D, Sinclair AJ The effects of tomato extract (TE) and omega-3 fatty acids on platelet cAMP levels and inositol

triphosphate (IP3) release Lazarus SA, Garg ML Effects of olive oil and tomato lycopene combination on heart disease risk factors Ahuja KDK, Kunde D, Ball MJ Dietary fibre intake and prevalence of dyslipidemia in Type-2 diabetic subjects Fatema K, Akter F, Chaudbury HS, Ali L Hypocholestrolemic and hypoglycemic effects of dietetic flour in rats Habib K, Butt MS Diets with a lower glycaemic load associated with higher HDL-cholesterol in secondary

cardiovascular disease Mehalski K, Brand Miller J, Pollicino C, Record S, Colquhoun D, Nestel P


1530 – 1730 CONCURRENT ORAL PRESENTATION SESSION 4: Ballroom North Nutrition Assessment Reliable estimates of dietary adequacy in population sub-groups depend on appropriate

analysis of national dietary survey data Rutishauser IHE, Mackerras DEM Relative validity of two brief sets of questions to assess vegetable intake behaviours Barkess JL, Sherriff JL Design considerations in the development of a food-frequency questionnaire for school-aged

children Watson JF, Collins CE, Dibley MJ, Garg MG, Sibbritt D The relationship between plasma homocysteine, red cell folate and plasma vitamin B12 in a

sample of the New South Wales Central Coast population Naumovski N, Roach PD, Blades B, Lewis P Sociodemographic factors associated with calcium intake in premenopausal women: a cross-

sectional study Winzenberg TM, Riley M, Frendin S, Oldenburg B, Jones G Portion size of campus takeaway foods and serving size estimates of common foods Volker DH, Leary C, Gill TP Predictors of malnutrition risk among hospital in-patients McKerchar JM, Symes JM, Woodward DR More, more, more: food, fat and African refugee and migrant children Renzaho AMN, Burns C Fatty acid composition of habitual diet Pirotta YF, Mann NJ, Kelly F Contribution of red meat to very long chain omega-3 fatty acid (VLC ω3) intake Howe PRC, Meyer BJ, Record S, Baghurst K


TUESDAY 2 DECEMBER 2003 0800 – 1730 REGISTRATION Mezzanine Foyer 0815 – 1030 PLENARY SYMPOSIUM 3 (INVITED) Ballroom South Nutrition and Growth

Nutrition and growth before birth Prof Jane Harding, University of Auckland, NZ Using biological and physical measurements in children to predict disease risk

Prof Terry Dwyer, Menzies Research Institute, Hobart, TAS

Aquaculture: nutrition for growth and product quality A/Prof Chris Carter, School of Aquaculture, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS

Modern pork production - Balancing efficient growth and feed conversion with product quality requirements and consumer demands Dr Robert van Barneveld, Barneveld Nutrition Pty Ltd, QLD

Panel Discussion for Symposium 3 1030 – 1100 Morning Tea Mezzanine Foyer 11.00 – 12.00 NSA AGM Ballroom South 1200 – 1255 Lunch Mezzanine Foyer 1255 – 1330 CONCURRENT POSTER HEADLINE SESSION C: Ballroom South Growth 1255 – 1330 CONCURRENT POSTER HEADLINE SESSION D: Ballroom North Food and Nutrients 1330 – 1445 CONCURRENT ORAL PRESENTATION SESSION 5: Ballroom South Aquaculture Dietary phytase supplementation and the utilisation of phosphorus by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed a canola meal-based diet Sajjadi M, Carter C Protein turnover in juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer at different temperatures Katersky RS, Carter CG Relationships between growth and retention of dietary lipids in juvenile southern rock lobster Jasus

edwardsii Ward LR, Carter CG, Crear BJ, Nichols PD, Johnston DJ Water settlement alters composition of faeces from pink snapper Saxby SA, Williams IH Determining the essential fatty acid requirements of striped trumpeter larvae Bransden MP, Battagelene SC, Cobcroft JM, Morehead DT, Brown MR, Nichols PN, Dunstan GA,

Kolkovski S Is farmed Australian seafood a better source of the good oil than wild-caught seafood? Nichols P, Mooney B, Elliott N


1330 – 1445 CONCURRENT ORAL PRESENTATION SESSION 6: Ballroom North Food and Nutrients Calcium glutamate enhances acceptability of reduced-salt sausages Woodward DR, Lewis PA, Ball PJ, Beard TC Development and evaluation of foods enriched with omega-3 fatty acids (w3) from fish oil Murphy KJ, Mansour J, Patch CS, Weldon G, Ross D, Mori TA, Tapsell LC, Meyers BJ,

Noakes M, Clifton PA, Puddey IB, Howe PRC Relationship between colour and aroma of olive oil and nutritional content Fielding JM, Sinclair AJ, DiGregorio G, Joveski M, Stockmann R Bananas and plantains as a source of provitamin A Blades BL, Dufficy L, Englberger L, Daniells JW, Coyne T, Hamill S, Wills RBH Antioxidants from palm (Elaeis guineensis) fruit extracts Balasundram N, Bubb W, Sundram K, Samman S Docosahexaenoic acid and post-partum depression – is there a link? Makrides M, Crowther CA, Gibson RA, Gibson RS, Skeaff CM 1445 – 1515 Afternoon Tea Mezzanine Foyer

1515 – 1705 CONCURRENT ORAL PRESENTATION SESSION 7: Ballroom South Animal Production Feeding regimes affect fatty acid composition in Australian beef cattle Mann NJ, Ponnampalam EN, Yep Y, Sinclair AJ Muscle glycogen repletion in 3 breeds of young cattle is not affected by energy intake Gardner GE, Thompson JM The grazing preference of sheep is related to prior experience Thomas DT, Milton JTB, Ewing MA, Revell CK, Lindsay DR The capacity of tannins from accessions of mulga (Acacia aneura) to precipitate protein Ritchie MM, Stimson C, McNeill DM Colostrum protein isolate enhances gut development, growth performance and plasma IGF-I

and II in neonatal pigs Dunshea FR, van Barneveld RJ Pearl millet as an alternative feed grain for pigs and poultry Singh DN, Perez-Maldonado R How much canola or cottonseed meals can be used for commercial chicken meat production Perez-Maldonado RA, Barram KM, Singh DN Nutritional evaluation of weevil-resistant transgenic peas with chickens Li X, Tabe LM, Spencer D, Higgins TJV, Bryden WL The effects of dietary protein on rat growth, body composition and insulin sensitivity Belobrajdic D, McIntosh G, Owens J


1515 – 1705 CONCURRENT ORAL PRESENTATION SESSION 8: Ballroom North Milk and Lactation Characterisation of feeding patterns in infants born <33 weeks gestational age Smithers LG, McPhee AJ, Gibson RA, Makrides M Relationship of sialic acid and fatty acid composition of brain gangliosides: Breast-fed vs

formula-fed infant Wang B, Petocz P, Brand Miller J Rumen protected conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) methyl esters decrease milk fat and increase

CLA concentration in goat milk Gulati SK, Wijesunder C, Byers E, Scott TW Does conjugated linoleic acid increase conversion of α-linolenic acid to docosahexaenoic acid

in humans? Attar-Bashi NM, Li D, Sinclair AJ Predictors of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) status in the first months of life Gibson RA The effect of infant diets supplemented with α-linolenic acid on growth and development: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials Udell T, Makrides M, Gibson RA The effect of egg ingestion on ovalbumin concentration in human milk Palmer DJ, Gold MS, Makrides M Effects of fortified milk consumption on regional bone mineral accrual in Chinese girls Zhang Q, Ma GS, Greenfield H, Du XQ, Zhu K, Fraser DR Effects of milk supplementation on cortical bone gain in Chinese girls aged 10-12 years Zhu K, Greenfield H, Du X, Zhang Q, Fraser DR 1830 – 2330 CONFERENCE DINNER Moorilla Estate Winery


WEDNESDAY 3 DECEMBER 2003 0800– 1215 REGISTRATION Mezzanine Foyer 0830 – 0905 National Food Strategy Ballroom South A/Prof Linda Tapsell, Smart Food Centre, University of Wollongong Prof Tom McMeekin, University of Tasmania 9005-0945 Presentations by new Fellows Ballroom South 0945- 1015 Morning Tea Mezzanine Foyer 1015 – 1215 PLENARY SYMPOSIUM 4 (INVITED) Ballroom South Nutrition and Sustainable Food Production Sustainability of harvested marine resources in Australia

A/Prof Malcolm Haddon, University of Tasmania and Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, Hobart TAS

Strategies for environmentally sustainable agriculture in Australia Dr John Donnelly, CSIRO Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT

Sustainably managing food production resources to maximise human nutritional benefit A/Prof Bob Beeton, School of Natural and Rural Systems Management, University of Queensland, QLD

Panel Discussion for Symposium 4

1215 CONFERENCE CLOSE


POSTER PRESENTATIONS Session A: Obesity and Chronic Disease P1 Heart rate of pet dogs: effects of overweight and exercise

Kuruvilla A, Frankel TL P2 How effective are meal replacements for treating obesity?

Clifton PM, Noakes M, Keogh JB, Foster P P3 Ghrelin and measures of satiety are altered in polycystic ovary syndrome but not differentially affected by diet

composition Moran LJ, Noakes M, Clifton PM, Wittert G, Tomlinson L, Galletly C, Luscombe N, Norman RJ

P4 High dairy-protein versus high mixed-protein energy restricted diets; the effect on bone turnover and calcium

excretion in overweight adults Bowen J,Noakes M,Clifton P

P5 Glycemic, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and insulinemic responses to Watermelon and Apple in type 2

diabetic subjects Fatema K, Habib B, Afza N, Ali L

P6 Blood pressure status in Hangzhou region

Li D, Yu XM, Zhou XQ, Zhang YH, Zhang TZ, Sinclair AJ P7 Lipid composition of Canine Prostate Tissue

Attar-Bashi NM, Orzeszko K, Slocombe RF, Sinclair AJ P8 Interactions of dietary fibre and resistant starch with oil on genetic damage in the rat colon

Conlon MA, Bird AR Session B: Nutrition Assessment P9 Multiple and single frequency bioelectrical impedance (BIA) methods are not interchangeable for the prediction

of body fluid volumes in overweight individuals Ward LC, McGill A-T, Leahy FE, Poppitt SD

P10 Buccal cells as biomarkers of fat intake

Skeaff CM, McLachlan K, Eyles H, Green T P11 What proportion of the population have inadequate intakes?

Mackerras DEM, Rutishauser IHE P12 Trends in energy and macronutrient intake, body weight, level of physical activity, and energy expenditure in

relation to dietary validity in female students -1988 to 2003 Warwick PM

P13 Body composition of ambulatory children with mild cerebral palsy

Bell KL, Davies PSW P13B Health professionals’ and primary producers’ understanding of sustainable food production systems for

healthy eating KM Tsai, EC Schubert, BF Mullen Session C: Growth P14 Can nutritional manipulation enhance immune competence in broiler chickens?

Digby SN, Revell DK, Hughes BJ P15 Effect of sulphur amino acid supplementation on epithelial immunity and parasite susceptibility

Pain SJ, Revell DK, James PJ P16 Responses of sheep to a water-based urea supplement

Taylor S, Dryden GMcL P17 Effect of dietary a-linolenic acid on incorporation of phytosterols into tissues in rats

Oen J, Li D, Sinclair AJ


P18 Bifidogenic effects of feeding infant formula containing galacto-oligosaccharides in healthy formula-fed infants

Napoli JEAC, Brand-Miller JC, Conway P P19 Effect of experimental oligosaccharide on brain and body weight

Wang B, Staples A, Hunter A, Yu B, Brand Miller J P20 Quantification of soluble betaglycan in porcine milk

Cheung HK, Mei J, Xu RJ P21 Enhancing milk quality and yield in the dairy cow and buffalo by feeding protected nutrient supplements A

Gulati SK, Garg MR, Serashia PL, Scott TW P22 Estimating amino acid availability from digestibility coefficients:application to poultry diets Bryden WL, Li X Session D: Food and Nutrients P23 Improved quantification of retinol, tocopherols and carotenoid in human plasma by HPLC using retinol acetate

as internal standard Su Q, Balazs NDH, Daskalakis M, Rowley KG

P24 Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content in different edible portions of commercial scallop

Su XQ, Dinh TT P25 Fish oil feeding increases gut contractility in spontaneous hypertensive rat (SHR) model

Patten GS, Abeywardena MY P26 Lipid composition analysis of pork floss by using Iatroscan TLC/FID

Yan X, Li D P27 Cheese added to a low fat diet does not affect serum lipids

Colquhoun DM, Somerset S, Irish K, Leontjew LM P28 High saturated fat diet does not affect gut contractility in the rat

Patten GS, Abeywardena MY P29 Spasmolysis of combined Bee glue and Shaoyao-Gancao-tang on isolated rabbit jejunum

Wang NZ, Li D P30 A bioflavonoid in sugar cane can reduce the postprandial glycaemic response to a high-GI starchy food

Holt S, de Jong V, Faramus E, Lang T, Brand Miller J P31 Risk of ciguatera fish poisoning: impact on recommendations to eat more fish Connell JE, Colquhoun DM P32 Recommended fish intake is potentially dangerous due to high methylmercury content of certain fish

Anderson C, Heike K, Colquhoun D


Table of Contents Symposium 1: Nutrition and Physical Activity Diet, genes and exercise performance S1 Hargreaves M Combat rations and military performance – do soldiers on active service eat enough? S2 Booth C Adaptations for endurance exercise in migratory birds S3 Battley P Symposium 2: Nutrition and Chronic Disease Diet and development of the insulin resistance syndrome S4 Ludwig D Nutritional factors in development of age-related eye disease S5 Mitchell P, Smith W, Cumming RG, Flood V, Rochtchina E, Wang JJ Diet in the prevention of diabetes and obesity in companion animals S6 Rand J, Farrow HA, Fleeman LM, Appleton DJ The obesity epidemic in Australia: can public health interventions work? S7 Swinburn B Novel treatments for obesity S8 Ludwig DS Session 1: Obesity, Diet and Disease Antioxidant restricted diet increases oxidative stress during acute exhaustive exercise S9 Watson TA, Callister R, Taylor R, Sibbritt D, MacDonald-Wicks LK, Garg ML The effect of protein source (dairy vs mixed) in high protein, energy restricted diets on body composition, vascular health and metabolic markers in overweight adults S9 Bowen J, Noakes M, Clifton P Dietary approaches for weight loss with increased fruit, vegetables and dairy S10 Booth AO, Nowson CA, Worsley T, Margerison C, Jorna MK Effect of an energy reduced high protein red meat diet on weight loss and metabolic parameters in obese women S10 Clifton PM, Noakes M, Keogh J, Foster P Dietary restraint behaviour in adolescence and weight status in young adulthood S11 Watson MJ, Coffey C, Carlin JB, Sawyer SM, Paton GC Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load and diabetes in a sample of older Australians S11 Barclay AW, Brand-Miller JC, Mitchell P Anxiety following increased hind-gut fermentation S12 Hanstock TL, Claytons EH, Mallet PE Effects of phenolic acids and wheat bran on aberrant crypt foci development in the rat S12 Coleman LJ, Bird AR, McIntosh GH Resistant starch attenuates colonic DNA damage induced by a high protein diet in rats S13 Toden S, Bird AR, Topping DL, Conlon MA Session 2: Public Health Nutrition The Tasmanian Iodine Monitoring Program in schools S14 Doyle Z, Seal J Selenium and iodine interactions with thyroid status S14 Thomson CD Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) in the New Zealand population: another example of an outmoded IDD control programme S15

Skeaff SA, Thomson CD, Gibson RS Iodine status in early pregnancy: ethnic variations S15 Hamrosi MA, Wallace EM, Riley MD Nutrition and physical activity interventions in the school – Is it a win-win situation? S16 Thow AM, Cashel KM The impact of FSANZ labelling changes on knowledge of nutrition and allergens by consumers, health professionals and allergen sufferers S16 Henderson J, Mann NJ, Cooper J Food security and eating well for all in Victoria S17 Wood B, Swinburn B, Burns C The influence of red meat intake upon the response to a resistance exercise-training program in older Australians S17 McLennan PL, Tapsell LC, Owen AJ, Gutteridge IF


Session 3: Plant Foods and Cardiovascular Disease Effects of vitamin C and grape-seed polyphenols on blood pressure in treated hypertensive individuals: results of randomised double blind, placebo-controlled trial S18 NC Ward, JM Hodgson, KD Croft, MW Clarke, V Burke, LJ Beilin, IB Puddey Tea intake is inversely related to blood pressure in older women S18 Hodgson JM, Devine A, Puddey IB, Chan SY, Beilin LJ, Prince RL Dietary approaches to reduce blood pressure in a community setting: a randomised crossover study S19 Nowson CA, Worsley T, Margerison C, Jorna MK, Frame AG, Torres SJ, Godfrey SJ Fruit and vegetable intake prior to and following a 4-week intervention (OZDASH study) S19 Margerison C, Nowson CA, Worsley T, Jorna MK, Frame AG Plasma coagulation factor VII activity and its correlates in healthy men S20 Li D, Sinclair AJ The effects of tomato extract (TE) and omega-3 fatty acids on platelet cAMP levels and inositol S20 triphosphate (IP3) release Lazarus SA, Garg ML Effects of olive oil and tomato lycopene combination on heart disease risk factors S21 Ahuja KDK, Kunde D, Ball MJ Dietary fibre intake and prevalence of dyslipidemia in Type-2 diabetic subjects S21 Fatema K, Akter F, Chaudbury HS, Ali L Hypocholestrolemic and hypoglycemic effects of dietetic flour in rats S22 Habib K, Butt MS Diets with a lower glycaemic load associated with higher HDL-cholesterol in secondary cardiovascular disease S22 Mehalski K, Brand Miller J, Pollicino C, Record S, Colquhoun D, Nestel P Session 4: Nutrition Assessment Reliable estimates of dietary adequacy in population sub-groups depend on appropriate analysis of S23 national dietary survey data Rutishauser IHE, Mackerras DEM Relative validity of two brief sets of questions to assess vegetable intake behaviours S23 Barkess JL, Sherriff JL Design considerations in the development of a food-frequency questionnaire for school-aged children S24 Watson JF, Collins CE, Dibley MJ, Garg MG, Sibbritt D The relationship between plasma homocysteine, red cell folate and plasma vitamin B12 in a sample of the New South Wales Central Coast population S24 Naumovski N, Roach PD, Blades B, Lewis P Sociodemographic factors associated with calcium intake in premenopausal women: a cross-sectional study S25 Winzenberg TM, Riley M, Frendin S, Oldenburg B, Jones G Portion size of campus takeaway foods and serving size estimates of common foods S25 Volker DH, Leary C, Gill TP Predictors of malnutrition risk among hospital in-patients S26 McKerchar JM, Symes JM, Woodward DR More, more, more: food, fat and African refugee and migrant children S26 Renzaho AMN, Burns C Fatty acid composition of habitual diet S27 Pirotta YF, Mann NJ, Kelly F Contribution of red meat to very long chain omega-3 fatty acid (VLC ωωωω3) intake S27 Howe PRC, Meyer BJ, Record S, Baghurst K Symposium 3: Nutrition and Growth Nutrition and growth before birth S28 Harding J Using biological and physical measurements in children to predict disease risk S29 Dwyer T, Jones G, Blizzard L Aquaculture: nutrition for growth and product quality S30 Carter C Modern pork production - balancing efficient growth and feed conversion with product quality requirements and consumer demands S31 van Barneveld RJ Session 5: Aquaculture Dietary phytase supplementation and the utilisation of phosphorus by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed a canola meal-based diet S32 Sajjadi M, Carter C Protein turnover in juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer at different temperatures S32 Katersky RS, Carter CG


Relationships between growth and retention of dietary lipids in juvenile southern rock lobster S33 Jasus edwardsii Ward LR, Carter CG, Crear BJ, Nichols PD, Johnston DJ Water settlement alters faeces composition and digestibilities of pink snapperdiets S33 Saxby SA, Williams IH Determining the essential fatty acid requirements of striped trumpeter larvae S34 Bransden MP, Battagelene SC, Cobcroft JM, Morehead DT, Brown MR, Nichols PN, Dunstan GA, Kolkovski S Is farmed Australian seafood a better source of the good oil than wild-caught seafood? S34 Nichols P, Mooney B, Elliott N Session 6: Food and Nutrients Calcium glutamate enhances acceptability of reduced-salt sausages S35 Woodward DR, Lewis PA, Ball PJ, Beard TC Development and evaluation of foods enriched with omega-3 fatty acids (w3) from fish oil S35 Murphy KJ, Mansour J, Patch CS, Weldon G, Ross D, Mori TA, Tapsell LC, Meyers BJ, Noakes M, Clifton PA, Puddey IB, Howe PRC Relationship between colour and aroma of olive oil and nutritional content S36 Fielding JM, Sinclair AJ, DiGregorio G, Joveski M, Stockmann R Bananas and plantains as a source of provitamin A S36 Blades BL, Dufficy L, Englberger L, Daniells JW, Coyne T, Hamill S, Wills RBH Antioxidants from palm (Elaeis guineensis) fruit extracts S37 Balasundram N, Bubb W, Sundram K, Samman S Docosahexaenoic acid and post-partum depression – is there a link? S37 Makrides M, Crowther CA, Gibson RA, Gibson RS, Skeaff CM Session 7: Animal Production Feeding regimes affect fatty acid composition in Australian beef cattle S38 Mann NJ, Ponnampalam EN, Yep Y, Sinclair AJ Muscle glycogen repletion in 3 breeds of young cattle is not affected by energy intake S38 Gardner GE, Thompson JM The grazing preference of sheep is related to prior experience S39 Thomas DT, Milton JTB, Ewing MA, Revell CK, Lindsay DR The capacity of tannins from accessions of mulga (Acacia aneura) to precipitate protein S39 Ritchie MM, Stimson C, McNeill DM Colostrum protein isolate enhances gut development, growth performance and plasma IGF-I and II in neonatal pigs S40 Dunshea FR, van Barneveld RJ Pearl millet as an alternative feed grain for pigs and poultry S40 Singh DN, Perez-Maldonado R How much canola or cottonseed meals can be used for commercial chicken meat production S41 Perez-Maldonado RA, Barram KM, Singh DN Nutritional evaluation of weevil-resistant transgenic peas with chickens S41 Li X, Tabe LM, Spencer D, Higgins TJV, Bryden WL The effects of dietary protein on rat growth, body composition and insulin sensitivity S42 Belobrajdic D, McIntosh G, Owens J Session 8: Milk and Lactation Characterisation of feeding patterns in infants born <33 weeks gestational age S43 Smithers LG, McPhee AJ, Gibson RA, Makrides M Relationship of sialic acid and fatty acid composition of brain gangliosides: Breast-fed vs formula-fed infant S43 Wang B, Petocz P, Brand Miller J Rumen protected conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) methyl esters decrease milk fat and increase CLA concentration in goat milk S44 Gulati SK, Wijesunder C, Byers E, Scott TW Does conjugated linoleic acid increase conversion of αααα-linolenic acid to docosahexaenoic acid in humans? S44 Attar-Bashi NM, Li D, Sinclair AJ Predictors of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) status in the first months of life S45 Gibson RA The effect of infant diets supplemented with α-linolenic acid on growth and development: S45 a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials Udell T, Makrides M, Gibson RA The effect of egg ingestion on ovalbumin concentration in human milk S46 Palmer DJ, Gold MS, Makrides M Effects of fortified milk consumption on regional bone mineral accrual in Chinese girls S46 Zhang Q, Ma GS, Greenfield H, Du XQ, Zhu K, Fraser DR


Effects of milk supplementation on cortical bone gain in Chinese girls aged 10-12 years S47 Zhu K, Greenfield H, Du X, Zhang Q, Fraser DR Symposium 4: Nutrition and Sustainable Food Production Sustainability of harvested marine resources in Australia S48 M Haddon Strategies for environmentally sustainable agriculture in Australia S49 Donnelly J Sustainably managing food production resources to maximise human nutritional benefit S50 Beeton RJS Posters - Session A: Obesity and Chronic Disease Heart rate of pet dogs: effects of overweight and exercise S51

Kuruvilla A, Frankel TL How effective are meal replacements for treating obesity? S51 Clifton PM, Noakes M, Keogh JB, Foster P Ghrelin and measures of satiety are altered in polycystic ovary syndrome but not differentially affected by diet composition S52 Moran LJ, Noakes M, Clifton PM, Wittert G, Tomlinson L, Galletly C, Luscombe N, Norman RJ High dairy-protein versus high mixed-protein energy restricted diets; the effect on bone turnover and S52 calcium excretion in overweight adults Bowen J,Noakes M,Clifton P Glycemic, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and insulinemic responses to Watermelon and Apple in type 2 S53 diabetic subjects Fatema K, Habib B, Afza N, Ali L Blood pressure status in Hangzhou region S53 Li D, Yu XM, Zhou XQ, Zhang YH, Zhang TZ, Sinclair AJ Lipid composition of canine prostate tissue S54 Attar-Bashi NM, Orzeszko K, Slocombe RF, Sinclair AJ Interactions of dietary fibre and resistant starch with oil on genetic damage in the rat colon S54 Conlon MA, Bird AR Posters - Session B: Nutrition Assessment Multiple and single frequency bioelectrical impedance (BIA) methods are not interchangeable for the prediction of body fluid volumes in overweight individuals S55 Ward LC, McGill A-T, Leahy FE, Poppitt SD Buccal cells as biomarkers of fat intake S55 Skeaff CM, McLachlan K, Eyles H, Green T What proportion of the population have inadequate intakes? S56 Mackerras DEM, Rutishauser IHE Trends in energy and macronutrient intake, body weight, level of physical activity, and energy expenditure in relation to dietary validity in female students -1988 to 2003 S56 Warwick PM Body composition of ambulatory children with mild cerebral palsy S57 Bell KL, Davies PSW Health professionals’ and primary producers’ understanding of sustainable food production systems for healthy eating S57 KM Tsai, EC Schubert, BF Mullen Posters - Session C: Growth Can nutritional manipulation enhance immune competence in broiler chickens? S58 Digby SN, Revell DK, Hughes BJ Effect of sulphur amino acid supplementation on epithelial immunity and parasite susceptibility S58 Pain SJ, Revell DK, James PJ Responses of sheep to a water-based urea supplement S59 Taylor S, Dryden GMcL Effect of dietary a-linolenic acid on incorporation of phytosterols into tissues in rats S59 Oen J, Li D, Sinclair AJ Bifidogenic effects of feeding infant formula containing galacto-oligosaccharides in healthy formula-fed infants S60 Napoli JEAC, Brand-Miller JC, Conway P Effect of experimental oligosaccharide on brain and body weight S60 Wang B, Staples A, Hunter A, Yu B, Brand Miller J Quantification of soluble betaglycan in porcine milk S61 Cheung HK, Mei J, Xu RJ


Enhancing milk quality and yield in the dairy cow and buffalo by feeding protected nutrient supplements A S61 Gulati SK, Garg MR, Serashia PL, Scott TW Estimating amino acid availability from digestibility coefficients:application to poultry diets S62 Bryden WL, Li X Posters - Session D: Food and Nutrients Improved quantification of retinol, tocopherols and carotenoid in human plasma by HPLC using retinol acetate as internal standard S63 Su Q, Balazs NDH, Daskalakis M, Rowley KG Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content in different edible portions of commercial scallop S63 Su XQ, Dinh TT Fish oil feeding increases gut contractility in spontaneous hypertensive rat (SHR) model S64 Patten GS, Abeywardena MY Lipid composition analysis of pork floss by using Iatroscan TLC/FID S64 Yan X, Li D Cheese added to a low fat diet does not affect serum lipids S65 Colquhoun DM, Somerset S, Irish K, Leontjew LM High saturated fat diet does not affect gut contractility in the rat S65 Patten GS, Abeywardena MY Spasmolysis of combined Bee glue and Shaoyao-Gancao-tang on isolated rabbit jejunum S66 Wang NZ, Li D A bioflavonoid in sugar cane can reduce the postprandial glycaemic response to a high-GI starchy food S66 Holt S, de Jong V, Faramus E, Lang T, Brand Miller J Risk of ciguatera fish poisoning: impact on recommendations to eat more fish S67 Connell JE, Colquhoun DM Recommended fish intake is potentially dangerous due to high methylmercury content of certain fish S67 Anderson C, Heike K, Colquhoun D

Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2003) 12 (Suppl) S1

Symposium 1: Nutrition and Physical Activity

Diet, genes and exercise performance Mark Hargreaves

Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Health Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125

The importance of nutrition, in combination with appropriate training, for successful exercise performance has been recognised for many years. Considerable emphasis has rightly focused on energy, carbohydrate and fluid balance, and nutritional strategies are designed to prevent the well documented ergolytic effects of carbohydrate depletion and dehydration on endurance exercise performance.1 In addition, attention has focused on the role on nutrition in promoting optimal biological adaptations to training, again with an emphasis on carbohydrate and fluid balance, but with emerging interest in the role of protein intake. In recent years, advances in molecular biology techniques have allowed investigation of the effects of exercise and diet on skeletal muscle gene expression and of the importance of the genotype in determining the biological responses to exercise and dietary interventions. It is clear that a number of putative genes have associations with cardiorespiratory endurance, muscle strength and metabolism, specific characteristics of elite athletes and with training adaptability.2 A challenge in the years ahead is to assess the relative importance of the genotype and the environment in determining the final "elite performance phenotype". A relatively simpler task has been examination of the effects of exercise and dietary intervention on gene expression in human skeletal muscle.3 A single bout of exercise increases the rate of transcription and the mRNA levels of a number of metabolic genes during and after exercise.3,4 The increases are most marked during recovery from exercise and are transient, suggesting that the long term effects of exercise training may be the result of ongoing and repeated increases in mRNA, ultimately leading to steady-state increases in expression of key proteins involved in energy metabolism. Cessation of training results in a rapid reversal of many adaptive responses. Interestingly, recent results suggest that the increases in gene transcription may be influenced by the preceding diet, most notably the availability of muscle glycogen 5 and blood glucose (Hargreaves et al., unpublished). We have also observed that short-term manipulation of dietary carbohydrate and fat intake modifies the expression of genes within muscles of athletes maintaining their normal training.6 Our recent observation of nuclear translocation of AMP-activated protein kinase during exercise provides a potential mechanism linking metabolic events within contracting muscle to gene transcription.7 References 1. Burke LM. Nutritional needs for exercise in the heat. Comp Biochem Physiol A 2001; 735-748. 2. Rankinen T, Perusse L, Rauramaa R, Rivera MA, Wolfarth B, Bouchard C. The human gene map for performance

and health-related fitness. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34: 1219-1233. 3. Hargreaves M, Cameron-Smith D. Exercise, diet and skeletal muscle gene expression. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002;

34: 1505-1508. 4. Pilegaard H, Ordway GA, Saltin B, Neufer PD. Transcriptional regulation of gene expression in human skeletal

muscle during recovery from exercise. Am J Physiol 2000; 279: E806-E814. 5. Pilegaard H, Keller C, Steensberg A, Helge JW, Pedersen PK, Saltin B, Neufer PD. Influence of pre-exercise

muscle glycogen content on exercise-induced transcriptional regulation of metabolic genes. J Physiol 2002; 541; 261-271.

6. Cameron-Smith D, Burke LM, Angus DJ, Tunstall RJ, Cox GR, Bonen A, Hawley JA, Hargreaves M. Short-term high fat diet up-regulates lipid metabolism and gene expression in human skeletal muscle. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77: 313-318.

7. McGee SL, Howlett KF, Starkie RL, Cameron-Smith D, Kemp BE, Hargreaves M. Exercise increases nuclear AMPK α2 in human skeletal muscle. Diabetes 2003; 52: 926-928.

S2 Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia (2003) 27


Combat rations and military performance – do soldiers on active service eat enough? CK Booth

DSTO Scottsdale, TAS 7620 Background - Defence food technology aims to provide an easy-to-prepare and palatable, nutritionally complete combat ration pack (CRP) which has minimal weight and volume and maximum shelf life under all climatic extremes. The nutritional aims are to identify the optimal nutrient mix to sustain the soldier in the face of operational stressors such as fatigue, intense physical activity, extreme climate and negative psychological factors and to encourage consumption. Review - Two studies of CRP consumption, which differed in duration and design, were conducted recently by DSTO Scottsdale. The first study was conducted in far northern Australia over 12 days during a routine patrol-training exercise1 and the second in the jungle of Sabah, Malaysia for 23 days of adventure training.2 In the first study three groups received either: freshly prepared foods (fresh group, 15 MJ, n = 13), full CRP (15 MJ, n = 10) or half CRP (7.5 MJ, n = 10). Under consumption by the full CRP group resulted in CRP groups experiencing similar weight loss (mean of 3%), protein catabolism and immune suppression while the fresh group maintained their weight and protein balance and cell-mediated immune status. CRP groups reported greater fatigue than the fresh group. All soldiers experienced poor sleep quality and declining folate and iron status, but no decrement in physical fitness or cognition. In the second study soldiers who were involved in building walking tracks (Tawau Hills, n = 20) and tree-top observation platforms (Danum Valley, n = 11) were fed with CRP (Tawau Hill group) or fresh meals (Danum Valley group). Soldiers were able to self-select their food from available supplies. Soldiers supplied with CRP ate between 0.8 and 1.3 packs per day. After 23 days mean weight loss of both groups was 5.5%, there were no decrements in physical and mental performance and good immune status was maintained. Food consumption was encouraged by, the novelty of new foods, ability to socialise and take meal breaks, ability to self-select food items and number of serves, adequate sleep, good morale, and good hydration status. Conclusions - On the positive side these studies indicate that adaption to reduced energy intake (of up to 50% of estimated requirement) is shown over the short-medium term so that there is no detriment to physical and cognitive performance and that when the entire CRP is consumed (ie around 15MJ per day) soldiers can maintain moderate to hard physical activity for 3 weeks without loss of physical fitness, immune function or cognitive ability. On the negative side the studies revealed that significant although small weight loss can be expected after only 12 days of feeding with CRP and that CRP feeding is associated with increased fatigue, mild immune suppression, loss of body protein, decreased stores of antioxidants, folic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin K and iron. References 1. Booth CK, Coad RA, Forbes-Ewan CH, Thomson GF, Niro PJ. The physiological and psychological effects of

combat ration feeding during a 12-day training exercise in the tropics. Milit Med 2003;168 (1):63-70. 2. Booth CK, Coad RA, Roberts W. The nutritional, physiological and psychological status of a group of British

sappers after 23 days of adventure training in the hot wet tropics. DSTO-RR-0243. Fishermans Bend: DSTO Platforms Sciences Laboratory 2002.



Adaptations for endurance exercise in migratory birds PF Battley

Australian School of Environmental Studies, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111 Current address: 2/30 Bucklands Beach Road, Auckland, New Zealand

Background - Migratory birds perform some of the most phenomenal feats of endurance exercise in the animal world, making non-stop flights of up to 6,000 or even possibly 10,000 km. Birds combine extreme obesity with extreme physiological capacity (energy expenditure of >7 times BMR for 3-5 days). Adaptations associated with fuel deposition and use in long-distance migrants (mainly shore-birds, Charadriidae) are covered in this review. Review - Migratory birds combine a variety of behavioural and physiological adaptations that enable extreme long-distance flight. Birds must deposit large fuel loads (sometimes doubling in mass; maximum recorded fat load 54%), quickly (daily mass increase rates of 5-15% day-1 in captivity and 4% in the wild).1,2 The fuel composition must reflect immediate and upcoming demands: in addition to fat, up to a third of the mass increase can be lean tissue. Enlarged digestive organs aid fuelling, but may be partially broken down before departure3; increased exercise organs are needed for efficient flight while heavy. During flight, rapid energy supply is required, and migratory waders are able to move quickly to a fatty-acid derived energy source4, facilitated by underlying biochemical adaptations.4,5 While fatty acids provide the vast majority of the energy used during flight, protein breakdown provides 4-7% of the energy in long-distance migrants.6 Even this minimal level (as low as any inactive fasting animal) results in extensive breakdown of lean tissue from many organs during flight. Possible reasons for protein breakdown include generation of Citric Acid Intermediates, as a substrate for gluconeogenesis, unavoidable protein turnover during a high-energy turnover starvation period, and production of antioxidants. The impacts of the dramatically different body compositions before and after migration have not been studied well in the field, but impaired fuelling ability immediately after arrival is likely.7 Conclusions- Migratory birds are paradoxical from a human perspective, combining gluttony and obesity with unparalleled levels of sustained, high-energy, physical performance. While some of the mechanisms allowing this seeming contradiction have been discovered, much ecological, physiological and biochemical work is required before the variation in avian migratory strategies can be fully understood. References 1. Kvist A, Lindström Å. Gluttony in migratory waders – unprecedented energy assimilation rates in vertebrates.

Oikos;in press. 2. Piersma, T, Rogers DI, González PM, Zwarts L, Niles LJ, Nascimento IdLSd, Minton CDT, Baker AJ. Fuel storage

rates before northward flights in red knots world-wide: facing the severest ecological constraint in tropical intertidal environments? In: Marra PP, Greenberg R, eds. Birds of two worlds. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2003: in press.

3. Piersma T, Gudmundsson GA, Lilliendahl K. Rapid changes in the size of different functional organ and muscle groups during refueling in a long-distance migrating shorebird. Phys Biochem Zool 1999; 72: 405-15.

4. Jenni-Eiermann S, Jenni L, Kvist A, Lindström Å, Piersma T, Visser, GH. Fuel use and metabolic response to endurance exercise: a wind tunnel study of a long-distance migrant. J Exp Biol 2002; 205: 2453-60.

5. Guglielmo, CG, Haunerland NH, Williams, TD. Fatty acid binding protein, a major protein in the flight muscle of migrating Western Sandpipers. Comp Biochem Physiol B 1998; 119: 549-55.

6. Battley PF, Dietz MW, Piersma T, Dekinga A, Tang S, Hulsman K. Is long-distance bird flight simply a high-energy fast? Body composition changes in freely migrating and captive fasting Great Knots. Phys Biochem Zool 2001; 74: 435-49.

7. Hume ID, Biebach H. Digestive tract function in the long-distance migratory garden warbler Sylvia borin. J Comp Physiol B 1996; 166: 388-395.


Symposium 2: Nutrition and Chronic Disease – Part A

Diet and development of the insulin resistance syndrome DS Ludwig

Department of Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, MA, USA Background - Insulin influences a large number of physiological functions in a variety of organs and tissues. From a broad perspective, insulin resistance provides the body with the ability to regulate the actions of this potent anabolic hormone in a highly discrete fashion. Many patho-physiological factors can alter the functions of insulin at one or more sites, potentially conferring biological benefit. However, insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia in the setting of central adiposity adversely affects important diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk factors – namely glucose tolerance, blood pressure, serum lipids, coagulation tendency, chronic inflammation and perhaps oxidative stress – that together comprise the insulin resistance syndrome (IRS). Review - Dietary factors have increasingly been recognized as important determinants of insulin resistance and, by implication, development of the IRS. Though low fat/high carbohydrate diets have been traditionally recommended to reduce risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease, recent research has suggested that such diets may actually increase risk for IRS among susceptible individuals. On balance, macronutrient quantity may be less important in this regard than nutrient quality. Whereas saturated and trans-fatty acids increase insulin resistance, mono and poly-unsaturated fats decrease resistance and offer protection against disease. Similarly, some types of carbohydrate (refined starch, concentrated sugar) promote, and other types (high fiber, low glycemic index) protect against IRS. Beyond macronutrients, specific food groups have become the subject of increasing interest. Observational and interventional studies suggest that dairy products, including full fat versions, lower risk for IRS, an effect that might be mediated by intrinsic compounds in dairy (e.g calcium) or by displacement of less healthful foods (e.g soft drinks) from the diet. Preliminary studies suggest that certain micronutrients might also influence risk. Conclusions - Among modifiable factors including weight loss and exercise, dietary composition appears to have an important effect on development of IRS. The available evidence suggests that IRS, and therefore diabetes and cardiovascular disease, can be prevented by a high fiber/low glycemic index diet containing dairy products and a higher amount of unsaturated fats than currently recommended. References 1. Ludwig DS, Pereira MA, Kroenke CH, Hilner JE, Van Horn L, Slattery ML, Jacobs DR Jr. Dietary fiber, weight

gain and cardiovascular disease risk factors in young adults: the CARDIA study. JAMA 1999, 282: 1539-1546. 2. Pereira MA, Jacobs DR Jr, Van Horn L, Slattery M, Kartashov A, Ludwig DS. Dairy consumption, obesity, and the

insulin resistance syndrome in young adults: The CARDIA Study. JAMA 2002, 287:2081-2089. 3. Rivellese AA, De Natale C, Lilli S. Type of dietary fat and insulin resistance. Annals of the New York Academy of

Sciences 2002, 967:329-35. 4. Jenkins DJ, Axelsen M, Kendall CW, Augustin LS, Vuksan V, Smith U. Dietary fibre, lente carbohydrates and the

insulin-resistant diseases. British Journal of Nutrition 2002, 83 Suppl 1:S157-63, 2000.

.


Symposium 2: Nutrition and Chronic Disease – Part A

Nutritional factors in the development of age-related eye disease P Mitchell, W Smith, RG Cumming, V Flood, E Rochtchina, JJ Wang

University of Sydney Department of Ophthalmology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney (Westmead Millennium Institute, Centre for Vision Research)

Nutritional associations have been found with two major eye diseases, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading causes of severe visual impairment (blindness) and cataract, the principal cause of mild to moderate visual impairment. These data have derived from population-based studies of older communities and samples, clinic-based case-control studies, and from the findings of a recent, large randomized clinical trial; the Age Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS). For AMD, some population-based and case-control studies suggested protective roles for diet or supplementary zinc and antioxidants, although these data have been variable and relatively inconsistent. Benefit, however, was confirmed in the AREDS trial, which demonstrated, over 6 years, up to a 25% reduction in development of advanced disease or severe visual impairment in the group taking large, combined doses of zinc and vitamins A (as beta-carotene), C and E. There is now also increasing cirmumstantial evidence for beneficial effects from the xanthophyll carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin, which were not incorporated in the AREDS supplement. Many studies have also shown protective effects on AMD from reduced dietary saturated fat and regular consumption of fish. For cataract, although earlier studies suggested potential benefits from increased dietary intakes of antioxidants, no benefit from supplements was confirmed in the AREDS trial. However, other studies (but no trials yet) have indicated stronger potential roles for dietary protein intake and B group vitamins in the pathogenesis of age-related cataract. These data will be reviewed, including findings from an Australian population (the Blue Mountains Eye Study) and randomized clinical trial (VECat). Evidence-based principles for practical nutritional advice in older persons with eye disease will be outlined.


Symposium 2: Nutrition and Chronic Disease – Part B

Diet in the prevention of diabetes and obesity in companion animals JS Rand, HA Farrow, LM Fleeman, DJ Appleton Centre for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland,

St Lucia, QLD 4072 Background - Diabetes in dogs occurs predominantly via a type 1 mechanism, whereas in cats, type 2 diabetes is most common. Investigations of diet in the prevention of diabetes and obesity in companion animals has focused on the calorie density of food; the ratio of carbohydrate, fat, and protein; the carbohydrate source; the source and amount of fibre; and dietary supplements. Prevention of diabetes has mostly focused on dietary manipulations in cats that minimise insulin and glucose concentrations, thus reducing the demand on beta cells to produce insulin. Review - Dietary carbohydrate content has the greatest effect on blood glucose and insulin concentrations. In healthy cats, a high carbohydrate diet (carbohydrate 47%, protein 25%, fat 26% of calories) is associated with 20-32% higher peak postprandial glucose concentrations than a moderate carbohydrate, high protein diet (carbohydrate 27%, protein 46%, fat 26% of calories).1 In diabetic cats, the insulin dose was reduced, and in some cats eliminated, when the diet was changed from moderate carbohydrate (23% of calories), high fibre (10.7% DM) to a low carbohydrate (6.5% of calories), high protein (46% of calories) diet.2 Dietary fat content affects insulin sensitivity in cats. A high fat diet (>46% of calories) is associated with higher insulin-to-glucose ratios, indicative of lower insulin sensitivity, than diets lower in fat (<25% calories). Evidence suggests that low fat diets may improve insulin sensitivity by decreasing non-esterified fatty acid and betahydroxybutyrate concentrations, which inhibit insulin action.3 Carbohydrate source and processing methods influence postprandial insulin concentrations. In cats and dogs, certain carbohydrates, including rice, have been shown to have higher glycaemic indices than others, such as sorghum or corn; that is, they produce a larger postprandial glucose and insulin rise.4 Although increased dietary fibre was initially shown to be beneficial in dogs and cats, several recent studies have shown no benefit compared to moderate fibre diets typical of most commercial foods.5 Several other dietary manipulations aimed at preventing or treating obesity and diabetes have recently been investigated in cats and dogs with promising results. These include vitamin A, chromium, and carnitine supplementation. Conclusion - Consumption of diets with low carbohydrate, high protein, and moderate fat content may be advantageous for prevention and management of obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, and diabetes in cats and dogs. Use of low glycaemic index carbohydrates and supplementation with carnitine, chromium, and vitamin A may also be advantageous. References 1. Farrow HA et al. The effect of high protein, high fat or high carbohydrate diets on postprandial glucose and insulin

concentrations in normal cats (Abstract). Annual Veterinary Medical Forum of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM), 2002. Dallas, USA.

2. Frank G et al. Use of a high-protein diet in the management of feline diabetes mellitus. Veterinary Therapies, 2001; 2 (3): 238-246.

3. Farrow HA et al. Low fat diets reduce plasma non-esterfied fatty acid and betahydroxybutyrate concentrations in healthy cats (Abstract). Charlotte, USA: ACVIM, 2003.

4. Bouchard GF, Sunvold GD. Implications for starch in the management of glucose metabolism. In Current perspectives in weight management. Denver, USA: ACVIM, 2001.

5. Fleeman, LM, et al. Diets with high fiber and moderate complex carbohydrate are not advantageous for diabetic dogs compared to a commercial diet with moderate fiber and low complex carbohydrate (Abstract). Charlotte, USA: ACVIM, 2003.



The obesity epidemic in Australia: can public health interventions work? BA Swinburn

School of Health Sciences, Deakin University, Vic 2501 Background - The rapid rise in the obesity epidemic in Australia has been well documented in adults from several national surveys since 1980. The awareness of the size of this epidemic in children is low because the monitoring of obesity is non-existent, yet overweight/ obesity is undoubtedly one of the biggest health threats facing Australian children. Major public health interventions are urgently needed, and Australia has a vast experience of the successful control of other epidemics to draw upon for this latest challenge. Successful public health interventions - Several epidemics in Australia have been turned around by a concerted public health and clinical effort including cardiovascular diseases, smoking, road deaths and other injuries, HIV/AIDS, cot death and some cancers.1 All have had to overcome substantial barriers such as vested commercial interests, addiction, unknown causes, and strong social norms, desires, or taboos. Some have had a major clinical component (eg hypertension, cervical cancer), some have had a strong social marketing and education approach (eg cot death, HIV/AIDS), and others have had strong policy and environmental components (eg tobacco, road deaths). All have had significant, ongoing funding and political commitment and have taken as comprehensive approach as possible. The lessons for obesity are clear – if there is a similar commitment, the epidemic can be reduced. The current individual-based approaches to obesity have only a modest long-term success rate, and many potential population-based strategies have not been attempted or evaluated. This means that more comprehensive and innovative interventions are needed with a strong emphasis on evaluation so that the evidence base for effective interventions can be developed. A comprehensive program for obesity – The appropriate target groups for a comprehensive obesity program are children and high-risk adults. For the latter group, the modest weight loss (about 10%) that is achievable through lifestyle and pharmacological means has significant clinical benefits for preventing and managing diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.2 For children, management programs in primary care are also needed but more importantly, children’s food and activity environments need to be made less ‘obesogenic’. A process of developing the ‘Best Investments for Childhood Obesity’ has been undertaken for the Department of Health and Ageing. About 50 experts around Australia contributed to the development of a framework for a comprehensive program and gave their opinion on the likely effectiveness of each of the components. This was accompanied by a review of the current evidence of effectiveness of interventions and a modelling process to fill the gaps where empirical evidence was not available. An economic analysis assessed the ‘warranted investment’ for reducing obesity prevalence given the cost of overweight/obesity complications in adulthood. Four action areas were considered essential: monitoring and research; whole-of-community demonstration projects; communication and education programs; coordination and training. Key settings for potential action were schools, preschools, neighbourhoods, fast food outlets, breastfeeding, and primary care. Key sectors for action were influencing the food supply towards healthier foods and reducing the huge number of television food advertisements in Australia that target young children. The home setting and parents need to be incorporated into all areas of action. Funding and policy leadership is urgently needed from Federal and State governments to implement a comprehensive program to combat this escalating epidemic.

References 1. Swinburn, B., Sustaining dietary changes for preventing obesity and diabetes: lessons learned from the successes of

other epidemic control programs. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2002; 11 Suppl 3: S598-606. 2. World Health Organisation, Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation.

2000. Geneva: WHO, 2000; 253.



Novel treatments for obesity DS Ludwig

Department of Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, MA, USA Background - Excessive fat consumption is commonly believed to cause obesity and, for this reason, conventional approaches to weight loss have focused on decreasing dietary fat. However, the relationship between dietary fat and adiposity has been questioned for several reasons: 1) weight loss on low-fat diets is characteristically modest in nature; 2) prospective epidemiological studies have not consistently found that individuals eating the most fat are heavier than those eating the least fat; and 3) obesity prevalence has risen markedly since the 1970s in the US despite a significant decrease in fat consumption as a percent of total energy. As dietary fat has decreased, carbohydrate consumption has increased in a compensatory fashion, and most of this increase has been in the form of refined starchy food and concentrated sugar that are high in glycemic index (GI) and/or glycemic load (GL). Review - Physiological studies demonstrate that consumption of high GI/GL meals induce a sequence of hormonal changes that limit availability of metabolic fuels in the post-prandial period and cause overeating. Short-term feeding studies consistently show less satiety or greater voluntary energy intake after consumption of high compared to low GI meals. Several intermediate-term clinical trials found greater weight loss among overweight individuals on low compared to low GI diets. A recent study from our group found significantly greater weight and fat mass decrease among obese adolescents consuming a reduced GL compared to a reduced fat diet for 12 months. Animal studies support a role for GI in body weight regulation. Moreover, GI and GL appear to affect risk for diabetes and heart disease after controlling for body weight. Conclusions - Reduction in GI/GL comprises a novel and exciting approach to the prevention and treatment of obesity and related complications. A low GI/GL diet may be an ideal compromise between low fat diets at one end of the spectrum, and very low carbohydrate diets at the other. Long-term, large-scale studies of such diets should assume a high public health priority. References 1. Ludwig DS, Majzoub JA, Al-Zahrani A, Dallal G, Blanco I, Roberts SB. High glycemic index foods, overeating,

and obesity. Pediatrics 1999; 103: e26 (6 pages). 2. Spieth LE, Harnish JD, Lenders CM, Raezer LB, Pereira MA, Hangen SJ, Ludwig DS. A low glycemic index diet in

the treatment of pediatric obesity. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2000; 154: 947-951. 3. Ebbeling CB, Leidig MM, Sinclair KB, Hangen JP, Ludwig DS. A reduced glycemic load diet in the treatment of

adolescent obesity. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2003; 157: 773-779. 4. Ludwig DS. The glycemic index: physiological mechanisms relating to obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular

disease. JAMA 2002; 287: 2414-2423.


Concurrent Session 1: Obesity, Diet and Disease

Antioxidant restricted diet increases oxidative stress during acute exhaustive exercise TA Watson1, R Callister2, R Taylor1, D Sibbritt3, Lesley K. MacDonald-Wicks1, ML Garg1

1Nutrition & Dietetics, University of Newcastle, NSW 2308 2Human Physiology, University of Newcastle, NSW 2308

3Medical Practice and Population Health, University of Newcastle, NSW 2308 Background - Foods high in antioxidants are considered to play a major role in defending the body against oxidative stress during exercise. Objective - To investigate the effects of short-term restriction of high-antioxidant foods on oxidative stress markers and antioxidant defences during acute exercise. Design - Antioxidant rich foods were restricted in 17 athletes exercised to exhaustion and blood antioxidant and oxidative stress markers were examined. Participants followed habitual diets high in antioxidants prior to an initial exercise test and then followed a two-week restricted-antioxidant (R-AO) diet before a second exercise test. During both exercise tests blood samples were taken pre-exercise, post sub-maximal exercise, post exhaustion and with one hour recovery. Outcomes - The R-AO diet reduced antioxidant intake 3-fold when compared to habitual-antioxidant (H-AO) intakes. F2-isoprostanes (oxidative stress marker) was significantly increased following sub-maximal exercise (38%), exhaustive exercise (45%) and one hour recovery (31%) on the R-AO diet compared to the H-AO diet. F2-isoprostanes during exercise when following the H-AO diet remained relative unchanged from rest. Total antioxidant capacity and circulating anti-oxidants were not significantly affected by the R-AO diet, but tended to be lower. Exercise perfor-mance was not affected by the R-AO diet. Conclusions - Trained athletes may require higher intakes of exogenous antioxidants to defend against increased oxidative stress during exercise, which can be met through a diet rich in high antioxidant foods.

The effect of protein source (dairy vs mixed) in high protein, energy restricted diets on body composition, vascular health and metabolic markers in overweight adults

J Bowen1, M Noakes1, P Clifton 1 1Clinical Research Unit, CSIRO Health Sciences & Nutrition, PO Box 10041, Adelaide, SA

Background - An increase in the protein/carbohydrate ratio in low calorie diets has been linked with improved metabolic profile. It is unclear if the source of dietary protein exerts any affects. There is limited evidence that high calcium diets may facilitate body fat loss. Objective - This study examined whether a high dairy protein/calcium diet versus a mixed protein/low calcium diet affected weight loss and cardiovascular and liver function markers. Design - The parallel study consisted of a 12-week phase energy restriction followed by a 4-week energy balance phase. Fifty adults (BMI 33.4 ± 2.1 kg/m2) followed isocaloric diets (5.5MJ/day, 34% protein, 41% carbohydrate, 24% fat) high in dairy (DP, 2400mg Ca/d) or mixed protein (MP, 500mg Ca/d). Body composition, glycemic control, serum lipids, blood pressure and markers of vascular and liver function were measured throughout the study. Outcomes - There was no effect of protein source on net weight loss or body composition (-9.7 ± 3.8 kg, P = 0.8). Prior to weight loss, glycemic response to DP or MP test meals was 30% lower in subjects on the DP diet. Fasting total and LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin and blood pressure decreased after weight loss (-0.41 ± 0.07 mmol/L, - 0.36 ± 0.1 mmol/L, - 0.23 ± 0.06 mmol/L, -1.4 ± 0.6 mU/L, -9.4/-2.5 mmHg P<0.01, respectively) independent of protein source. There was an improvement in some markers of liver function as well as markers of vascular function (GTT, AST, PAI, sICAM, tPA) with weight loss (-20.1 ± 4.1 %, -11.2 ± 17 %, -15.2 ± 7.3 %, -6.9 ± 2.2%, +25.9 ± 6.2 %, respectively P <0.01). Conclusions – Both diets resulted in improvements in cardiovascular risk markers and liver function. Neither protein source nor dietary calcium significantly affected weight loss or body composition. The DP test meal resulted in a slightly more favourable glucose response.



Dietary approaches for weight loss with increased fruit, vegetables and dairy AO Booth, CA Nowson, T Worsley, C Margerison, MK Jorna

School of Health Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3215 Objective - To assess the consumption of fruit, vegetables and non-fat dairy products of subjects in a weight loss study where strategies were used to increase intakes. Design - Subjects were randomised to one of two diet and exercise weight loss programs for 12 weeks (n=40). The WELL diet (a Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) type diet with a weight loss focus) included daily targets of four serves of fruits, four serves of vegetables and three serves of no fat dairy. The National Heart Foundation’s (NHF) ‘Healthy Weight Guide’ diet included general advice to increase fruit and vegetable consumption but no specific targets. Subjects were visited or phoned fortnightly. They received group weight loss feedback as well as a personalized program that included lifestyle advice, feedback and goal setting. A food group counter recorded servings of fruit, vegetables and dairy products on three consecutive days of each week. Results of the first eight weeks are reported. Results - At week 8, number of serves/day of targeted foods were greater for the WELL diet than the NHF diet (mean difference ± SEM): Fruit: 1.5 ± 0.3, vegetables: 1.5 ± 0.2, dairy: 1.3 ± 0.1 serves/day (all P<0.01). Vegetables serves/day (mean ± SEM) on the WELL diet increased from week two to week eight (week two: 3.3 ± 0.2, week eight: 4.1 ± 0.4 serves/day (P<0.05)). Daily fruit intake remained above target (week two: 4.7 ± 0.2, week eight: 4.8 ± 0.1 serves/day). Daily dairy intake remained below target (week two: 2.7 ± 0.2, week eight: 2.8 ± 0.2 serves/day). Conclusions - Changing dietary patterns may require different adjustment periods depending on the food type. Increasing fruit intake can be implemented quickly, whereas it takes a longer time to increase vegetable intake. Providing specific dietary targets appears to promote greater adherence to guidelines than general advice to increase intakes alone.

Effect of an energy reduced high protein red meat diet on weight loss and metabolic parameters in obese women

PM Clifton, M Noakes, J Keogh, P Foster CSIRO Health Sciences and Nutrition, Adelaide, Australia

Aim - To determine the effects on weight loss, fat and lean body mass, metabolic parameters and markers of bone turnover of reduced energy intake with increased protein from red meat in overweight and obese women (BMI 27-40). Methods - Twelve week randomised parallel design of two 5600KJ diets: High meat (HM) 34% protein 46% carbohydrate 20% fat or low meat (LM) 17% protein 64% carbohydrate 20% fat. Results - One hundred women with a mean BMI of 32.6 and mean age of 49.3 years completed the study. Weight loss (Mean ± SD): -7.6 ± 3.3 (HM) and -6.9 ± 3.5 kg (LM) and fat (-5.7 ± 4.0, -4.6± 3.7) and lean mass (-1.6 ± 1.9, -1.8 ± 1.8) changes were different from baseline but not between diets. There was a significant interaction between diet and baseline triglyceride (P<0.05). Subjects with high TG (>1.5mmol/L) had greater loss of weight on the HM diet 7.9 ± 0.7 versus 5.9 ± 0.4kg (P=0.02). TG fell by 8% in the LM diet and 22% in the HM diet (ns). HDL cholesterol fell 5-8% and LDL cholesterol and glucose fell by 7% and 4% respectively with no differences between diets. Fasting insulin fell by 16-27% with no significant differences between diets. Vitamin B12 increased by 9% on HM and fell by 13% on LM (P<0.01) but fasting plasma homocysteine did not change. Plasma folate was unchanged. Urine markers of bone turnover increased by 8-12% and calcium excretion decreased by 1mmol/day with no differences between diets. Bone density did not change. Conclusions - A low energy diet high in red meat seems to provide a weight loss advantage to subjects with some features of the metabolic syndrome with no adverse effects on bone metabolism.



Dietary restraint behaviour in adolescence and weight status in young adulthood MJ Watson1, C Coffey1, JB Carlin2, SM Sawyer1, GC Paton1

1Centre for Adolescent Research and 2Clinical Biostatistics and Epidemiology Unit, Royal Children’s Hospital, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, and 3Department of Paediatrics, The University of

Melbourne Parkville VIC 3052 Background - Dieting is a ubiquitous approach to weight control in teenagers, particularly in girls. The longer-term benefits of dieting for weight control have been little studied. Dieting can include dietary restraint behaviour and the impact of this on weight status is examined in the Victorian Adolescent Health Cohort Study. Methods - Between 1992 and 1995, dietary restraint habits were determined over 6 waves on a population representative sample of students initially aged 14-15 years. A binary outcome of dietary restraint (nil dietary restraint or dietary restraint) was created over the 6 waves. Initial body mass index (BMI) (adjusted for age) was stratified to 3 levels. At follow up, (mean age 24.0 years, response rate, 79% of surviving participants), BMI categories were established based on NHMRC cut offs. Results - As adolescents, 1/5 males and 2/3 females exhibited dietary restraint. Adolescent dietary restraint was higher in adolescents with higher BMI (odds ratio (OR), adjusted for sex 3.04 (95% confidence intervals (95%CI) 2.63-3.53), P<0.01). After adjustment for adolescent BMI, dietary restraint behaviour does not predict adult weight status; eg compared to females of normal BMI, underweight females were not more likely to have engaged in dietary restraint, OR 1.13 95%CI 0.77-1.67, P=0.53). Conclusions - Adolescent dietary restraint behaviour is associated with weight status in young adults, but this is conditional on their adolescent BMI.

Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load and diabetes in a sample of older Australians AW Barclay1, JC Brand-Miller2, P Mitchell3.

1Health and Education Department, Diabetes Australia, NSW 2037 2Human Nutrition Unit, Dept of Biochemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006 3Department of Ophthalmology, University of Sydney/Westmead Hospital, NSW 2145

Objective - To investigate the relationship between glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL) and diabetes in a sample of older Australians. Design - 3654 people aged 49 years or older, representing 88% of permanent residents in the two postcode areas west of Sydney, underwent a detailed medical examination. The medical examination included a history of diabetes and associated risk factors. Fasting pathology tests, including plasma glucose, were obtained for 88% of the 3654 residents, and a 145-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was completed by 89% of the residents. Outcomes - A history of diabetes was reported by 218 people (6%), including 111 (7%) men and 107 (5.2%) women. Another 66 (2.2%) people had a FBG ≥ 7.0 mM, indicating they had undiagnosed Type 2 diabetes. Therefore a total of 8.2% of people had diabetes, which is slightly higher than the estimate for Australian adults determined by the AusDiab study (7.5%). In addition to this, 127 (4.2%) people had impaired fasting glycaemia. The mean (±SD) GI and GL was calculated from the FFQ’s and determined to be 56.5 (4.2) and 133 (45.8) units respectively. Valid food frequency data was available for 164 people with diabetes. People with diabetes had significantly lower mean GI (55.4±5.05 vs 56.34±4.16, P=0.007) and GL (118.4±41.15 vs 133.98 ± 45.91, P<0.0001) than people who did not have diabetes. Conclusions - People with diabetes living in Australia choose a diet with a significantly lower average GI and GL than Australians who do not have diabetes.



Anxiety following increased hind-gut fermentation TL Hanstock1,3, EH Claytons2,3, PE Mallet1

1School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale NSW 2351 2TLC Research, PO Box 50, The Oaks NSW 2570

3Nexus Unit, John Hunter Hospital, Lookout Rd, New Lambton NSW 2835 Background - Previous investigations into the effects of carbohydrate on behaviour have focussed on behavioural changes 2-4 hrs after consumption of the diet and have not considered the effect of site of digestion. Fermentation and lactic acid production in the caecum and colon can lead to detrimental effects in several animal models, including adverse behaviour in horses. Objective - To determine changes in anxiety promoted by the consumption of fermentable carbohydrate and increased fermentation in the hind-gut of rats. Design - Randomised control trial with 3 iso-energetic dietary treatment groups, a soluble carbohydrate diet containing wheat (n=12), a fermentable carbohydrate diet based on cooked and cooled rice (n=12) and a basal control rat and mouse Chow diet (n=12). Behaviour was assessed 3 and 21 hrs after dietary consumption by the light dark emergence test. Outcomes - The 3 diets promoted different fermentation patterns in terms of pH and lactic acid concentrations in the caecum of rats 3 or 21 hrs after consumption. The length of time spent in the dark compartment of the light dark emergence test, indicating increased anxiety, was associated with increased concentrations of D- and L-lactic acid in the caecum (r2 = 0.97 and 0.96 respectively; P<0.01) irrespective of dietary group. Conclusions - Fermentation of carbohydrate leading to increased concentrations of lactic acid in the caecum of rats was associated with increased anxiety in rats. This has important implications in terms of those diets promoting increased fermentation (eg. with a high intake of resistant starch) without considering any possible detrimental effects.

Effects of phenolic acids and wheat bran on aberrant crypt foci development in the rat L J Coleman1,2, AR Bird1, GH McIntosh1,2

1CSIRO Health Sciences and Nutrition, Adelaide, 5000 2Discipline of Physiology, University of Adelaide, SA 5005

Background - Phenolic acids have been implicated in the chemopreventive effect associated with whole-grain cereal consumption. Phenolic acids such as ferulic and p-coumaric acid are structurally associated with the polysaccharide matrix of the outer layers of cereal. It is not established whether these phenolics are bioavailable and/or protective against colon carcinogenesis when consumed in free form or as an intrinsic constituent of a cereal diet. Objective - To determine the effect of phenolic acids (ferulic, p-coumaric, vanillic, syringic) when fed as isolated compounds or as part of the wheat bran matrix on development of colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in the rat. Design - 75 rats were randomly allocated to five dietary groups as follows: control (10% cellulose), Wheat Bran (WB, 20%), PA1 (10% cellulose + phenolic acids equiv. 20% WB), PA2 (10% cellulose + phenolic acids equiv. 40% WB) and PA4 (10% cellulose + phenolic acids equiv. to 80% WB). All diets were based on a modified AIN93 diet, providing 20% fat and 10% fibre. After four weeks, rats received two weekly doses of azoxymethane to induce ACF. After 13 weeks of feeding, rats were euthanased and their colons were removed for ACF analysis. Outcomes - There was an 80% increase in ACF number in the colons of WB-fed rats compared with all other groups (all P<0.001). Feeding of isolated phenolic acids (PA1, PA2 and PA4 groups) did not significantly alter the number of colonic ACF in relation to control. Conclusions - Phenolic acids fed at concentrations equivalent to or greater than that provided by wheat bran, offered no additional protection against ACF development compared with control. In contrast, wheat bran enhanced ACF development.



Resistant starch attenuates colonic DNA damage induced by a high protein diet in rats S Toden1,2, AR Bird1, DL Topping1, MA Conlon1

1CSIRO Health Sciences and Nutrition, Kintore Avenue, Adelaide, SA 5000 2Dept of Physiology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005

Background - Diet has a major influence on the development of degenerative diseases of the large bowel and non-digestible carbohydrates appear to protect against colorectal cancer whereas energy, fat and protein are risk factors. Recently, low carbohydrate, high protein diets have become popular as a means of weight loss. However, the long-term effects of such diets on the large bowel remain to be established. Objective - To determine if a high protein diet increases colonic DNA damage in rats and whether dietary resistant starch can protect against such damage. Design - Male Sprague Dawley rats (~300 g) were fed a diet containing 15% or 25% casein, each with or without 48% high amylose starch (HiMaize), and after four weeks rats were anaesthetised and tissues and gut contents were collected for mucus thickness, DNA damage (comet assay) and short chain fatty acid measurements. Outcomes - Rats on the high protein diet had greater damage to colonic DNA than those consuming a low protein diet in the absence of resistant starch (comet tail moments (mean + SEM): 1008 + 107 v 464 + 35) and this was associated with a thinning of the mucus barrier (135 + 5 v 245 + 9 μm). Feeding a high resistant starch diet attenuated DNA damage and thinning of the colonic mucus layer. DNA damage and mucus thickness were inversely related. Conclusions - Resistant starch may ameliorate colonic DNA damage induced by high dietary protein.


Concurrent Session 2: Public Health Nutrition

The Tasmanian Iodine Monitoring Program in Schools Z Doyle1, J Seal2

1Broadstreet Consultants, Lauderdale, TAS 7021 2 Department Health and Human Services, Hobart, TAS 7001

Background - Tasmania has a long history of iodine deficiency. Various interventions and monitoring systems have been used through the years to ensure the population is replete. Objective - To monitor the iodine levels of the Tasmanian population using urinary iodine (UI) to establish if the current intervention of iodised salt in bread is having an effect. Design - A random cluster sampling method was used to determine grade 4 (9 yo) classes to be used in the monitoring. Classes were obtained through consultation with the Department of Education, Catholic Education Office and the Independent schools Council. Schools were then invited to participate and information sent to parents if schools agreed. The field officer then collected the samples from the school and arranged for analysis through pathology labs. Outcomes - Currently 124 out of a possible 148 samples have been analysed. Compared to the Menzies centre study of 2000 there is a significant decrease (P>0.01) in the proportion of children with moderate deficiency. The median UI level is 97 (90 -109 95% CI). The proportion of children with levels <50 is 10.48% (5.93 – 17.59 95% CI). Conclusions - The current method of intervention appears to be having an effect. However as this sample size represents less then half of the anticipated sample it is expected that the median and confidence intervals will change. As this is a five year program the preliminary results are encouraging.

Selenium and iodine interactions with thyroid status CD Thomson

Department of Human nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand Background - The adequacy of selenium (Se) status may influence iodine metabolism because of Se’s role in the deiodinase enzymes. Se deficiency may exacerbate symptoms of iodine deficiency. There is little research on any detrimental effects of marginal selenium intakes on thyroid status. Objective - This paper reports on two studies investigating (a) the relationship between Se status and thyroid status in a NZ population and (b) the effect of Se supplementation on TSH and the ratio of T3/T4. Design - Study 1: Plasma Se was determined in 199 Otago residents for which data was available on thyroid volume, plasma TSH, and plasma T4. Study 2: TSH, T4 and T3 were measured in plasma from two supplementation studies: 57 smokers who received 100 µg Se or a placebo daily as selenomethionine; 172 subjects who received 200 µg daily as high-Se yeast (Precise) or a placebo. Outcomes - Study 1: In contrast to observations in France1, preliminary analyses did not show significant associations between plasma Se and measures of thyroid status. Study2: Se supplementation resulted in a trend towards lower T4 confirming an earlier study of a small but significant fall in T4.2 Conclusions - Lack of association between plasma Se and thyroid status, and non-significant changes in T4 suggest that Se status in NZ is adequate for optimal activity of the deiodinases References 1. Derumeaux H, Valeix P, Castetbon K, Bensimon M, Boutron-Ruault M-C, et al. Association of selenium with

thyroid volume and echostructure in 35-60-year-old French adults. Eur J Endocrinol 2003;148: 309-315. 2. Duffield AJ, Thomson CD, Hill KE, Williams S. An estimation of selenium requirements for New Zealanders.

Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70: 896-903.



Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) in the New Zealand population: another example of an outmoded IDD control programme

SA Skeaff, CD Thomson, RS Gibson Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

Background - New Zealand (NZ) has low soil iodine requiring the introduction of iodised table salt in 1939 to combat IDD. However, public health recommendations to use less salt combined with a decline in the use of iodophors by the dairy industry suggests that iodine intakes may no longer be adequate. Objective - To determine the iodine status of groups in NZ that are particularly susceptible to suboptimal iodine intakes: (i) pregnant women (ii) infants and toddlers, and (iii) schoolchildren. Design - Pregnant women living in Dunedin were recruited by poster and advert and asked to provide a 24-hour urine sample at 12, 24 and 36 weeks. A casual urine sample was obtained from a cross-sectional sample of infants and toddlers aged 6-24 months living in Invercargill, Dunedin and Christchurch. A casual urine sample was obtained from randomly selected Dunedin and Wellington schoolchildren aged 8-10 years and thyroid volume measured by ultrasonography. A median urinary iodine concentration >100µg/L indicates adequate iodine status. Results - The median urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) of the pregnant women (n=50) at 12, 24, and 36 weeks gestation was 44, 51, and 42 µg/L, respectively. The MUIC of infants (n=51) who were currently formula fed (99 µg/L) was significantly higher (P=0.000) than infants (n=43) who were currently breast fed (44 µg/L). The MUIC of toddlers was 59 µg/L (n=119). The MUIC of the schoolchildren (n=300) was 67 µg/L with 11% of the children having an enlarged thyroid gland. Conclusions - These results illustrate that mild to moderate IDD has re-emerged in New Zealand. Reliance on iodised table salt as the sole means of fortification is clearly ineffective.

Iodine status in early pregnancy: ethnic variations 1MA Hamrosi, 2EM Wallace, 1MD Riley

1Nutrition & Dietetics Unit, Department of Medicine and 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, VIC 3168

Background - Iodine deficiency is re-emerging as a potential public health problem in Australia.1-3 Poor iodine status in pregnancy is associated with impaired fetal development, both mental and physical. Furthermore, there may be significant ethnic variation in maternal iodine status. Objective - To describe maternal iodine status in a multiethnic Australian population. Design - Cross-sectional. Urinary iodine (UI) concentration was measured in spot urine samples, collected in early pregnancy, from Vietnamese, Indian/Sri Lankan and Caucasian women who participated in a Downs Syndrome Screening Program over 1999-2001 in Melbourne. Outcomes -

Ethnic Group Median UI µg/L % UI below 50µg/L WHO Iodine Status Caucasian (n=178) 49.0 50.6 Moderate Deficiency Vietnamese (n=200) 56.51 38.5 Mild Deficiency Indian/Sri Lankan (n=181) 53.02 47.0 Mild Deficiency

1 P=0.003 cf Caucasian; 2 P=0.15 cf Caucasian Conclusions - Consistent with recent studies in non-pregnant individuals, these women were mildly to moderately iodine deficient according to World Health Organisation (WHO) criteria. The findings may have implications for fetal development and for public health advice. References 1. Gunton JE, Hams G, Fiegert M, McElduff A. Iodine deficiency in ambulatory participants at a Sydney teaching

hospital: is Australia truly iodine replete? Med J Aust 1999; 171(9):467-470. 2. Li M, Ma G, Boyages SC, Eastman CJ. Re-emergence of iodine deficiency in Australia. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2001;

10 (3):200-203. 3. McDonnell CM, Harris M, Zacharin MR. Iodine deficiency and goitre in schoolchildren in Melbourne, 2001. Med J

Aust 2003;178(4):159-162.



Nutrition and physical activity interventions in the school – Is it a win-win situation? AM Thow, KM Cashel

Gadi Research Centre, University of Canberra, ACT 2601 Background - Schools are continually used as settings for interventions to improve health outcomes in children. While school-based interventions have reported positive health-related changes (eg in student knowledge, behaviour and body measures) there is a dearth of research addressing the wider impact that such interventions may have on the school itself – particularly on the curriculum, the basis of students’ learning framework. Objective - to investigate the effect of the ACT Department of Education’s Health, PE and Sport Policy (from 1997) on curriculum, teachers and resources; and to assess the strengths and limitations of the use of policy in school-based preventive health using, as a case study. Design - Surveys of ACT primary and high school principals (n=23) and primary teachers, high school PE and health, and food studies teachers (n=131) were conducted. Schools were selected on the basis of size, index of relative disadvantage and geographic location. Outcomes - Principals and teachers raised concerns over the impact of the Health, PE and Sport Policy on resources, on the structure of the curriculum and on subject areas other than health and PE. Teachers reported that key strengths were that the policy ensured that physical activity was included in the curriculum and provided guidelines for teaching. However, the primary limitation was that while the policy mandated time, it did not address resource issues. Conclusions - We found that placing additional demands on the school curricula without assessing the consequences for the school, teachers and other curricula areas reduced sustainability and compliance of health interventions, and compromised student learning in other unrelated areas through effects on curricula and resource allocation.

The impact of FSANZ labelling changes on knowledge of nutrition and allergens by consumer’s, health professional’s and allergen sufferers

J Henderson1, NJ Mann1, J Cooper2 1Department of Food Science R.M.I.T University, VIC 3000

2Heinz 105 Camberwell Rd, Hawthorn East, VIC 3123 Background - Although consumer knowledge of food labels is a well researched topic, the information consumers use on food labels needs to be researched in more detail. Objective - To discover consumer’s, health professional’s and allergen sufferers knowledge and perception of changes to food label regulations by Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ). Design - A series of specific questionnaires were used as the primary means of collecting data relating to the perceived changes to food labels and use of food labels. Outcomes - The overall results from this study show that the majority of respondents are aware of the recent changes to food labels. The knowledge of the changes was basic with respondents noticing the major changes but not the more minor ones. It was found that respondents do not fully utilise the nutritional information provided on food labels to make healthier food choices, due to a lack of understanding of the information provided. Results showed that the new labelling information on allergens, provides allergen sufferers with useful information, however results also indicate a certain dissatisfaction with the use of the term ‘May contain…’ Conclusions - The groups of respondents surveyed indicated that the new food labels are an improvement from the old food labels. Respondents are satisfied with the information provided on food labels and agree that an educational tool on food labelling would be beneficial to them to better their understanding of food labels and enable healthier food choices.



Food security and eating well for all in Victoria B Wood, B Swinburn, C Burns

School of Health Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC 3125 Background - Eat Well Australia1 has recognised many of the initiatives required to address food insecurity in urban as well as rural and remote locations. Objective - To evaluate and identify sustainable programs to improve urban food security in two local government areas. Design - The evaluation was conducted across Demonstration Projects over 18 months in the inner urban Cities of Yarra and Maribyrnong.2 Logical Framework Analysis and a number of checklists and tools were applied, including cluster analysis. Evaluation criteria included increasing commu-nity capacity, specified reach and quality for interventions, policy and organisational change speci-fied, sustainability and transferability. Results - Five intervention strategy themes were identified across both Projects: local government food security policies; garden programs; local food access programs; local meals access programs, and; emergency food relief programs. Evaluation identified the qualities of each strategy in both Projects, and provided a conceptual model for improving food security. Conclusions - Primary health care and community services and agencies offer the best opportunities for strategies with vulnerable groups at risk of individual food security. Local Government area Public Health Plans offer major settings for improving community food security and whole of population strategies. State Government policy framework is required to support these settings state-wide and food security for all. References 1. SIGNAL. Eat Well Australia: An Agenda for action for Public Health Nutrition 2000-2010; 2000. 2. Wood B, Swinburn B, Burns C. Multi-Site Evaluation Food Insecurity Community Demonstration Projects. Final

Report. Volume One. Burwood, Victoria: School of Health Sciences, Deakin University; 2003.

The influence of red meat intake upon the response to a resistance exercise-training program in older Australians

PL McLennan1,2, LC Tapsell1, AJ Owen1, IF Gutteridge2 1Smart Foods Centre & 2Dept of Biomedical Science, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522

Background - In older adults muscle performance declines with age, and in the elderly this can have a major impact on daily living by impairing the ability to undertake routine activities, increasing risk of falls and hindering recovery from injury. A recent study has suggested that the protein intake of older adults may be insufficient to maintain optimum muscle capacity.1 Objective - To examine the effects of a 12-week diet and exercise program upon skeletal muscle performance and body composition in older Australians. Design - Subjects (n = 28, mean age = 67yr, range 63-76yr) undertook a lower limb resistance-training program while consuming a diet with 20% energy as protein delivered through two levels of red meat intake (either moderate = 800g/week, or low = 400g/week in combination with other sources of dietary protein). Muscle performance was assessed at weeks 0,6 & 12. At week 0 and week 12, body composition was assessed using anthropometry, BIA and thigh X-sectional CT, and dietary intake assessed by diet history. Outcomes - Exercise training significantly increased leg muscle strength by more than 50% (P<0.01) and muscle endurance ~30% (P<0.01), and reduced thigh skin folds ~15% (P<0.01). Subjects on the moderate red meat diet had greater improvements in muscle strength at week 6 than those on the low red meat diet (P<0.01), but this difference was abolished at the study endpoint. The red meat was incorporated into both diets with no change in overall energy intake. Conclusions - In older Australians, a resistance-training program markedly increased muscle strength. Consuming a diet with a moderate red meat content compared to a low red meat content in part enhanced the benefits upon muscle performance. 1. Campbell WW, Trappe TA, Wolfe RR, Evans WJ. The recommended dietary allowance for protein may not be

adequate for older people to maintain skeletal muscle. J Gerentol. 2001;56A:M373-380


Concurrent Session 3: Plant Foods and Cardiovascular Disease

Effects of vitamin C and grape-seed polyphenols on blood pressure in treated hypertensive individuals: results of a randomised double blind, placebo-controlled trial NC Ward, JM Hodgson, KD Croft, MW Clarke, V Burke, LJ Beilin, IB Puddey

School of Medicine & Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, West Australian Institute for Medical Research (WAIMR), Perth, Australia

Background - Oxidative stress may contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension and endothelial dysfunction via increased production of free radicals in the arterial wall. Objective - To investigate the effect of water-soluble antioxidants, vitamin C and polyphenols, on blood pressure (BP), endothelial function and oxidative stress in hypertensive individuals. Methods - 69 treated hypertensive individuals with a mean 24hr ambulatory systolic BP ≥125 mmHg were involved in a randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled factorial trial. Following a 3-week washout, participants received either 500 mg/d vitamin C, 1000 mg/d grape-seed polyphenols, both vitamin C and polyphenols, or neither, for 6-weeks. At baseline and post-intervention, 24hr ambulatory BP, ultrasound assessed endothelium dependent and independent vasodilation of the brachial artery, and markers of oxidative damage, including plasma and urinary isoprostanes, oxidised low density lipoproteins and plasma tocopherols, were measured. Results - A significant interaction was observed, therefore results could not be analysed for main effects. In comparison to placebo, vitamin C lowered systolic BP (–1.8 ± 0.8 mmHg, P=0.03), polyphenols did not significantly alter BP, but the combination of vitamin C and polyphenols significantly increased systolic (4.8 ± 0.9 mmHg, P<0.0001), and diastolic (2.7±0.6 mmHg, P<0.0001) BP. Endothelium-dependent and independent vasodilation, and markers of oxidative damage were not significantly altered. Conclusion - The combination of vitamin C and polyphenols significantly increased BP, but the mechanism remains to be elucidated

Tea intake is inversely related to blood pressure in older women JM Hodgson,1 A Devine 2,3 IB Puddey,1 SY Chan,1 LJ Beilin1,RL Prince2,3

University of Western Australia School of Medicine and Pharmacology, and the Western Australian Institute for Medical Research (WAIMR) 1Royal Perth Hospital Unit, 2Sir Charles Gairdner

Hospital Unit & 3Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth Background - Tea is rich in polyphenols, which have activities consistent with blood pressure lowering potential. The effects of long-term regular ingestion of tea on blood pressure remain uncertain. Objective - To investigate the relationships of tea intake and a biomarker of exposure to tea-derived polyphenols (4-O-methylgallic acid) with blood pressure. Methods - This was a cross-sectional study of 218 women over 70 y. Clinic blood pressures were measured, tea intake was assessed using a 24 h dietary recall, and 4-O-methylgallic acid was measured for the same period in a 24 h urine sample. Results - Mean (95% CI) daily tea intake was 525 (475, 600) mL. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 138.1 (135.6, 140.6) / 73.5 (72.1, 74.9) mmHg. Using linear regression analysis, higher tea intake and higher 4-O-methylgallic acid excretion were associated with significantly lower systolic (P=0.002 and P=0.040, respectively) and diastolic (P=0.027 and P<0.001, respectively) blood pressures. A 250 mL/d (1 cup) increase in tea intake was associated with a 2.2 (0.8, 3.6) mmHg lower systolic blood pressure and a 0.9 (0.1, 1.7) mmHg lower diastolic blood pressure. Conclusions - The observed associations for both tea intake and 4-O-methylgallic acid are consistent with the hypothesis that long-term regular ingestion of tea may have a favorable effect on blood pressure in older women.



Dietary approaches to reduce blood pressure in a community setting: a randomised crossover study

CA Nowson, T Worsley, C Margerison, MK Jorna, AG Frame, SJ Torres, SJ Godfrey School of Health Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, 3215

Objective - A diet combining increased fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy foods, fish and nuts etc (DASH) has been shown to lower blood pressure (BP) in controlled intervention studies with all food provided. The aim of this study was to determine the effect on BP of three different self-selected diets: a “DASH” type diet high in fruit, vegetables & low-fat dairy foods (OD), a high dairy diet (HID) & a low sodium, high potassium diet (LNAHIK). Design - Ninety-four subjects (56 men and 38 women, 55 normotensives (with BP > 120/80 mmHg), 39 hypertensives (on anti-hypertensive therapy)) following a one-week run-in period, completed a 12-week study, which consisted of a two-week control diet, after which subjects were randomised to one of the diets for four weeks followed by a second control diet phase, which was followed by the second diet. All subjects completed the OD diet. Home BP was measured daily for the last two weeks in each phase. Results - Ninety-four subjects completed the OD diet, 43 the LNAHIK diet and 48 the HID diet. The mean age was 55.6 (9.9) years and run-in home BP (mean (SD)) was 129(11.3)/80.6(8.6) mmHg. The changes (mean ± SEM) in BP between the control diet and dietary phases were: OD: -1.8 ± 0.5/-0.4 ± 0.3 mmHg (P<0.001, ns respectively); LNAHIK: - 4.4 ± 0.8/-2.0 ± 0.6 mmHg (both P < 0.001); HID +0.6 ± 0.4/+0.3 ± 0.3 (both ns). Urinary sodium (24-hour) fell in OD by 33.0 ± 7.4 mmol/day and by 73.4 ± 10.1 mmol/day in the LNAHIK diet (both P<0.001). Conclusions - In a community setting, a LNAHIK diet resulted in a greater fall in blood pressure than a self-selected DASH type diet and confirms the positive effect of reducing Na and increasing K on blood pressure.

Fruit and Vegetable Intake prior to and following a 4-week intervention (OZDASH study) C Margerison, CA Nowson, T Worsley, MK Jorna, AG Frame

School of Health Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125 Objective - The OZDASH (OD) diet (a diet combining increased fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy foods, fish and nuts etc) was developed to test the feasibility and effectiveness in lowering blood pressure, in free-living Australian adults. Design - The OD diet specified a minimum of 8 serves of fruit and vegetables per day (at least 4 serves of vegetables). Ninety-seven participants commenced the study and 94 (38 females, 56 males) completed the 4-week OD diet. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was administered at baseline and after the OD diet. The summary questions on average fruit and vegetable intake in the last 12 months (baseline) and the last 4-week (OD diet) were used in this analysis.

% participants consuming fruit (serves/day) % participants consuming vegetables (serves/day) ≤ 1 2-3 4-5 6+ P* ≤ 1 2-3 4-5 6+ P* Baseline 31% 59% 9% 2% 23% 55% 19% 2% OZDASH 2% 50% 42% 5%

<0.0001 1% 28% 64% 7%

<0.0001

* Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test

Outcomes - Initially 31% of participants were consuming one serve/day or less of fruit and 23% consumed one serve/day or less of vegetables. On the OD diet, only 2% of participants consumed one serve/day or less of fruit and only 1% consumed one serve/day or less of vegetables. During the dietary phase, the majority of subjects (59%) achieved an increase in fruit intake and 67% achieved an increased vegetable intake. However, 29% did not meet the target of at least 4 serves of vegetables per day but 98% had at least 2 or more serves of fruit per day. Conclusions - After four weeks on the OD diet, fruit and vegetable intakes increased, particularly in those consuming less than one serve initially. Therefore, while motivated individuals did increase fruit and vegetable intakes, almost a third were unable to meet the target for vegetables.



Plasma coagulation factor VII activity and its correlates in healthy men D Li1, AJ Sinclair2

1Department of Food Science, Hangzhou University of Commerce, Hangzhou, China, 310035 2Department of Food Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000

Background - Previous studies have provided evidence showing that increased coagulation factors and impaired fibrinolysis system are important predictors of cardiovascular disease. Elevated plasma coagulation factor VII activity (VII) have been claimed to be an important independent risk factor for occlusive vascular disease. Objective - To investigate the relationship between plasma VII and individual fatty acid concentration in plasma phospholipid (PL). Design - Cross-sectional study, consisting of 139 aged 20-55 years healthy men were recruited from Melbourne, each volunteer completed semi-FFQ and gave a blood sample. According to their habitual dietary intake, they were divided into four groups: vegan (n=18), ovolacto vegetarians (n=43), moderate-meat-eaters (n=60) and high-meat-eaters (n=18). Outcomes - Both vegans and ovolacto vegetarians had lower plasma VII than omnivores. In the stepwise regression, plasma VII was used as a dependent variable, and 20 factors that were significantly correlated with plasma VII in age-adjusted bivariate analysis (P<0.01) were used as independent variables. The two most important variables of plasma VII were selected in the model with R2 = 0.465 and P<0.0001; these were prothrombin time and plasma PL 18:0 concentration, standard coefficient were –0.603 and +0.191, respectively. Conclusions - The present results indicate that both ovolacto vegetarians and vegans have a lower plasma VII compared with omnivores. Despite the correlation between plasma PL 18:0 concentration and VII is not a causal relation, previous studies have implicated diet total fat intake is a contributor to rased plasma VII.

The effects of tomato extract (TE) and omega-3 fatty acids on platelet cAMP levels and inositol triphosphate (IP3) release

SA Lazarus and ML Garg Nutrition & Dietetics, University of Newcastle, NSW 2308

Background - Blood platelets play a major role in the development and stability of atherosclerotic plaques. Pharmacological antiplatelet therapies have been shown to decrease the incidence of cardiac events. Dietary strategies aimed at reducing platelet activity are needed. Objectives - To determine whether the combination of TE and ω-3 fatty acids inhibits platelet aggregation in vitro to a greater extent than either treatment alone and whether the mechanism of inhibition is by increasing cAMP levels or inhibiting the release of IP3. Design - Platelet rich plasma was incubated with buffer (control), TE (30 μL), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 5 μM), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 2.5 μM), EPA plus TE or DHA plus TE for 15 min at 37ºC. cAMP levels were determined using an enzyme immunassay kit. IP3 release was determined after 1 min of stimulation with ADP (5 μM) using a radioimmunoassay kit. Platelet aggregation was monitored for 5 min after stimulation with ADP (5 μM). Outcomes - Platelet aggregation was inhibited by TE (39.2%, P=0.01), EPA (24.3%, P<0.05), DHA (16.4%, P=0.13), TE + EPA (68.4%, P<0.001), TE + DHA (71.7%, P<0.001). The extent of inhibition of platelet aggregation was significantly correlated with platelet cAMP levels (R2=0.742, P=0.027). EPA tended to inhibit IP3 release (P=0.2), while DHA had no effect. Unexpectedly, TE caused a significant increase in IP3 release (P=0.01). Conclusions - The combination of TE and ω-3 fatty acids inhibited in vitro platelet aggregation to a greater extent than either alone and this inhibition was correlated with platelet cAMP levels. Human intervention studies should be conducted in order to determine whether the anti-aggregatory benefits can be observed following consumption.



Effects of olive oil and tomato lycopene combination on heart disease risk factors KD Ahuja, D Kunde, MJ Ball

School of Human Life Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250 Background - There remains debate about the relative benefits of high monounsaturated fat diets or high carbohydrate diets in reducing the risk of coronary heart disease. Intake of lycopene from tomatoes and tomato products has been suggested as inversely related to the risk of coronary heart disease and some forms of cancer. However little is known about the effects of combination of olive oil and lycopene on the risk factors of heart disease. Objective - To compare the effect of two diets (a monounsaturated fat enriched olive oil diet and high carbohydrate low olive oil diet), with controlled carotenoid content on serum lycopene, lipids and susceptibility of serum to in vitro oxidation. Design - A randomised crossover dietary intervention study, in human subjects (20-70 years), of two dietary periods (olive oil enriched, and high carbohydrate low olive oil) of 10 days duration. Both the diets were matched for basic foods and were controlled for carotenoid content, which was high in lycopene. Results - Both diets similarly increased serum lycopene levels. Serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were higher; and triglycerides and low density lipoprotein to high density lipoprotein ratio were lower at the end of the high olive oil diet compared to the high carbohydrate low olive oil diet. No difference was seen in susceptibility of serum to in vitro oxidation between the two diets. Conclusions - A high olive oil diet with high lycopene content may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease by increasing serum lycopene levels and improving serum lipid profile. Sponsorship: The study was funded by the Clifford Craig Medical Research Trust, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia. H.J. Heinz, Melbourne, Australia and IGA Moonah, Tasmania, Australia respectively provided the tomato products and olive oil. Jane Pittaway kindly assisted with technical aspects.

Dietary fibre intake and prevalence of dyslipidemia in Type-2 diabetic subjects K Fatema , F Akter, HS Chaudhury and L Ali

Biomedical Research Group, BIRDEM;122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue Dhaka-1000 Bangladesh

Background - Dietary fibres are now widely accepted as invaluable components of a healthy diet. This is particularly true for patients with certain disorders like diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidemia. The consumption of dietary fibres varies highly depending on racial and socio-cultural background. Objective - To evaluate the amount and nature of dietary fibre intake and its relation to blood glucose and lipid control among Bangladeshi diabetic population. Design - Diabetic subjects attending the OPDs of diabetic care centres in Dhaka were interviewed for their dietary habits by 24 hours Dietary Recall Method and their clinical and biochemical data related to diabetes control were extracted from the respective Patient Guide Books. Outcomes - The patients were categorized on the basis of amount of their daily dietary fibre intake and the distribution of the total subjects in these groups was as follows:<10g (Gp-1) 43%, 10-19g (Gp-2) 41%, 20-29 g (Gp-3) 13% and >30g (Gp-4) 3% respectively. Analysis of the nature of carbohydrates revealed that cellulose like fibres, which has no physiological impact on glycemic or lipidemic status, constituted a substantial portion of the fibres consumed. Pulses and vegetables, the two most important sources of useful fibres, are not adequately consumed. The consumption of dietary fibres, at this lower range, does not seem to have any significant impact on glycemic status of the subjects (HbA1c%, M ± SD, 8.51 ± 2.50 in Group-1, 8.85 ± 2.77 in Group-2, 9.16 ± 3.13 in Group-3 and 7.92 ± 2.28 in Group-4). Conclusions - The diabetic patients in our population consume very low amount of dietary fibres in their diet and this low amount of fibre intake in our diabetic subjects does not seem to create any significant outcome on blood glucose and lipids.



Hypocholestrolemic and hypoglycemic effects of dietetic flour in rats K Habib1, MS Butt1

1 Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Background - Guar gum, a water soluble dietary fibre has been explored as a possible hypo-cholesterolemic and hypoglycemic agent and consequently contributes to the reduction of the risk of Diabetes and Cardiovascular diseases. Dietary patterns emphasizing foods high in complex carbohydrates and fibre are associated with reduced risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and diabetes mellitus (DM), lower blood glucose (BG) and blood cholesterol (BC) levels. Objective - To determine the nutritional and therapeutic role of guar gum on reduction of blood glucose and blood cholesterol. Design - Dietetic flour was prepared by blending wheat flour with guar gum (GG) at different levels ie 1, 2 and 3 % respectively. Flat unleavened bread locally known as Chapattis were prepared from all the treatments. Sensory evaluation of the chapattis was carried out and it was noted that overall acceptability of dietetic flour prepared from GG at 3% was turned out to be the highest considering color, flavor, taste, texture, chewing ability etc. To examine the hypocholestrolemic and hypo-glycemic effects of the selected dietetic flour, 14 young male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a simple wheat flour (Control) and GG 3% dietetic flour. Outcomes - Comparing the palatability of wheat flour and dietetic flour, there were non-significant changes between feed and water intake, but the weight gain showed significant results (P≤0.05). Plasma total Cholesterol, total Protein, Albumin and Globulin concentration showed non-significant results between given treatments. Plasma Glucose, triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol concentration (mg/dl) were significantly reduced (P≤0.05) in rats fed on dietetic flour while Plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration was significantly increased (P≤0.05) in rats fed on dietetic flour. Conclusions - Dietetic flour prepared from Guar gum is related to the subsequent reduction of BG and BC suggesting it to be an essential part of the diet especially for CHD and DM patients.

Diets with a lower glycaemic load associated with higher HDL-cholesterol in secondary cardiovascular disease

K Mehalski1,2, J Brand Miller1, C Pollicino2, S Record3, D Colquhoun4, P Nestel5, for the LIPID Management Committee and Study Investigators

1Human Nutrition Unit, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, 2NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, 3Health Sciences and Nutrition, CSIRO, Adelaide SA 5000

4Core Research Group, Wesley Private Hospital, QLD 4066 5Laboratory of Cardiovascular Nutrition, Baker Medical Research Institute, VIC 3004

Background - Glycaemic load has been related to high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in the general population, indicating that a low glycaemic index diet may protect against cardiovascular disease (CVD).1 Objective - To determine whether a significant relationship exists between glycaemic load or glycaemic index and HDL-C in patients with existing CVD. Design - The LIPID study recruited 9,014 patients with existing CVD to receive either pravastatin (40mg/day) or placebo over a 5-year period. Complete food frequency questionnaires were completed by 1,077 of these patients at baseline. Foods containing carbohydrate were allocated glycaemic index values, and the dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load were compared to serum HDL-C concentrations. Outcomes - Dietary glycaemic index (P<0.001) and glycaemic load (P<0.001) were significantly inversely related to plasma HDL-C concentrations. Conclusions - Nutrition education of CVD patients should include recommendations to consume low glycaemic index foods as part of a well-balanced and varied low-saturated fat diet. 1. Liu S, Manson JE, Stampfer M, Holmes MD, Hu FB, Hankinson SE, Willett WC. Dietary glycemic load assessed

by food-frequency questionnaire in relation to plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and fasting triacylglycerols in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;73:560-566.


Concurrent Session 4: Nutrition Assessment

Reliable estimates of dietary adequacy in population sub-groups depend on appropriate analysis of national dietary survey data IHE Rutishauser1 and DEM Mackerras2

1School of Health Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216 2Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, NT 8011

Background - National dietary survey data are widely used to estimate dietary inadequacy/excess without due regard either to the main limitations associated with such data – usually short term, often single 24-hour self-report, in which respondents tend to forget all they have eaten. Objectives - Firstly, we determine the impact of adjusting for within-person variance on the spread of nutrient intakes and the effect of excluding under-reporters on the mid-point and the spread of the distribution of nutrient intake. Secondly, we illustrate how allowing for both factors alters estimates of dietary inadequacy for nutrients. We selected nutrients for which it is possible to derive an esti-mated average requirement (EAR) based on the published background papers for the Australian RDIs. Design - The unit record file data from the 1995 NNS provided by the ABS was analysed using adjustment factors for within-person variance to derive population weighted adjusted intake distributions. Stata (version 6) was used to derive both the adjusted distributions and to determine the proportion with intakes below relevant reference cut-offs for a range of age-sex groups. Outcomes - The effect of adjustment for within-person variance in intake varied both with nutrient and with population sub-group. Typically, the adjusted 10-90 centile range was reduced to between 66 and 80% of the unadjusted range and the percentage below the EAR was reduced by as much as 20%. The exclusion of those with implausibly low energy intakes further reduced the proportion below the EAR to 50% or less of that obtained with the single-day unadjusted intakes. For example, using the single-day unadjusted data, 19% of boys and 43% of girls aged 12-15 had intakes below the EAR for zinc and these dropped to 0% and 18% respectively after adjustment and correction. Conclusions - Calculated prevalence of low dietary intake in a population may be very misleading if the data are not adjusted for within-person variance and corrected for implausible energy values.

Relative validity of two brief sets of questions to assess vegetable intake behaviours JL Barkess1, JL Sherriff1

1School of Public Health, Curtin University of Technology, WA 6845 Background - A short food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ) has been developed to assess intake of fruit, vegetables, and cereal foods, as well as saturated fat, in Australian adults. Objective - To assess the relative validity of SFFQ vegetable questions (a two and four item set of questions) in comparison to intake measured by seven day estimated food records (7DDR). Design - Sixty four adult volunteers (30 male and 34 female), at risk of coronary heart disease, completed the SFFQ and a 7DDR. Vegetable intake was calculated using the SFFQ in two ways: by adding daily average potato intake assessed by one question to 1) a summary question on vegetable intake (excluding potato) (VEG2) or 2) the sum of three separate questions1 on the intake of vegetable soups, salads and cooked vegetables (excluding potato) (VEG4). Outcomes - Wide 95% limits of agreement for both VEG2 and VEG4 in comparison to 7DDR indicates poor agreement at the individual level. Further results are shown in the table below.

Vegetable serves/day1 Prevalence of 5 serves/day, %

Positive predictive value for <5 serves/day

Prevalence of 4 serves/day, %

Positive predictive value for <4 serves/day

7DDR 3.6 ± 1.6 (3.2,4.0) 12.5 … 34.4 … VEG2 2.9 ± 1.3* (2.6,3.3) 7.8 0.90 18.8 0.69 VEG4 3.3 ± 1.5 (3.0,3.7) 12.5 0.91 39.1 0.74

1mean ± SD (95% CI); *P<0.001 in comparison to 7DDR mean Conclusions - VEG2 or VEG4 from the SFFQ cannot replace 7DDR in estimating vegetable intakes of individuals, however VEG4 can assess mean group intake for vegetables and has good ability to identify those not meeting the dietary recommendation of 5 serves/day of vegetables. 1. Ling, AM, Horwath, C, Parnell W. Validation of a short food frequency questionnaire to assess consumption of

cereal foods, fruit and vegetables in Chinese Singaporeans. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998; 52: 557-64.



Design considerations in the development of a food-frequency questionnaire for school-aged children

JF Watson1, CE Collins1, MJ Dibley2, MG Garg1, D Sibbritt2 1Discipline of Nutrition & Dietetics, University of Newcastle, NSW 2308

2Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, NSW 2308 Background - Recent estimates of child and adolescent obesity are between 20% and 23%, with this rate continuing to increase.1 Effective prevention and treatment requires an understanding of the factors involved, including the role of dietary intake. Food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) are the most practical and economic method for assessing dietary intakes in large epidemiologic studies.2 There is currently no widely accepted FFQ for school-aged children in Australia and this gap has been acknowledged as an important area for future research.3 Objective - To develop and pre-test a FFQ for assessing the dietary intakes of children and adolescents aged between 9 and 16 years in the Hunter Region, NSW. Design - Focus groups were held with 61 school-aged students. Pre-testing was undertaken in another sample of 44 school-aged children and included a qualitative survey. Outcomes - The focus group results were used to refine the food list. Subsequent pre-testing identified difficulties encountered by the children during completion of the FFQ and some small changes were made to the food list, the formatting and language of the FFQ. Conclusion - The FFQ takes between 15 and 30 minutes to complete and is a feasible method for assessing the dietary intakes of Australian youth. References 1. Booth ML, Wake M, Armstrong T, Chey T, Hesketh K, Mathur S. The epidemiology of overweight and obesity

among Australian children and adolescents, 1995-97. Aust NZ J Public Health 2001; 25:162-169. 2. Willett, W. Nutritional Epidemiology. 2nd Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. 3. National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). Draft National Clinical Guidelines for Weight Control

and Obesity Management in Children and Adolescents. Canberra: NHMRC, 2002.

The relationship between plasma homocysteine, red cell folate and plasma vitamin B12 in a sample of the New South Wales Central Coast population

N Naumovski1, PD Roach1, B Blades1, P Lewis2 1School of Applied Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258

2Public Health Unit, Central Coast Area Health, Ourimbah, NSW 2258 Background - Recent NSW Health Department surveys1,2 have identified that the NSW Central Coast population had higher rates of coronary heart disease and an increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors including blood cholesterol, diabetes and smoking than the state average. Plasma homocysteine (Hcy) was however not considered. Objective - The aims of this study were to determine the plasma Hcy levels and relate them to red cell folate (RCF) and plasma vitamin B12 in a sample of the Central Coast population. Design - Blood samples were collected from 387 subjects (213 females; 174 males). Homocysteine was measured by HPLC and RCF and B12 were measured by immunoassay. Outcomes - The mean plasma Hcy was 10.3 ± 5.2 µmol/L; 14% of subjects had levels higher than 14 µmol/L and 40% had levels higher than 10 µmol/L. There was a negative correlation between plasma Hcy and RCF (r = -0.247; P<0.001) and between plasma Hcy and plasma vitamin B12 (r = -0.230; P<0.001). Conclusions - Like other western population groups, almost half the Central Coast population sample had Hcy levels above the recommended 10 µmol/L threshold. Decreased RCF and plasma B12 appeared to be factors contributing this increased plasma Hcy. References 1. Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, NSW Health Department. 2000. The health of the people of New South

Wales – Report of the Chief Health Officer. NSW Health Department, Sydney. 2. Public Health Division. 2000. Report on the 1997 and 1998 NSW Health Surveys. NSW Health Department,

Sydney.



Sociodemographic factors associated with calcium intake in premenopausal women: a cross-sectional study

TM Winzenberg1, M Riley2, S Frendin3, B Oldenburg4, G Jones1 1Menzies Centre for Population Health Research, TAS, 2Monash University, VIC, 3Department of

Health and Human Services, TAS, 4Queensland University of Technology, Qld Background - While it is well recognized that many women do not achieve the recommended daily intake (RDI) of calcium, the reasons for this are unclear. Objectives - To describe the associations between sociodemographic factors and calcium intake in pre-menopausal women and to determine the effect of having low milk intake on meeting the RDI for calcium. Design - A cross-sectional study of 467 randomly-selected women aged 25-44 years was performed with measurement of sociodemographic factors, anthropometrics, osteoporosis knowledge, osteo-porosis self-efficacy and calcium intake. Outcomes - Mean daily total calcium intake was 789 mg (IQR 511 to 983). Education level, calcium-specific osteoporosis knowledge and self-efficacy were all independently associated with calcium intake (P<0.05). There were no associations between calcium intake and hours of employment, smoking history, marital status, age, family or personal history of fracture, number of children or having ever breastfed. The odds of achieving the RDI for calcium increased with higher levels of calcium-specific self-efficacy and knowledge, and decreased in current smokers or if the main financial provider in the household was unemployed (P<0.05). Women drinking more than 300 ml of milk per day were more likely to meet the RDI for calcium (OR 11.1,95%CI 6.6-18.7). Conclusions - Women who have lower levels of education, who are in households where the main financial provider is unemployed, who are smokers, and those with low levels of calcium-specific self-efficacy and knowledge, are at risk of not achieving adequate calcium intake. This information will inform public health strategies aimed at improving the calcium intake of women in this age group.

Portion size of campus takeaway foods and serving size estimates of common foods DH Volker1, C Leary1, TP Gill2

1Human Nutrition Unit, University of Sydney, NSW 2006 2Centre for Public Health Nutrition, University of Sydney, NSW 2006

Background - Advertised meal deals are increasing in size, the average Australian is increasing in size and consumers appear to have lost the ability to judge appropriate food portion size. Objective - To investigate portion size of foods from on campus food outlets, takeaway outlets and supermarkets compared with the unspecified serve values of the National Nutrition Survey (1995) and the ability of consumers to judge appropriate food portion size from bulk food. Design - In the serving size study 58 foods were purchased from supermarkets, takeaway and university food outlets. The weight in grams of these purchased foods was compared with the ‘unspecified serve’ size of the most appropriate food. The estimation of portions size study recruited 100 subjects; 50 dietitians and 50 non-dietitians who estimated standard portions from a variety of bulk food supplies. Outcomes - In total, 86% of the purchased foods weighed greater than the unspecified serve, with a total of 39% being more than double the weight. Twelve percent of the total products purchased weighed less than the equivalent unspecified serve. There were significant differences between the mean estimations made by both dietitians and non-dietitians and unspecified serves, for most bulk items. Conclusions - This research confirms that people lack the ability to estimate appropriate portion sizes from bulk food items. The larger portion sizes produced by the food industry may have an impact on the community’s knowledge of appropriate quantities of food to eat. These factors could well be contributing to the increases in the rates of overweight and obesity in society.



Predictors of malnutrition risk among hospital in-patients JM McKerchar1, JM Symes1, DR Woodward2

1 Nutrition and Dietetics, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart TAS 7001 2 School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart TAS 7001

Background - Malnutrition increases morbidity and mortality among hospital patients, but little is known about the characteristics of patients who are more likely to be malnourished. Objective - To identify routinely-collected patient characteristics associated with a higher risk of malnutrition. Design - In a large teaching hospital, adult in-patients were randomly selected from all wards, except critical care, palliative, obstetrics and psychiatry. (Selected patients who were unavailable or unable to communicate adequately were replaced by others randomly selected from the same ward.) Their nutritional status was assessed as “well-nourished” or “malnourished” by trained dietetic staff using the Detsky SGA method. Outcomes - Malnutrition prevalence was 39% for the 117 female subjects, and 43% for the 120 males. Among females, malnutrition prevalence was not significantly (P<0.05) linked to age (39% for 18-65 y vs 40% for >65 y), length of stay (40% for 0-6 d vs 38% for >6 d) or hospital division (30% for surgical vs 45% for medical & gynaecological). However, among males, malnutrition prevalence was significantly linked to age (25% for 18-65 y vs 58% for >65 y, P<0.0005), length of stay (31% for 0-6 d vs 63% for >6 d, P=0.001) and hospital division (30% for surgical vs 51% for medical, P=0.037). Conclusions - Among males, malnutrition prevalence varies substantially; routinely-available data could be used as predictors of malnutrition risk to help allocate scarce dietetic resources. Among females, malnutrition prevalence is more uniformly distributed.

More, more, more: food, fat and African refugee and migrant children AMN Renzaho and C Burns

School of Health Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne 3125 Background - In Australia, there is a scarcity of data related to the nutrient intakes and health of migrant children from developing countries. Objective - To determine food, energy and nutrient intakes of 3-to-12-year-old children from various sub-Saharan African (SSA) sub-populations living in Melbourne. Design - Subjects were recruited, using a snowball sampling technique. Data were collected by questionnaire-assisted interview with a parent using bi-lingual interviewers. Dietary data was collected using a previously validated “photo-assisted food frequency questionnaire” methodology. Each child was weighted and measured. Energy and nutrient intakes were determined using Food Works ® Results - Data was obtained on 337 children who migrated to Australia either as refugees or migrants. These 3-to-12-year-old SSA children exhibited post-migration dietary intakes that were higher than data for Australian children in the same age bracket (NNS95). The daily food intake averaged 3184g (95%CI: 3058-3311g). The energy, total fat and saturated fat intakes averaged respectively 13.7MJ (95%CI: 13.2-14.3MJ), 128g (95%CI: 122-134g) and 51g (95%CI: 49.4-54.4g). The proportion of energy derived from fats averaged 34.6% (95%CI: 34.1-35.2%) for total fat and 14% (95%CI: 13.8-14.3%) for saturated fat. 27% percent of the children were obese or overweight. Conclusions - The evaluation of the post-migration diet of SSA refugee and migrant children may indicate high energy and fat intakes. This would be consistent with high level of obesity in this sample. It is also possible that this population may over-report intake. More research is required into weight gain in this population.

The study was funded by the Ian Potter Foundation



Fatty acid composition of habitual diet YF Pirotta, NJ Mann, F Kelly

Department of Food Science R.M.I.T University, VIC 3000 Background - Most foods containing long chain PUFA have only trace levels present. When reported in databases to one decimal place in grams/100 grams food, these amounts are rounded down to zero. In the context of the total diet, the intake levels of many PUFA are significantly under reported. The fatty acid data base developed by the Food Science Department at RMIT University allows PUFA in foods to be detected and reported to two decimal places, allowing PUFA totals to accumulate and levels to be determined in individual diets. Objective - To investigate the fatty acid intake levels of habitual diets of healthy male subjects. Design – Healthy male subjects were recruited from four habitual dietary groups: High meat eaters (<280g meat/day, n=12), Moderate meat eaters (>260g meat/day, n=29), Ovolacto vegetarians (n=32) and Vegans (n=17). Habitual dietary intake was determined using validated food frequency questionnaire administered by a dietitian and fatty acid intake levels determined by applying the fatty acid database incorporated in Food Works (Xyris software, Brisbane). Outcomes - Vegans consumed no long chain PUFA whereas the ovolacto vegetarians consumed approximately 30mg/day of arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) and 20mg/day of docosahexaenoic acid (22: 6n-3). Moderate meat eaters were consuming approximately 330mg of long chain PUFA per day including 90mg/day of 20:4n-6 and 50mg/day of 20:5n-3 and 90mg/day of DHA. The high meat eaters were consuming approximately 600mg/day of long chain PUFA of which 20:4n-6 made up approximately 220mg.day and DHA approximately 120mg/day. Conclusions - The more animal products consumed in the diet the greater the intake of long chain PUFA. Vegans consumed no long chain PUFA while subjects consuming meat and fish within normal dietary levels recorded long chain n-3 PUFA intakes of approximately 170mg/day.

Contribution of red meat to very long chain omega-3 fatty acid (VLC ωωωω3) intake PRC Howea, BJ Meyerb, S Recordc, K Baghurstc

aSchool of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA 5000 & School of Molecular & Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, bDepartment of Biomedical Science,

University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, cCSIRO Health Sciences & Nutrition, Adelaide SA 5000 Background & Aim - Fish is regarded as the primary dietary source of health-giving VLC ω3. However, we recently estimated that 20% of VLC ω3 consumed by adult Australians in the 1995 National Nutrition Survey came from meat sources.1 We now report on further analysis of the contribution of meat to ω3 intake using new compositional data for red meat.2

Average adult intake (mg/day)

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA)

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

Total VLC ω3

Previous estimate 56 26 106 189 Current estimate 75 71 100 246

Outcomes - Fatty acid intakes based on 24-hr diet recalls were comparable to earlier estimates except for VLC ω3, which were proportionately higher. This is due to previous underestimation of VLC ω3 levels in certain foods, particularly DPA in meat. We now find that 42.7% of adult VLC ω3 intake originated from meat, poultry and game, compared with 48.0% from fish and seafood. Moreover, the meat content of pies and other cereal-based products accounted for an extra 5.7%. Beef and lamb contributed 28.2% of the total VLC ω3 intake, while pork and poultry contribute 3.9% and 10% respectively. Food frequency questionnaires gave similar results. Conclusion - Red meat is a major source of VLC ω3, particularly DPA, for most Australians. However, the health potential of DPA is yet to be elucidated. 1. Meyer BJ, Mann NJ, Lewis JL, Milligan GC, Sinclair AJ, Howe PRC: Dietary intakes and food sources of omega-6

and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Lipids 2003; 38: 391-398. 2. Sinclair AJ: unpublished data provided by Meat & Livestock Australia.


Symposium 3: Nutrition and Growth

Nutrition and growth before birth JE Harding

Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand Background - It has long been known that babies born small are at increased risk of dying before or immediately after birth. They are also at high risk of infection, lung disease and poor growth, and of adverse developmental outcomes. We now know that these small babies are also at increased long-term risk particularly of heart disease, stroke and diabetes.1 However the role of nutrition in the cause and possible treatment of these problems remains uncertain. Review - Although severely undernourished women have smaller babies, nutritional supplements make little difference to mean birthweight. However animal studies show that maternal under-nutrition can and does limit fetal growth. This apparent paradox can be resolved if the clear distinction is drawn between fetal nutrition and maternal nutrition. Fetal nutrition regulates fetal growth both directly and by regulating circulating levels of fetal hormones. In contrast, maternal nutrition may have little influence on fetal nutrition depending on the capacity of the fetal supply line to transfer those nutrients from mother to fetus.2 More recent data from human populations shows that maternal nutrition does influence size at birth. The balance of macronutrient intake, and particularly protein: carbohydrate balance, appears to be important, with an imbalance associated with reduced birthweight and adverse long-term effects. The timing of maternal nutritional changes are also important. Maternal undernutrition in late pregnancy in both rats and humans is associated with reduced birthweight and increased postnatal risk of diabetes. However maternal undernutrition around conception is associated with other risks including obesity, heart disease and reduced birthweight in the second generation.3 In sheep, periconceptual undernutrition sets a slow fetal growth trajectory and results in lambs with altered pancreatic function, altered endocrine development, altered metabolism and early delivery.4,5 The role of maternal micronutrient intake in fetal growth remains unclear, but there is growing evidence of its potential importance. Whether growth that has been impaired by inadequate nutrition before birth can be improved after birth remains unclear. Nutritional supplements in very low birthweight babies can improve early growth rates.6 This may be advantageous for short-term outcomes such as neonatal respiratory function and time of discharge. However the longterm implications both for continuing postnatal growth and for subsequent adult health remain of concern. Conclusions - Growth before birth is regulated by fetal nutrition. The role of maternal nutrition in human pregnancy is unclear but undoubtedly important. Specific recommendations about diet before, during and after pregnancy must await further research. References 1. Barker DJP. Mothers, babies and health in later life. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1998. 2. Harding JE. The nutritional basis of the fetal origins of adult disease. Int J Epidemiol 2001; 30:15-23. 3. Roseboom TJ, van der Meulen JH, Ravelli ACJ et al. Effects of prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine on adult

disease in later life: an overview. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001; 185:93-8. 4. Oliver MH, Hawkins P, Breier BH, et al. Maternal undernutrition during the periconceptual period increases plasma

taurine levels and insulin response to glucose but not arginine in the late gestation fetal sheep. Endocrinology 2001; 142:4576-9.

5. Bloomfield FH, Oliver MH, Hawkins P et al. A periconceptual nutritional origin for non-infectious preterm birth. Science 2003; 300:606.

6. Kuschel CA, Harding JE. Multicomponent fortification of human milk for promoting growth in premature infants. The Cochrane Library 2003. Oxford: Update Software.



Using biological and physical measurements in children to predict disease risk Dwyer T, Jones G, Blizzard L

Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania Background - The Menzies Centre has employed a strategy of including physical and biological measures of exposure in its studies where these might be relevant. The Centre has used such measures not surprisingly where the alternative - questionnaire or direct observation - could not obviously provide the desired information. The Centre has also used physical and biological measures to assist the interpretation of data obtained from questionnaire measures or simpler physical measures. Review - In research on the occurrence of dysplastic naevi, a risk factor for melanoma, three physical/biological measures were used in parallel with two established questionnaire measures. Amid the risk factors of interest, in place of sun exposure questions direct sun exposure using polysulphone badges was undertaken and in conjunction with self reported measures of tendency to burn or tan a non-invasive measure of melanin density using a spectrophotometer was included. Also a measure of the type of melanin each individual was producing was obtained from hair samples. In a cohort study of children where the endpoint of interest was bone density information on diet was obtained and physical activity via questionnaire. In addition, physical activity was measured using pedometers, vitamin D was measured from a serum sample. Both the abovementioned studies were able to obtain valuable extra insights for an inclusion of the biological and physical measures.The relevant results will be presented. The Menzies Centre currently has a large NHMRC grant to follow a cohort of over 8,484 children who had physical and biological measurements made on them between the ages of 7 and 15, as well as having had information on diet and physical activity collected through self report. Both sets of information will be used to estimate childhood exposures in a study which now seeks to re-measure the cohort members at age 25-33. As the first step in a longer process of following them until later life diseases, such as coronary heart disease, occur. Conclusions - The goal of this study will be to separate the effect of childhood exposures from exposures in early adulthood on risk of adult coronary heart disease and some other conditions.



Aquaculture: nutrition for growth and product quality CG Carter

School of Aquaculture, Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, University of Tasmania, TAS 7250

Background - Aquaculture accounted for 29% of global fisheries production in 2000 and of the 38 million tonnes from aquaculture around 5-10% was farmed intensively using nutritionally complete feeds as the sole source of nutrition. Intensive farming represents the majority of finfish aquaculture in developed countries. Considerable advances have been made in understanding the nutrient requirements of intensively farmed finfish and intensive production offers opportunity for increasing growth efficiency and controlling product quality through correct nutrient supply. This is of increasing importance due to the emphasis on reducing the use of marine ingredients in aquafeeds and reducing environmental impacts from poorly utilized aquafeeds. Review - Determination of nutrient requirements of farmed aquatic animals is a relatively complex process. For example, there are a large number of species from different phyla, each species may have several different life-history stages, time to harvest may be as long as five years, a single species may be exposed to a wide range of environmental conditions, and production cohorts are exposed to different patterns of day to day variation in key environmental parameters. Despite these constraints, retention efficiencies for protein-nitrogen and energy in excess of 50% can be achieved by finfish such as Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout. Marine ingredient replacement has focused on limiting the amount of fish meal and fish oil used in aquafeeds. Consequences of using plant meals as alternative protein sources relate to changes in growth performance due to protein quality and quantity and the presence of carbohydrates and anti-nutritional factors. The replacement of fish oil with plant oils changes tissue lipid composition and generally has a greater effect on product quality than on growth performance. For Atlantic salmon key changes in product quality are demonstrated by muscle n-3 and n-6 fatty acid content in relation to source of fish (wild or farmed) and the oil source:

The n-3 and n-6 fatty acid and total lipid contents of Atlantic salmon fillet samples Oil source Total n-31 Total n-61 n-3/n-6 Lipid (g/kg) (g/kg) (%) Scottish1 -wild Wild prey 8.8 (25.1%) 0.9 (2.6%) 9.8 3.5 -farmed Fish oil 25.9 (25.6%) 4.6 (4.6%) 5.6 10.1 Experimental2 Fish oil 23.0 (19.7%) 6.3 (5.4%) 3.7 11.7 Linseed oil 33.4 (34.4%) 10.9 (11.2%) 3.1 9.7 Soybean oil 26.0 (20.5%) 34.9 (27.5%) 0.7 12.7 1 mean g/kg, (and as % of total fatty acids)

Conclusions- Research into aquaculture nutrition has increased dramatically over recent years. Major themes are on unifying the approach for nutrient requirement determination, the replacement of marine ingredients and in controlling product quality through nutrition. References 1. Bell, JG, McEnvoy J, Webster JL, et al. Flesh lipid and carotenoid composition of Scottish farmed Atlantic salmon.

J. Agric Food Chem 1998; 46: 119-127. 2. Rosenlund, G, Obach A, Sandberg MG, et al. Effect of alternative lipid sources on long term growth performance

and quality of Atlantic salmon. Aquacult Res 2001; 32 (Suppl. 1):323-328.



Modern pork production - Balancing efficient growth and feed conversion with product quality requirements and consumer demands

RJ van Barneveld Barneveld Nutrition Pty Ltd, South Maclean, QLD 4280

Background - Profitable pork production in an environment of increasing global competitiveness, diverse markets and heightened consumer awareness is an ongoing challenge. The modern pork producer needs to balance the use of emerging technologies and intensive farming practices, which have the potential to significantly decrease the cost of production, with specific market requirements for a quality product. Manipulation of fat content and distribution, nutritional enrichment of pork products, use of “clean and green” feed ingredients, and hormone and antibiotic free production practices are high on the list of requirements of most markets as is the relative cost of Australian pork to imports and other meats. As some of these requirements are conflicting, modern pork producers must adopt some innovative nutritional and production strategies if they are to remain commercially viable. Review - In a modern Australian pig production system, a sale liveweight of 96 kg for the domestic market can be achieved in approximately 160 days with a feed conversion ratio of 2.60:1.1 This level of efficiency has been achieved through intense genetic selection for fast growing, lean animals over the past 30 years, an advanced knowledge of the nutritional value of feed ingredients and the nutritional requirements of pigs, and sophisticated production tools including advanced growth simulation models such as AUSPIG.2 Consumer demands for reduced levels of fat in pork has contributed to this efficiency given the high energetic cost of fat deposition relative to lean meat deposition. The development of export markets for Australian pork in 1996 coupled with a concurrent increase in consumer awareness of food production has prompted a renewed focus on factors influencing pork product quality traits in addition to the cost of production, particularly manipulation of fat quality, fat composition and fat distribution. For example, higher levels of intramuscular fat or marbling in pork, largely influenced by genetics, can positively affect the juiciness, tenderness and flavour of pork. In addition, a focus on dietary fat sources for growing pigs has been shown to influence fat quality and composition. Restricting the level of dietary unsaturated fats can reduce the incidence of soft fat, and restricting the use of dietary fish oils to 0.5% for at least two weeks prior to slaughter will maintain the processing and keeping qualities of the pork. In contrast, modified forms of fishmeal as a dietary source of long chain n-3 PUFA can effectively be used to produce n-3 enriched pork,3 a factor with potential to greatly increase the attractiveness of pork to some markets. As well as manipulation of the fat attributes of pork, other nutritional strategies that have potential to improve the quality of pork products include enrichment using dietary supplements of minerals such as selenium and a reduced reliance on antibiotics through improved nutrition and herd health status. Conclusions - Modern pork production involves rapid responses to changing market demands. A major issue faced by Australian producers is the need balance product quality requirements with increased costs of production. This is further confounded by the fact that modern technologies such as immunocastration, and the use of porcine somatotropin and genetically modified feed ingredients, all of which could potentially further enhance product quality while offsetting some of the costs of production, are poorly accepted in the market place. References 1. Aranda G, Cleary G. Pig Stats 2000 and 2001. Canberra: Australian Pork Limited, 2002. 2. Black JL, Campbell RG, Williams IH, James KJ, Davies GT. Simulation of energy and amino acid

utilisation in the pig. Res Dev Ag 1986;3:121-145. 3. Howe PRC, Downing JA, Grenyer BFS, Grigonis-Deane EM, Bryden WL. Tuna fishmeal as a source of DHA for

n-3 PUFA enrichment of pork, chicken and eggs. Lipids 2002;37:1067-1076.


Concurrent Session 5: Aquaculture

Dietary phytase supplementation and the utilisation of phosphorus by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed a canola meal-based diet

M Sajjadi , C Carter School of Aquaculture, Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, University of Tasmania,

Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, TAS 7250 Background - Plant proteins offer a promising source of protein for fish meal replacement in aquafeeds, but there are some limitations to their use. Phytate is an antinutritional factor that found in many plant meal. Phytate phosphorus is lost via fish faeces, contributing to pollution and eutrophication of the aquatic environment. Phytase hydrolyses phytate to release phosphorus and it has been used successfully to increase phosphorus digestibility for several monogastric animals. Its potential with Atlantic salmon has yet to be tested thoroughly. Objective - To determine the effect of dietary phytase on phosphorus digestibility in Atlantic salmon fed a plant meal-based diet. Design - Four diets were made with canola meal as main protein source. The control diet contained 35% canola meal and three experimental diets were formulated to contain phytase; inorganic phosphorus (diabasic sodium phosphate); phytase and inorganic phosphorus. Outcomes - Phosphorus digestibility was significantly (P<0.05) higher in fish fed phytase supplemented diets in comparison with the control diet. The control fish had significantly lower bone ash (46.53 ± 0.75%) and bone phosphorus (9.78 ± 0.23%) content. Phosphorus load was the lowest in fish fed phytase supplemented diet (3.9 g kg-1) and the highest value was observed in fish fed diet supplemented with inorganic phosphorus (8.1 g kg-1). Conclusions - Inclusion of phytase in an Atlantic salmon diet increased phytate phosphorus utilisation. The use of supplementary phytase was shown to be effective in Atlantic salmon feeds and to have the potential to limit pollution when plant proteins are used.

Protein turnover in juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer at different temperatures RS Katersky and CG Carter

School of Aquaculture, TAFI, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250 Background - Temperature is recognized to be the most important environmental factor affecting growth and protein synthesis in ectothermic fish.1 The optimal temperature for barramundi is 27-28°C, however culture of these fish often occurs in temperatures which are above and below optimum. Objective - Understanding how different temperatures affect the protein turnover rates of juvenile fish is important in understanding optimization of growth efficiency by juvenile fish. Design - Fish were placed in one of five experimental temperatures ranging from 21–33°C. Fish were fed a 50% protein 15% lipid diet twice daily for 22 days. Growth was monitored weekly and at the end of the trial, fish were sampled for protein synthesis, protein degradation and whole body composition. Remaining fish were starved for 2 weeks to estimate maintenance. Outcomes - No significant differences were found among the highest temperatures (27-33°C) for food conversion ratio, specific growth rate and growth (wet weight gain). Feed intake was significantly different between all treatment groups with the exception of the two highest temperature groups (30 and 33°C). The capacity for protein synthesis (RNA:protein) was highest at 27°C. This was not significant from the 30°C group however it was significantly higher than the remaining treatments. Conclusions - Growth indices and protein turnover were affected by temperature. Higher temperature (27-33°C) supported faster growth than the lower temperatures (21-24°C). Reference 1. Carter CG, Houlihan DF. Protein Synthesis. In: Wright PA and Anderson PM, eds. Fish Physiology. Nitrogen

Excretion. Volume 20. Acedemic Press, 2001; 31-75.



Relationships between growth and retention of dietary lipids in juvenile southern rock lobster Jasus edwardsii

LR Ward1, CG Carter1, BJ Crear2, PD Nichols3, DJ Johnston1 1School of Aquaculture, TAFI, University of Tasmania, Launceston TAS 7250

2 Marine Research Laboratories, TAFI, University of Tasmania, Taroona, TAS 7059 3CSIRO Marine Research, Hobart, TAS 7000

Background - Diet development for the new aquaculture candidate, the southern rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii is based presently on fish meal-fish oil based diets. Novel dietary lipid sources were included in formulated diets in order to assess the effect on lobster growth and energy utilization in the main energy storage organ, the digestive gland. Objective - To investigate the relationship between dietary lipid source and growth, body lipid composition and histology of the digestive gland in the southern rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii. Design - Commercial lipid sources (fish oil, tuna oil, canola oil and lecithin) and marine meals containing lipid (fish meal, squid meal and mussel meal) were formulated to make six isoenergetic and isolipidic diets. Diets were fed to triplicate groups of 15 lobsters (1.5 g) over a 12 week period. Lobster growth, biochemical composition, digestive gland fatty acid, lipid class and histology were assessed. Outcomes - The replacement of fish oil with alternative marine or terrestrial oils yielded no differences in weight gain or survival of lobsters; however the productive protein value was closely correlated with the dietary lipid class profiles. Diets containing the mussel meal promoted significantly faster growth than lobsters fed squid meal. The productive protein values were correlated to the dietary lipid class structure and the lipid storage in the digestive gland assessed by histology. Conclusions - There appears significant potential to replace fish oil in formulated diets for southern rock lobster, without affecting growth. However, using this new information on lobster lipid utilization, more efficient diets may be formulated to optimize productive protein values and increase the current growth performance of cultured lobsters.

Water settlement alters faeces composition and digestibilities of pink snapper diets SA Saxby1, IH Williams1

1Animal Biology, FNAS, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009 Background - Digestibility is often estimated in fish by collecting settled faeces. Markers like Cr2O3 in diets allow calculation of digestibility from their content in faeces. This works well for fish like silver perch that excrete mucous-bound faeces. However, pink snapper excrete loose faeces with little mucous. Experiments with pink snapper using settlement have given some low faecal Cr contents and untenable digestibilities. One suggestion is that during settlement, faeces disintegrated, fine faecal matter and Cr remained suspended, and was lost. Objective - To improve the accuracy of the settlement method by using the indigestible binder, carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) to retain fine matter and Cr in settled faeces. Design - Diets contained basal mix (55%) with CMC (5%) or cellulose (5%) and 40% plant or animal meal. Settled faeces was wet-sieved, then weights and Cr contents of fine, medium and course fractions were determined. Faeces were also collected by purging, to avoid contact of faeces with water and to provide reference Cr contents and digestibilities of diets. Outcomes - CMC increased fine faecal matter and Cr from canola and bloodmeal diets, but not from soybean meal, sheep meal, goat meal, meat meal, and two lupin kernel meal diets. Settled faeces from canola and animal meal diets had lower total Cr contents than purged faeces, while the basal diet and the other plant meal diets had higher Cr. Settled faeces had more variable Cr contents than purged faeces. CMC reduced digestibility by an average of 8% in purged faeces and did not improve the accuracy or precision of the settlement method. Conclusions - Using settlement to collect fish faeces that will disintegrate in water is not recommended. Purging appears best for collection from carnivorous fish like pink snapper.



Determining the essential fatty acid requirements of striped trumpeter larvae MP Bransden1, SC Battagelene1, JM Cobcroft1, DT Morehead1, MR Brown2, PN Nichols2, GA

Dunstan2, S Kolkovski3 1TAFI-MRL, University of Tasmania, and Aquafin CRC, Tasmania 7001;

2CSIRO Marine Research, and Aquafin CRC, Tasmania 7001, 3Dept of Fisheries, WA 6160 Background - Striped trumpeter (Latris lineata) is a marine finfish with aquaculture potential. Striped trumpeter has an extended larval phase and survival during this time is typically low. Similar constraints occur in larval marine finfish hatcheries worldwide that are often associated with inadequate fatty acid nutrition. Determining essential fatty acid requirements of larval fish, however, presents unique challenges. Objective - To determine the fatty acid requirements of larval striped trumpeter during early development. Design - Replicated groups of striped trumpeter larvae were fed one of seven diets containing graded concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3). Growth, behaviour, survival and biochemistry of the larvae were monitored. Outcomes - Differences in larval behaviour and growth were observed and related to dietary DHA. An association between dietary DHA and bacterial proliferation in the larval gut suggested improved health and bacterial resistance in larvae fed higher dietary DHA. Using a novel approach, larval biochemistry was used to determine the requirement for dietary DHA. Conclusions - DHA is an essential dietary component for larval striped trumpeter. Failing to provide DHA above calculated requirements can result in larvae with abnormal behaviour and lower resistance to infection

Is farmed Australian seafood a better source of the good oil than wild-caught seafood? P Nichols, B Mooney, N Elliott

CSIRO Marine Research, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia Background - Nutritionists and medical authorities encourage seafood consumption because the oils contain nutritionally important omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), termed the “Good Oil”. Wild-caught seafood is promoted as an ideal source of the two important long-chain omega-3 PUFA – EPA [eicosapentaenoic acid, 20:5(n-3)] and DHA [docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6(n-3)]. The human body manufactures only small amounts of these PUFA, so we need them from our diet. Two volumes of the FRDC-funded Guide “Seafood the Good Food” have been produced and detail the oil and PUFA composition of Australian seafood, with species examined largely from the wild. Omega-3 PUFA oils are also a prerequisite for survival and development of many marine finfishes, molluscs and crustaceans. The Guides also provide an indication to PUFA levels required in farmed species if their marketing for human consumption is to utilise or maximise on the beneficial omega-3 oil factor. Objective - Concern has been expressed in recent times nationally and internationally that cultured (farmed) fish contain lower oil and omega-3 content than wild-harvested seafood. We examined the current state of play with cultured Australian seafood. Outcomes - We found that, under current feeding practices, farmed Australian finfish (e.g. Atlantic salmon, barramundi, barramundi cod, striped trumpeter) have higher oil and omega-3 content than the same species from the wild. Other cultured species, jade perch, silver perch and Murray cod, also contained attractive PUFA levels. In general, farmed finfish contain higher oil and omega-3 content than many wild-caught species. Furthermore, oil content and composition in aquafeeds can be tailored to influence PUFA profiles in farmed finfish. Blue mussel contained similar oil and PUFA content to the more publicized New Zealand green lip mussel. In contrast to finfish, cultured banana prawns, whilst containing higher oil content, contained lower levels of omega-3 PUFA, in particular DHA, relative to wild specimens. Conclusions - The PUFA profiles of cultured seafood are particularly important for consideration in aquaculture feeds and also for value-adding market opportunities from current harvests.


Concurrent Session 6: Food and Nutrients

Calcium glutamate enhances acceptability of reduced-salt sausages DR Woodward1, PA Lewis2, PJ Ball2, TC Beard3

1School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart TAS 7001 2School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Hobart TAS 7001

3Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart TAS 7001 Background - One strategy for reducing Na intakes is to develop reduced-salt equivalents of foods that conventionally have a high salt content. But can we make them taste as good? Objective - To assess the impact of different levels of calcium diglutamate (CDG) on various taste characteristics of reduced-salt sausages. Design - Healthy university students and staff (n=65) tasted nine bratwurst sausages, representing all combinations of three levels of added salt (0.12, 0.28 and 0.69 g added Na per 100 g) and three levels of added CDG (0.00, 0.10 and 0.40g per 100g), in random order. They used nine-point scales to rate each sausage for 11 characteristics, including their liking for it. Outcomes - For liking ratings, ANOVA showed significant (P<0.05) main effects for Na and glutamate, but not a significant interaction term. Post hoc comparisons (Tukey test) indicated that the 0.12% Na + 0.00% CDG sausage was less well liked than the 0.69% Na + 0.00% CDG sausage (3.8 vs 4.7, P<0.05). Addition of CDG to the 0.12% Na sausage raised its mean liking to 4.2 (0.10% CDG) and 4.9 (0.40% CDG) – neither being significantly different from the 0.69% Na + 0.00% CDG sausage. Conclusions - CDG makes reduced-salt sausages equivalent in palatability to sausages with a conventional Na content. This is similar to previous findings with soup, and suggests CDG has potential to improve palatability of a range of reduced-salt foods.

Development and evaluation of foods enriched with omega-3 fatty acids (ωωωω3) from fish oil KJ Murphy1, J Mansour2, CS Patch3, G Weldon4, D Ross4,

TA Mori2, LC Tapsell3, BJ Meyer3, M Noakes5, PA Clifton5, IB Puddey2, PRC Howe1,6 1School of Health Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 2School of Medicine, University

of Western Australia, Perth, 3Smart Foods Centre, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 4Goodman Fielder Limited, North Ryde, 5Health Sciences & Nutrition, CSIRO, Adelaide, 6School of

Molecular & Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide Aim - To develop a novel range of processed foods enriched with ω3 from fish oil; to assess the feasibility of targeted dietary advice to achieve an intake of 1g ω3/d based on regular use of these foods; to see if regular consumption of these foods can improve cardiovascular health. Design - Volunteers who were overweight and had elevated plasma lipids were enrolled in a 6-month dietary intervention trial at Adelaide (n= 50) and Perth (n= 44). A variety of ω3 enriched foods and matching control foods including bread, milk, spread, eggs, biscuits, cereals, soups, pancake mix, muffin mix, salad dressing, dips, snacks and chocolates were prepared for the trial by Goodman Fielder Ltd. Subjects were randomised to choose 8 serves per day from a selection of either control or enriched foods (~125mg ω3 per serve) and to substitute them for equivalent foods in their regular diet. Dietary compliance, food preferences and a range of cardiovascular biomarkers were assessed initially and at 3 and 6 months. Outcomes - The trial is still in progress; 44 Adelaide and 37 Perth subjects remain in the study after 3 months. They are consuming on average 6.5 serves of test foods (~800 mg ω3 in the case of enriched foods) daily. Except for bread, ω3 enriched foods are liked as much as control foods. Conclusions - This long term study in free-living subjects indicates that intakes of marine ω3 can be substantially increased through provision of a variety of ω3 enriched processed foods.

Supported by an ARC Linkage grant with Goodman Fielder Ltd



Relationship between colour and aroma of olive oil and nutritional content Fielding JM1, Sinclair AJ1

, DiGregorio G2, Joveski M3, Stockmann R2

1 Department of Food Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001 2 Food Science Australia, Werribee, Victoria 3030

3 Department of Applied Chemistry, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001 Background - Olive oil contains some minor constituents including, characteristic phenolic compounds which contribute to the stability of the oil, antioxidant properties, lipoxygenase activity inhibition and microbial activity. Objective - To determine differences between olive and sunflower oils in regards to nutrient/ phytochemical concentration, and to correlate these factors with the colour and aroma of the oils. Design - This study investigated 13 oils in relation to their aroma, colour and nutritional qualities. The oils included extra virgin olive oil, light olive oil and sunflower oil. The phenolic compound, carotenoid, vitamin E and fatty acid composition was measured. These parameters were compared and correlated to the colour measures (L*a*b) and electronic nose responses for each oil. Outcomes - Two Australian extra virgin olive oils contained the highest concentration of phenolic compounds, including oleuropein aglycone (P<0.05). Imported olive oils contained the highest β-carotene concentration compared with local oils (P = 0.002). Chroma (b*) was significantly related to lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations (R2 = 0.756, P = 0.003). The responses of three electronic nose sensors (LY/LG, LY/G, LY/AA) significantly correlated with oleuropein aglycone concen-trations (P<0.02). Conclusions - These results have implications for food processors and consumers who wish to choose oils that have high phytonutrient content: Oils that are high in phenolic compounds and lutein/zeaxanthin can be readily identified, by using aroma and colour measurements.

Bananas and plantains as a source of provitamin A BL Blades1, L Dufficy1, L Englberger2, JW Daniells3, T Coyne2, S Hamill4, RBH Wills1

1School of Applied Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258 2School of Population Health, University of Queensland, RBH, Herston QLD 4029

3Queensland Horticulture Institute, Dept of Primary Industries, South Johnstone QLD 4859 4Agency for Food and Fibre Sciences, Dept of Primary Industries (DPI), Nambour, QLD 4560

Background - Bananas (Musa spp, including plantains) are staple foods in many Pacific Island countries where Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD) has become a problem. The introduction of and/or increased commercial availability of provitamin A carotenoid-rich varieties of bananas in these countries could play an important role in VAD prevention. Objective - To identify banana varieties which are good sources of provitamin A carotenoids. Design - The carotenoid content of frozen samples of the edible flesh of 12 banana varieties (10 selected from the Queensland DPI South Johnstone Research Station field collection on the basis of the coloration of the edible flesh and the two common commercially-available Cavendish Williams and Lady Finger) was determined by reverse-phase HPLC following ethanol:hexane extraction. The retinol activity equivalents (RAE)/100g banana were calculated for each sample. Outcomes - Alpha-, all-trans-β and cis-β-carotene were the only provitamin A carotenoids present in detectable quantities in all samples and levels of these carotenes ranged from 61 to 1055, 50 to 1412 and 7 to 85 µg/100 g banana, respectively. Total carotene and RAE levels ranged from 150 µg and 8 RAE/100 g, respectively, for Cavendish Williams to 2176 µg and 136 RAE/100 g, respectively, for Kirkirnan. Conclusions - Four banana (Musa spp) varieties (Horn Plantain, Kirkirnan, Asupina and Pisang Raja) were identified as good sources of provitamin A (> 75 RAE/100 g) and hence potentially useful for the prevention of VAD.



Antioxidants from palm (Elaeis guineensis) fruit extracts Nagendran Balasundram1,2, William Bubb1, Kalyana Sundram2 and Samir Samman1

1 School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006 2 Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6 Persiaran Institusi, 43000 Kajang, Malaysia

Background - Phenolic compounds have been shown to exhibit bioactive properties, and in particular antioxidant effects. A phenolic-rich fraction has been isolated from the aqueous by-product obtained during the milling of oil palm fruits.1 Objective - To characterise the phenolic compounds obtained from crude and ethanolic extracts of oil palm fruits and to evaluate the antioxidant properties of these extracts. Design - Characterisation of the profile of phenolics by NMR spectroscopy and evaluation of antioxidant properties using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH.), reducing power, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays. Outcomes - NMR studies indicate that both extracts consist of mixtures of sugars and phenolic compounds, of which gallic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoate predominate. The antiradical power (ARP, mole ratios expressed in arbitrary units) of the crude extract (3.14) and ethanol extract (3.31), measured by the DPPH. assay were comparable to the ARP of ascorbic acid (3.78). Crude and ethanol extracts of 1mM gallic acid equivalence (GAE) had reducing powers comparable to that of 0.3 mM gallic acid. In the hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay, 100% scavenging was achieved at concentration of 0.3 mM GAE for both crude and ethanol extracts. Conclusions - These findings suggest that oil palm fruit extracts are able to act as primary antioxidants by their hydrogen- and electron-donating capacity. Similar findings have been reported for extracts from olives and tea. These preliminary observations also suggest that oil palm fruit extracts are potential sources of nutraceuticals. 1. Tan, YA, Sundram, K, Sambanthamurthi, R. Water-soluble phenolics from the palm oil industry. In: Pfannhauser,

W, Fenwick, GR, Khokhar, S, eds. Biologically-active Phytochemicals in Food. Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2001; 548-551.

Docosahexaenoic acid and post-partum depression – is there a link? M Makrides1, CA Crowther2, RA Gibson1, RS Gibson3, CM Skeaff3

1Child Health Research Institute, North Adelaide, SA 5006 2Dept Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Adelaide, SA 5005

3Dept Human Nutrition, University of Otago, New Zealand Background - Cross cultural comparisons and ecological studies indicate an inverse association between the incidence of post partum depression and consumption of long chain omega-3 fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). However, evidence from prospective studies is lacking. Objective - To determine is there is an association between major depressive symptoms and plasma DHA in a cohort of women at 6 months post-partum. Design - A cohort of 380 women completed an Edinburgh Post-partum Depression Scale (EPDS) and had their iron, zinc and DHA status assessed. Perinatal and social characteristics were collected at the time of birth. Women were classified with symptoms of depression if they has a score of 12 or above on the EPDS. Outcomes - Logistic regression analysis indicated that a 1% increase in plasma DHA was associated with a 59% reduction in reporting of depressive symptoms (P<0.05), while an increase in the length of hospital stay (at the time of birth) by 1 day was associated with a 19% increase in depressive symptoms (P=0.07). These associations need to be interpreted with caution because plasma DHA was positively influenced by maternal education and negatively influenced by maternal smoking. Conclusions - Randomised trials with a DHA intervention are necessary to determine whether the association between DHA and depressive symptoms in the post partum period is causal.


Concurrent Session 7: Animal Production

Feeding regimes affect fatty acid composition in Australian beef cattle NJ Mann, EN Ponnampalam, Y Yep and AJ Sinclair

Department of Food Science R.M.I.T University, VIC 3000 Background - There is growing evidence that red meat contributes significantly to the intake of omega 3 long chain PUFA in western diets. The type of feeding regime used in animal production, can influence the lipids in red meat due to the fatty acid composition of the feed. Pasture feed being relatively rich in a-linolenic acid (18:3 n-3), while grain is relatively rich in linoleic acid (18:2n-6). Objective - To determine the effect on beef fatty acid profile of varying length of grain feeding compared with grass feeding. Design - Samples of rump, strip loin and blade cuts were obtained from eighteen cattle from each of three feeding regimes (pasture fed, short term grain feeding STGF, and long term grain feeding LTGF). All samples were analysed in triplicate as lean tissue only, using a standard chloroform – methanol extraction and capillary column gas-chromatograph fatty acid quantification. Outcomes - Total fat, saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were all significantly higher in the LTGF animals. The grass fed animals had higher levels of omega 3 PUFA in all three cuts, with combined EPA + DHA reaching levels in blade and strip loin that would meet Australian Food Standards classification as a “source” of omega-3, with the rump cut reaching this level in the STGF group also. Rump from the grass fed animals was a relatively rich source of EPA + DHA and would qualify as a “good source” of omega 3. Conclusions - This study was able to show that pasture feeding of Australian cattle maximises omega-3 PUFA content and minimizes trans 18:1 fatty acid levels relative to grain feeding. Furthermore, LTGF results in elevated total fat and saturated fat content relative to STGF or grass feeding in lean cuts of Australian beef.

Muscle glycogen repletion in 3 breeds of young cattle is not affected by energy intake GE Gardner, JM Thompson

CRC for Beef Cattle and Beef Quality Animal Science, The University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351

Background - An adequate level of muscle glycogen at the time of slaughter is essential for ensuring the production of premium quality meat, and minimising the incidence of dark cutting in beef. Therefore nutritional management procedures need to be established for cattle to maximise muscle glycogen concentration at slaughter. Objective - To determine the impact of energy intake on rate of muscle glycogen repletion following exercise in Piedmontese, Wagyu, and Angus cross cattle. Design - 56, 10 month old cattle, with either Piedmontese, Wagyu, or Angus sires were maintained for 8 weeks (including acclimation) on either roughage or concentrate rations prior to and following a single bout of exercise (13.5 km trot at 9 km/hr). Muscle biopsies were taken immediately before and after, and at 36 and 72 h after exercise for the determination of muscle glycogen concentration. Daily individual feed intakes were measured throughout. Outcomes - Following exercise, rates of muscle glycogen repletion (mmol/L in 72 h) were 40% higher in Wagyu sired cattle (41.8 ± 4.2) than either Piedmontese (29.3 ± 2.9) or Angus (26.8 ± 2.8). Wagyu are noted for their propensity to store fat intramuscularly, this result supporting a general trend for increased substrate deposition (either fat or glycogen) in the muscle by this breed. Rates of muscle glycogen repletion were not affected by metabolisable energy (ME) intake (average = 88.7 ± 1.4 MJ/hd/day) following exercise, contrasting with earlier studies.1 Conclusions - In young cattle muscle glycogen repletion occurs independently of ME intake following exercise, and Wagyu replete faster than either Piedmontese or Angus cattle. Reference 1. Gardner GE, McIntyre BL, Tudor G, Pethick DW. Aust J Ag Res 2001; 52: 461-470.



The grazing preference of sheep is related to prior experience DT Thomas1, JTB Milton1, MA Ewing2, CK Revell3, DR Lindsay1

1 School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6907 2 CRC for Plant-Based Management of Dryland Salinity, University of WA, WA 6907

3 WA Department of Agriculture, Northam, WA 6401 Background - The annual pasture legume Casbah biserrula (Biserrula pelecinus L.) is moderately palatable to sheep relative to other species but, in the field, sheep often avoid biserrula and select other plants. We hypothesised that the preference of sheep for biserrula is influenced by their prior grazing experience. Objective - To determine the preference of sheep for biserrula after they had experienced grazing pastures with different proportions of biserrula. Design - Five groups of 10 Merino hoggets grazed for four weeks pastures sown with i) 100% biserrula, ii) 100% crimson clover, iii) 100% annual ryegrass, iv) 50% biserrula and 50% annual ryegrass or v) 50% crimson clover and 50% annual ryegrass. Each group then grazed randomized monoculture rows of biserrula, crimson clover and annual ryegrass and their preference was calculated from pasture samples that were taken from paired sites before and after grazing. The pastures were grazed at the vegetative, reproductive and senesced phases of growth by a new group of hoggets each time. Outcomes - The preference of sheep for biserrula at the vegetative and reproductive phases of growth was influenced by their previous grazing history, but not after senescence. Conclusions - Sheep that have grazed a biserrula dominant pasture can develop an aversion to biserrula at the vegetative and reproductive phases of growth. This may explain why sheep eat other plants late in the growing season. Sheep grazing a pasture with a low proportion of biserrula are less likely to develop an aversion and may continue to eat biserrula.

The capacity of tannins from accessions of mulga (Acacia aneura) to precipitate protein MM Ritchie, C Stimson, DM McNeill

MC Franklin Laboratory, University of Sydney, NSW 2570 Background - The nutritional value of the drought forage, mulga, is limited by its high content of tannins which reduce the digestibility of protein in livestock by forming complexes with proteins in the digestive tract. However, tannins can vary in their ability to interact with protein, highlighting scope for the selection of forages with less deleterious types of tannin. Objective - To determine whether tannins extracted from some types of mulga are weaker than others in terms of their capacity to form precipitable complexes with protein. Design - Tannin was extracted from leaves of four accessions of mulga and a reference fodder, Leucaena pallida. Binding curves were defined per tannin by plotting weights of protein (Bovine serum albumin) precipitated against weights of tannin added until sufficient tannin was added to precipitate all the soluble protein (0.5 mg) per tube. A sigmoid curve was fitted in order to calculate the weight of tannin required for 50% of maximal protein precipitation, with this point being defined as the relative binding-affinity for that tannin. Outcomes - The mulga tannin with the weakest binding-affinity for protein was derived from accession 842394, with only 0.1551mg of its tannin required to achieve half-maximal protein precipitation. This was 151% of the amount required of the L. pallida reference tannin (0.1026mg) to do the same. By contrast, tannin from mulga accession 883558 had a dramatically greater binding affinity than the reference tannin, with only 0.0032mg required (3% of the amount of L. pallida tannin) to match the L. pallida tannin. Accessions 853437 and 842743 were not significantly different in binding affinity to the L. pallida tannin. Conclusions - Variation in binding affinities between tannin from different mulgas highlights the potential to select for mulgas with tannin that are less deleterious to livestock.



Colostrum protein isolate enhances gut development, growth performance and plasma IGF-I and II in neonatal pigs

FR Dunshea1, RJ van Barneveld2 1Department of Primary Industries, Werribee, VIC 3030 2Barneveld Nutrition Pty Ltd, South Maclean, QLD 4280

Background - The growth performance of young pigs fed by the sow alone is far less than their potential. While nutrient intake may be one constraint to a neonatal pig achieving it’s growth potential, so too may be endocrine status. Growth factors are present in relatively high quantities in colostrum and play an important part in gut development. Objective - To determine the effect of feeding a colostrum protein isolate on gut development, growth performance and plasma IGF-I and II in neonatal pigs. Design - Eight male and 8 female piglets were weaned at 1 d after each pig had obtained colostrum, and were trained to drink one of two liquid diets via a teat. The diets, which were fed ad libitum for 28 d, were based on either a colostrum protein isolate (CP) or whey protein concentrate (WPC) and were formulated to contain equal levels of amino acids. Outcomes - Pigs fed CP had higher daily gain (171 v. 216 g/d, P=0.010), liquid feed intake (25.5 v. 29.1 kg, P=0.074) and feed efficiency (0.203 v. 0.223 g/g liquid feed, P =0.056) than pigs fed WPC. Pigs consuming CP also had greater full gut (445 v. 554 g, P =0.026), empty gut (356 v. 463 g, P = 0.008), stomach (42.2 v. 54.4 g, P = 0.001), small intestine (222 v. 275 g, P = 0.025) and large intestine (63.7 v. 98.0 g, P = 0.005) weights. Plasma IGF-I (99 v. 150 ng/ml, P <0.001) and IGF-II (265 v. 406 ng/ml, P <0.001) were higher in pigs fed CP. Conclusions - To compensate for decreases in the growth factor content of sow’s milk with advancing lactation, an efficacious method of incorporating growth factors into the diet of neonatal pigs is by dietary supplementation with a colostrum protein isolate.

Pearl millet as an alternative feed grain for pigs and poultry DN Singh and R Perez-Maldonado

Agency for Food and Fibre Sciences, Queensland Poultry Research and Development Centre, Cleveland, QLD 4163

Background - Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) has great potential to be grown in Australia as a cereal grain for pig and poultry production. It is a cereal grain with good drought tolerance and hardiness and short growing period. It is commonly grown in the semiarid regions of Africa and Asia. The new varieties currently being developed are twice the size of the old Katherine pearl millet (9 g/1000 seeds vs 20 g/1000 seeds, Douglas pers comm). However data on Australian varieties of pearl millet (PM) is inadequate to characterize their nutritive value. Objective - To compare the chemical composition of new PM varieties with that of sorghum and Katherine pearl millet. Design - Fifty-five varieties of PM and 2 of sorghum were grown at Biloela Research Station in a randomised block design with 4 reps. Bulked sub-samples of the grain were collected and analysed for their chemical composition at Animal Research Institute, Yeerongpilly). The data was compared with published values for sorghum and Katherine PM. Outcomes - The protein content of new varieties of PM ranged 10.5 –17.94% with the mean value of 14.85% compared to sorghum 14.2% and Katherine 13.7%. Eighty-seven percentage of PM samples tested had protein content greater than 14%. The fibre (2.6,5.1 & 2.2), ash (1.85, 2.3 & 1.2) and fat (5.8, 6.5 & 2.8) content of PM were lower than Katherine but higher than sorghum. The PM varieties had a superior amino acid profile than sorghum. Lysine (3.45 & 2.3), methionine (2.52 & 1.5), cystine (6.02 & 4.4) and threonine (5.09 & 3.5), respectively for PM and sorghum. Conclusions - The data suggests that new varieties of PM being developed in Australia can replace sorghum in pig and poultry diets and has the potential for providing an alternative feed grain for intensive livestock producers.



How much canola or cottonseed meals can be used for commercial chicken meat production RA Perez-Maldonado, KM Barram, DN Singh

Agency For Food and Fibre Sciences Queensland Poultry Research and Development Centre, Qld 4163

Background - Previous research using broiler chickens in cages indicated that, high levels of selected canola meal (CM) and cottonseed meal (CSM) support satisfactory broiler performance when diets are formulated on a digestible amino acid (DAA) basis. Objective - The present study will provide the poultry industry with practical recommendations for CM and CSM for chicken meat production in a semi-commercial environment. Design - There were three treatments x 15 replicate pens x 40 birds (20 males and 20 females day old Cobb chicks) in a completely randomised block layout of the 45 pens. Crumbled diets during the starter period were fed from 1 to 21 d old including a control commercial diet, a CM diet (200 g/kg inclusion) and a CSM diet (200 g/kg inclusion). During the finisher period (21-43 d old), inclusions of each CM or CSM was increased to 300 g/kg and were offered as pelleted diets formulated on a DAA basis in both periods. Outcomes - The results in the starter period indicated that feed intake (FI), liveweight gain (LWG) and feed efficiency were not influenced by the level of CSM or CM in the diet. During the finisher period, FI of birds fed on CM was lower (P<0.05) but this did not affect LWG or feed efficiency, which were not different (P>0.05) from the control diet. Conclusions - It is concluded that for chicken meat production, up to 200 g/kg of either CSM (solvent extracted) or CM (solvent extracted or extruded) can be used during the starter phase, and up to 300 g/kg of either CSM (solvent extracted) or CM (solvent extracted or extruded) can be used during the finisher phase in diets formulated on a digestible AA basis.

Nutritional evaluation of weevil-resistant transgenic peas with chickens X Li1, LM Tabe2, D Spencer2, TJV Higgins2 and WLBryden1

1School of Animal Studies, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343 2CSIRO Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT 2601

Background - Peas (Pisum sativum) are an important source of dietary protein for humans and animals due to its high protein content and excellent amino acid profile. The pea weevil (Bruchus pisorum) causes substantial economic loss in pea production especially in Australia. The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) α-amylase inhibitor has been transferred to peas and the transgenic variety was protected from pea weevil attack under field conditions. Objective - To determine the effect of expression of common bean α-amylase inhibitor transgene on the nutritive value of peas for poultry. Design - A series of studies in broiler chickens were conducted to determine the apparent metabolisable energy, starch and protein digestibility and the ileal digestibility of amino acids in the non-transgenic and transgenic peas. Five week old broiler chickens were used in conventional and ileal digestibility assays. Outcomes - Protein and amino acid digestibilities were not affected but AME values and starch digestion were significantly (P <0.001) reduced in the transgenic peas. Conclusions - Expression of the common bean α-amylase inhibitor in peas significantly reduces starch digestion and AME values in chickens.



The effects of dietary protein on rat growth, body composition and insulin sensitivity D Belobrajdic1,2, G McIntosh1,2, J Owens1

1 University of Adelaide, School of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide, SA 5000

2 CSIRO Health Sciences & Nutrition, PO Box 10041, Adelaide, SA, 5000 Background - Recent literature suggests that a high protein diet may reduce body weight and improve insulin sensitivity in people with insulin resistance, non-insulin dependant diabetes mellitus and obesity. The impact of protein type in a high protein diet on body weight, composition and insulin sensitivity has not been investigated. Objective - To determine whether a high protein diet (32%) containing whey protein will reduce body weight and fat depots and improve insulin sensitivity to a greater extent than red meat in Wistar rats made insulin resistant by a high fat diet. Design - Mature (9wk old) Wistar rats were fed a high fat diet (30%w/w) for nine weeks to induce insulin resistance. Rats were then randomly allocated to a diet containing either 8 or 32% protein as whey protein concentrate or red meat (barbequed kangaroo muscle meat), for 6 weeks. At autopsy, blood was collected to measure plasma glucose, triglyceride, free fatty acids and insulin concentration. Liver and fat pads were removed and weighed. Outcomes - The high density protein diets reduced energy intake by 19% (P<0.001) and visceral and subcutaneous fat depots by 23 and 26% respectively (P<0.001). The 32% whey protein fed animals lost 10% more weight than 32% red meat fed animals (P<0.01). Whey protein fed rats had reduced fasting plasma insulin concentration (P <0.05) and plasma insulin/glucose ratio (P<0.05). Conclusions - The high protein diet was effective in reducing energy intake and body fat depots. Whey protein (32%) diet was more effective than red meat in improving insulin sensitivity and reducing body weight gain.


Concurrent Session 8: Milk and Lactation

Characterisation of feeding patterns in infants born <33 weeks gestational age LG Smithers1, AJ McPhee2, RA Gibson1, M Makrides1

1Child Health Research Institute, University of Adelaide Department of Paediatrics, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Adelaide SA 5006

2Neonatal Medicine, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Adelaide SA 5006 Background - The importance of feeding infants breast milk is demonstrated in decreased rates of infection and improved development. We have little understanding of the pattern or rate of breastfeeding among infants who were born premature. Objective - To determine the pattern of feeding breast milk to infants born <33 weeks gestation. Design - One hundred infants (from 87 mothers) were enrolled at the Women’s and Children’s Hospital within five days of commencing enteral feeds, 95 were followed to four months corrected age (CA). The duration and proportion of breastfeeding was categorised according to World Health Organisation criteria. Data were collected during hospitalisation, at infants estimated due date (EDD), and two and four months CA. Outcomes - Eighty of 100 infants received some breast milk, similar to the initiation rates of breastfeeding among term infants. At EDD (approx 10 weeks post birth), only 18/96 (19%) infants were fully breastfed, 62 (65%) received combinations feeds and 16 (17%) were formula fed. From a total of 95 infants remaining in the study, seven (7%) were fully breastfed and 16 (17%) were formula fed through to four months CA. By four months CA, the average duration of all breastfeeding was 11 ± 5 weeks, (approximately one week old CA). Conclusions - The duration and extent of breastfeeding in preterm infants is less than that observed in term infants.

Relationship of sialic acid and fatty acid composition of brain gangliosides:

breast-fed vs formula-fed infant B Wang, P Petocz J Brand Miller

Human Nutrition Unit, School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences,G08 University of Sydney, NSW 2006

Background - Gangliosides are hybrid molecules composed of a hydrophilic sialyl oligosaccharide and a hydrophobic ceramide portion, which consists of sphingosine and fatty acids (FA). In animal studies, sialic acid (SA) supplementation is associated with increases in brain gangliosides and learning ability. Supplementation of docosahexanenoic acid (DHA) and archidonic acid (AA) in formula milk improved visual activity and psychomotor performance in premature infants. Objective - To investigate the association of feeding method with the levels of SA and FA, particularly DHA in the brain gangliosides. Design - Samples of frontal cortex from 12 infants who had been breast-fed and 10 who had been formula-fed (age of death 1 – 38 wks) were collected as part of a previous study on infants dying of sudden infant death. From 1g samples, gangliosides were extracted and purified. SA and FA levels were determined using HPLC and GLC respectively according to published methods. Outcomes - Significant correlation of gangliosides SA and LCPUFAs was found in breast-fed, but not formula-fed infants (Table).

Ganglioside-bound sialic acid Breast-fed (n=12) Formula-fed (n=10) R2 P value R2 P value DHA 0.814 0.001 0.320 0.368 AA 0.747 0.005 0.262 0.465 Total n-3 0.817 0.001 0.288 0.42 Total n-6 0.734 0.007 0.192 0.595 LCPUFA 0.807 0.002 0.222 0.537 MUFA 0.432 0.161 -0.076 0.834

Conclusions - Sialic acid and LCPUFAs are interdependent building blocks for gangliosides in neural tissues involved in higher cognitive function of human-fed infant than formula-fed.



Rumen protected conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) methyl esters decrease milk fat and increase CLA concentration in goat milk

SK Gulati1 CWijesundera2, E Byers3, TW Scott4 1Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006 2 Food Science Australia,

Werribee, Victoria 3030 3 Goolagong Goat Stud & Dairy, Kemps Creek, NSW 2342 4Rumentek Industries, Parkside, SA 5001

Background - Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA’s) are extensively bio-hydrogenated in the rumen by rumen micro-organisms. When CLA’s are infused into the abomasum of dairy cows, milk fat content is reduced by 30-40%; the effect is due to the trans 10 cis 12 isomers.1,3 Objective - To protect CLA methyl esters (ME) from ruminal metabolism, (RP-ME-CLA) and to assess their effect on milk fat content and composition. Design - The basal ration of 6 goats was supplemented with RP-ME-CLA containing 10g each of cis 9 trans 11and 10 trans cis 12 isomers, to assess their effects on milk fat composition. Outcomes - RP-CLA-ME depressed milk fat content of goats by 35-40%; similar to CLA isomers infused into the abomasum (1) or where CLA-ME-calcium salts or RP-CLA-ME were infused intra-ruminally.3 Feeding RP-CLA-ME increased the level (g/100g) of cis 9 trans 11 and trans 10 cis 12 isomer in goat milk from 0.64 ± 0.04 to 4.07 ± 0.22 and 0.0 to 2.8 ± 0.17 respectively. The transfer of the cis 9 trans 11 and trans 10 cis 12 isomers from the supplement into milk fat was 20 and 13% respectively; values being higher than the transfer efficiency reported for cows where CLA-ME-calcium salts or RP-CLA-ME were infused intraruminally ie 3.2 and 7% respectively.3 Conclusions – CLA-ME can be protected from ruminal metabolism. Inclusion of RP-CLA-ME supplement in the diet reduced milk fat content by 35-40% and significantly increased the concentration of CLA isomers in milk. 1. Mackle TR, Kay JK, Auldist MJ, McGibbon AKH, Philpott BA, Baumgard LH, Bauman DE. J Dairy Sci 2003; 86: 644-52. 2. Gulati SK, May C, Wynn PC, Scott TW. Anim Fd Sci & Tech 2002; 98: 143-52. 3. de Veth MJ, McFadden JW, Griinari JM, Gulati SK, Luchini ND, Bauman DE . J Dairy Sci (ADSA Conference), 2003 (in press)

Does conjugated linoleic acid increase conversion of α-linolenic acid to docosahexaenoic acid in humans?

NM Attar-Bashi1, D Li2 and AJ Sinclair1 1Department of Food Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001

2Department of Food Science, Hangzhou University of Commerce, Hangzhou, China Background - The synthesis of DHA from ALA is limited in healthy individuals, especially in young men. The rate limiting step in the formation of DHA from ALA is the last step which involves peroxisomal oxidation of 24:6n-3 to DHA. CLA is the common name of a group of fatty acids found in dairy products and meat from ruminants. CLA has been shown to activate peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor alpha (PPAR in mice and this has been associated with hepatic peroxisomal proliferation. Objective - To determine whether supplementing healthy subjects’ diet with ALA from flaxseed oil together with CLA capsules for 8 weeks would lead to an increase in DHA concentration in plasma PL, TAG and CE fractions compared with a group supplemented with ALA from flaxseed oil and a placebo capsule (soybean oil). Design - Nineteen healthy male and female volunteers were divided to receive either 20mL of flaxseed oil and CLA capsules (3.2 g CLA) per day or 20mL of flaxseed oil and soybean oil capsules (placebo) per day for 8 weeks. Outcomes - The results of the study showed no significant increase in plasma DHA concentration (or %) in the ALA plus CLA group compared with the ALA plus placebo group in males and females. There was a significant decrease in monounsaturated fatty acids and n-9 PUFA concentrations and proportions in the ALA plus CLA group at 4 and 8 weeks of the study compared with baseline. Conclusions - The results showed that CLA did not increase DHA levels, and therefore in the dose given in this study it may not stimulate peroxisomes in humans. The changes in fatty acid metabolism observed in this study might be a result of CLA affects on delta-6 and delta-9 desaturase activities.



Predictors of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) status in the first months of life RA Gibson

Child Health Research Institute, North Adelaide SA 5006 Background - The relationship between dietary fats and tissue long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) levels is not always clear. It is well known that if we duplicate breast milk LCPUFA levels in formulas, it will cause infant plasma phospholipid levels of formula fed infants to be equivalent to breast fed infants. However, in both groups LCPUFA levels cover a considerable range. The extent to which the baseline (birth) value for plasma PUFA effects this range is not completely understood. Objective - To determine the changes that occur in blood fatty acids of term infants post partum and to assess the degree to which LCPUFA levels track with birth levels. Design - Infant blood samples were taken at enrolment (between day 1 and day 5) in a randomised controlled trial designed to test the effects of LCPUFA supplementation of standard formula. All infants received either formulas or breast milk exclusively from birth. Outcomes - Some plasma fatty acids changed rapidly during the first days of life (linoleic acid, arachidonic acid) while others were more stable (docosahexaenoic acid). It is possible to estimate mean birth levels of plasma fatty acids by extrapolation of data obtained during the first week of life. There is a reasonable match between estimated birth levels of plasma fatty acids and cord levels. Conclusions - Erythrocyte LCPUFA are useful predictors of later status but plasma phospholipid fatty acids change quickly with diet and are poor predictors.

The effect of infant diets supplemented with α-linolenic acid on growth and development: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

T Udell1, M Makrides2 and RA Gibson2 1Dept Paediatrics and Child Health, Flinders University of SA, Bedford Park, SA 5042

2 Child Health Research Institute, North Adelaide, SA 5006 Background - Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) is the main structural lipid in the human brain and can be derived endogenously from α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3). Several studies have attempted to improve blood DHA concentrations of formula-fed infants by increasing the amount of ALA in formula while measuring changes to infant growth and development. Objective - To evaluate the effect of supplementing diets of term and preterm infants with ALA on growth and development. Design - A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) involving term and preterm infants where the ALA composition of the diet was changed. Outcomes - Five term and three preterm RCTs, and three term and three preterm RCTs were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis, respectively. Infants fed ALA supplemented formula had significantly higher blood phospholipid DHA concentrations than control. Combined data suggested that ALA supplemented formulas influence the growth of term but not preterm infants. Finally, there was no effect on developmental indices of term infants but there was a transient improvement in retinal function of preterm infants’ supplemented with ALA compared with control (mean difference: -0.37 scot td-sec, 95% CI: -0.66, -0.08; 36 weeks post menstrual age). Conclusions - Further studies are needed to provide convincing evidence regarding the effects of ALA supplementation on growth and development of infants



The effect of egg ingestion on ovalbumin concentration in human milk DJ Palmer1,2, MS Gold2, M Makrides1,2

1Child Health Research Institute, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, SA 5006 2Department of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, SA 5005

Background - Three percent of young Australian children have an egg allergy. Maternal dietary restriction is recommended for the treatment and prevention of egg allergy in high-risk breastfed infants. This approach assumes complete dietary avoidance of egg is necessary to prevent egg being absorbed and excreted antigenically intact into breast milk. Objective - To determine if the concentration of ovalbumin in human milk is directly related to the quantity and form of egg consumed by breastfeeding mothers. Design - Breastfeeding women (n=41) attended one day per week from 11-14 weeks of lactation and on each test day were randomly allocated to receive one of four test breakfasts, identical except for the egg content of one raw egg, ½ cooked egg, one cooked egg or no egg. Breast milk samples were collected prior to and at two, four, six and eight hours after the test day breakfast was eaten. Ovalbumin in human milk was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Outcomes - Ovalbumin (ng/mL/hour) excretion in human milk was lowest on the day of the egg-free breakfast compared with other test meals and detectable in only 3/41 women. Ovalbumin excretion was greatest and detectable in 28/41 breastfeeding women after eating one cooked egg. There was no difference between ½ cooked egg and one raw egg meals and these values were intermediate between ovalbumin excretion following no egg and one cooked egg. Conclusions - To improve the quality of dietary advice further studies need to determine the threshold of ovalbumin excretion that leads to symptoms in allergy prone breastfed infants.

Effects of fortified milk consumption on regional bone mineral accrual in Chinese girls Q Zhang1, GS Ma2, H Greenfield1, XQ Du1, K Zhu1, DR Fraser1 1Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006

2Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, China Objective - To investigate the effect of supplementation with milk fortified with Ca and with/without vitamin D on regional bone mineral acquisition in Chinese girls. Design - A 2-year double-blind controlled intervention trial with 757 girls, aged 10.1 ± 0.3 yr, randomised into three groups: Grp 1, 238 supplied with 330 ml Ca fortified milk per school day; Grp 2, 260 supplied with 330 ml Ca and vitamin D fortified milk per school day; Control Grp, 259. Regional bone mineral measures (from total body bone scan by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) were obtained in 375 (129, 121 and 125 in Grps 1, 2 and Control, respectively). Outcomes - During the trial, subjects in Grps 1 and 2 were supplied on average with 144 ml milk daily containing 245 mg Ca with/without 3.3 μg vitamin D. After two years, compared with controls, supplemented groups had greater percentage increases in BMD of chest, pelvis (Grp 2 only), and legs (see table), and BMC of the latter two, but not BMD and BMC of arms.

Grp 1

BMD Grp 2

Control Grp

Grp 1

BMC Grp 2

Control Grp

Chest 11.15 ± 0.89a 12.08 ± 0.85a 7.73 ± 1.02b 17.72 ± 1.21a 21.40 ± 1.53a 35.21 ± 1.74b Pelvis 14.19 ± 1.10 15.14 ± 1.19a 11.31 ± 1.00b 35.42 ± 1.79a 36.54 ± 2.32a 27.13 ± 1.80b Left leg 5.52 ± 0.74 a 8.28 ± 0.70 b 1.38 ± 0.70c 49.94 ± 1.23a 48.84 ± 1.30a 40.32 ± 1.04b Right leg 9.17 ±0.78a 10.41 ± 0.66a 4.28 ± 0.76b 46.15 ± 1.34a 43.44 ± 1.36a 35.27 ± 1.04b Values are mean ± SEM. Means within a row with different superscript letters are significantly different, P<0.05.

Conclusions - Ca and vitamin D fortified milk supplementation over two years resulted in greater bone mineral acquisition in weight-bearing positions in Chinese girls.



Effects of milk supplementation on cortical bone gain in Chinese girls aged 10-12 years K Zhu, H Greenfield, X Du, Q Zhang, DR Fraser

Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006 Objective - To study the effect of milk supplementation on cortical bone gain in Chinese girls aged 10-12 years. Design - a 24 months double-blind, controlled supplementation trial with vitamin D and/or calcium fortified milk in 757 Beijing girls aged 10 years. Subjects were randomized into three groups according to their schools, with 238 girls in Milk + Ca group receiving 330 ml calcium fortified UHT milk per school day, 260 girls in Milk + Ca + Vit D group receiving 330 ml calcium and vitamin D fortified UHT milk per school day, and 259 unsupplemented girls in the control group. X-ray radiographs of the non-dominant hand were obtained in 606 girls (177, 210, 219 from Milk + Ca, Milk + Ca + Vit D and control groups, respectively) at baseline and 24 months. Periosteal diameter (outer width) and medullary diameter (inner width) of the midshaft of the second metacarpal were measured with a digital caliper (Mitutoyo, Japan). The combined cortical thickness (CCT) was calculated as: outer width - inner width. Outcomes - After 24 months, in comparison with controls, both supplemented groups had significantly higher percentage gains in periosteal diameter (8.95 ± 0.24, 9.32 ± 0.24 vs 8.14 ± 0.19, P=0.036 and P<0.001, respectively), lower gains in medullary diameter (-3.23 ± 1.06, -1.14 ± 0.86 vs 4.51 ± 1.03, P<0.001), and higher gains in CCT (20.75 ± 1.08, 19.45 ± 0.94 vs 12.58 ± 0.97, P<0.001). Conclusions – Milk supplementation (330 ml with a total of 560 mg calcium with/without 8 µg vitamin D on school days over 24 months) led to greater periosteal apposition and cortical bone gain in Chinese adolescent girls, thus conferring greater bone strength on the supplemented girls.


Symposium 4: Nutrition and Sustainable Food Production

Sustainability of harvested marine resources in Australia M Haddon

Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, University of Tasmania, TAS 7053 Review – Fisheries have been operating in Australia for well over a century and range from classics such as rock lobster, flathead, and barramundi to more exotic species such as bêche de mer and Patagonian toothfish. We are fishing deeper and further a field than ever before but fewer novel species are being added to the panoply of species already being harvested, although new markets continue to be found. Possibly all of Australia’s fisheries are well developed or if they are still developing, there is an excess of potential fishing effort available to be applied to each fishery. This excess or latent effort is a major problem for many fisheries around Australia and has immediate implications for sustainability of affected stocks. There are significant challenges currently being faced by the world’s living marine resources. Worldwide there are growing concerns1 about the sustainability of marine resource in the face of industrial scale fishing effort. Besides the depletion of stocks there are also concerns over “fishing down the food web”2, meaning that the larger, predatory species, which unfortunately for them are also often the higher value species, are first depleted, then the next level is fished down, until eventually fishers are left with fishing for what was previously lower value less appealing fish species. Along with signs of long-term slow depletion of marine resources there have been significant changes in the fishing fleets doing the fishing. While the total number of vessels may have been reduced they are far more efficient now at finding and catching the fish. In this way the effective effort can grow even when the number of days fished and the number of vessels remain the same. More and more people want to include fish products in their diet but many of the resources appear to be at or beyond their sustainable level of fishing. The demand is growing but the resources appear to be getting smaller; this is clearly unsustainable. There is a growing need for long-term solutions to the management requirements of natural resources that learn from past mistakes and attempt to insure against future errors. This is the origin of the growing call for ecosystem management rather than single species management. The need for ecosystem management is undeniable but this is, in some ways, a depressing prospect. Our stock assessment methods are already stretched to the limits with some single species fisheries so the notion of expanding the scope of such assessments to include many species is not encouraging. We are not immune to these concerns in Australia. There are numerous fisheries for which there is either very little information or the assessments are very rudimentary. A further problem for Australia is that there are many smaller fisheries, which are of relatively low economic value. In total, these minor fisheries employ significant numbers of people and in total provide significant amounts of seafood for consumption, but individually they are worth so little that their individual assessment tends to be very basic. Fortunately we do have a number of well managed and sustainable fisheries (e.g western and southern rock lobster fisheries), so the outlook is not all bad. The challenges to sustainability are therefore many: demand for seafood is increasing, generally the resources are fully or over-exploited, there is excess effort available, fishers are becoming more efficient at catching fish, we need long-term solutions, and we need to consider ecosystem management. Conclusions - The prospects for increasing the catch taken from wild-fisheries are minimal. In fact, if the need for introducing precautionary management is recognized this is likely to lead to a reduction in catch across many fisheries. While this will not be welcome news, especially to the fishers involved and their customers, it appears to be the only option for ensuring sustainability and preventnig more and more species being depleted below economic viability. References 1. Myers W. Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities. Nature 2003; 423:280-283. 2. Caddy JF, Csirke J, Garcia SM, Grainger RJR. How pervasive is “fishing down marine food webs”? Science 1998;

282:138.



Strategies for environmentally sustainable agriculture in Australia JR Donnelly

Profitable Sustainable Agriculture, CSIRO Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT 2601 Agriculture provides essential food and fibre, but perturbs natural landscapes. The cost is a changed natural world, so it is reasonable that agriculture should be as efficient as possible, occupy minimum space and leave sufficient land for other purposes (water catchments, conservation of biodiversity, recreation). These objectives can be entirely compatible with profitable and sustainable farming, if farm management is focussed on the major drivers of profit, balanced nutrient use and minimizing leakage of water beyond plant roots. Farming is big business feeding Australia’s population and earning about $20B each year in export income. This has been achieved by outstanding innovation often with science as a catalyst, making farming possible on impoverished soils under low and often erratic rainfall patterns. Trends in wheat yields since 1860 illustrate the point. Initially, yields declined due to soil nutrient exhaustion, then recovered slowly with the introduction of superphosphate and subterranean clover in rotations to supply crops with nitrogen, and from the use of new cultivars. Later, semi-dwarf varieties, selective grass herbicides, control of root diseases by including canola as a breakcrop and N fertilizer technology further boosted yields which in SE NSW now exceed 3t/ha (cp. 1t/ha 1860). The control of quality, the composition and content of protein and minerals in grain (Zn) is now better understood and can be manipulated. Overcoming subsoil constraints that restrict a plants capacity to capture water and nutrients is next step in the progression to sustainable profits. Meat and wool production have also benefited from innovation. Despite low wool prices in the 1990s some farmers achieved consistent profits compared with losses on similar farms with conventional management. The successful farmers used a consultant who focussed on a few key profit drivers identified by research, such as stocking rate (animals/ha) which controls production per ha. Interactions with other management variables, particularly time of lambing or calving were very important. The most difficult issue for the consultant to resolve was the estimation of production risk which is due to variability in seasonal and year-to-year weather patterns and which interacts strongly with stocking rate. Simulations using computer models are now proving to be a highly effective way of assessing this farm-specific production risk. While farming businesses must be profitable to be financially sustainable, emerging threats such as soil acidification and dryland salinity are causing serious land degradation. Finding affordable, effective solutions is a major issue for sustainable development. Soil acidification is the most serious and widespread threat, less obvious than salinity, with annual costs exceeding $900M. Areas at greatest risk are the more productive, better-watered regions where soil acidification occurs slowly in nature but is accelerated by farming. The best solution is to apply lime and use acid-tolerant plants, but this is expensive. Liming is generally essential to grow canola and the pay-back is immediate, with increased yield and benefit to subsequent cereal crops. By contrast, pay-back in grazing enterprises might take several years, so less frequent liming with the use of tolerant deep-rooted perennial plants to slow the rate of acidification is preferred. It is the toxic levels of Mn and Al in acid soils that damage plants and recently genes conferring Mn and Al tolerance have been isolated with potential for plant breeding. A novel Al-tolerant phalaris cultivar has been developed increasing the value of this most productive grass for land conservation where its deep roots can soak up excess moisture and nutrients. Soil acidification may also contribute to salinity directly by leaching of soil cations and indirectly through reduced plant growth lowering water use and thus causing water tables to rise. An environmentally sustainable agriculture for Australia must be based on balanced nutrient cycles and efficient water use to avoid environmental degradation. Farm management must be focussed on key profit drivers with knowledge of the production risks involved. If production is efficient then land can be released for other purposes without sacrificing farm profits.



Sustainably managing food production resources to maximise human nutritional benefit RJS Beeton

Nutrition is an integrating discipline that draws on a diverse range of reductionist disciplines. It embraces biochemistry, molecular biology, microbiology, psychology, physiology and epidemiology to name a few. The benefits of the discipline for humans lie in the efficient production of food and its intelligent use by consumers. Food is not simply fuel; it is overlain by culture and identity, is in many ways an index of the status of consumers and is symbolic of their stage of economic and consciousness “development”. The challenges for the future lie in the social context of food production. The sustainable production of food and its safety for humans reflects self image and a new consciousness. Human nutritional benefit is problematic. The benefit can be an expression of health or it can be an expression of well-being that embraces both health and the environments both actual and vicarious. The latter is the forum for nutritional futures. Future nutritional concerns will see food as a component of the body that is clean and a component of the “soul” that is green. It is relatively simple to understand the system that renders quality assured safe food with certain nutritional properties. It is far more difficult to understand the lifecycle impacts of food. The problem is that while the nutritional properties of two items of the same food may be identical the whole lifecycle impact on the environment of the two identical items may differ enormously. This in turn reflects the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of food production systems and is further complicated by markets that segment on quality variables (objective and perceptual) rather than source lifecycle variables. The lifecycle approach to sustainable food production is holistic and has to be challenging to a profession that is fragmented in character. The divide is not however between positivism and constructivism but between holism and reductionism. Such a divide is not easily understood save through a paradigm shift to a systems and systematic approach.


Poster Presentations: Session A - Obesity and Chronic Disease

Heart rate of pet dogs: effects of overweight and exercise A Kuruvilla, TL Frankel

Dept of Agricultural Sciences, La Trobe University, VIC 3086 Background - In Australia, about 40% of pet dogs are overweight.1 High fat diets and obesity affect heart function of dogs.2 In people, exercise has been shown to improve heart function. There is no information on body condition and level of exercise on heart rate in pet dogs. Objective - To determine the effects of body condition and level of exercise on heart rate (HR) of pet dogs carrying out a three-stage exercise test. Design - Owners of dogs in the Melbourne metropolitan area volunteered their pets for the study. The exercise test, carried out over a 21 m circuit of four ramps, consisted of three periods of 2 min exercise followed by 2 min rest. Circuit speeds varied with size: dogs less than 47 cm in height ran at 3, 4 and 5 km/h, those above 47 cm ran at 4, 6 and 8 km/h. A Polar heart rate monitor (Kempele, Finland) was used to record HR at rest, during exercise and during recovery. Body condition was assessed using the Purina body condition system.3 Outcomes - Resting HR of smaller dogs (n=16) was significantly (P<0.05) greater, 135.4 ± 25.7 beats/min (bpm), that of larger dogs, 103.3 ± 20.3 bpm (n=32). Although overweight large dogs (n=20) had a significantly (P<0.05) greater HR (111.8 ± 20.3 bpm) than lean dogs (96.4 ± 18.2, n=28), recovery HR (average HR during recovery as a percentage of HR during exercise) of overweight dogs exercised every day was faster that of lean dogs with limited exercise. Conclusions - Heart function of pet dogs can be affected by body condition and exercise. 1. Grassi T, Quain A, Pride C. RSPCA Australian Scientific Seminar, 2001. www.rspca.org.au. 2. Mizelle HL, Edwards TC, Montani, JP. Am J of Hypertension 1994; 7: 374-378. 3. Laflamme DVM. Canine Practice 1997; 22: 10-15

How effective are meal replacements for treating obesity? Clifton P M, Noakes M, Keogh J, Foster P

CSIRO Health Sciences and Nutrition, Adelaide, SA Background - Effective weight loss strategies are needed to reduce cardiovascular disease risk. Meal replacements as a weight loss strategy are widely used in the community however it is not known how effective they are outside a controlled clinical trial environment. Objective - To compare the use of meal replacements (MR) twice a day with a structured low fat (C) weight loss diet on weight, lipids, inflammatory and thrombotic markers and vascular physiology. Design - Randomised, parallel design in overweight volunteers with a triglyceride > 2 mmol/L. Outcomes - Fifty-five subjects completed 3 and 6 months. After 3 months weight loss (Mean ± SEM) was 6.0 ± 4.2 kg (MR) and 6.6 ± 3.4 kg (C group) (P<0.001) with no differences between the groups. At 6 months weight loss was 9.0 ± 6.9kg (MR) and 9.2 ± 5.1kg (C). At 12 weeks triglycerides fell significantly in C (0.48 mmol/L or 25%) but not in MR (4%) (P<0.05 between diets). There was no difference at 6 months. Inflammatory markers at 6 months: CRP decreased by 20% (P<0.02) in MR with no change in C (P=0.002 between diets), no change in IL6 was noted. Fibrinolytic factors at 6 months: tPA fell in both groups by 20-26% (P<0.001), PAI-1 fell only in the C group 28% (P=0.001), [P=0.025 between diets]. Adhesion molecules at 6 months: sICAM1 fell by 10% in both groups (P<0.001), no changes in sVCAM1. Flow mediated dilatation did not change in either group but pulse wave velocity improved from 7.52± 2.49 m/s to 6.25 ±1.58 in MR (P<0.05). The change in C was similar 7.41 ± 3.22 to 6.32 ± 1.38 m/sec but was not significant because of greater baseline variation. Conclusions - Meal replacements are as effective as a structured low fat weight diet for weight loss which is maintained to 6 months. Weight loss is associated with lower triglyceride, circulating adhesion molecules and pulse wave velocity.


Ghrelin and measures of satiety are altered in polycystic ovary syndrome but not differentially affected by diet composition

LJ Moran12, M Noakes2, PM Clifton2, G Wittert3, L Tomlinson1, C Galletly4, N Luscombe3, RJ Norman1

1 Reproductive Medicine Unit, Dept Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Adelaide, SA 5000; 2

CSIRO Health Sciences and Nutrition, Adelaide, SA, 5000; 3 Dept Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA 5000; 4 Dept Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, SA 5000

Background - Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine condition in women of reproductive age. In subjects with PCOS, there may be dysregulation of ghrelin, a hormone implicated in appetite regulation. The effect of varying dietary composition on ghrelin is unclear. Objective - To examine the effects of PCOS status and varying diet composition on ghrelin homeostasis and subjective measures of satiety and hunger. Design - Overweight BMI-matched women (BMI 35.4 ± 0.9 kgm-2) followed a standard protein (55% carbohydrate, 15% protein) (n = 10 PCOS, n = 6 non-PCOS) or high protein diet (40% carbohydrate, 30% protein) (n = 10 PCOS, n = 5 non-PCOS) for 12 weeks of weight loss (~6000 kJ/day) and 4 weeks of energy balance. Post-prandial ghrelin and measures of hunger and satiety by visual analogue scores (VAS) were assessed after a representative meal tolerance test (MTT). Outcomes - Diet composition had no effect on ghrelin or VAS measures. Non-PCOS subjects had a 70 % higher fasting baseline ghrelin (P = 0.011) and a greater increase in fasting ghrelin (57.5 % vs 34.0 %, P = 0.033) and a greater maximal decrease in MTT ghrelin with weight loss (-42.7 ± 17.3 vs -8.5 ± 4.1 pM, P = 0.02) than subjects with PCOS. Subjects with PCOS were more hungry (P = 0.001) and less satiated (P = 0.007) at week 0 and 16 than non-PCOS subjects. Conclusions - Ghrelin homeostasis and measures of hunger and satiety are significantly impaired in subjects with PCOS but not affected by diet composition.

High dairy-protein versus high mixed-protein energy restricted diets - the effect on bone turnover and calcium excretion in overweight adults

J Bowen1, M Noakes1, P Clifton 1 1Clinical Research Unit, CSIRO Health Sciences & Nutrition, PO Box 10041, Adelaide, SA 5000

Background - A moderate exchange of some dietary carbohydrate for protein appears to have metabolic and weight loss advantages in human studies. This dietary strategy raises safety concerns for bone health. The impact of dietary calcium in high protein diets on bone turnover has not been investigated. Objective - This study examined the effect of protein source and calcium content in high protein, energy restricted diets on calcium excretion and bone metabolism in 50 overweight adults (BMI 33.4 ± 2.1 kg/m2). Design - The parallel study consisted of a 12-week energy restriction phase followed by a four-week energy balance phase. Subjects were randomised to one of two isoenergetic (5.5 MJ/d, 34% energy from protein, 41% from carbohydrate and 24% from fat) diets; high dairy protein (DP, 2400mg Ca/d) or high mixed protein (MP, 500mg Ca/d). Outcomes - Energy restriction was the primary determinant of weight loss (-9.7 ± 3.8 kg, P<0.01) with no significant effect of protein source. Twenty-four hour calcium excretion decreased during both interventions (-1.09 ± 0.23 mmol/day, P<0.009). By week 16 the MP diet had a 40% larger increase in deoxypyridinoline (a bone turnover marker) compared to the DP diet (P=0.008). Osteocalcin (a marker of bone formation) increased from week zero to 16 in the MP diet only (+2.22 ng/ml P=0.001). Conclusions - Overall, the DP diet has a modest advantage over MP diet by reducing the accelerated bone turnover associated with weight loss.


Glycemic, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and insulinemic responses to watermelon and apple in type 2 diabetic subjects

K Fatema1, B Habib2, N Afza2 and L Ali1 1Biomedical Research Group, BIRDEM; 2The College of Home Economics, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Background - Glycemic Index (GI), Insulin and Non-esterified Fatty Acid (NEFA) responses are useful measures for the biological effects of a carbohydrate diet in relation to diabetes and its complications. Objective - To determine those indicators in Watermelon and Apple to help in establishing a balanced and better food exchange table for the diabetic patients in Bangladesh. White bread (WB) was used as the reference food. Design - 13 subjects (8 male and 5 female) under a crossover design, consumed equi-carbohydrate amount of the fruits and bread, with a run-in period of 7 days between the consecutive items. Serum C-peptide was used as the marker of insulin and it was measured by ELISA, HbA1c and NEFA were HPLC & Colorimetric methods respectively. Outcomes - Watermelon and Apple had almost similar glycemic response which were lower than WB and its reflected in their GI values (Apple 94 ± 19, Watermelon 92 ± 15). Insulin responses were similar in Apple (0.62 ± 1.13) and in Watermelon (0.45 ± 0.72) and they had a significantly lower Absolute Change (AC) of C-peptide compared to bread (P=0.001 in WB vs Apple and P<0.001 in WB vs Watermelon). There was a lower NEFA response of Watermelon compared with Apple and WB but the difference was not significant. Conclusions - a) Equi-carbohydrate of Apple, Watermelon and WB produce almost similar glycemic response. The dynamics of blood glucose changes (avoidance of sharp peak) with Apple, however, makes it a better choice compared to the other two. b) Watermelon maintains a glycemic response similar to Apple and WB at the expense of lower insulin response and may have beneficial effect on dyslipidemia.

Blood pressure status in Hangzhou region D Li1, XM Yu2, XQ Zhou2, YH Zhang1, TZ Zhang1, AJ Sinclair3

1Department of Food Science, Hangzhou University of Commerce, Hangzhou, China, 310035 2Clinical laboratory, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China

3Department of Food Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000 Background - Mortality of coronary heart disease is lower, but the hemorrhagic stroke is higher in China compared with Western nations. Elevated blood pressure (BP) has been claimed to be the major contributor to hemorrhagic stroke in China.1 Objective - To investigate the BP status, and the relationship between BP and parameters of biochemistry and haematology in Hangzhou populations, China. Design - For this cross-sectional study, 186 male (56 ± 14 yrs) and 85 female (55 ± 11 yrs) free-living subjects were recruited from Hangzhou, China. BP and other physiological parameters were measured. Each subject gave fasting blood, urine and faeces samples, from which parameters of biochemistry and haematology were measured by standard methods. Results - 32% of males and 27% of females had a systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg, 18% males and 13 females had a diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg, however there was no significant difference between the male and female % for both high systolic (≥ 140 mmHg) and diastolic BP (≥ 90 mmHg) (X2 test). Both systolic and diastolic BP were significantly positively correlated with age (P<0.0001), serum concentrations of total protein (P<0.01), uric acid (P<0.05), total cholesterol, LDL-C and triacyglycerol (P<0.05) for both genders, BMI for males and creatine for females (P<0.01). Systolic BP was significantly positively correlated with serum creatine for males (P<0.05). Conclusions - The results from the present study indicated that 30% of subjects have high blood pressure. Positive relationships between BP and plasma total cholesterol, LDL-C, triacyglycerol and BMI are consistent with the results from the Western countries. Reference 1. http://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/en/


Lipid composition of canine prostate tissue NM Attar-Bashi1, K Orzeszko2, RF Slocombe2 and AJ Sinclair1

1Department of Food Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001 2 School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne

Background - It is widely reported that an association exists between dietary fat intake and the incidence of prostate cancer in humans. In order to study this association, there is a need for an animal model where prostate carcinogenesis occurs spontaneously. The canine prostate is considered a suitable experimental model for prostate cancer in humans since it is morphologically similar to the human prostate and both humans and dogs have a predisposition to benign and malignant prostate disease. Objective - To examine the fatty acids and lipids profiles of the normal canine prostate tissue from nine dogs. Design - Prostate tissue lipids were converted to fatty acid methyl esters for determination of the tissue total, phospholipids and triacylglycerol fatty acid content by capillary GLC. Prostate tissue lipids were also analysed by TLC-FID to quantify the percentage of individual lipid classes in the tissue. Outcomes - Total fatty acids, phospholipid and triacylglycerol fatty acid analysis showed that the major fatty acids were palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and arachidonic acids. The omega-3 fatty acid were present at <3% of total fatty acids. The n-3/n-6 ratio was 1:11, 1:13 and 1:8 in total, phospholipids and triacylglycerol fatty acids, respectively. The lipid composition analysis showed that the two major lipid classes were phospholipids and triacylglycerols. Conclusions - This study showed that the canine prostate has a low level of n-3 fatty acids and a low n-3/n-6 ratio. This is perhaps due to the diet of the dogs having low n-3 fatty acid content.

Interactions of dietary fibre and resistant starch with oil on genetic damage in the rat colon MA Conlon, AR Bird

CSIRO Health Sciences and Nutrition, Kintore Avenue, Adelaide, SA 5000 Background - Dietary fibre and resistant starch (RS) appear to promote the health of the large bowel through faecal bulking and increased fermentation. The influence of other dietary factors, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), on the effectiveness of these components is unclear. Objective - To examine whether a rich source of (n-3) PUFA (fish oil; FO) and a rich source of (n-6) PUFA (sunflower seed oil; SSO) influence the effects of dietary fibre and RS on colonic DNA damage differently. Design - Male Sprague-Dawley rats (~100 g) were fed one of eight different diets (eight animals per diet) for six weeks. Diets contained either 10% fibre (cellulose or wheat bran) or RS (HiMaize or Novelose) and each also contained 10% FO or SSO. At completion of the treatment period tissues and gut contents were collected for measurement of DNA damage (comet assay), short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations and bacterial populations. Outcomes - There were significant interactions between fibre/RS and oil treatments on colonic and caecal weights, and DNA damage, SCFA concentrations and some bacterial populations in the colon. DNA damage was higher for FO than SSO treatments in RS groups, whereas the reverse trend was evident for the fibre diets. Conclusions - Dietary FO and SSO interact differently with fibre and RS in their ability to influence DNA damage in the large bowel of rats.


Poster Presentations: Session B – Nutrition Assessment Multiple and single frequency bioelectrical impedance (BIA) methods are not interchangeable

for the prediction of body fluid volumes in overweight individuals LC Ward1, A-T McGill2, FE Leahy2 SD Poppitt2

1Dept of Biochemistry, University of Queensland, QLD 4072 2Human Nutrition Unit & Dept of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

Background - Although (BIA) is a popular technique for assessment of fat and fat-free mass, the use of the technically more complex multi-frequency BIA (MFBIA) is widely considered necessary if prediction of body water compartments is required. Nevertheless, one study has shown the two methods to be in close agreement for this purpose, at least, in healthy normal weight individuals. Objective - To determine the level of agreement between BIA and MFBIA methods for predicting body fluid volumes in overweight individuals. Design - As part of the ECHO (Effects of Chitosan on Health and Obesity) weight loss trial, whole body (wrist to ankle) BIA and MFBIA data were obtained at 3 monthly intervals for 167 (33 M:131F) overweight subjects (mean BMI 34.0 kgm-2) aged between 19 and 79 yr and used to predict total body water (TBW), extra- and intracellular water (ECW and ICW respectively) volumes. BIA and MFBIA data were compared statistically by concordance correlation and limits of agreement analysis. Outcomes - The methods agreed poorly for prediction of TBW (r = 0.74; mean difference, 17 %; limits, 9 to 26%) and ICW (r = 0.48; mean difference, 34 %; limits, 18 to 52 %) but were in good agreement for ECW (r = 0.995; mean difference, 0.8 %; limits, 2 to 4 %). Conclusions - BIA and MFBIA are not interchangeable methods for prediction of body fluid volumes. On theoretical grounds and by comparison with “gold standard” methods MFBIA remains the preferred method for estimation of body fluid volumes in overweight subjects.

Buccal cells as biomarkers of fat intake CM Skeaff1, K McLachlan1, H Eyles1, T Green1

1Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand Background - Buccal cells have been used as biomarkers of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fat intake but more information is needed to document their usefulness as markers of saturated fat and linoleic acid intake. Objective - To measure the effect of a saturated fat or a linoleic acid rich diet on the fatty acid composition of buccal cells. Design - Crossover study with two diets, one high in saturated fat the other high in linoleic acid. Twenty-four participants consumed each diet for eight weeks. Fatty acid composition of buccal cell, plasma, and erythrocyte phospholipids was measured at weeks 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 of each diet. Outcomes - Linoleic acid content of buccal cell phospholipids increased from 8.4 (1.2) mol% [mean (SD)] to 10.3 (1.6) mol% (P<0.01) by week 2 of the linoleic acid-rich diet and remained unchanged for the next 6 weeks. A similar time course of change occurred with linoleic acid in plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids. Myristic acid (C14:0) and pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) in plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids reached a maximum increase in plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids within 2 weeks of initiating the saturated fat-rich diet but were unchanged throughout the 8 week saturated fat diet in buccal cell phospholipids. Conclusions - Buccal cell fatty acids appear to be good biomarkers of linoleic acid intake but not of saturated fat.


What proportion of the population have inadequate intakes? DEM Mackerras1 and IHE Rutishauser2

1Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, NT 8011 2School of Health Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216

Background - National dietary survey data are widely used to estimate dietary inadequacy/excess without due regard to the concepts underlying the reference values with which they are compared. Previously they were compared with values (generally called recommended dietary intakes/ allowances, RDI) set well above the estimated average requirements (EAR) to allow for individual variation. To correct for the overestimation of low intakes that would result from comparison with the RDI, 70% of the RDI was often used. Recently another method – the EAR cut-off method - has been shown to yield the correct population prevalence of inadequate intakes under certain assumptions although it does not identify which individuals have low intakes. The UK and US dietary reference values, which have been revised since the current Australian RDIs were set, include EARs for nutrients. Objectives - We calculated the proportion falling below the UK and US EARs and below 70% of the Australian RDI for six nutrients– protein, iron, zinc, calcium, folate and vitamin A. Design - The unit record file data from the 1995 NNS provided by the ABS were adjusted for within-person variation using Stata (version 6). Those with implausible energy intakes were excluded. Outcomes - There was no consistent relationship between 70% RDI and either the UK or the US EAR. For iron and zinc, 70% of the Australian RDI yielded a much higher proportion with low intakes for most age groups than did comparison with either the UK or US EAR. The proportion with low folate intakes was much higher using the US criteria than those of the other two countries. US recommendations for calcium are not EARs and therefore could not be used to estimate low intakes. Conclusions - 70% RDI seems to be an inconsistent criterion and may not identify the correct target groups. Current Australian reference values for iron and zinc are substantially higher than both US and UK criteria.

Trends in energy and macronutrient intake, body weight, level of physical activity, and energy expenditure in relation to dietary validity in female students - 1988 to 2003

PM Warwick School of Biological Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351

Background - Various trends in dietary intake have been reported. However, validity of self-reported intake is variable, and trends could be confounded by validity, if not taken into account. Objective - To determine trends in body weight, macronutrient and energy intake (EI), physical activity, and energy expenditure in acceptable- and under-reporting female university students. Design - Analysis of four-day intake (weighed) and physical activity (timesheets) records from 887 female university students enrolled in a human nutrition unit. Records were collected annually between 1988 and 2003. Physical activity level (PAL) and energy expenditure (EE) were determined using a factorial method. Subjects with an EI:EE ratio <0.76 were classified as under-reporters (UR).1 The remainder were classified as acceptable reporters (AR). Outcomes – There was a significant increase in prevalence of under-reporting between 1988 and 2003 (P<0.01). Body weight, EE, protein intake (both g/day and as a percentage of energy) and carbohydrate (CHO) intake (g/day) increased during this time in AR (n=480) and UR (n=407), and in the whole group (n=887). Percentage (%) of energy from fat decreased in all three groups (P<0.01-0.001). Over the same period, PAL increased (P<0.01) and fat intake (g/day) decreased (P<0.001) in the whole group and in UR (P<0.05-0.001), but did not change in AR. Energy intake increased in both UR (P<0.05) and AR (P<0.01) but did not change in the whole group. Conclusion - Prevalence of under-reporting increased between 1988 and 2003. Increased body weight, EE, and protein and CHO intake, and decreased % fat energy were not affected by dietary validity. Other trends either varied between UR and AR (increased PAL and decreased % fat energy), or were confounded by combining UR and AR into one group (EI). 1. Black, AE. The sensitivity and specificity of the Goldberg cut-off for EI:BMR for identifying diet reports of low

validity. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000;54:395-404.


Body composition of ambulatory children with mild cerebral palsy KL Bell, PSW Davies

Children’s Nutrition Research Centre, Dept Paediatrics and Child Health, University of QLD, Royal Children’s Hospital, Herston, QLD 4029

Background - Children with cerebral palsy (CP) are frequently shorter and lighter than their non-disabled peers and have alterations in body composition.1 Bioelectrical impedance is a quick, straightforward technique for the measurement of total body water (TBW). Objective - To determine differences in TBW, FFM and percent body fat (%BF) between mildly affected children with CP and non-disabled controls. Design - Cross sectional, observational study of 18 ambulatory children with CP (10 males) and 21 similarly aged non-disabled controls (12 males). Height and weight were measured using standard calibrated equipment. Impedance was measured using the Bodystat 1500. TBW was calculated from impedance.2 FFM was determined from TBW using hydration constants.3 Outcomes - No biologically or statistically significant differences were found between the children with CP and the control group for any of the measures of body size or composition. Conclusions - These data suggest that short stature and poor nutritional status are not inevitable in children with CP. Age (yr) Weight (kg) Height (cm) TBW (L) FFM (kg) BF (%) Control 8.23 + 2.21 26.29 + 8.27 125.4 + 12.2 14.5 + 3.6 19.0 + 4.9 26 + 9 CP 8.54 + 2.39 26.31 + 6.61 126.8 + 12.1 14.4 + 2.8 18.9 + 3.7 26 + 11 1. Samson Fang LJ, Stevenson RD. Identification of malnutrition in children with cerebral palsy: Poor performance of

weight-for-height centiles. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 2000; 42: 162-168. 2. Kushner RF, Schoeller DA, Fjeld CR. Is the impedance index (ht2/r) significant in predicting total body water?

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1992;56: 835-839. 3. Fomon SJ, Haschke F, Ziegler EE, Nelson SE. Body composition of reference children from birth to age 10 years.

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1982;35: 1169-1175.

Health professionals’ and primary producers’ understanding of sustainable food production systems for healthy eating

KM Tsai1, 2, EC Schubert2, BF Mullen1 1School of Food and Land Sciences, University of Queensland, QLD 4067

2School of Population Health, University of Queensland, QLD 4006 Background - “Eating for Sustainability” remains poorly understood by both public health professionals and primary producers in spite of an emerging recognition in linking the themes of sustainability with nutrition, eating habits, and food production.1-2 Objectives - To explore public health professionals’ and primary producers’ understanding with respect to the meaning, viability, and implications of various models of sustainable food production for healthy eating. Design - An electronic survey was sent to approximately 650 Australian public health and nutrition professionals and primary producers. The broad issue of eating for sustainability, sustainability of beef cattle production systems in Australia as a case study; and the relationship between Australian Dietary Guidelines and sustainable agriculture were explored. Results - The overall response rate was 14%, this was mainly due to the difficulty and the novelty of the topic. As expected, a majority (62%) of respondents were unaware or unsure of the concept of “Eating for Sustainability”. Conclusions - Australian primary producers and public health professionals need to have adequate communication to enhance future sustainable food production systems. References 1. Vorster HH. The 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development: a more holistic approach for public health

nutrition. Public Health Nutrition 2002;5:707-8. 2. McMichael T. Keynote paper on sustainability, health and well-being. In Search of Sustainability Online

Conference [Online]. 2003 [cited 2003 Mar]; Available from: URL:http://www.isosconferece.org.au/papers/McMichael_Sustainability_hlth_keynote.pdf


Poster Presentations: Session C – Growth

Can nutritional manipulation enhance immune competence in broiler chickens? SN Digby1, DK Revell1 and BJ Hughes2

1Discipline of Animal Science, University of Adelaide, SA 5005 2SARDI Livestock Systems, Roseworthy

Background - Antibiotic use for disease control in animal production systems, such as the chicken meat broiler industry, has been implicated in the development of antibiotic resistance in humans. As a result, there is increasing interest in the manipulation of nutrition and the development of new vaccination programs to enhance immune competence. Objective - To determine whether nutrition could be used to enhance immune competence through supplementation of broiler diets with vitamins A, C and E and the minerals zinc, copper and selenium. Design - To vary the extent of challenge to the immune system, two different housing environments (optimal and suboptimal) were used. Two diets were fed in each environment (nutritionally enriched vs control) and half of the birds within each diet group and environment were vaccinated with a live vaccine for coccidiosis (containing various Eimeria strains) whilst the other half were not. The trial was conducted over a six-week period during which time body weight, weekly feed intake and indicators of immune competence (white blood cell counts and bursa and thymus weights) were measured. Outcomes - Results showed increased bursa and thymus weights in chickens in the suboptimal environment suggesting the level of infection was greater. Eosinophil counts were significantly greater (P<0.05) in birds fed the enriched diet and in vaccinated birds, suggesting an enhanced response to the coccidiosis parasites. Conclusions - These results are promising for the use of dietary manipulation as an alternative to antibiotic treatment in the future.

Effect of sulphur amino acids on epithelial immunity and parasite susceptibility SJ Pain1, DK Revell1 and PJ James2

1Discipline of Animal Science, University of Adelaide, SA 5005 2SARDI Livestock System, Roseworthy 5371

Background - The sulphur amino acid (SAA), cysteine, which can be synthesised from methionine, is believed to act as a regulatory signal during immune responses to parasitic challenge (Miller et al. 2000). Objective - Sheep postruminal SAA supply was manipulated by providing rumen-protected methionine (RPM). The objective was to measure resulting humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and skin hypersensitivity or allergic responses of sheep known to differ in susceptibility to the sheep biting louse, Bovicola ovis. Design - The three-month trial was a completely randomised 2 x 2 factorial design (high and low louse-susceptibility x control and RPM diet). RPM diet contained 1.18% SAA, control contained 0.57%. Blood samples were collected fortnightly for white blood cell (WBC) counts, total plasma sulphur and anti-louse antibody titres. Skin hypersensitivity (SH) tests were conducted at the end of the trial. Outcomes - RPM diet raised total plasma sulphur levels by 12%. Low susceptibility sheep had elevated peripheral eosinophils (P=0.04). Sheep fed the RPM diet showed a faster (P=0.05) immediate SH response and RPM fed low susceptibility sheep showed an accelerated (P=0.03) late phase SH response. Anti-louse antibody titres were higher in high susceptibility sheep (P<0.05) at the beginning and end of the trial, with no diet effect. Conclusions - Results suggest that sheep with low susceptibility to lice exhibit an enhanced hypersensitive immune response, whilst highly susceptible sheep exhibit a stronger humoral immune response. They also suggest that SAA supplementation may influence the response time of hypersensitive immunity of sheep to a B.ovis challenge.


Responses of sheep to a water-based urea supplement S Taylor, GMcL Dryden

School of Animal Studies, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343 Background - Urea is used as a source of ruminally available N for ruminants grazing mature, low-protein pasture. Intakes of conventional supplements range from nil to amounts which are wasteful and potentially toxic. Urea in the drinking water is consumed by all animals and tends to even out consumption but there are questions about the effectiveness of this method. Objective - To compare water-based and conventional urea supplements. Methods -Ten Merino wethers (50 kg ± 3.4 SD) were given four treatments in an incomplete randomised block design with three periods (10 d adaptation, 8 d collection). Treatments were fortified molasses (FM) with 80g urea/kg molasses, a dry loose mixture (LM) of 100 g urea, 100 g salt, 100 g dicalcium phosphate and 10 g ammonium sulphate, a water-based supplement (WS) of 2 g urea and 0.64 g ammonium sulphate/L, and a control (CO) which received no supplement. The FM, LM, and WS treatments had similar N: S (5.9:1) ratios. Chaffed Callide Rhodes grass hay (4% protein, DM basis) and drinking water were given ad libitum. Results - Sheep given FM ate more urea (10.8 g/d) than those given WS or LM (5.7 and 4.2 g/d; pooled sed = 1.25, P<0.05), but did not eat more dry matter (DM intakes were 812, 811, 1040 and 788 g/d for CO, FM, LM and WS; pooled sed = 136.9) or digest food organic matter differently to the CO group (49.3, 47.4, 47.6 and 50.7% for CO, FM, LM and WS; pooled sed = 3.75). Supplemented sheep drank similar amounts of water, and more (P<0.06) than the CO group (1.9, 2.6, 2.5 and 2.6 L/d for CO, FM, LM and WS; pooled sed = 0.34). Conclusions - Water with 2% urea is acceptable to sheep, water-based supplements may avoid excessive urea consumption and reduce the time spent in supplement preparation.

Effect of dietary αααα-linolenic acid on incorporation of phytosterols into tissues in rats J Oen1, D Li2, AJ Sinclair1

1Department of Food Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3001 2Department of Food Science, Hangzhou University of Commerce, Hangzhou, China, 310035

Background - Both polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and phytosterols in vegetables and vegetable oils may contribute to the hypocholesterolemic effect of vegetable oils. However, there has been no data on the interaction between phytosterols and fatty acids, and their effects on tissue levels of cholesterol and phytosterols. Objective - To investigate the interaction between dietary phytosterols and α-linolenic acid (ALA) on tissue levels of phytosterol and cholesterol. Design - Ten weaning male 4 wks old Sprague-Dawley rats were on a commercial rat chow diet for four days, and then they were randomized into one of two diet groups. Both diets contained 2000 mg phytosterols/kg. In the diet A, commercial sunflower oil was used as the only added oil (70 g/kg diet), whereas, the diet B contained a mixture of 60 g sunflower oil and 10 g pure ALA/kg diet. Linoleic acid (LA)/ALA was 117:1 for diet A and 3.6:1 for diet B. On day 29, their tissues and blood were collected after injection with lethal pentobarbital sodium. The fatty acids, phytosterols and cholesterol levels in the tissues were analysed by standard methods. Outcomes – Compared with diet A, in the diet B group, all tissues showed a significant increase in total n-3 PUFA, particularly 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 and decreased total n-6 PUFA levels (P<0.05). Not all tissues accumulated ALA or 20:5n-3 levels. Diet B group also showed increased phytosterol levels in liver, heart and lung (P<0.05), and increased cholesterol levels in lung (P<0.05) relative to diet A. Conclusions – The present study indicated that dietary ALA modulates the incorporation of phytosterols into tissues, and also affects tissue cholesterol levels in rats.


Bifidogenic effects of feeding infant formula containing galacto-oligosaccharides in healthy formula-fed infants

JEAC Napoli1, JC Brand-Miller1, P Conway3 1School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006

2School of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052 Background - Human milk oligosaccharides are readily fermented in the infant colon where they selectively stimulate the growth of bifidobacteria. Bifidobacteria lower intestinal pH through the production of acetic and lactic acids which may suppress the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Objective - To investigate the bifidogenic effects of a galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) supplemented infant formula on the composition of the faecal microflora in formula-fed infants. Design - Healthy full-term formula-fed infants were randomly assigned to receive standard infant formula supplemented with 0.7% GOS (n = 13) or the same formula supplemented with lactose as a control (n = 13) during a 21 day feeding trial. Twenty four breast-fed infants were also studied as a reference group. Faecal samples were collected on day 1, day 11 and day 21 and analysed for bacterial counts, pH and lactate concentrations. Outcomes - GOS supplementation increased bifidobacteria counts 10-fold (P = 0.001) to the range of the reference group of breast-fed infants. The faecal pH after 21 days of feeding was significantly lower in the GOS formula group than in the control group (P = 0.004). Fecal lactate concentrations increased 4-fold in the GOS formula group from 1.5 ± 0.5 mmol/L on day 1 to 5.9 ± 1.4 mmol/L on day 21, but this increase was only marginally significant (P = 0.09). Conclusions - This study showed that supplementation of infant formula with GOS stimulates the growth of bifidobacteria in the colon and results in lower fecal pH and increased fecal lactate concentrations.

Effect of experimental oligosaccharide on brain and body weight

B Wang1, A Staples1, A Hunter1, B Yu2, J Brand Miller1 Human Nutrition Unit, School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, G08 and Molecular

Genetics Laboratory, Central Clinical School2, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006 Background - The biological function of human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) is not fully understood. In addition to their ability to stimulate growth of Bifidobacteria and inhibit pathogens, there may be beneficial effects on brain development. Our hypothesis is that oral supplementation of certain oligosaccharides favourably influences brain growth and learning ability in an animal model. The piglet is the most appropriate as its brain growth closely parallels that of the human infant. Objective - To investigate the effects of an experimental oligosaccharide found in human milk, on brain weight, total brain cortex cell number (estimated by DNA content) and body weight development in formula-fed piglets. Design - Twelve 3-day-old male piglets were randomly allocated into a treatment (n = 6) or control group (n = 6). Piglets were fed a diet of soy/whey/casein sow’s milk replacer (55:9:36) for 32 days. The treatment group were fed the standard diet with 215 mg/kg oligosaccharide per day. Body weight was determined daily using electronic scales prior to the morning feed. The piglets were euthanased on day 36 and brain weight and frontal cortex DNA content were determined. Outcomes - The rate of body weight gain (mean ± SD) did not differ between the groups: 217 ± 34 g/d in the treatment group and 216 ± 39 g/d in the controls. Brain weights were similar 54 ± 6 g vs 57 ± 4 g respectively, and cerebrum and cerebellum were 71% and 11% vs 69% and 11% respectively of total brain weight. Brain frontal cortex cell number was 24% higher (110.7 ± 14.2 x 103 cells/mg tissue) in treatment than controls (89.3 ± 15.0 x 103 cells/mg tissue) but the difference did not reach statistical significance (P=0.326). Conclusions - This study showed that dietary supplementation of the experimental oligosaccharide had no significant effect on body weight gain, brain weight or frontal cortex cell number.


Quantification of soluble betaglycan in porcine milk HK Cheung, J Mei, RJ Xu

Department of Zoology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Background - Betaglycan is a transmembrane proteoglycan in various types of cells. Betaglycan has a high binding affinity to transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and it plays a physiological role in TGF-beta signal transduction. We have reported earlier the existence of soluble betaglycan in porcine and human milk.1 Objectives - This study reports the quantification of betablycan in porcine milk at different stages of lactation. Methods - Milk samples were collected from four Large White x Landrace sows at day 1, day 3, day 7 and day 14 of lactation. They were centrifuged at 10000 g for 30 min at 4oC to remove cell debris and fat and were then stored at –70oC till further analysis. The level of betaglycan in the samples was determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a specific antibody (Santa Cruz, CA, USA).

Milk sample Protein (mg/ml) Betaglycan (ng/ml) Betaglycan/protein (ng/mg) Day 1 145 +/- 15 410 +/- 90 2.8 +/- 0.5 Day 3 37 +/- 2 300 +/- 50 8.1 +/- 1.0 Day 7 32 +/- 5 270 +/- 80 8.2 +/- 1.1 Day 14 26 +/- 4 250 +/- 90 9.7 +/- 3.7

Results - Although the highest level of betaglycan was detected in the milk of the first day of lactation, significant amount of betaglycan was detected in the milk throughout the lactation. When expressed as per unit milk protein, the concentration was greater in milk of later lactation than that in the first day of lactation. Conclusions - This study indicates the existence of betaglycan in porcine milk throughout the lactation. The origin and the physiological function of the milk-borne betaglycan remain to be investigated. 1. Cheung HK, Mei J, Xu RJ.Detection of betaglucan in porcine and human milk. Asia Pacific J Clin Nutr 2002; 11(Suppl.): S317.

Enhancing milk quality and yield in the dairy cow and buffalo by feeding protected nutrient supplements A

SK Gulati1, MR Garg2, P L Serashia2, TW Scott3

1Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006 2National Dairy Development Board, Anand, India 3Rumentek Industries, Parkside, SA 5001

Background - The major limitation to ruminant production in many regions of the Indian sub-continent and parts of Australia is poor nutrition. This results in a lack of availability of key nutrients, eg, essential amino acids and energy to sustain reasonable levels of milk production. To overcome these deficiencies by-pass fat and protein supplements have been developed from oilseeds/meals and by-products.1 Objective - To assess the role of by-pass nutrients in a straw based feeding system in India Design - Protected nutrient supplements of by-pass fat and by-pass protein were fed to cows and buffaloes; the milk composition was assessed and an economic evaluation was undertaken. Outcomes - Feeding protected fat supplements increased fat, protein and yield of milk significantly. The concentration of oleic (C18:1 cis), linoleic (C18:2) and linolenic (C18::3) acids increased with a reduction in the saturated fatty acids eg, palmitic (C16:0); this response was similar to that observed with cows in Australia.2. The transfer of C18:2 from rumen protected fat supplements into milk were 25% and 15% for cows and buffaloes respectively; these values are lower when compared to a transfer of 35-40% for dairy cows in Australia. Feeding by-pass protein supplements, of which 75% of the protein is rumen undegradable, to lactating ruminants on a pasture (Australia) or a straw based diet in India, significantly increased fat, protein and yield of milk in buffaloes (India) and cows (India & Australia). Conclusions - In India about 1-1.2 L extra milk per day per cow / buffalo with a higher fat content (the farmer is paid on the basis of volume and fat content), provides an additional income of Rs10 /A$0.32c per animal per day, for food, education and improving the status of women who manage most of these small village holdings, dairying is the sole source of income for about 11 million farming families.1 A semi-commercial unit to produce by-pass protein feed supplements has been established in India, to provide feed for further trials at the village level. 1. Gulati, SK, Garg, MR, Scott, TW. Indian Dairy Man 2002; March:31-35. 2. Gulati, SK, May, C, Wynn, PC, Scott, TW. Anim Feed Sci and Tech. 2002; 98:143-52.

ACollaborative project supported by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR)


Estimating amino acid availability from digestibility coefficients:

application to poultry diets WL Bryden and X Li

School of Animal Studies, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343 Background - Determining the available amino content of feed ingredients is difficult. However, availability can be estimated from amino acid digestibility coefficients. A number of reports have demonstrated that bird performance is superior when fed diets based on digestible amino acid values during the starter phase. Objective and Design - In this study broiler chicken performance was measured throughout the production cycle from hatch to processing in birds fed either a diet that was formulated using total amino acid values (Diet 1) and compared to a diet formulated using ingredients of known amino acid digestibility (Diet 2) and a diet formulated by a large integrated broiler company (Diet 3). Diets were formulated for starter, grower and finisher phases using the same batch of ingredients for which digestibility values had been determined. Each diet was fed to 6 pens of six male broilers (Cobb); starter from days 1 to 14, grower from days 14 to 28 and finisher from days 28 to 42. Feed consumption and body weight were recorded weekly. On day 42, breast meat weight and abdominal fat weight were measured as estimates of carcass yield. Outcome - Bodyweight (P<0.001), feed intake (P<0.001) and feed conversion (P<0.005) were significantly improved when diets were formulated on a digestible amino acid basis. Diets 2 and 3 also significantly increased (P<0.001) carcass yield. Conclusions - Formulation of broiler diets using digestible amino acid values and fed from hatch to processing can significantly improve bird performance and carcass yield.


Poster Presentations: Session D– Food and Nutrients

Improved quantification of retinol, tocopherol and carotenoid in human plasma by HPLC using retinol acetate as internal standard Q Su1, NDH Balazs1, M Daskalakis1, KG Rowley2

1Biochemistry Unit, Southern Cross Pathology Australia, Monash Medical Centre, VIC 3168 2University of Melbourne, Dept of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, VIC 3065

Background - Previously, we reported a gradient HPLC procedure for simultaneous quantification of retinol, tocopherols and carotenoids in human plasma based on both retinol acetate (RA) and tocopherol acetate (TA) as internal standards (IS).1 Objective - To simplify and improve imprecision of assay using only RA internal standard. Outcomes - In a series of 3229 plasma samples assayed over 10 months, including 129 plasma matrix quality controls. The assay coefficients of variation (CV) were less than 6% for all analytes, except α-cryptoxanthin. Within run Between run Analyte µg/dl concentration1 CV (%) concentration2 CV (%) α-tocopherol 1526 ± 34 2.2 905 ± 43 4.8 retinol 76.4 ± 1.5 2.0 46.6 ± 2.0 4.2 β -carotene 23.2 ± 0.6 2.5 41.3 ± 1.9 4.7 α -carotene 4.8 ± 0.2 3.2 6.4 ± 0.3 5.4 β -cryptoxanthin 14.1 ± 0.4 2.7 18.5 ± 1.6 8.7 lutein/zeaxanthin 21.2 ± 0.4 1.7 14.4 ± 0.8 5.4 total lycopene 28.3 ± 0.7 2.5 28.9 ± 1.6 5.4 1mean ± SD n=8; 2mean ± SD n=129 Conclusions - This precision is somewhat better than observed previously using TA as an IS, where CV% ranged from 8.1% to 5.4 and 9.2 to 5.4 for α-carotene and lycopene.1 1. Su Q, Rowley KG, Balazs NDH. Carotenoids: separation methods applicable to biological samples. J Chromatogr

Biomed Sci Appl 2002; 781: 393-418.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content in different edible portions of commercial scallop

XQ Su, TT Dinh School of Biomedical Sciences, Victoria University, VIC 8001

Background - Seafood is a rich source of long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Previous studies showed that there was a variation of n-3 PUFA concentration and total lipid content between different edible portions of seafood. However, there are no data available on the variation of fatty acid concentration between different edible portions of Australian scallop. Objective - To compare the fatty acid and total lipid contents in muscle and gonad of commercial scallop, Pecten fumatus. Design - Seven samples of scallop were analysed. The total lipid was extracted with methanol-chloroform containing butylated hydroxytoluene. The fatty acid methyl esters were prepared by saponification of about 20 mg lipid plus 2 mg of methyl tricosanoate using KOH followed by transesterification in BF3 in methanol. The fatty acid methyl esters were separated by gas liquid chromatography. Outcomes - Gonad contained significantly higher levels of total n-3 PUFA, 20:5n-3, 22:6n-3 and 22:5n-3 than muscle (P<0.05). 22:6n-3 and 20:5n-3 were the main n-3 PUFA in both gonad and muscle. Higher levels of total n-6 PUFA, total lipid, saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids were also recorded in gonad than in muscle (P<0.05). Conclusion - Gonad of commercial scallop is a better source of long chain n-3 PUFA than muscle. Consumption of scallop with well-developed gonad will provide a good source of long chain n-3 PUFA and help to achieve the correct dietary recommendations.


Fish oil feeding increases gut contractility in spontaneous hypertensive rat (SHR) model GS Patten, MY Abeywardena

CSIRO Health Sciences and Nutrition, Adelaide, SA 5000 Background - In a previous study we observed an apparent depression in prostanoid-induced contractility of the gut in the SHR compared to the normotensive (WKY) rat. Objective - To determine if diets containing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) can overcome the defect in prostanoid-induced contractility in the SHR ileum. Design - Twelve week old SHR were fed diets for 12 weeks containing 5% fat as saturated fat, canola oil, or fish oil and compared with WKY control. Contractility of isolated ileal and colonic tissue was determined in an organ bath system in response to muscarinic and eicosanoid stimulators of gut isometric contraction. Outcomes - As previously demonstrated, there was a significantly depressed response in the SHR ileum to PGE2 and PGF2alpha compared to the WKY. Compared to the other diets, only fish oil supplementation resulted in a significant increase in maximal ileal contraction in response to acetylcholine and prostaglandins that was positively correlated with an increase in long chain (LC) n-3 PUFA (eicosapentaenoic [EPA] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) in gut tissue. However, the canola diet rich in n-3 18:3 (alpha linoleic acid [ALA]) did not result in an increase in tissue LC n-3 PUFA or changes in contractility. Conclusions - Fish oil supplementation resulted in an increase of gut tissue LC n-3 PUFA content, increased ileal contractility and reversal of the depressed gut contractility response to prostanoids in SHR. Since prostaglandins are involved in homeostasis of gut integrity and contractility, these findings may be applicable to bowel health in regard to normal and disease states.

Lipid composition analysis of pork floss by using Iatroscan TLC/FID X Yan, D Li

Department of Food Science, Hangzhou University of Commerce, Hangzhou, China, 310035 Background - Iatroscan TLC/FID has been introduced to analyze lipid two decades ago, however, it has not been used in lipid analysis in China. Floss is a traditional processed meat product. However, there is no data on the lipid contents and compositions of meat flosses. Objective - The aim of the present study was to investigate the lipid contents and compositions of the common available flosses in Hangzhou by using Iatroscan TLC/FID. Design - We purchased 4 brand pork flosses from different supermarkets in Hangzhou. The lipids were extracted by chloroform-methanol (2:1, v/v). Lipids were separated by Iatroscan TLC/FID, and identified by comparison with lipid standard, and results were calculated using peak area derived from the chromatograph. Outcomes - Total lipids content of the pork flosses ranged from 9.6% (Fengcheng) to 20.7% (Weixin) (P=0.002, ANOVA). In the analyzed pork floss samples, more than 90% of lipids were triacylglycerol, content ranged from 8.71% (Fengcheng) to 19.6% (Weixin) (P<0.0001, ANOVA) (Table, g/100g, Mean ± SD, n=3). Weixin Beisite Little chili Fengcheng P value, ANOVA Total lipid 20.7 ± 2.1 20.0 ± 0.6 16.4 ± 1.8 9.6 ± 0.2 0.002 Triacylglycerol 19.6 ± 1.8 18.8 ± 0.8 15.3 ± 1.8 8.7 ± 0.4 <0.0001 Phospholipid 1.1 ± 0.3 1.2 ± 0.4 1.2 ± 0.2 0.9 ± 0.2 0.653

Conclusions - The present results indicated that Iatroscan TLC/FID is powerful tool for food lipid analysis. The contents of total lipid, phospholipids and triacylglycerols in the analyzed pork floss samples varied greatly between brands, which may be caused by how much visible fat remains on the meat during processing, and the different diets of animals.


Cheese added to a low fat diet does not affect serum lipids Colquhoun DM1*, Somerset S2, Irish K1, Leontjew LM1

1 Core Research Group and University of Queensland, 2 Griffith University Background - Dietary fat is the major macronutrient that modifies lipids and lipoproteins. Saturated fat increases LDL, HDL with minimal effect on triglycerides. Part of the French Paradox is high intake of cheeses and low rates of CHD. The effect of cheeses on serum lipids has not been investigated. Method - 20 patients had baseline cholesterol, 4 week low fat (LF) diet (<25% of calories as fat) followed by 4 week cheese diet (100g of camembert daily, 32-35% of calories of fat). Plasma Lipids were measured at baseline, after LF, and after cheese diet. Patients had dietary counseling at LF and cheese. Food intake was assessed by 3 day dietary diaries at the end of each diet period. Results - During LF compared to baseline, Total cholesterol, HDL and LDL (Friedewald calculation) dropped significantly (P=0.001, P=0.0001 and P=0.008). No other changes were detected.

Baseline Low Fat Cheese TC mmol/L 5.44 5.14 5.31 Triglycerides mmol/L 1.30 1.45 1.58 HDL mmol/L 1.47 1.32 1.39 LDL mmol/L 3.38 3.16 3.20 Weight kg 78.1 77.6 77.6

Conclusions - On the background of a LF diet, including cheese is not associated with adverse effects on serum lipids. Fermentation presumably is responsible for these favorable effects.

High saturated fat diet does not affect gut contractility in the rat GS Patten, MY Abeywardena

CSIRO Health Sciences and Nutrition, Adelaide, SA 5000 Background - High dietary levels of saturated fat has been shown to have adverse effects on the contractility of cardiac and vascular smooth muscles in normal or hypertensive animal models. In contrast, we have recently shown that dietary long chain (LC) n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) may have beneficial effects on gut smooth muscle contractility1,2 in rats. However, the effect of a relatively high saturated fat diet on gut contractility has yet to be determined in animal models of health and disease. Objective - To determine the effect of high saturated fat diet on contractility of rat isolated gut tissue in the normotensive (WKY) and hypertensive (SHR) models. Design - Twelve week old WKY or SHR male rats were fed the following diets for 12 weeks: high saturated fat (30%) low carbohydrate (46%); high carbohydrate (73%) low fat 3%; or 10% fat 66% carbohydrate (Control). Contractility of isolated ileal and colonic tissue was determined in an organ bath system in response to muscarinic and eicosanoid agonists. Outcomes - There was no significant dietary effects on the sensitivity or maximal contractility due to muscarinic or eicosanoid agonist induced contraction in the ileum or colon of SHR or WKY rats. However, there was a significant depression in contractility in the ileum of the SHR in response to prostanoid (PGE2 or PGF2alpha) stimulation. Conclusions - In contrast to LC n-3 PUFA in fish oil (1,2), the saturated fat level in the diet did not affect the contractility parameters of gut smooth muscle. However, there appeared to be a defect in prostanoid receptor mediated signalling and contractility in the ileum of the SHR independent of the dietary effects. References 1. Patten GS, Bird AR, Topping DL, Abeywardena MY. Dietary fish oil alters the sensitivity of guinea pig ileum to

electrically driven contractions and 8-iso-PGE2. Nutr Res 2002; 22: 1413-1426. 2. Patten GS, Abeywardena MY, McMurchie EJ, Jahangiri A. Dietary fish oil increases acetylcholine- and eicosanoid-

induced contractility of isolated rat ileum. J Nutr 2002; 132: 2506-2513.


Spasmolysis of combined bee glue and Shaoyao-Gancao-tang on isolated rabbit jejunum NZ Wang and D Li

Dept of Food Science, Hangzhou University of Commerce, Hangzhou, China 310035 Background - Propolis (bee glue) is a valuable byproduct of apiculture, which is found in honeybee hives. It has been suggested that propolis-ethanol-extract has antitumour, antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antihepatotoxic, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory activities.1 Shaoyao-Gancao-tang, a prescription of Chinese Medicine, consists of water extract of liquorice (Radix Glycyrrhizac) and peony (Paeonialaciflora) roots.2 Objective - To investigate the effect of combined propolis-ethanol-extract and Shaoyao-Gancao-tang (PSG) on contraction of isolated rabbit jejunum in vitro. Design - PGS was prepared from the ethanol extract of propolis and water extract of 1:1 liquorice and peony roots. One end of the jejunum tube (3-4cm) was fastened to the ventilating pipe of a thermostatic bath, the other end to the tensioning exchanger, which was connected to a Recorder. Outcomes - With the same concentration (0.02%), PSG showed a 31% reduction on the maximum relaxation time compared with propolis-ethanol-extracts or Shaoyao-Gancao-tang (P<0.01, n=10). This result indicates that there was a synergistic effect between propolis-ethanol-extracts and Shaoyao-Gancao-tang on the myenteric relaxation of jejunum in vitro. Conclusions - The action of PSG on jejunum smooth muscles is most likely through M-receptors, since acetylcholine induced jejunum contractions were significantly decreased by PSG, and there was a remarkable synergistic effect between atropine and PSG (P<0.001, n=8). In conclusions, the PGS showed an antispasmodic activity, and inhibits peristalsis of jejunum smooth muscles via inhibiting M-receptors. 1. Castaldo S, Capasso F. Propolis, an old remedy used in modern medicine. Fitoterapia 2002; 73:S1-6. 2. Zhang ZJ. Shang Han Lun. 1st edn, Shanghai Sci & Tech Publishing House, Shanghai.1983.

A bioflavonoid in sugar cane can reduce the postprandial glycaemic response to a high-GI starchy food

S Holt1, V de Jong1, E Faramus1, T Lang2, J Brand Miller1 1Human Nutrition Unit, Dept of Biochemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006

2Lang Technologies, Pymble, NSW 2073 Background - Current dietary guidelines recommend the consumption of a diet based on fresh fruit and vegetables and wholegrain cereal products. However, most people prefer refined rather than wholegrain versions of cereal products, which tend to have relatively high glycaemic index (GI) values. There has been recent interest in determining whether the addition of certain compounds, such as soluble fibres and alpha-amylase inhibitors, to high-GI cereal products can help lower the glycaemic responses produced by high-GI foods. Objective - To determine whether a bioflavonoid extracted from sugar cane, which has been shown to inhibit alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase activity in vitro, could effectively reduce the postprandial glycaemic response to a high-GI meal (wheat biscuits with milk). Design - A group of 10 healthy, non-smoking, normal-weight young adults with normal glucose tolerance were recruited to consume each of the following four test meals on separate mornings: wheat biscuits with milk alone (control meal) or with 15, 50, or 100 mg of sugar cane bioflavonoid. Standard GI methodology was used to determine a GI value for each test meal using glucose as the reference food (GI value of glucose = 100). Outcomes - The GI value of the control meal was significantly greater than the GI values of the other three test meals (15 and 100 mg extract: P < 0.05; 50 mg extract; P <0.01). There were no significant differences among the mean GI values of the three extract test meals. Control meal Meal + 15 mg

extract1 Meal + 50 mg extract1

Meal + 100 mg extract1

GI value (%)1 (GI category) 72 ± 7 (High) 57 ± 7 (Medium) 46 ± 5 (Low) 54 ± 4 (Low) 1 mean ± SEM Conclusions - The bioflavonoid extract effectively reduced the GI value of a high-GI starchy meal by up to 37% without any apparent side effects. Further research is required to determine whether the bioflavonoid remains effective if incorporated into food during processing and cooking.


Risk of ciguatera fish poisoning: impact on recommendations to eat more fish JE Connell, D Colquhoun

Core Research Group, University of Queensland and Wesley Hospital, Brisbane QLD Aims - To characterize the risks of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning and to consider whether dietary recommendations need refining in view of those risks. Background - Regular fish consumption has been recommended for both primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) is the most frequently reported intoxication resulting from fish consumption in Australia. The ciguatoxin are produced by the unicellular Gambierdiscus toxicus, a component of plankton typically associated with bleached coral reefs. The clinical syndrome included gastrointestinal and prominent neurological symptoms. Regular fish consumers may accumulate a subclinical toxin level, and may be at increased risk of developing clinical and/or recurrent CFP. Method - Medline, USDA, AFFA, CSIRO and AHA databases and websites search. Results - Cold water fish species do not constitute a CFP risk and have a favorable long chain n-3 fatty acid profile, (Tuna, Atlantic Salmon, Blue-eye and Sardines). Warm water mackerels and reef fish, particularly Coral Trout pose the most significant CFP risk. Conclusions - Recommendations regarding fish intake ought to include consideration of CFP as risks may outweigh benefits for some fish species.

Recommended fish intake is potentially dangerous due to high methylmercury content of certain fish

Anderson C, Heike K, Colquhoun D Core Research Group and University of Queensland, Australia,The Wesley Hospital,Brisbane, QLD Objective - To determine if dietary recommendations to increase fish intake should be modified to minimize the potential risk of methylmercury (MeHg) toxicity. Background - The American Heart Association (AHA) and Australian Heart Foundation recommend that all adults eat, preferably oily, fish at least twice a week. Fish ingestion is the dominant MeHg exposure pathway. Excess MeHg ingestion can be toxic. Method - Database/website searches: Medline, United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), World Health Organisation (WHO), Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ). Results - MeHg varies markedly between species. Highest levels are in large predators eg. Swordfish/Shark and in some locations eg Geothermal lake in New Zealand, fresh water lakes in Finland. MeHg levels vary within a species similarly in Australia and USA. FSANZ upper limit is 5.0ug/kgbodyweight/week. National Nutrition surveys in Australia (1995) and New Zealand (1997) found 20-25% ate fish at least once/week and high consumers 298-372 grams/meal. 36% of Maoris eat fish at least once/week. Some individuals (especially women of child bearing ages and children) would exceed upper limits of intake of MeHg. In USA 10% of childbearing women would exceed by 2-fold USEPA recommendations. Fish Species

Mercury* (μg/200g serve)

Max. Serves/week!

(WHO rec.) Max. Serves/wk! (USEPA rec.)

n-3 content (g/serve)

Serves/wk for 7g n-3 fatty acid

Swordfish 200 1.15 0.25 6.44 1.08 Shark 192 1.20 0.26 1.69 4.15 Salmon 7 33 7 4.29 1.63 !70 kg person *Estimates from US FDA tables, USA serve=200gm. FSANZ serve=150gm

Conclusions - Recommendations to limit fish intake to prevent MeHg toxicity are in conflict with recommendations to prevent CHD. Species and origin of fish needs to be taken into account to prevent MeHg toxicity.

S68 Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia (2003) 27 AUTHOR INDEX

Author Page Abeywardena MY S64,S65 Afza N S53 Ahuja KDK S21 Akter F S21 Ali L S21, S53 Anderson C S67 Appleton DJ S6 Attar-Bashi NM S54 Baghurst K S27 Balasundram N S37 Balazs NDH S63 Ball MJ S21 Ball PJ S35 Barclay AW S11 Barkess JL S23 Barram KM S41 Battagelene SC S34 Battley PF S3 Beard TC S35 Beeton RJS S50 Beilin LJ S18 Bell KL S57 Belobrajdic D S42 Bird AR S12, S13, S54 Blades B S24 Blades BL S36 Blizzard L S29 Booth AO S10 Booth CK S2 Bowen J S9, S52 Brand-Miller J S22,S43, S60, S66 Brand-Miller JC S11, S60 Bransden MP S34 Brown MR S34 Bryden WL S41, S62 Bubb W S37 Burke V S18 Burns C S17, S26 Butt MS S22 Byers E S44 Callister R S9 Carlin JB S11 Carter C S32 Carter CG S32, S30,S33 Cashel KM S16 Chan SY S18 Chaudbury HS S21 Cheung HK S61 Clarke MW S18 Claytons EH S12 Clifton P S9, S52

Author Page Clifton PM S10, S51, S52 Cobcroft JM S34 Coffey C S11 Coleman LJ S12 Collins CE S24 Colquhoun D S22, S67 Colquhoun DM S65 Conlon MA S13, S54 Connell JE S67 Conway P S60 Cooper J S16 Coyne T S36 Crear BJ S33 Croft KD S18 Crowther CA S37 Cumming RG S5 Daniells JW S36 Daskalakis M S63 Davies PSW S57 de Jong V S66 Devine A S18 Dibley MJ S24 Digby SN S58 DiGregorio G S36 Dinh TT S63 Donnelly, JR S49 Doyle Z S14 Dryden GMcL S59 Du XQ S46 Du, X S47 Dufficy L S36 Dunshea FR S40 Dunstan GA S34 Dwyer T S29 Elliott N S34 Englberger L S36 Ewing MA S39 Eyles H S55 Faramus E S66 Farrow HA S6 Fatema K S21, S53 Fielding JM S36 Fleeman LM S6 Flood V S5 Foster P S10, S51 Frame AG S19 Frankel TL S51 Fraser DR S46, S47 Frendin S S25 Galletly C S52 Gardner GE S38

AUTHOR INDEX Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2003) 12 (Suppl) S69

Author Page Garg MG S24 Garg ML S9, S20 Garg MR S61 Gibson RA S37, S43 S45 Gibson RS S15, S37 Gill TP S25 Godfrey SJ S19 Gold MS S46 Green T S55 Greenfield H S46, S47 Gulati SK S44, S61 Gutteridge IF S17 Habib B S53 Habib K S22 Haddon M S48 Hamill S S36 Hamrosi MA S15 Hanstock TL S12 Harding JE S28 Hargreaves M S1 Heike K S67 Henderson J S16 Higgins TJV S41 Hodgson JM S18 Holt S S66 Howe PRC S27 Hughes BJ S58 Hunter A S60 Irish K S65 James PJ S58 Johnston DJ S33 Jones G S25, S29 Jorna MK S10, S19 Joveski M S36 Katersky RS S32 Kelly F S27 Keogh J S10 Keogh JB S51 Kolkovski S S34 Kunde D S21 Kuruvilla A S51 Lang T S66 Lazarus SA S20 Leahy FE S55 Leary C S25 Leontjew LM S65 Lewis P S24 Lewis PA S35 Li D S20, S44, S53, S59, S64, S66 Li X S41, S62 Lindsay DR S39

Author Page Ludwig DS S4, S8 Luscombe N S52 Ma GS S46 MacDonald-Wicks LK S9 Mackerras DEM S23, S56 Makrides M S37, S43, S45, S46 Mallet PE S12 Mann NJ S16, S27, S38 Mansour J S35 Margerison C S10, S19 McGill A-T S55 McIntosh G S42 McIntosh GH S12 McKerchar JM S26 McLachlan K S55 McLennan PL S17 McNeill DM S39 McPhee AJ S43 Mehalski K S22 Mei J S61 Meyer BJ S27 Milton JTB S39 Mitchell P S5, S11 Mooney B S34 Moran LJ S52 Morehead DT S34 Mullen BF S57 Murphy KJ S35 Napoli JEAC S60 Naumovski N S24 Nestel P S22 Nichols P S34 Nichols PD S33 Nichols PN S34 Noakes M S9, S10, S51, S52 Norman RJ S52 Nowson CA S10, S19 Oen J S59 Oldenburg B S25 Orzeszko K S54 Owen AJ S17 Owens J S42 Pain SJ S58 Palmer DJ S46 Patch CS S35 Paton GC S11 Patten GS S64, S65 Perez-Maldonado R S40, S41 Petocz P S43 Pirotta YF S27 Pollicino C S22

S70 Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia (2003) 27 AUTHOR INDEX

Author Page Ponnampalam EN S38 Poppitt SD S55 Prince RL S18 Puddey IB S18 Rand, JR S6 Record S S22, S27 Renzaho AMN S26 Revell CK S39, S58 Riley M S25 Riley MD S15 Ritchie MM S39 Roach PD S24 Rochtchina E S5 Ross D S35 Rowley KG S63 Rutishauser IHE S23, S56 Sajjadi M S32 Samman S S37 Sawyer SM S11 Saxby SA S33 Schubert EC S57 Scott TW S44, S61 Seal J S14 Serashia PL S61 Sherriff JL S23 Sibbritt D S9, S24 Sinclair AJ S20, S36, S38, S44, S53, S54, S59 Singh DN S40, S41 Skeaff CM S37, S55 Skeaff SA S15 Slocombe RF S54 Smith W S5 Smithers LG S43 Somerset S S65 Spencer D S41 Staples A S60 Stimson C S39 Stockmann R S36 Su Q S63 Su XQ S63 Sundram K S37 Swinburn B S17 Swinburn, BA S7 Symes JM S26

Author Page Tabe LM S41 Tapsell LC S17 Taylor R S9 Taylor S S59 Thomas DT S39 Thompson JM S38 Thomson CD S15, S14 Thow AM S16 Toden S S13 Tomlinson L S52 Topping DL S13 Torres SJ S19 Tsai KM S57 Udell T S45 van Barneveld RJ S31, S40 Volker DH S25 Wallace S15 Wang B S43, S60 Wang JJ S5 Wang NZ S66 Ward LC S55 Ward LR S33 Ward NC S18 Warwick PM S56 Watson JF S24 Watson MJ S11 Watson TA S9 Weldon G S35 Wijesunder C S44 Williams IH S33 Wills RBH S36 Winzenberg TM S25 Wittert G S52 Wood B S17 Woodward DR S26, S35 Worsley T S10, S19 Xu RJ S61 Yan X S64 Yep Y S38 Yu B S60 Yu XM S53 Zhang Q S46, S47 Zhang TZ S53 Zhang YH S53 Zhou XQ S53 Zhu K S46, S47

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Asia Pacific Clinical Nutrition Society

President: Professor Widjaja Lukito, Indonesia

Immediate Past President: Professor Mark Wahlqvist, Australia Vice President: Professor Kazuo Kondo, Japan

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Councillor: Professor Zhu-ming Jiang, China Asia Pacific Clinical Nutrition Society is established to create links between clinical nutritionists in the Asia Pacific region. The Society seeks thereby to promote the contribution of nutritionists to the health of the populations in Asia Pacific countries. Asia Pacific Clinical Nutrition Society will encourage continuing nutrition and training in the region so as to promote the highest possible level of research and practical innovation. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, along with the sponsorship by Asia Pacific Clinical Nutrition Society of regional and local clinical nutrition meetings, is expected to assist greatly in the achievement of these aims. Membership of Asia Pacific Clinical Nutrition Society, for which there is a modest annual fee and which includes on-line access to Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, is open to all clinical nutritionists in the region. The Society will consider application for membership based on submission of a curriculum vitae and a statement of support from one of the officers and the individuals listed below. The Asia Pacific Clinical Nutrition Society representatives should state: 'On behalf of Asia Pacific Clinical Nutrition Society I support the application of [Name and address] for membership in the Society'. After the applicant has obtained this endorsement from the representative it should be forwarded with the applicant's curriculum vitae for consideration and acknowledgement to: The Secretary, Asia Pacific Clinical Nutrition Society, Asia Pacific Health and Nutrition Centre, Monash Asia Institute, 8th Floor, Menzies Building, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia. �

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Editor: Professor Mark Wahlqvist Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition www.healthyeatingclub.com

Managing Editor: Dr Antigone Kouris-Blazos Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition www.healthyeatingclub.com

In 2001, a nutrition website was launched called healthyeatingclub.com. This site has at its helm Professor Mark Wahlqvist. The content is science-based and up-to-date and canvasses visionary and cutting edge ideas in the field of healthy eating. The HEC website currently offers: 1. an on-line course in nutrition and healthy eating for the general public; 2. an on-line wellness program (WOLP) 3. an expanding library of past and present PhDs in nutrition from around the world (this service also provides a great opportunity for PhD students to publish their thesis on the internet and make it internationally accessible via a reputable site); 4. on-line fact sheets and nutrition books for doctors, nutritionists and the general public 5. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition (HEC PRESS is the publishing arm of HEC and is now responsible for editing and publishing APJCN)

What is free? - Authoritative Fact Sheets - Monthly newsletter - Internet TV channel "Healthy Moments" - Downloadable dietary assessment tools - On-line book "Food Questions and Answers" - Recipes - Games

AIM of HEC: Provide up-to-date reliablewith resources, products andevelop healthy eating patt

food and health information d feedback to help members erns.

Members 1. Subscribers (AU$29.95 per year): access to the on-line book "Food Facts" and on-line course module on "healthy eating tips" 2. Megabyte (AU$195): benefits of subscribers plus completion of the on-line nutrition course What can you buy?

- on-line healthy eating course modules - an on-line 6 week wellness program - nutrition books, CDs, exercise video - Food products - Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition Personal: Hard copy (including on-line access) AU$135, US$80. On-line access only AU$120, US$70. Institution: Hard copy (including on-line access) AU$400, US$240; On-line access only AU$170, US$100.

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Free on-line Journal issues prior to 2003 Journal abstracts and full papers will continue to be available on-line free-of-charge via the website http://www.healthyeatingclub.com. Journal issues prior to 2003 on CD-ROM The consolidated journal vol 1-11 can be purchased on CD-Rom for AU$170, US$100 by using the subscription form below. Journal issues after 2002 Subscribers have on-line access to 2003 issues (full papers) from www.healthyeatingclub.com

--------------------------------------------------- ORDER FORM ---------------------------------------------------

Please tick the boxes below corresponding to the type of subscription and whether you wish to purchase the CD-ROM

Hard copy (including on-line access) Online access only Personal Price: AU$135 (US$80)# AU$120 (US$70)# Institution: AU$400 (US$240)# AU$170 (US$100)# Past Issues of APJCN on CD-ROM: Volumes 1-11 AU$170 (US$100) # I enclose CHEQUE payment of ...........................(Australian citizens can pay by personal cheque, others must pay by BANK DRAFT in AUSTRALIAN CURRENCY ONLY) payable to HEC PRESS. I wish to pay by Visa MasterCard (Other cards are not accepted) Please debit my card no.

Amount in Australian dollars............................Expiry date on card…....…../.............………………….. ………

Signature......................................…………………………………………………………………………………………..

Name.................................................................................................................................................................…….

Address.......................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................Postcode..................................

Telephone..............................................................Fax.............................................................................................…….

Please send me a receipt Yes No Date this form was faxed/mailed….…/………/………

Email address (compulsory if want receipt) ....................................................…….……………………..

IMPORTANT: For on-liine access please provide preferred Username Password

Return this form to : HEC PRESS, 157 Clarendon St, Southbank, Victoria, Australia, 3006, Tel +61 (0) 3 96906527

Fax +61 (0) 3 96994474 Email: [email protected]

Healthy Eating Club Pty LtdABN : 93 078 641 906

157 Clarendon StreSouthban

Victoria 300 Austral

Tel +61 (0)3 9690 652 Fax +61 (0)3 9699447

[email protected]

Editors

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APJCN SUBSCRIPTION FORM 2004

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Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition

: Mark Wahlqvist MD, Australia; Akira Okada MD, Japan rint ISSN: 0964-7058; Online ISSN: 1440-6047

Frequency: Quarterly (plus supplements)��

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Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Volume 12, Supplement, 2003

Contents: Symposium 1: Nutrition & Physical Activity

S1

Symposium 2: Nutrition & Chronic Disease S4

Session 1: Obesity, Diet & Disease S9

Session 2: Public Health Nutrition S14

Session 3: Plant Foods & Cardiovascular Disease S18

Session 4: Nutrition Assessment S23

Symposium 3: Nutrition & Growth S28

Session 5: Aquaculture S32

Session 6: Food & Nutrients S35

Session 7: Animal Production S38

Session 8: Milk & Lactation S43

Symposium 4: Nutrition & Sustainable Food Production S48

Poster Presentations S51

Author Index S68

HEC PRESS�

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