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More Than 2000 Solved MCQs of STA630 Research Method&

Short Questions AnswersBy

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1- Hypothesis refers toA. The outcome of an experiment

B. A conclusion drawn from an experiment

C. A form of bias in which the subject tries to outguess the experimenter

D. A tentative statement about the relationship

2- Statistics is used by researchers toA. Analyze the empirical data collected in a studyB. Make their findings sound better

C. Operationally define their variables

D. Ensure the study comes out the way it was intended

3- A literature review requiresA. Planning

B. Good & clear writing

C. Lot of rewriting

D. All of the above

4- A literature review is based on the assumption thatA. Copy from the work of others

B. Knowledge accumulates and learns from the work of othersC. Knowledge disaccumulates

D. None of the above option

5- A theoretical frameworkA. Elaborates the r/s among the variables

B. Explains the logic underlying these r/s

C. Describes the nature and direction of the r/s

D. All of the above

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6- Which of the following statement is not true?A. A research proposal is a document that presents a plan for a project

B. A research proposal shows that the researcher is capable of successfully conducting

the proposed research project

C. A research proposal is an unorganized and unplanned projectD. A research proposal is just like a research report and written before the research

project

7- Preliminary data collection is a part of theResearch Method (STA 630) Success ObjectivesA. Descriptive research

B. Exploratory researchC. Applied research

D. Explanatory research

VUSTUDENTS.NING8- Conducting surveys is the most common method of generatingA. Primary dataB. Secondary data

C. Qualitative data

D. None of the above

9- After identifying the important variables and establishing the logical reasoning intheoretical framework, the next step in the research process isA. To conduct surveys

B. To generate the hypothesisC. To focus group discussions

D. To use experiments in an investigation

10- The appropriate analytical technique is determined byA. The research design

B. Nature of the data collected

C. Nature of the hypothesis

D. Both A & B



11- Personal interviews conducted in shopping malls are known as:a. Mall interviews

b. Mall intercept interviewsc. Brief interviews

d. None of the given options

12-WATS lines provided by long distance telephone service at fixed rates. In this regard,WATS is the abbreviation of:e. West Africa Theological Seminary

f. Washtenaw Area Transportation Study

g. Wide Area Telecommunications Serviceh. World Air Transport Statistics

13-A list of questions which is handed over to the respondent, who reads the questionsand records the answers himself is known as the:i. Interview schedule

j. Questionnairek. Interview guide

l. All of the given options

14-One of the most critical stages in the survey research process is:m. Research design

n. Questionnaire designo. Interview design

p. Survey design

Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives

15-Question that consists of two or more questions joined together is called a:q. Double barreled questionr. General question

s. Accurate question

t. Confusing question



16-The number of questionnaires returned or completed divided by the total number ofeligible people who were contacted or asked to participate in the survey is called the:u. Response ratev. Participation rate

w. Inflation rate

x. None of the given options

17-To obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, when we ask general question before aspecific question then this procedure is called as the:y. Research technique

z. Qualitative technique

aa. Funnel techniquebb. Quantitative technique

18-A small scale trial run of a particular component is known as:cc. Pilot testing

dd. Pre-testing

ee. Lab experiments

ff. Both A & B

18-Field testing of the questionnaire shows that:gg. Respondents are willing to co-operatehh. Respondents are not willing to co-operate

ii. Respondents do not like any participation

jj. All of the given options

19- Service evaluation of hotels and restaurants can be done by the:VUSTUDENTS.NINGkk. Self-administered questionnairesll. Office assistant

mm. Manager

nn. None of the given options



20- Service evaluation of hotels and restaurants can be done by the:oo. Self-administered questionnairespp. Office assistant

qq. Manager

rr. None of the given options

21-Discrete variable is also called……….A. Categorical variable

B. Discontinuous variable

C. Both A & BD. None of the above

22-“Officers in my organization have higher than average level of commitment” Such ahypothesis is an example of……….A. Descriptive HypothesisB. Directional Hypothesis

C. Relational Hypothesis

D. All of the above

23-‘Science’ refers to……….A. A system for producing knowledge

B. The knowledge produced by a system


24-Which one of the following is not a characteristic of scientific method?A. Deterministic

Research Method (STA 630) Success ObjectivesB. Rationalism

C. Empirical

D. Abstraction

25-The theoretical framework discusses the interrelationships among the……….A. VariablesB. Hypothesis

C. Concept

D. Theory



26-………research is based on naturalism.A. Field researchB. Descriptive research

C. Basic research

D. Applied research

27-Personal interviews conducted in shopping malls are known as………E. Mall interviews

F. Mall intercept interviewsG. Brief interviews

H. None of the given options

28- ……… is used to obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, by asking generalquestion before a specific question.I. Research technique

J. Qualitative technique

K. Funnel techniqueL. Quantitative technique

29-In, ___________the interviewer and members jointly control the pace and direction ofthe interview.M. Field interviewN. Telephonic interview

O. Both A and B

P. None of the given options

30-Randomization of test units is a part of ………Q. Pretest

R. Posttest

S. Matching

T. Experiment

31- Rationalism is the application of which of the following?A. Logic and argumentsB. Research solution

C. Reasoning

D. Previous findings



32- On which of the following, scientific knowledge mostly relies?A. Logical understandingB. Identification of events

C. Prior knowledge

D. All of the given options

33- Which of the following refers to research supported by measurableevidence?A. Opinion

B. EmpiricismC. Speculation

D. Rationalism

VUSTUDENTS.NING

34-Research method is applicable in all of the following fields, EXCEPT;A. Health care

B. ReligionResearch Method (STA 630) Success ObjectivesC. Business

D. Government offices

35- All of the following are true statements about action research, EXCEPT;A. Data are systematically analyzed

B. Data are collected systematically

C. Results are generalizableD. Results are used to improve practice

36-Which of the following is characteristic of action research?A. Variables are tightly controlled

B. Results are generalizable

C. Data are usually qualitativeD. Results demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships



37-If a researcher is studying the effect of using laptops in his classroom to ascertain theirmerit and worth; he is likely conducting which of the following types of research?A. Experimental

B. Applied

C. Basic

D. Evaluation

38- Exploratory research addresses which of the following types of question?A. If

B. How

C. Why

D. What

39- Which of the following is not the source for getting information for exploratoryresearch?A. Content analysisB. Survey

C. Case study

D. Pilot study

40- Which of the following is the main quality of a good theory?A. A theory that has survived attempts at falsificationB. A theory that is proven to be right

C. A theory that has been disproved

D. A theory that has been falsified

41- A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is known as:A. Discontinuous variable

B. Dependent variable

C. Independent variableD. Intervening variable

42- Which of the following is the opposite of a variable?A. An extraneous variable

B. A dependent variable

C. A data set



D. A constant43- Which of the following is not a concept?A. Leadership

B. Total Quality Management

C. Intelligence Quotient (IQ)D. Human Resource Management

44- Which of the following can best be described as a categorical variable?A. Age

B. Annual income

C. Grade point average

D. ReligionResearch Method (STA 630) Success Objectives

45-“Income distribution of employees” in a specific organization is an example of which offollowing type of variable?

A. Discontinuous variable

B. Continuous variableC. Dependent variable

D. Independent variable

46-“There is no relationship between higher motivation level and higher efficiency” is anexample of which type of hypothesis?A. Alternative

B. NullC. Co relational

D. Research

47- Which of the following is not a role of hypothesis?A. Guides the direction of the study

B. Determine feasibility of conducting the studyC. Identifies relevant and irrelevant facts

D. Provides framework for organizing the conclusions



48-Hypothesis test may also be called as:A. Informal test

B. Significance testC. Moderating test

D. T-test

49-Which type of review compares how different theories address an issue?A. Context review

B. Integrated review

C. Theoretical reviewD. Methodological review

50-After you locate a source, you should write down all details of the reference, EXCEPT;A. Volumes

B. Titles

C. PriceD. Full names of the authors

51- ___________research is based on naturalism.A. Field researchB. Descriptive research

C. Basic research

D. Applied research

52- Personal interviews conducted in shopping malls are known as_________A. Mall interviews

B. Mall intercepts interviewsC. Brief interviews

D. None of the given options

53- ____________is used to obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, by askinggeneral question before a specific question.A. Research technique

B. Qualitative technique

C. Funnel techniqueD. Quantitative technique



54- In, ____________the interviewer and members jointly control the pace anddirection of the interview.

A. Field interviewB. Telephonic interview

C. Both A and B



55- Randomization of test units is a part of ______________A. Pretest

B. Posttest

C. Matching

D. Experiment

56- Which one of the following sets is the measure of central tendency?a. Mean, standard deviation, mode

b. Mean, median, standard deviation

c. Arithmetic mean, median, moded. Standard deviation, internal validity, mode

57- Internal validity refers to.a. Researcher’s degree of confidence.b. Generalisability

c. Operationalization

d. All of the above

58- How many times the students appear in the research class is the example of_________.a. Intensity

b. Space

c. Frequencyd. Direction

VUSTUDENTS.NING



59- Time consumed in mall intercept interview is .a. High

b. Moderatec. Low

d. Nil

60- Departmental stores selected to test a new merchandising display system isthe example of .a. Quota sampling

b. Convenience sampling

c. Judgmental samplingd. Purposive sampling

61- In ___________, the researcher attempts to control and/ or manipulate the variables inthe study.1. Experiment2. Hypothesis

3. Theoretical framework

4. Research design

62- In an experimental research study, the primary goal is to isolate and identify the effectproduced by the ____.1. Dependent variable

2. Extraneous variable

3. Independent variable4. Confounding variable

63- A measure is reliable if it provides consistent ___________.1. Hypothesis

2. Results3. Procedure

4. Sensitivity



64- The interview in which questions are already prepared is called ________.1. Telephonic interview

2. Personal interview

Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives3. Unstructured interview

4. Structured interview

65-The numerical description that describe sample may be expected to differ from thosethat describe population because of random fluctuations inherent in sampling process.1. Sampling design

2. Non-probability sampling

3. Sampling error4. Probability sampling

66- In ______________ , each population element has a known and equal chance ofselection.1. Purposive sampling

2. Quota sampling

3. Stratified sampling

4. Simple random sampling

67- ______ is the evidence that the instrument, techniques, or process used to measureconcept does indeed measure the intended concepts.1. Reliability

2. Replicability

3. Scaling

4. Validity

68- A researcher is interested in studying why the “new math” of the 1960s failed. Sheinterviews several teachers who used the new math during the 1960s. These teachers areconsidered as:1. Primary sources2. Secondary Sources

3. External critics

4. Internal critics



69- Which of the following is NOT true about stratified random sampling?1. It involves a random selection process from identified subgroups

2. Proportions of groups in the sample must always match their populationproportions3. Disproportional stratified random sampling is especially helpful for getting large

enough subgroup samples when subgroup comparisons are to be done

4. Proportional stratified random sampling yields a representative sample

70- Experimental design is the only appropriate design where_________ relationship canbe established.

1. Strong

2. Linear

3. Weak

4. Cause and Effect

71. Discrete variable is also called……….E. Categorical variable

F. Discontinuous variable

G. Both A & BH. None of the above

72.“Officers in my organization have higher than average level of commitment”Such a hypothesis is an example of……….E. Descriptive HypothesisF. Directional Hypothesis

G. Relational Hypothesis

H. All of the above

73.‘Science’ refers to……….E. A system for producing knowledge

Research Method (STA 630) Success ObjectivesF. The knowledge produced by a system

G. Both A & BH. None of the above



74.Which one of the following is not a characteristic of scientific method?E. Deterministic

F. Rationalism

G. Empirical

H. Abstraction

73.The theoretical framework discusses the interrelationships among the……….E. VariablesF. Hypothesis

G. Concept

H. Theory

74.………research is based on naturalism.U. Field researchV. Descriptive research

W. Basic research

X. Applied research

75.Personal interviews conducted in shopping malls are known as………Y. Mall interviews

Z. Mall intercept interviewsAA. Brief interviews

BB. None of the given options

76.……… is used to obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, by asking generalquestion before a specific question.CC. Research technique

DD. Qualitative technique

EE. Funnel techniqueFF. Quantitative technique

77.In, ……… the interviewer and members jointly control the pace and direction of theinterview.GG. Field interviewHH. Telephonic interview



II. Both A and B

JJ. None of the given options

78.Randomization of test units is a part of ………KK. Pretest

LL. Posttest

MM. Matching

NN. Experiment

79. In ___________, the researcher attempts to control and/ or manipulate the variables inthe study.1. Experiment2. Hypothesis


4. Research design

80. In an experimental research study, the primary goal is to isolate and identify the effectproduced by the ____.1. Dependent variable


3. Independent variable4. Confounding variable

81. A measure is reliable if it provides consistent ___________.Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives1. Hypothesis

2. Results3. Procedure

4. Sensitivity

82. The interview in which questions are already prepared is called ________.1. Telephonic interview


3. Unstructured interview




83. The numerical description that describe sample may be expected to differ from thosethat describe population because of random fluctuations inherent in sampling process.1. Sampling design


3. Sampling error4. Probability sampling

84. In ______________ , each population element has a known and equal chance ofselection.1. Purposive sampling

2. Quota sampling



85. ______ is the evidence that the instrument, techniques, or process used to measureconcept does indeed measure the intended concepts.1. Reliability

2. Replicability

3. Scaling

4. Validity

86. A researcher is interested in studying why the “new math” of the 1960s failed. Sheinterviews several teachers who used the new math during the 1960s. These teachers areconsidered as:1. Primary sources2. Secondary Sources

3. External critics

4. Internal critics

87. Which of the following is NOT true about stratified random sampling?1. It involves a random selection process from identified subgroups

2. Proportions of groups in the sample must always match their populationproportions3. Disproportional stratified random sampling is especially helpful for getting large





88. Experimental design is the only appropriate design where_________ relationship canbe established.1. Strong

2. Linear

3. Weak

4. Cause and Effect

89. Rationalism is the application of which of the following?A. Logic and argumentsB. Research solution

C. Reasoning

D. Previous findings

90. On which of the following, scientific knowledge mostly relies?A. Logical understandingB. Identification of events

Research Method (STA 630) Success ObjectivesC. Prior knowledge


VUSTUDENTS.NING

91. Which of the following refers to research supported by measurableevidence?A. Opinion

B. EmpiricismC. Speculation

D. Rationalism

92. Research method is applicable in all of the following fields, EXCEPT;A. Health care

B. ReligionC. Business

D. Government offices



93. All of the following are true statements about action research, EXCEPT;A. Data are systematically analyzed

B. Data are collected systematically

C. Results are generalizableD. Results are used to improve practice

94. Which of the following is characteristic of action research?A. Variables are tightly controlled

B. Results are generalizable

C. Data are usually qualitativeD. Results demonstrate cause-and-effect relationship

95. If a researcher is studying the effect of using laptops in his classroom toascertain their merit and worth, he is likely conducting which of thefollowing types of research?A. Experimental

B. Applied

C. Basic

D. Evaluation

96. Exploratory research addresses which of the following types ofquestion?A. If

B. How

C. Why

D. What

97. Which of the following is not the source for getting information forexploratory research?A. Content analysisB. Survey

C. Case study

D. Pilot study



98. Which of the following is the main quality of a good theory?A. A theory that has survived attempts at falsificationB. A theory that is proven to be right

C. A theory that has been disproved

D. A theory that has been falsified

100. Which of the following is not a concept?A. Leadership

B. Total Quality Management

C. Intelligence Quotient (IQ)D. Human Resource Management

101. A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable isknown as:Research Method (STA 630) Success ObjectivesA. Discontinuous variable

B. Dependent variable

C. Independent variableD. Intervening variable

102. Which of the following is the opposite of a variable?A. An extraneous variable

B. A dependent variable

C. A data set

D. A constant103. Which of the following can best be described as a categoricalvariable?A. Age

B. Annual income

C. Grade point average

D. Religion



104. “Income distribution of employees” in a specific organization is anexample of which of following type of variable?A. Discontinuous variable

B. Continuous variableC. Dependent variable



105. “There is no relationship between higher motivation level and higherefficiency” is an example of which type of hypothesis?A. Alternative

B. NullC. Correlational

D. Research

106. Which of the following is not a role of hypothesis?A. Guides the direction of the study

B. Determine feasibility of conducting the studyC. Identifies relevant and irrelevant facts

D. Provides framework for organizing the conclusions

107. Which type of review compares how different theories address an issue?A. Context review

B. Integrated review

C. Theoretical reviewD. Methodological review

108. After you locate a source, you should write down all details of thereference, EXCEPT;A. Volumes

B. Titles

C. PriceD. Full names of the authors




109. What is the primary focus of establishment surveys in this case study?A. Collect the data through past studies

B. Analyze the literature review

C. Using of quantitative techniques

D. Data collection through mail and Interview

110. Which one of following is generally common in establishment survey and householdsurvey?A. Cognitive recallB. Homogenous respondents

C. Error free

D. Response burden


111. Which one of the following is not of important consideration in establishment surveywhile designing questionnaires?A. Response burden

B. Professional terminology

C. Cognitive recallD. Use of Records

112. Which of the following method of data collection is not discussed in the case study?A. Questionnaires

B. Interviews

C. Mail survey

D. Observations

113. Which of the following sampling technique is used for Employee Turnover and JobOpenings survey?A. Simple random sampling

B. Cluster sampling

C. Stratified samplingD. Convenience sampling



114. Which one of the following is the limitation of establishment survey in this casestudy?A. CostB. Limited data

C. Unskilled interviewer

D. Small sample size


115. Which of the following is not the part of specific protocol of focus groups in ETJO?A. Concept and indicators

B. Definition

C. Availability of records

D. Cognitive recall

116. Which of the following is the draw back of pretest interview in ETJO survey?A. Small simple sizeB. Non cooperative response

C. Probing

D. Questionnaire format

117. Which of the following method of data collection is not used in the case study?A. Questionnaires

B. Focus groups

C. Correlational methodD. Secondary data

118. What is the basic purpose of ETJO survey?A. To assess the feasibility of collecting job-vacancy and turnover data byoccupationB. To analyze the problem of labor shortage

C. To assess the motivation level of employees

D. To analyze the factor contributing towards employee turnover




119. Which of the following is the basic purpose of pretest interview in this case study?A. To identified the potential problemB. To know the sample size

C. To develop the questionnaire

D. To use agency representative

120. Which one of the following sampling type is used in operations test to select theunits?A. Simple random samplingResearch Method (STA 630) Success ObjectivesB. Cluster sampling

C. Quota sampling

D. Judgment sampling

121. Which of the following is the basic purpose of Response analysis survey in the casestudy?A. To assess the quality of ETJO survey dataB. To know the sample size of ETJO survey data

C. To develop the questionnaire for ETJO

D. To use agency representative for ETJO

122. After Operation test, which of the following test findings were suggested by theresearcher?A. Need of highly skilled and well trained interviewerB. Sample size should be increased

C. A decent increase in survey budget

D. Focus group should be included

123. In which one of the following stage researcher consult the literature?A. Operation test

B. Response analysis survey

C. Document design analysisD. Pretest interviews



124. Which one of the following sampling type is used in Response analysis survey(RAS)?A. Simple random sampling

B. Cluster sampling

C. Quota sampling

D. Stratified sampling

125. Which one of the following could be helpful for minimizing the bias in this casestudy?A. Cognitive research

B. Focus group

C. Pretest InterviewD. Response analysis survey

126. Which one of the following is useful in assessing and clarifying concepts anddefinitions at the beginning stages of questionnaire?A. Operation test

B. Document design analysis

C. Focus groupD. Response analysis survey

VUSTUDENTS.NING

127. Which one of the following can be more helpful than others in order to determine theexact source of measurement errors in establishment survey?A. Focus group

B. Operation test

C. Response analysis surveyD. Document design analysis

Identify the ‘True’ and ‘False’ statements. (05)(1) Review of literature shows the incredibility of the body of knowledge and identifies the

points at which the researcher made the research area ambiguous and unclear. (False)(2) The literature survey provides a solid foundation for developing the theoretical

framework. (True)



(3) The hypothesis should not only be specific to a place and situation but also these should

be narrowed down with respect to its operation. (True )(4) A cohort analysis is similar to cross-sectional research. (False)Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives(5) A literature review does not consider the prior studies, their agreements or

disagreements in the field. (False)

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.(1) Research hypothesis is formulated by the researcher which suggests the nature of

relationship i.e. the direction of relationship.

(2) Correlational hypothesis merely states that the variables occur together and does not

imply that one causes the other.

(3) Longitudinal type of research examine feature of any unit at more than one time.

(4) Historical review traces the development of an idea or shows how a particular issue or

theory has evolved over time.

(5) Discontinuous variable is also known as discrete/ categorical/ classificatory variable.

6. Validity problems occur when the researcher’s theoretical definition does not

match that of the government agency or organization that collected the

information.

7. Reliability problems occur when official definition or the method of collecting

Information changes over time.

8. Secondary data refer to information gathered by someone other than the

researcher conducting the present study.

9. Experiments are best for topics where the researcher controls a situation and

manipulates an Independent variable.

10. A social indicator is any measure of wellbeing used in policy.

11.Two power bases of scientific knowledge are Empiricism and Rationalism12.Action research is a type of Applied research13.Three types of longitudinal research are time series, panel, and cohort

14.The research proposal is just like a research report, but it is written before the research

project begins.

15.Natural science concepts are often expressed in symbolic forms.

16.The double blind experiment is designed to control experimenter expectancy.

17.Pilot testing is also called pre-testing.18.The totality, out of which sample is drawn is referred to as population.

19.The physical setting of the interview creates Situational bias.



20.Probing is the verbal prompts made by field worker.


Long Questions:Q1. Write any five similarities of Historical-Comparative research and Fieldresearch?Answer:1. Both H-C research and field research recognize that the researcher’s point of view

is an avoidable part of research. Both involve interpretation, which introduce the

interpreter’s location in time, place, and world-view.

2. Both field and H-C research examine a great diversity of data. In both the

research becomes immersed in data to gain an emphatic understanding of events

and people.

3. Both field and H-C research often use grounded theory (theory usually emerges

during the process of data collection.)

4. Both field and H-C research involves a type of translation. The researcher’s

meaning system usually differs from that of people he or she studies, but he or she

Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectivestries to penetrate and understand their point of view.

5. Both field and H-C research focus on action, process, and sequence and see time

process as essential.

6. Generalization and theory are limited in field and H-C research.

Q2. How quantitative and qualitative techniques are applied in Historical-Comparative research.Answer:Quantitative approachThe quantitative techniques with some minor adjustment can be applied to study the past

or other cultures.

_ The researcher can focus on the issue in one society, few societies or multiple

societies.

_ The researcher can focus on the issue in one time in the past or examine the issue

across many years/periods in the past.




_ The researcher can focus on the issue in the present or a recent past period.

_ The researcher’s analysis could be based primarily on quantitative data or

qualitative data.

Qualitative approach_ The researcher must be able to take on, mentally, the circumstances, views, and

feelings of those being studied to interpret their action appropriately.

_ The historical-comparative research must find patterns among the voluminous

details describing the subject matter of study.

Question # 01How do concrete and abstract concepts differ? Give example.(Marks: 04)Solution:

Concrete Concepts:Concrete ones refer to straightforward physical objects or familiar experiences.

Abstract concepts:Abstract concepts refer to ideas that have a scattered meaning or an indirect expression

Abstraction is a thought process wherein ideas are distanced from objects.

The difference between concrete and abstract concepts can be expressed with somecharacterizations like,1. Abstract concepts have only relational properties while concrete concepts have some

fundamental properties.

2. Abstract concepts are universals and concrete concepts are particulars.

3. Abstract concepts are sets (generalized) and concrete concepts are individuals

(specified).

4. Concrete concepts are known by observation whereas abstract concepts are known in

some other way, e.g., by abstraction, by intuition, etc

ExamplePrint Media (Abstract)

Publication

News Paper

Daily Dawn (Concrete)

Question # 02Research Method (STA 630) Success ObjectivesGiven the situation below, Discuss with reason into which category they fall



• According to the purpose of doing research and• The uses of research(Marks: 03, 03)Scenario 1:

Reasons for AbsenteeismA university professor wanted to analyze in depth the reasons for absenteeism of employees

in organizations. Fortunately, a company within 20 miles of the campus employed her as a

consultant to study that very issue.

Solution:

• According to the purpose of doing research :It is Explanatory research as the purpose is to find out the reasons for a phenomenon i.e.

absenteeism of employees in organizations. Research seeks to determine the answers to

why question about a specific behavior.

• According to the uses of research:It is applied research since, the problem is being faced by an organization and the research

is called upon to solve it.

Scenario 2:Effects of Nasal Spray on FluA research scientist surveys 1,000 employees in different organizational settings to study the

efficacy of several types of nasal sprays in controlling the flu virus. He subsequently

publishes his findings in a highly respected medical journal.

Solution:

• According to the purpose of doing research :It is Descriptive research, as, the research question only finds out the special effects of

several types of nasal sprays in controlling the flu virus in different organizational settings. It

is to find out the relationship among the substances under study.

• According to the uses of research:It is a Basic research since the underlying purpose is to expand the frontier of knowledge

.

Question#01:Why turn over is high in some organizations?As per above given query, explain the following components of Theoretical frame work;(Marks: 10)i) Develop an inventory of variables (min. five variables required)

ii) Specify direction of relationship

iii) Give clear explanation why you should expect the proposed relationship exists



iv) Make an inventory of propositions

Ans:

i) Develop an inventory of variables

Salary Package is low, Inflexibility in working hours, Low decentralization (participation in

decision making), Lack of other benefits (bonus, appraisals, conveyance facilities, etc), Poor

working ambiance

ii) Specify direction of relationship

a) Between salary & turn-over negative relationship exists

b) Between flexible working hours & turn-over negative relationship exists

c) Between decentralization & turn-over negative relationship exists

Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectivesd) Between extra benefits & turn-over negative relationship exists

e) Between ambiance & turn-over negative relationship exists

iii) Give clear explanation why you should expect the proposed relationship exists?

a) Between salary & turn-over negative relationship exists because in current era a good

salary package has more attraction for employees to remain in the same organization. So

organizations that keep themselves up-dated with privileged market salary packages

usually have low turn over ratio.

b) Between flexible working hours & turn-over negative relationship exists because flexibility

in working hours give some relaxation to employees especially in case when their targets

are not achieved due to a reason able fact.

c) Between decentralization & turn-over negative relationship exists because participation in

decision making raise confidence of employee and motivation level. So, organization

have more decentralized system face low turn-over ratio.

d) Between extra benefits & turn-over negative relationship exists. The organizations offer

different packages like bonuses, conveyance facilities etc, such organizations have more

satisfies employees and low turn over.

e) Between ambiance & turn-over negative relationship exists. Working ambiance does

matter a lot. Good ambiance that help in releasing working stress increase the employee

motivation and interest in doing job well.

Question#02:What is meant by a Research Proposal? Explain briefly. Also mention at what time aresearch proposal is submitted? (Marks: 05)Note: (Copied data from hand outs will not be appreciated)

Ans:



A research proposal is a document that plans how and in which manner a research will be

conducted. Research proposals contain extensive literature reviews. Such proposals must offer

convincing support for your research topic. It means the topic/issue for which research study is

being proposed should be sound enough to conduct a worthy research. The proposal must

describe a detailed methodology for conducting the research i.e. which tools are going to be used

in your research.

More over when writing a proposal it is well to assume that reader of your proposal is interested

to find out the answer of these questions;

• What do you want to do, how much will it cost, and how much time will it take?

• What has already been done in the area of your project?

• How do you plan to do it?

• How will the results be evaluated?

A good proposal is that which well defines these questions and convinces the reader that

research on specified issue is needed to conduct. So, the research proposal is submitted before

starting the research project because in this you plan how the data will be collected and analyzed.

Q. Explain the difference between these terms with one example of each.i. Population and target population

ii. Sampling unit and observation unit

iii. Parameter and statistic

i. Population and Target Population.Population refers to the entire group of people, events or things of interest that the

researcher wishes to investigate.

Target population is the complete group of specific population elements relevant to the

research project.

ExampleSuppose a researcher wants to investigate the productivity of employees working in

multinationals in Pakistan.

All the employees working in multinational will be the population.

The researcher wants to investigate the productivity of employees working in

multinational in FMCG sector in Pakistan.

Research Method (STA 630) Success ObjectivesAll the employees working in multinationals in FMCG sector in Pakistan will be the

target population.

ii. Sampling Unit and Observation UnitA sampling unit is that element or set of elements considered for selection in some stage

of sampling.



An observation unit is an element or aggregation of elements from which the

information is collected.

ExampleIn the above example the researcher selects employees from three FMCG multinationals

(Procter and Gamble, Unilever and Nestle) for data collection. Among these employees

he selected First Line Managers for collecting the data. Among all First Line Manager he

selects 40 Line managers for data collection.

In this example the employees from three FMCGs (Procter and Gamble, Unilever and

Nestle) are the primary sampling unit, all the First Line managers are the secondary/ final

sampling unit and the selected First Line managers are the observation unit.

iii. Parameter and StatisticsA parameter is the summary description of a given variable in a population while

Statistic is the summary description of a given variable in a survey sample.

ExampleIn the above example the mean productivity of all the employees working in the

multinational is the Parameter and the mean productivity of the First Line managers from

those the researcher collected the data is the Statistics.

Q: Define Research? Discuss the special features of Scientific method of Research?Solution:Definition of Research:Research is an organized and systematic way of finding answers to questions by gathering the

needed information. General image of the research is that it has something to do with the

laboratory where scientists are supposedly doing some experiments. Research is simply the

process of finding solutions to a problem after thorough study and analysis of the situational

factors. In research, we try to follow a system or a procedure in an organized manner. It is all the

more necessary in case we want to repeat the study, or somebody else wants to verify our

findings. In the latter case the other person has to follow the same procedure that we followed.

Hence not only we have to do the study in a systematic manner but also that system should be

known to others.

Special Features of Scientific Method of Research:The Scientific method of Research is a procedure to produce knowledge and to discover the

principles & laws in this universe.

Special Features of Scientific Method of Research are as follows:

1. Empirical

Scientific method is concerned with the realities that are observable through “sensory



experiences.” It generates knowledge which is verifiable by experience or observation. Some of

the realities could be directly observed, like the number of students present in the class and how

many of them are male and how many female. The same students have attitudes, values,

motivations, aspirations, and commitments. These are also realities which cannot be observed

directly, but the researchers have designed ways to observe these indirectly. Any reality that

cannot be put to “sensory experience” directly or indirectly (existence of heaven, the Day of

Judgment, life hereafter, God’s rewards for good deeds) does not fall within the domain of

scientific method.

2. VerifiableObservations made through scientific method are to be verified again by using the senses to

confirm or refute the previous findings. Such confirmations may have to be made by the same

researcher or others. We will place more faith and credence in those findings and conclusions if

similar findings emerge on the basis of data collected by other researchers using the same

methods. To the extent that it does happen (i.e. the results are replicated or repeated) we will

gain confidence in the scientific nature of our research. Replicability, in this way, is an important

characteristic of scientific method. Hence revelations and intuitions are out of the domain of

scientific method.

3. CumulativePrior to the start of any study the researchers try to scan through the literature and see that their

study is not a repetition in ignorance. Instead of reinventing the wheel the researchers take stock

of the existing body of knowledge and try to build on it. Also the researchers do

Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectivesnot leave their research findings into scattered bits and pieces. Facts and figures are to be

provided with language and thereby inferences drawn. The results are to be organized and

systematized. Nevertheless, we don’t want to leave our studies as stand alone. A linkage

between the present and the previous body of knowledge has to be established, and that is how

the knowledge accumulates.

4. DeterministicScience is based on the assumption that all events have antecedent causes that are subject to

identification and logical understanding. For the scientist, nothing “just happens” – it happens for

a reason. The scientific researchers try to explain the emerging phenomenon by identifying its

causes. Of the identified causes which ones can be the most important? For example, in the

2006 BA/BS examination of the Punjab University 67 percent of the students failed. What could

be the determinants of such a mass failure of students? The researcher may try to explain this

phenomenon and come up with variety of reasons which may pertain to students, teachers,

administration, curriculum, books, examination system, and so on. Looking into such a large

number of reasons may be highly cumbersome model for problem solution. It might be



appropriate to tell, of all these factors which one is the most important. The researcher tries to

narrow down the number of reasons in such a way that some action could taken.

5. Ethical and Ideological NeutralityThe conclusions drawn through interpretation of the results of data analysis should be objective;

that is, they should be based on the facts of the findings derived from actual data, and not on our

own subjective or emotional values. For instance, if we had a hypothesis that stated that greater

participation in decision making will increase organizational commitment, and this was not

supported by the results, it makes no sense if the researcher continues to argue that increased

opportunities for employee participation would still help. Such an argument would be based, not

on the factual, data based research findings, but on the subjective opinion of the researcher. If

this was the conviction of the researcher all along, then there was no need to do the research in

the first place. Researchers are human beings, having individual ideologies, religious affiliations,

cultural differences which can influence the research findings. Any interference of their personal

likings and dis-likings in their research can contaminate the purity of the data, which ultimately

can affect the predictions made by the researcher. Therefore, one of the important

characteristics of scientific method is to follow the principle of objectivity, uphold neutrality, and

present the results in an unbiased manner.

VUSTUDENTS.NING

6. Statistical GeneralizationGeneralisability refers to the scope of the research findings in one organizational setting to other

settings. Obviously, the wider the range of applicability of the solutions generated by research,

the more useful the research is to users. For instance, if a researcher’s findings that participation

in decision making enhances organizational commitment are found to be true in a variety of

manufacturing, industrial, and service organizations, and not merely in the particular organization

studied by the researcher, the generalisability of the findings to other organizational settings is

enhanced. The more generalizable the research, the greater its usefulness and value.

For wider generalisability, the research sampling design has to be logically developed. Here the

use of statistics is very helpful. Statistics is device for comparing what is observed and what is

logically expected. The use of statistics becomes helpful in making generalizations, which is one

of the goals of scientific method.

7. RationalismScience is fundamentally a rational activity, and the scientific explanation must make sense.

Religion may rest on revelations, custom, or traditions, gambling on faith, but science must rest

on logical reason. There are two distinct logical systems important to the scientific quest, referred

to as deductive logic and inductive logic.



Q: Define Hypothesis? What are different types of hypothesis? Explain.Solution:Definition of Hypothesis:A proposition that can be verified to determine its reality is a hypothesis. A hypothesis may be

defined as a logically conjectured relationship between two or more variables, expressed in the

form of a testable statement. Relationship is proposed by using a strong logical argumentation.

This logical relationship may be part of theoretical framework of the study.

For example,

• Officers in my organization have higher than average level of commitment (variable).

• Level of job commitment of the officers is associated with their level of efficiency.

• Level of job commitment of the officers is positively associated with their level of

efficiency.

Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives• The higher the level of job commitment of the officers the lower their level of

absenteeism.

Types of Hypothesis:There are different types of hypothesis which are as follows.

1-Descriptive HypothesisDescriptive hypothesis contains only one variable thereby it is also called as univariate

hypothesis. Descriptive hypotheses typically state the existence, size, form, or distribution of

some variable. The first hypothesis contains only one variable. It only shows the distribution of

the level of commitment among the officers of the organization which is higher than average.

Such a hypothesis is an example of a Descriptive Hypothesis.

2- Relational HypothesisThese are the propositions that describe a relationship between two variables. The relationship

could be non-directional or directional, positive or negative, causal or simply correlational.

While stating the relationship between the two variables, if the terms of positive, negative, more

than, or less than are used then such hypotheses are directional because the direction of the

relationship between the variables (positive/negative) has been indicated. These hypotheses are

relational as well as directional. The directional hypothesis is the one in which the direction of the

relationship has been specified.

Non-directional hypothesis is the one in which the direction of the association has not been

specified. The relationship may be very strong but whether it is positive or negative has not been

postulated.

Correlational hypotheses state merely that the variables occur together in some specified

manner without implying that one causes the other. Such weak claims are often made when we



believe that there are more basic causal forces that affect both variables. For example:

Level of job commitment of the officers is positively associated with their level of efficiency.

Explanatory (causal) hypotheses imply the existence of, or a change in, one variable causes or

leads to a change in the other variable. This brings in the notions of independent and the

dependent variables. Cause means to “help make happen.” So the independent variable may

not be the sole reason for the existence of, or change in the dependent variable.

3- Null HypothesisIt is used for testing the hypothesis formulated by the researcher. Researchers treat evidence that

supports a hypothesis differently from the evidence that opposes it. They give negative evidence

more importance than to the positive one. It is because the negative evidence tarnishes the

hypothesis. It shows that the predictions made by the hypothesis are wrong. The null hypothesis

simply states that there is no relationship between the variables or the relationship between the

variables is “zero.” That is how symbolically null hypothesis is denoted as “H0”. For example:

H0 = There is no relationship between the level of job commitment and the level of efficiency. Or

H0 = The relationship between level of job commitment and the level of efficiency is zero. Or the

two variables are independent of each other.

It does not take into consideration the direction of association (i.e. H0 is non directional), which

may be a second step in testing the hypothesis.

4- Alternative HypothesisThe alternative (to the null) hypothesis simply states that there is a relationship between the

variables under study. In our example it could be: there is a relationship between the level of job

commitment and the level of efficiency. Not only there is an association between the two

variables under study but also the relationship is perfect which is indicated by the number “1”.

Thereby the alternative hypothesis is symbolically denoted as “H1”. It can be written like this:

H1: There is a relationship between the level of job commitment of the officers and their level of

efficiency.

5- Research HypothesisResearch hypothesis is the actual hypothesis formulated by the researcher which may also

suggest the nature of relationship i.e. the direction of relationship. In our example it could be:

Level of job commitment of the officers is positively associated with their level of efficiency.

Q: Ahmad is the manager of a restaurant; he wants to see his staff cooperative andhardworking but his staff is not working well according to his will. He decided to give theincentives in order to motivate and encourage them but his policy did not work effectively.There can be many factors behind this behavior of staff that needs to be researched. Forthis purpose, he appoints you as a researcher and asks you to discover those factors andsubmit a report to him. How you will undertake this kind ofResearch Method (STA 630) Success Objectives



research and what steps you will choose to make a report about the behavior of the staff?Solution:The manager of the restaurant appoints me as a researcher to find out the factors behind the staff

behavior. I will take the following steps in order to undertake this research and to make a report.

These steps are as follows:

STEP 1: To Select the topic of research:First of all I will select the topic which is a general area of study or issue. The topic in this

research is the factors behind the staff behavior. A topic appears to be too broad for conducting

research. The specific issues that need to be researched within the situation may not be

identified at this stage. I will try to analyze the problems currently existing in the restaurant that

needs to be solved and the areas that a manager believes need to be improved in the restaurant

(improving the existing policies). Then I will develop some research questions that a basic

researcher wants to answer empirically.

STEP 2: Preliminary Data Collection or to Explore different areas from where I can getinformation related to the restaurant and staff behavior:

After selecting the topic, I will collect data from different sources. This step may be considered as

part of the exploratory research. An exploration typically begins with a search for published data

and studies. Such sources can provide secondary data which becomes part of the background

information (about the restaurant & groups of people). Some secondary sources of data are

statistical bulletins, government publications, information published or unpublished, case studies,

online data, web sites, and the Internet from where I can get information. In addition, information

can also be collected from the people who are well informed about the staff and restaurant,

especially those who have clearly stated positions on controversial aspects of the problem. In

certain situations, I will also focus on group discussions with the staff of the restaurant. Such

discussions can help me in the identification of factors and having clarification of their behavior.

STEP 3: Problem DefinitionAfter having discussions with the professionals as well as with the staff to whom the issue relates,

and the review of literature, now I will be in a position to narrow down from its original broad base

and define the factors clearly. Translate the broad issue into a research question. As part of the

applied research convert the management dilemma into a management question, and then on to

research question that fits the need to resolve the dilemma. The symptoms of a problem might

help tracing the real problem. For example in this research, the productivity decline of workers is

an issue. The manager has tried to solve it by the provision of incentives but his policy did not

work. I will find the possible factors like the morale and motivation of the workers having some

other antecedents.

STEP 4: To develop the Theoretical Framework



Consultations with the informants and professionals, and the review of literature will help me in

the identification of different factors that are considered to be relevant. Now I will need to make a

logical relationship among several factors identified. This will help in the delineation of the

theoretical framework. The theoretical framework discusses the interrelationships among the

variables that are deemed to be integral to the dynamics of the situation being investigated.

Developing such a conceptual framework helps to postulate or hypothesize and test certain

relationships.

STEP 5: To Generate the HypothesesOnce I have identified the important variables relevant to an issue and established the logical

reasoning in the theoretical framework, I will be in a position to test whether the relationships that

have been theorized do in fact hold true. By testing these relationships scientifically, I will obtain

reliable information to determine the relationship among the variables. The results of these tests

offer part of the answers to the formulated research questions, whether these relate basic

research or to applied research.

STEP 6: To make a Research DesignResearch design is a master plan specifying the methods and procedures for collecting and

analyzing the needed information. It is a framework or the blueprint that plans the action for

research project. The objectives of the study determined during the early stages of the research

are included in the design to ensure that the information collected is appropriate for solving the

problem. It is very important to specify the sources of information, and the research method or

technique (survey or experiment, for example) to be followed in the study. Broadly there are six

basic research methods for descriptive and causal research: surveys, experiments, observation,

communication analysis (content analysis), case study, focus group discussion.

STEP 7: Data Collection, Data Processing, and AnalysisResearch Method (STA 630) Success ObjectivesData collection is integral part of the research design; Data collection is determined by the

research technique selected for the project. Data can be collected in a variety of ways, in

different settings – field or lab – and from different sources. It could include interviews – face to

face interviews, telephone interviews, computer-assisted interviews, and interviews through

electronic media; questionnaires that either personally administered, sent through mail, or

electronically administered; observation of individuals and events which could be participant or

non participant. Once the fieldwork has been completed, the data must be converted into a format

that will answer the research questions and help testing the hypotheses. The computer can help

in making tables and the application of different statistics.

STEP 8: Testing the Hypotheses; Answering the Research QuestionsThe analysis and interpretation of the data shall be the means to testing the formulated



hypotheses as well as finding answers to the research questions. In case of applied research,

the research should be helpful in finding solutions to the problems of the organization or society.

Making recommendations may also be part of this process.

STEP 9: Report WritingThe research report should communicate the research findings effectively. All too often the report

is a complicated statement of the study’s technical aspects and sophisticated research methods.

The report has to be presented in the format as it may have been part of the terms of reference if

it is a sponsored study. I will write the basic factors behind the staff behavior in my report and I

will also give some suggestions to the manager to motivate the staff so that they can work

efficiently.

Q: Define the measure that is used by the researcher in order to capture the intensity,direction, level, or potency of a variable construct. Also describes the different types ofthat measure.Solution:The measure that is used by the researcher in order to capture the intensity, direction,level, or potency of a variable construct:A scale is a measure in which a researcher captures the intensity, direction, level, or potency of a

variable construct. It arranges responses or observations on a continuum or in series of

categories. A scale can use a single indicator or multiple indicators.

An index is a measure in which a researcher adds or combines several distinct indicators of a

construct into a single score. The composite scores is often a simple sum of the multiple

indicators. Indexes are often measured at the interval or ratio level.

Researchers sometimes combine the features of scales and indexes in a single measure. This is

common when a researcher has a several indicators that are scales (i.e. that measure intensity or

direction). The researcher then adds these indicators together to yield a single score, thereby

creating an index.

The different types of that measure:A scale refers to any series of items that are arranged progressively according to value or

magnitude, into which an item can be placed according to its quantification. In other words, a

scale is a continuous spectrum or series of categories.

It is traditional to classify scales of measurement on the basis of the mathematical comparisons

that are allowable with these scales. Four types of scales are nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.

Nominal ScaleA nominal scale is the one in which the numbers or letters assigned to objects serve as labels for

identification or classification. This measurement scale is the simplest type. With nominal data,

we are collecting information on a variable that naturally or by design can be grouped into two or

more categories that are mutually exclusive, and collectively exhaustive.



Nominal scales are the least powerful of the four scales. They suggest no order or distance

relationship and have no arithmetic origin. Nevertheless, if no other scale can be used, one can

almost always one set of properties into a set of equivalent classes.

Ordinal Scale

Research Method (STA 630) Success ObjectivesOrdinal scales include the characteristics of the nominal scale plus an indicator of order. If a is

greater than b and b is greater than c, then a is greater than c. The use of ordinal scale implies a

statement of “greater than” or “less than” without stating how much greater or less. Other

descriptors can be: “superior to,” “happier than,” “poorer than,” or “above.”

Interval ScaleInterval scales have the power of nominal and ordinal scales plus one additional strength: they

incorporate the concept of equality of interval (the distance between 1 and 2 equals the distance

between 2 and 3). For example, the elapsed time between 3 and 6 A. M. equals the time

between 4 and 7 A. M. One cannot say, however, 6 A.M. is twice as late as 3 A.M. because

“zero time” is an arbitrary origin. In the consumer price index, if the base year is 1983, the price

level during 1983 will be set arbitrarily as 100. Although this is an equal interval measurement

scale, the zero point is arbitrary.

Ratio ScaleRatio scales incorporate all the powers of the previous scales plus the provision for absolute zero

or origin. Ratio data represent the actual amounts of variable. Measures of physical dimensions

such as weight, height, distance, and area are the examples. The absolute zero represents a

point on the scale where there is an absence of the given attribute. If we hear that a person has

zero amount of money, we understand the zero value of the amount.

Q: (a) Define the Probability & non-Probability sampling.Solution (a):Probability Sampling:In probability sampling, every element in the population has a known nonzero probability of

selection. The simple random is the best known probability sample, in which each member of the

population has an equal probability of being selected.

Non-Probability Sampling:In non-probability sampling the probability of any particular element of the population being

chosen is unknown. The selection of units in non-probability sampling is quite arbitrary, as

researchers rely heavily on personal judgment.

(b) “Snowball sampling is also known as network, chain referral or reputational sampling.”Comment on this statement.Solution (b):



Snowball sampling:Snowball sampling is also called network, chain referral, or reputational sampling. It is a method

for identifying and sampling cases in the network. It is based on an analogy to a snowball, which

begins small but becomes larger as it is rolled on wet snow and picks up additional snow. It

begins with one or a few people or cases and spreads out on the basis of links to the initial cases.

This design has been found quite useful where respondents are difficult to identify and are best

located through referral networks. In the initial stage of snowball sampling, individuals are

discovered and may or may not be selected through probability methods. This group is then used

to locate others who possess similar characteristics and who, in turn, identify others. The

“snowball” gather subjects as it rolls along.

Example:For example, a researcher examines friendship networks among teenagers in a community. He

or she begins with three teenagers who do not know each other. Each teen names four close

friends. The researcher then goes to the four friends and asks each to name four close friends,

then goes to those four and does the same thing again, and so forth. Before long, a large

number of people are involved. Each person in the sample is directly or indirectly tied to the

original teenagers, and several people may have named the same person. The researcher

eventually stops, either because no new names are given, indicating a closed network, or

because the network is so large that it is at thee limit of what he or she can study.

(c)The purpose of cluster sampling is to sample economically while retaining thecharacteristics of a probability sample. At the same time, cluster sampling addresses twomajor problems. Discuss those problems.Research Method (STA 630) Success ObjectivesSolution (c):The purpose of cluster sampling is to sample economically while retaining the characteristics of a

probability sample. At the same time, Cluster sampling addresses following two problems:

1. Researchers lack a good sampling frame for a dispersed population and the cost to reach

a sampled element is very high. A cluster is unit that contains final sampling elements but

can be treated temporarily as a sampling element itself. A researcher first samples

cluster, each of which contains elements, then draws a second sample from within the

clusters selected in the first stage of sampling. In other words, the researcher randomly

samples clusters, and then randomly samples elements from within the selected clusters.

He or she can create a good sampling frame of clusters, even if it is impossible to create

one for sampling elements. Once the researcher gets a sample of clusters, creating a

sampling frame for elements within each cluster becomes more manageable.

2. A second advantage for geographically dispersed populations is that elements within



each cluster are physically closer to each other. This may produce a savings in locating

or reaching each element.

VUSTUDENTS.NING

Q: Briefly discuss the steps that are involved in conducting an experiment.Solution:Steps in Conducting an ExperimentBroadly there are about 12 steps in conducting an experiment, which are as below:

1. Make a hypothesis that is appropriate for experimental research.

2. Decide about an experimental design that will test the hypothesis within practical

limitations.

3. Decide how to create a situation that induces the independent variable.

4. Develop a valid and reliable measure of the dependent variable.

5. Set up an experimental setting and conduct a pilot test of the treatment and dependent

variable measures.

6. Locate appropriate subjects or cases.

7. Randomly assign subjects to groups and give careful instructions.

8. Gather data for the pretest measure of the dependent variable for all groups.

9. Introduce the treatment to the experimental group only (or to the relevant groups if there

are multiple experimental groups) and monitor all groups.

10. Gather data for posttest measure of the dependent variable.

11. Debrief the subjects by informing them of the true purpose and reasons for the

experiment. Ask subjects what they thought was occurring.

12. Examine data collected and make comparisons between different groups. Where

appropriate, use statistics and graphs to determine whether or not the hypothesis is

supported.

Q. Classify this research on the basis of:i. Purpose of doing research.

ii. The use of research

iii. Time dimension in research

Justify your answer.

Answer:i. It is an exploratory research. Because it was a new issue and no research was

made on it before. The researchers had limited amount of information on this issue



and this research provided bases for many other studies.

ii. It is a basic research because it provides knowledge generated to understand a

phenomenon of interest to the researcher.

iii. It is a longitudinal research because it examines the employees at more than one

time. The research is spread upon 1927 to 1932. A group of 6 women was selected

for 5 years so it can be further classified as Panel study.

Research Method (STA 630) Success ObjectivesQ. Identify these variables used in the experiment:i. Dependent variables

ii. Independent variables

iii. Extraneous variables

Justify your answer.

Answer:i. The variable that is the result of another variable(s) is called a dependent variable.

Productivity of the employees is the dependent variable in this case. Because it

depends on many other independent variables.

ii. The variable that causes the dependent variable is called independent variable. It is

a cause variable. In our example light illumination, rest breaks, duration of workhours, temperature, food, wages and humidity are independent variables because

they affect productivity.

iii. Extraneous variables are factors other than the independent variable that could result

in changes in the dependent variable. In an experiment, these factors should be

controlled so that they are constant in all conditions. If they are not well-controlled,

then they result in possible alternative explanations (other than changes in the

independent variable) that could account for the changes observed in the dependent

variable. Possible extraneous variables in this research can be knowledge of theemployees that they are being observed (when employees know that they are

being watched, they tend to modify their behavior), special attention paid to them,

supervisor’s style, etc.

Q: What do you understand by the term “concepts are an abstraction of reality”? Explainwith the help of an example.Answer: Concepts are the terms and terminologies used by researchers as means of

communication. They are expressed in words, letters, signs and symbols that refer to various

events or objects. Abstraction simply means “generalization.” In research methods, we use this

term “concepts are an abstraction of reality”. It means that we pick up concepts from observed

reality and goes on to the abstraction level. It is a level at which objects and events are expressed

in more generalized form.



For example Toyota is a concept, its abstraction is a car and its further abstraction would be

motor vehicles. We have changed the simple concept (Toyota) into an abstraction (motor

vehicles) which is a more generalized term.

Q: Join the options in column A with appropriate options given in column B. Identify thevariables and give reasons for your choice.Column A Column B(a) Two men and three women were

seriously injured in a road accident 25

km away from Lahore.

(i) Intervening variable

(b) Out break of Malaria in the city

increased the consumption of mosquito

repellents.

(ii) Independent and dependent variable

(c) Distance learning system increased the

literacy level in the country.

(iii)Continuous and discontinuous variable

Answer:Column A Column B(a) (iii)

(b) (ii)

(c) (i)

Research Method (STA 630) Success ObjectivesIdentification of Variables:(a) Men and Women are the example of discontinuous variables and the distance of 25 km is

an example of continuous variable.

(b) ‘Out break of malaria’ is the independent variable and ‘increase in the purchase of

mosquito repellents’ is dependent variable.

(c) There is a clear indication of many intervening variable such as flexible timing, low fees,

low transportation cost, easy access to get education especially for far off areas.

Reasons:(a) Discontinuous variable has limited number of distinct values which can not be divided into

fractions, so male/female or men/women are discontinuous variables. Continuous

variable can take infinite number of values and can be divided into fractions, so the

distance is continuous variable as it can take any value e.g. 35km, 55.5 km etc.

(b) Independent variables are those variables which identifies forces or conditions that act on



something. Malaria is the independent variable as it is causing change in other variable.

Dependent variables are the effect or result of another variable. Their occurrence is

dependent upon the occurrence of another variable. Increase in the consumption of

mosquito repellents is an outcome of increasingly spreading Malaria disease.

(c) Intervening variables are those variables that come between independent and dependent

variables and shows a link or mechanism between them. Distance learning (independent

variable) has increased the literacy level (dependent variable) and there are other

intervening variables which are supporting this relationship e.g. flexible timing, low fees,

low transportation cost, easy access to get education especially for far off areas.

What is a ʹgrand theoryʹ?a) One that was proposed by one of the major theorists in the sociologicaltraditionb) One that is highly abstract and makes broad generalizations about thesocial worldc) An intermediate level explanation of observed regularitiesd) A particularly satisfactory theory that makes the researcher feel happyWhat does an empiricist believe?a) We should not apply natural science methods to social science researchb) It is the sociologistʹs aim to understand the meaning of social actionc) Knowledge, in the form of ʹfactsʹ, should be gained through sensoryexperienced) Research conducted within the British empire was biased and unreliableAn inductive theory is one that:a) Involves testing an explicitly defined hypothesisb) Does not allow for findings to feed back into the stock of knowledgec) Uses quantitative methods whenever possible



d) Allows theory to emerge out of the dataWhat is the epistemological position held by a positivist?a) There is no substitute for an in‐depth, hermeneutic understanding ofsocietyb) Scientific research should be based on value‐free, empirical observations

c) Events and discourses in the social world prevent us from having directknowledge of the natural orderd) It is important to remain optimistic about our research, even when thingsgo wrongThe interpretivist view of the social sciences is that:a) Their subject matter is fundamentally different to that of the naturalsciencesb) We should aim to achieve the interpretive understanding of social actionc) It is important to study the way people make sense of their everydayworldsd) All of the aboveWhich of the following is an ontological question?a) Should I use questionnaires or interviews in my project?b) What can (and should) be considered acceptable forms of knowledge?c) How long is it since I last visited the dentist?d) Do social entities have an objective reality, external to social actors?The constructionist ontological position suggests that:



a) Social phenomena and their meanings are constantly being accomplishedby social actorsb) Individuals are born into a world of rules and structures that they cannotchangec) Building and construction work presents an ideal opportunity to exercisethe sociological imagination

d) Social facts and objects have an external reality, independently of thepeople who perceive themThe qualitative research strategy places a value on:a) Using numbers, measurements and statistical techniquesb) Generating theories through inductive research about social meaningsc) Conducting research that is of a very high qualityd) All of the aboveWhich of the following is an example of value‐free research?a) Conscious partialityb) Sympathy for the underdogc) Unstructured interviewingd) None of the aboveAn important practical issue to consider when designing a research project is:a) Which theoretical perspective you find most interestingb) Whether or not you have time to retile the bathroom firstc) How much time and money you have to conduct the researchd) Which colour of ring binder to present your work inWhy do you need to review the existing literature?



a) To make sure you have a long list of referencesb) Because without it, you could never reach the required word‐countc) To find out what is already known about your area of interestd) To help in your general studyingTo read critically means:a) Taking an opposing point of view to the ideas and opinions expressedb) Skimming through the material because most of it is just paddingc) Evaluating what you read in terms of your own research questionsd) Being negative about something before you read itWhich two of the following are legitimate frameworks for setting out a literaturereview: 1. Constructing inter‐textual coherence, 2. Deconstruction of textualcoherence, 3. Problematizing the situation, 4. Resolving discovered problems?a) 1 and 2b) 2 and 3c) 1 and 3d) 2 and 4A systematic literature review is:a) One which starts in your own library, then goes to on‐line databases and,finally, to the internetb) A replicable, scientific and transparent processc) One which gives equal attention to the principal contributors to the aread) A responsible, professional process of time‐management for research



What is meta‐analysis?a) A technique of correcting for the errors in individual studies within asurvey of a large number of studies, to demonstrate the effect of a particularvariableb) A process of secondary‐data gathering to assemble all the possibilities fora variableʹs effectsc) A substitute for original research, which is justified by constraints of timeor moneyd) A specialized step in a computer software program (SPSS e.g.)What is meta‐ethnography?a) A technique for reviewing literature based exclusively on ethnographicstudiesb) A technique for synthesizing interpretations drawn from a number ofseparate qualitative studies of the same phenomenac) A process used to make generalizations from a range of qualitative studiesd) A process of surveying only that literature contained within a singlelibrary

What is a narrative literature review?a) An historically‐based review, starting with the earliest contributions to thefieldb) A review based exclusively on stories about companies, in book and casestudyform



c) A paraphrase style of reviewing which does not require referencing

d) An initial impression of the topic which you will understand more fully asyou conduct your research

When accessing the internet, which of these steps is the most essential?a) Recording the full URLb) Noting the access datesc) Downloading material to be referencedd) They are all equally important

According to the Harvard referencing convention, which is the correct reference?a) Bryman, A. (2008, 3e) Social Research Methods, Oxford; Oxford UniversityPressb) Bryman (2008, second edition), Oxford University Pressc) Bryman, Alan, Social Research Methods (2008: OUP)d) Bryman, A. Social Research Methods (2008)

Which of the following statements about plagiarism is most accurate?a) It is so easy to ʺcopy and pasteʺ from the internet that everyone does itnowadays. If a proper reference is given, where is the harm in that?b) How can we say for sure where our own ideas come from exactly? If wetried to give a reference for everything we could never hope to succeed.c) Any suggestion that we have written what another actually wrote is



morally wrong. Anyway, the whole point of a literature review is to show whatwe have read and what we thought about it.d) Plagiarism is such an awful crime that those found guilty should beobliged to wear a scarlet ʺPʺ on their clothing

What is a research design?a) A way of conducting research that is not grounded in theoryb) The choice between using qualitative or quantitative methodsc) The style in which you present your research findings, e.g. a graphd) A framework for every stage of the collection and analysis of data

If a study is ʺreliableʺ, this means that:a) It was conducted by a reputable researcher who can be trustedb) The measures devised for concepts are stable on different occasionsc) The findings can be generalized to other social settingsd) The methods are stated clearly enough for the research to be replicated

ʺInternal validityʺ refers to:a) Whether or not there is really a causal relationship between two variablesb) Whether or not the findings are relevant to the participantsʹ everyday livesc) The degree to which the researcher feels that this was a worthwhile projectd) How accurately the measurements represent underlying concepts

Lincoln & Guba (1985) propose that an alternative criterion for evaluating



qualitative research would be:a) Impressivenessb) Trustworthinessc) Joyfulnessd) Messiness

Naturalism has been defined as:a) Viewing natural and social objects as belonging to the same realmb) Being true to the nature of the phenomenon under investigationc) Minimising the intrusion of artificial methods of data collection into thefieldd) All of the above

In an experimental design, the dependent variable is:a) The one that is not manipulated and in which any changes are observedb) The one that is manipulated in order to observe any effects on the otherc) A measure of the extent to which personal values affect researchd) An ambiguous concept whose meaning depends on how it is defined

What is a cross‐sectional design?a) A study of one particular section of society, e.g. the middle classesb) One that is devised when the researcher is in a bad moodc) The collection of data from more than one case at one moment in timed) A comparison of two or more variables over a long period of time



Survey research is cross‐sectional and therefore:a) High in replicability but low in internal validityb) High in internal validity but low in reliabilityc) High in ecological validity but low in external validityd) None of the above

Panel and cohort designs differ, in that:a) Cohort studies involve quantitative research, whereas panel studies arequalitativeb) A panel study does not need rules to handle new entrants to householdsc) Only a cohort study will suffer from sample attritiond) A panel study can distinguish between age effects and cohort effects, but acohort design cannot

Cross cultural studies are an example of:a) Case study designb) Comparative designc) Experimental design

What is rhetoric?a) The type of rapport that is usually established in in‐depth interviewsb) An ancient form of poetryc) A technique used to assess the external reliability of a data sourced) The attempt to persuade or convince an audience, often through writing



Which of the following is not usually found in a report of a quantitative study?a) Measurementb) Introductionc) Confessiond) Results

The introductory section of a research report should aim to:a) Identify the specific focus of the studyb) Provide a rationale for the dissertation, or articlec) Grab the readerʹs attentiond) All of the above

What is the purpose of the conclusion in a research report?a) It explains how concepts were operationally defined and measuredb) It summarizes the key findings in relation to the research questionsc) It contains a useful review of the relevant literatured) It outlines the methodological procedures that were employed

In a report of quantitative research, an empiricist repertoire serves to:a) Confuse the reader with long and technical wordsb) Demonstrate the researcherʹs reflexivity about their role in the researchprocessc) Give the impression that the results were objective and logically inevitabled) Provide a confessional tale of what went wrong in the procedure

Which of the following is not normally included in a written account ofqualitative research?a) An introduction, locating the research in its theoretical context



b) An explanation of the design of the studyc) A discussion of the main findings in relation to the research questionsd) A decision to accept or reject the hypothesisPostmodernist theorists challenge the idea of objective truth by arguing that:a) There are many possible ways of interpreting and representing socialrealityb) It is important to uncover the social laws that operate in an external realityc) Only women have the unique standpoint needed to be able to makeuniversal truth claimsd) All of the above

Apart from postmodernism, what other intellectual trend has stimulated aninterest in the way social scientists use rhetorical devices in their writing?a) Positivismb) Social studies of sciencec) Traditional ethnographyd) Existentialist philosophy

A reflexive social researcher will be inclined to write about:a) The effects that their values, biases and theoretical leanings might havehad upon the data collection and analysisb) The way in which their findings unfolded naturally and inevitablythrough logical deductionc) The way in which their findings are objectively truthful and valid



d) The unproblematic and straightforward procedures of designing research,

building a rapport with participants and interpreting the findingsThe three forms of ethnographic writing that Van Maanen (1988) identifies are:a) Positivist stories, interpretivist stories and realist storiesb) Native accounts, tourist accounts and voyeuristic accountsc) Realist tales, confessional tales and impressionist talesd) Feminist accounts, ethnomethodological accounts and postmodernaccounts

Which of the following is not a problem associated with using web sites assources of data?a) The sample of web sites is only as good as the keywords used to search forthemb) It is difficult to find any web sites about most topics in social researchc) New web sites are constantly appearing while others are disappearingd) The content of web sites is likely to change as they are updated

What is distinctive about asynchronous online communication?a) The interviewer and their respondents write at different timesb) It cannot take place on the World Wide Webc) It occurs in real time, with participants responding to questionsimmediatelyd) It cannot be conducted by email



What is a virtual ethnography?a) The use of visual data rather than written texts for content analysisb) A technique used to facilitate online focus groupsc) A study that uses participant observation but not interviewingd) An ethnographic study of an online community or social setting

Which of the following is a practical problem associated with asynchronousfocus groups?a) It is difficult to send out a welcome message to participants this wayb) Moderators cannot be available online 24 hours a dayc) Not all participants will have access to the required conferencing softwared) Participants do not have enough time to write detailed responses

An advantage of conducting an interview online rather than face‐to‐face is that:a) It saves time and money as no travelling is involvedb) Informants have more time to give detailed, considered responsesc) There is no need to transcribe the datad) All of the above

Which of the following is not a disadvantage of conducting focus groups online?a) Those who are fastest at typing may dominate the discussionsb) It is more difficult to establish rapport without non‐verbal cuesc) Normally shy participants may find it easier to ʺspeakʺ in this settingd) It is easier for people to ignore questions or drop out of the study



The two ways of distributing on‐line surveys are:a) Quantitatively and qualitativelyb) With an interview schedule or an observation schedulec) By email and via the World Wide Webd) Face‐to‐face or by post

What is the main advantage of an attached email questionnaire over anembedded one?a) It retains more of the original formatting and so tends to look moreattractiveb) It requires less expertise for the respondent to open and reply to itc) Recipients will be reassured that the message does not contain a virusd) It is easier to code the answers from this type of questionnaire

Why is it argued that samples recruited online are not representative of thegeneral population?a) Because online researchers only use random probability sampling methodsb) Because Internet users are most likely to be white, young and middle classc) Because women are less likely than men to volunteer for online social



researchd) None of the above

What is the advantage of using Internet surveys to supplement traditional postalquestionnaires?a) Postal questionnaires generally produce a higher response rateb) It makes all of the data more directly comparablec) Online social surveys generally produce a higher response rated) It allows people to respond in the way that is most convenient for them

What is the name of one of the arguments that suggests that research methodsare inextricably linked to epistemological commitments?a) Triangulation argumentb) Postmodern argumentc) Embedded methods argumentd) Positivist argument

Which version of the debate about multi‐strategy research suggests thatquantitative and qualitative research are compatible?a) Technical versionb) Methodological versionc) Epistemological versiond) Feminist version

What is triangulation?



a) Using three quantitative or three qualitative methods in a projectb) Cross‐checking the results found by different research strategiesc) Allowing theoretical concepts to emerge from the datad) Drawing a triangular diagram to represent the relations between threeconcepts

How might qualitative research facilitate quantitative research?a) By providing hypotheses that can later be testedb) By helping with the design of survey questionsc) By informing the schedule of a structured interviewd) All of the above

How might quantitative research facilitate qualitative research?a) By identifying specific groups of people to be interviewedb) By showing the frequency of different responses to a survey itemc) By imposing a rigorous positivist framework on itd) By combining laboratory experiments with structured observation

Whereas quantitative research tends to bring out a static picture of social life,qualitative research depicts it as …a) Symmetricalb) Statisticalc) Processuald) Proverbial

How might qualitative research help with the analysis of quantitative data?a) By identifying a sample of respondents for a follow‐up studyb) By providing hard, statistical data about them



c) By making the research more value‐laden and subjectived) By helping to explain the relationship between two variablesHow can multi‐strategy research help us to study different aspects of aphenomenon?a) By reducing the standard deviation of scores around the meanb) By allowing the researcher to interview first women, and then menc) By revealing both the macro and the micro leveld) By making it unnecessary to have more than one stage in the researchprocess

When might unplanned multi‐stage research be described as a ʺsalvageoperationʺ?a) When the researcher abandons their original strategy and starts all overagainb) When the second research strategy is used to explain unexpected orpuzzling resultsc) When there is a paradigm shift from quantitative to qualitative researchd) When it is ethically unsound to use only one research strategy

Which of the following is not a feature of multi‐strategy research?a) It is inherently superior to mono‐strategy researchb) It must be competently designed and conductedc) It must be appropriate to the research questionsd) The skills of all researchers must be well integrated



Why is it important for structured interviews to follow a standardizedprocedure?a) To increase validity, as the interview can be adapted for each respondentb) To increase reliability, because all respondents receive the same interviewstimulusc) To allow for an in‐depth exploration of the topicd) To make it easier for untrained interviewers to carry out complex surveys

Standardizing the interview schedule can reduce interviewer variation in termsof:a) The way in which questions are phrased by the interviewerb) The order in which questions are askedc) The procedures used to code and analyse survey datad) All of the above

Closed ended questions are those that:a) Have a fixed range of possible answersb) Prevent respondents from allocating themselves to a categoryc) Encourage detailed, elaborate responsesd) Relate to the basic demographic characteristics of respondents



Which of the following is not a disadvantage of telephone interviewing?a) Researchers do not have to spend so much time and money on travellingb) Some people in the target population may not own a telephonec) It can be difficult to build rapport over the telephoned) Interviewers cannot use visual cues such as show cards

The acronym ʺCATIʺ stands for:a) Camera‐activated telescopic interviewingb) Computer‐assisted telephone interviewingc) Corrective anti‐terrorist interviewingd) Critical analysis of telepathic interviewing

Which of the following might you include in an introductory letter torespondents?a) An explanation of who you are and who is funding your researchb) An overview of what the research is about and how the data will becollectedc) A statement of their ethical rights to anonymity, confidentiality, etc.d) All of the above

A filter question is one that:a) Ensures that all respondents are asked every question on the schedule andin the same orderb) Leaves a space for respondents to write long and detailed answers



c) Helps the interviewer to avoid asking irrelevant questions by directingthem elsewhere on the scheduled) Allows supervisors to distinguish between good and bad interviewers

Which of the following is not advised when planning the question order of astructured interview?a) Be wary of asking an earlier question that alters the salience of laterquestionsb) Expect some variation in the order in which questions are askedc) Leave questions about sensitive or embarrassing issues until later in theinterviewd) Group the questions into logically organised sections

A show card is:a) One that prevents respondents from expressing their opinions about astatementb) One that encourages explicit discussion of sensitive or personalinformationc) One that prompts respondents to choose from a range of possible answersd) One that researchers must present when they compete at pony club events

The response set of ʺacquiescenceʺ can be a problem in that:a) Some people consistently agree or disagree with a set of questions or items



b) Respondents tend to give answers that they think are socially desirablec) The structured interview is so conducive to reciprocity that malerespondents find it hard to stop talkingd) Researchers who wear very strong perfume will distract their respondents

Which of the following statements is correct?a) Self‐completion questionnaires are a type of postal surveyb) Postal surveys can include self‐completion or email surveysc) Self‐completion questionnaires can include postal or email surveysd) Email surveys are a type of postal questionnaire

One of the advantages of self‐completion questionnaires over structuredinterviews is that:a) They are quicker and cheaper to administerb) They create interviewer effectsc) They have greater measurement validityd) They are less prone to inter‐coder variation

Which of the following is not a disadvantage of self‐completion questionnairescompared to structured interviews?a) The respondent can read the whole questionnaire before answering thefirst questionb) The researcher cannot ask many closed‐ended questionsc) The researcher cannot probe or prompt respondents for more detail



d) The respondent may not answer all questions, resulting in missing data

Which of the following steps can be taken to improve response rates to a selfcompletionquestionnaire?a) Write a personalized covering letter to introduce the researchb) Enclose a stamped addressed envelope with a postal questionnairec) Send out polite reminder lettersd) All of the above

Why is it generally better to present fixed choice answers in vertical rather thanhorizontal form?a) It takes up less space on the pageb) It encourages respondents to choose more than one answerc) It allows questions to be spread over more than one paged) It makes the layout of the questionnaire more clear and unambiguous

When using a Likert scale with a long list of items, it is usually better to:a) Arrange the answers horizontally, in abbreviated formb) List the answers vertically, for each consecutive itemc) Omit any instructions about how to select an answerd) List all questions on one page and all answers on another

In order to identify response sets in a Likert scale, you could:



a) Pre‐code all items consistently from 1‐5b) Reverse the scoring of pre‐coded answersc) Only include items about socially desirable behavioursd) Include explicit instructions to respondents not to deceive you

Corti (1993) makes a distinction between two types of researcher‐driven diary:a) Valid and reliable diariesb) Quantitative and qualitative diariesc) Structured and free‐text diariesd) Open or closed answer diaries

The ʹtime‐useʹ diary can provide quantitative data about:a) The amount of time respondents spend on certain activities every dayb) The subjective meanings that concepts of ʹtimeʹ have for different peoplec) The way respondents make sense of their life stories in narrative formd) The historical significance of clocks, watches and other devices formeasuring time

One advantage of using diaries in quantitative research is that:a) There is little danger of attrition, as respondents tend to be highlymotivatedb) They are likely to elicit data about sensitive issues or deviant activitiesc) They highlight the thoughts, feelings and experiences that are unique toeach respondentd) None of the above



Which of the following is a problem associated with survey research?a) The problem of objectivityb) The problem of ʺgoing nativeʺ

c) The problem of omissiond) The problem of robustness

The key advantage of structured observation over survey research is that:a) It does not rely on the researcherʹs ability to take notesb) The researcher is immersed as a participant in the field they are studyingc) It does not impose any expectations of behaviour on the respondentsd) It allows you to observe peopleʹs behaviour directly

What is an observation schedule?a) A set of explicit rules for assigning behaviour to categoriesb) A timetable of days on which you plan to carry out your observationc) A list of questions to ask your intervieweesd) A way of testing for measurement validity

LaPiere conducted a study of the way restaurant owners granted or refusedaccess to a Chinese couple. This is an example of observing behaviour in termsof:



a) Individualsb) Incidentsc) Short time periodsd) Long time periods

It may not be possible to use a probability sample to observe behaviour in publicplaces because:a) The findings of such studies are not intended to have external validityb) It is not feasible to construct a sampling frame of interactionsc) It is difficult to gain access to such social settingsd) Researchers prefer not to use random samples whenever possible

Which of the following is not a type of sampling used in structured observation?a) Focal samplingb) Scan samplingc) Emotional samplingd) Behaviour sampling

Cohenʹs kappa is a measure of:a) Inter‐surveyor consistencyb) Intra‐observer validityc) Intra‐coder validityd) Inter‐observer consistency



What is meant by the term ʺreactive effectʺ?a) If people know they are being observed, they may change their behaviourb) Research subjects may have a bad reaction to the drugs they are givenc) Researchers sometimes react to their informantsʹ behaviour with horrord) The categories on an observation schedule may not be mutually exclusive

What did Salancik mean by ʺfield stimulationsʺ?a) Being immersed in the field can help to simulate the experience of yourinformantsb) Researchers can intervene in and manipulate a setting to observe theeffectsc) Surveys conducted in the field are more effective than structuredobservationd) Some researchers find their projects so stimulating that they have to liedown

One of the criticisms often levelled at structured observation is that:



a) It does not allow us to impose any framework on the social settingb) It only generates a small amount of datac) It is unethical to observe people without an observation scheduled) It does not allow us to understand the meanings behind behaviour

Quantitative content analysis is an approach that aims to:a) Objectively and systematically measure the content of a textb) Reach an interpretive understanding of social actionc) Engage in a critical dialogue about ethical issues in researchd) Provide a feminist alternative to ʹmale‐streamʹ quantitative methods

Which of the following could be subjected to a textual content analysis?a) Interview transcriptsb) Newspaper articlesc) Song lyricsd) All of the above

Why did Warde sample food magazines from four different months in the year?a) Because there werenʹt enough food adverts in the first two magazinesb) To take into account any seasonal variation in the recipes included in themagazinesc) To find information from more than one form of mass mediacommunication



d) Because he couldnʹt decide which of the recipes were the most appetizing


Which of the following is not an example of a ʹunit of analysisʹ?a) Validityb) significant actorsc) Wordsd) subjects and themes

Why might a researcher want to count the frequency of certain words in a text?a) It increases the reliability of the coding measuresb) It is a good way of finding out about the journalistʹs favourite wordsc) Emotive words can be used excessively to provoke a moral panicd) It shows which words are most common in the English language

The purpose of a coding manual is to:a) Provide a form onto which the data can be enteredb) Provide researchers with instructions about how to code the datac) List all the categories that have been omitted from the scheduled) Test researchersʹ knowledge of statistics

The data from each row in a coding schedule can be entered into a quantitativeanalysis computer program called:a) Endnote




b) N‐Vivoc) Outlookd) SPSS

One of the potential pitfalls in devising a coding scheme is that:a) It can be difficult to obtain a random sample of newspapersb) You might run out of photocopier paperc) The categories may not be mutually exclusived) The unit of analysis is too clearly defined

Which of the following is not an advantage of content analysis?a) It allows us to observe otherwise inaccessible populations at first handb) It is a transparent and easily replicable techniquec) It allows us to track changes in media representations over timed) It is a non‐reactive method

If coders differed in their interpretations of the categories in the schedule, thiscould negatively affect the dataʹs:a) Internal generalisabilityb) Intra‐interviewer reliabilityc) Construct validityd) Inter‐coder reliability

The term ʺsecondary analysisʺ refers to the technique of:a) Conducting a study of seconds, minutes and other measures of time



b) Analysing your own data in two different waysc) Analysing existing data that have been collected by another person ororganisationd) Working part time on a project alongside other responsibilities

Why might secondary analysis be a particularly useful method for students?a) It is relatively easy to dob) It saves time and moneyc) It does not require any knowledge of statisticsd) It only requires a half‐hearted effort

Which of the following is not an advantage of secondary analysis?a) It immerses the researcher in the field they are studyingb) It tends to be based on high quality datac) It provides an opportunity for longitudinal analysisd) It allows you to study patterns and social trends over time

The large samples used in national social surveys enable new researchers toa) Avoid using probability samplingb) Identify any bias in the question wordingc) Evaluate the inter‐coder reliability of the datad) Conduct subgroup analysis

Which of the following is not a disadvantage of using secondary analysis?a) The researcherʹs lack of familiarity with the datab) It is a relatively expensive and time consuming processc) Hierarchical datasets can be very confusing



d) The researcher has no control over the quality of the data

Which of the following provides official statistics that could be analysed assecondary data?a) Local Government Survey (LGS)b) Expenditure and Food Survey (EFS)c) Dwelling and Furnishings Survey (DFS)d) Rowing and Oars Survey (ROS)

What is one of the advantages that official statistics have over structuredinterview data?a) The researcher can conduct natural experiments in the fieldb) They are completely objective and reliablec) They have greater measurement validityd) They allow the researcher to identify social trends over time

Studying the official crime rate may provide unreliable data because:a) Categories of criminal behaviour change over timeb) There is a ʺdark figureʺ of unreported and unrecorded crimec) Police use their discretion to investigate some crimes and not othersd) All of the above

What is the ʺecological fallacyʺ?a) The assumption that secondary data analysis can be carried out at homeb) The mistake of observing people in their natural settingc) The error of making inferences about individual behaviour from aggregate



datad) The myth that it is easy to research environmentalist action groups

Why has the secondary analysis of official statistics been seen as an ʺunobtrusiveʺ

method?a) It increases the risk of ʺreactive effectsʺ from participantsb) The researcher is removed from the social settings that they areinvestigatingc) The data were originally collected for the same purposes as those of thecurrent researcherd) They do not intrude too much into the researcherʹs spare timeWhat is the difference between interval/ratio and ordinal variables?

a) The distance between categories is equal across the range of interval/ratiodatab) Ordinal data can be rank ordered, but interval/ratio data cannotc) Interval/ratio variables contain only two categoriesd) Ordinal variables have a fixed zero point, whereas interval/ratio variablesdo not

What is the difference between a bar chart and a histogram?a) A histogram does not show the entire range of scores in a distribution



b) Bar charts are circular, whereas histograms are squarec) There are no gaps between the bars on a histogramd) Bar charts represents numbers, whereas histograms represent percentages

What is an outlier?a) A type of variable that cannot be quantifiedb) A compulsive liar who is proud to be gayc) A score that is left out of the analysis because of missing datad) An extreme value at either end of a distribution

What is the function of a contingency table, in the context of bivariate analysis?a) It shows the results you would expect to find by chanceb) It summarises the frequencies of two variables so that they can becomparedc) It lists the different levels of p value for tests of significanced) It compares the results you might get from various statistical tests

If there were a perfect positive correlation between two interval/ratio variables,the Pearsonʹs r test would give a correlation coefficient of:a) ‐ 0.328b) +1c) +0.328d) ‐ 1

What is the name of the test that is used to assess the relationship between two



ordinal variables?a) Spearmanʹs rhob) Phic) Cramerʹs Vd) Chi Square


Who, among the following, wrote the book "Research Methods for Business"?► Zikmund, W.► Sekaran, U.► Dessler, G.► Neuman, W.C.

Question No: 2 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhat does an empiricist believe?► All the knowledge that we have of life after death can be used in research.► Knowledge in the form of ‘facts’ should be gained through sensory experience.




► Research conducted within the British Empire was biased and unreliable.► Research should not always necessarily rely on the scientific methods.

Question No: 3 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneAction research usually takes place in a single school because;► It is designed to answer questions about improving practice in a particularsetting.► It is difficult to secure permission to study students in multiple schools.► Teachers do not have the necessary skills to conduct research across multiple settings.► Data collection methods used in action research are designed for single settings.

Question No: 4 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhich of the following is characteristic of action research?► Variables are tightly controlled.► Results are generalizable.► Results demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships.► Data are usually qualitative.

Question No: 5 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhich of the following statements is TRUE for qualitative research question?► It asks a question about some process, or phenomenon to be explored.► It is generally an open-ended question.



► It asks a question which may be open ended.► It asks a closed ended question.

Question No: 6 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhich of the following is NOT an example of quantitative variable?► Age► Grade point average► Gender► Motivation

Question No: 7 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneIn research, something that does not “vary” is known as:► Variable► Method► Constant► Control group

Question No: 8 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneThe cause variable or the one that identifies forces or conditions that act on somethingelse is known as:► Moderating variable► Independent variable► Categorical variable► Dependent variable

Question No: 9 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhich of the following statements best defines hypothesis?► A quantitative study.



► A tentative prediction of the results of the research.► A qualitative research design.► The operational definition of the study.

Question No: 10 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhich of the following is the characteristic/s of Hypotheses in qualitative researchstudies?► Hypotheses are very specific and stated prior to beginning the study.► Hypotheses are never used.► Hypotheses are often generated as the data are collected, interpreted, andanalyzed.► Hypotheses are always stated after the research study has been completed.

Question No: 11 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneHypothesis test may also be called as:► Informal test► Moderating test► Significance test► t-test

Question No: 12 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhich of the following refers to "A review that only demonstrates familiarity with anarea is rarely published but it often is part of an educational program is which type ofreview"?► Integrative review► Theoretical review



► Self-study review► Historical reviewQuestion No: 13 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhich one of the following tasks is NOT accomplished by theoretical framework?► Elaborate the relationship among the variables► Explain the logic underlying the relationship between the variables.► Describe the nature, and direction of the relationships among the variables.► Relates the previous studies.

Question No: 14 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhich of the following strategies is useful when defining a particular research question?► To clearly articulate the research question, to provide operational, definitionsand ensuring its testability.► To clearly articulate the research question, outlining the conditions in which thephenomena of interest are to be investigated.► To provide operational definitions of the ideas or concepts involved in the research.► Ensuring that their research question is empirically testable.

Question No: 15 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhat should the business researcher be aware of when signing a confidentialityagreement?► Any clause which limits the length of a questionnaire.► Any clause which allows the company to comment on findings that will be



published.► Any clause which increases the level of access for the researcher.► Any clause which guarantees the anonymity of research participants.

Question No: 16 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneIn a study of concept learning in first-graders, all of the following should happen, except;► To help make the experience enjoyable, children should be given substantialincentives to participate.► The children should be asked if they want to participate.► Teachers of the children in their classes should give informed consent.► Parents must give consent.

Question No: 17 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhich of the following is least likely to occur as an ethical problem with electronicresearch?► Privacy could be invaded.► People are not likely to be able to stop once they have begun participating.► Debriefing could be avoided.► Informed consent cannot be completely monitored.



Question No: 18 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneQuantitative research has been criticised because:► The reliance on instruments and procedures makes it high in ecological validity.► The measurement process suggests a spurious and artificial sense of accuracy.► It underestimates the similarities between objects in the natural and social worlds.► It has no validity.

Question No: 19 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhich of the following is a characteristic of a standardized test?► The administration of the test is controlled carefully to ensure that all examineesexperience the same conditions.► The test is developed by experts to ensure it is technically sound.► The scores are interpreted in standard ways.► All of the given options

Question No: 20 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneMr. Latif is measuring students' attitudes on a controversial topic. Which of the followingwould you recommend he use to control for the potential problem of students feeling theneed to respond with socially acceptable responses?► Ensure construct validity► Allow anonymous responses► Ensure reliability► Ensure confidentiality

Question No: 21 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one



Which of the following scales can measure the Temperature?► Nominal scale► Ordinal scale► Interval scale► All of the given options

Question No: 22 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneFollowing are the properties of nominal scale, except;► Least powerful► Suggest no order► Provide categorical information► Provide magnitude of object

Question No: 23 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhich of the following is NOT the implication of Ordinal scale?► Characteristics of nominal scale► Rank the object► Does not provide magnitude of object► Provide rate

Question No: 24 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhich of the following statements is correct about validity and reliability?► When internal validity is high, external validity is low► When internal validity is high, there is no change in external validity► When internal validity is high, external validity is also high► All of the given options




When you are confident that the experimental manipulation produced the changes youmeasured in the dependent variable, your study probably has good ________ validity.► Internal► External► Causal► Construct

Question No: 26 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneMr. Ali has conducted an extensive review of the literature and has deductively reasoneda hypothesis about his problem on the basis of this review. Which type of a research planis Mr. Ali likely proposing?

► Qualitative► Ethical► Both quantitative and qualitative► Quantitative

Question No: 27 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhich of the following is a legitimate purpose of a research plan?► It forces you to think through every aspect of a study.► It provides detailed procedures to guide the conduct of the study.► It provides clear roadmap of the study.► Writing a plan facilitates the evaluation of it.Question No: 28 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneIn the statement ‘Smoke badly destroys health of people’ what is the unit of analysis?► Transportation



► Individuals► Pollutants► Drugs

Question No: 29 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhile studying supervisor-subordinate relationship in an organization, what is the unit ofanalysis?► Individual► Dyad► Employer-employee► Organization

Question No: 30 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhich of the following types of survey research is often used for program evaluation oraccreditation purposes?► Developmental surveys► Followup studies► Public opinion polls► No survey research is appropriate

Question No: 31 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhich of the following is NOT an example of a problem with using survey research toinvestigate behaviour?► Respondents tend to answer by giving the most socially desirable answer.► Respondents may inadvertently omit key terms in the question.► Respondents may not give an honest reply to what they see as a threatening question.



► Respondents may be unwilling to reveal information as they believe they arelikely to be identified.

Question No: 32 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhat should the researcher do if they have achieved a low response rate?► Copy responses and paste them again.► Abandon the research project entirely.► Recognize and accept the possible limitations of a low response rate.► Fill in some more questionnaires themselves.

Question No: 33 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhich of the following statements is correct about questionnaire?► A questionnaire should run to at least twenty pages.► The questions should have no spaces between them so that the whole questionnairelooks small.► Only questionnaires that are A3 size achieve high response rates.► Clear presentation is more important than overall size.

Question No: 34 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneCritical decision area in questionnaire construction is which of the following?► Question content► Question wording► Response strategy► All of the given options




The most critical area of an article to read is;► Introduction► Abstract► Results section► Limitations

Question No: 36 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhich of the following is/are advantage(s) of the self-completed questionnaire?► Inability to confirm who completed the questionnaire► Its unsuitability for some kinds of respondents► Inability to ask many questions that are not directly relevant to the respondent► Easy to justify the answer

Question No: 37 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneTime consumed in mall intercept interview is representing which of the following type?► High► Moderate► Low► Nill

Question No: 38 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhich of the following similarity is found in Qualitative research and Survey research?► Examine topics primarily from the participants' perspectives.► They are guided by predetermined variables to study.► They are descriptive research methods.► Have large sample sizes.



Question No: 39 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhich of the following represent a good qualitative problem statement?► Defines the independent and dependent variables.► conveys a sense of emerging design.► Specifies a research hypothesis to be tested.► Specifies the relationship between variables that the researcher expects to find.

Question No: 40 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose oneWhich of the following makes research questions very crucial?► Guide your decisions about what data to collect and from where.► Help you decide which research area interests you.► Ensure that your findings have external validity.► Prevent you from thinking about research strategies.

Question No: 41 ( Marks: 10 )How would you explain "Research Proposal" and its different sections?

1. When a extraneous variable systematically varies with the independent variableand influences the dependent variable, it is called:a. Another dependent variableb. A confounding variablec. A moderating variabled. An unreliable variable



2. Which of the following statements is true?a. A statistical relationship is sufficient evidence to infer causalityb. Temporal order of the cause and effect is not important in inferring causalityc. A statistical relation of X and Y is insufficient evidence for inferringcausalityd. Temporal order of cause and effect variables and statistical relation are all thatare needed to infer causality

3. A school district examines a program that uses mentors to help very poorreaders improve their reading performance. The children in the program are at the4th percentile at pretest. At posttest they are around the 20th percentile. While it ispossible that the program made the difference, another reason for the change inscores could be:a. Historyb. Regression artifactc. Multiple-treatment interferenced. Differential selection



4. A group of researchers do a study where children from particular classroomsare assigned to treatment or control conditions. After the study, the researcherfinds out that the students in the control group are higher achievers than those inthe experimental group. He found no treatment effect. The failure to find an effectmay be due to:a. A treatment effectb. A testing effectc. A differential selection effectd. A maturation effect

5. A researcher examines a program looking at the effects of mentoring on poorreaders' reading achievement. He looks at two different schools. One serves as thecontrol and the other the experimental group. Both schools had readingachievement that was around the 50th percentile. During the time that thementoring program is in place in the experimental group, a statewide readinginitiative is started in randomly selected schools. The experimental, but not thecontrol school is involved in the initiative. At the end of the year, theexperimental group does better than the control. From the information presentedabove, a likely threat to the internal validity of the study is:



a. Selection by mortality interactionb. Mortalityc. Selection-history effectd. Selection-maturation effect

6. Which type of validity refers to the degree to which you can infer that therelationship between two variables is causal?a. Internal validityb. Population validityc. Ecological validityd. Statistical conclusion validity

7. Which type of validity refers to the ability to infer that the independent anddependent variables are related ant that the measured strength of the relationshipis accurate?a. Internal validityb. Population validityc. Ecological validityd. Statistical conclusion validity

8. An extraneous variable that systematically varies with the independent variableand also influences the dependent variable is known as a _______________.a Confounding variableb. Third variablec. Second variabled. Both a and b are correct



9. The use of multiple observers to allow cross-checking of observations to makesure that the investigators agree with what took place is known as _______.a. Interpretive validityb. Researcher biasc. Multiple operationalismd. Investigator triangulation10. _____________ is the lowest inference descriptor of all because it uses theparticipant’s own words.a. Participant feedbackb. A verbatimc. Data triangulationd. Investigator triangulation

11. ___________ refers to physical or mental changes that may occur withinindividuals over time, such as aging, learning, boredom, hunger, and fatigue.a. Instrumentationb. Historyc. Maturationd. Testing

12. What type of validity refers to the extent to which the results of a study can begeneralized across time?a. Ecological validityb. External validity



c. Internal validityd. Temporal validity

13. Which of the following best describes interpretive validity?a. Factual accuracy of an account as reported by the researcherb. Accurately portraying the meanings given by the participants to what isbeing studiedc. Degree to which a theoretical explanation fits the datad. Ability to generalize the study results across settings

14. Which of the following terms is a strategy where the researcher activelyengages in critical self-reflection about his or her potential biases andpredispositions.a. Experimenter effectb. Reactivityc. Investigator triangulationd. Reflexivity

15. Which of the following is not considered one of the criteria for inferringcausality?a. Evidence that the independent and dependent variables are relatedb. Evidence that the relationship between the variables being investigated is notdue to aconfounding extraneous variable



c. Evidence that changes in variable A occur before changes in variable Bd. The temporal ordering of the variables being investigated does not matterbecause a relationship is all that is really needed

16. The use of multiple data sources to help understand a phenomenon is onestrategy that is used to promote qualitative research validity. Which of thefollowing terms describes this strategy?a. Data matchingb. Pattern matchingc. Data triangulationd. Data feedback

17. What may happen when different comparison groups experience a differenthistory event?a. History effectb. Selection-history effectc. Selection effectd. Group effect

18. What is another term that refers to a confounding extraneous variable?



a. Last variableb. First variablec. Third variabled. Fourth variable

19. Which of the following refers to any systematic change that occurs over timein the way in which the dependent variable is assessed?a. Instrumentationb. Maturationc. Testingd. Selection

20. Which of the following terms describes the ability to generalize from thesample of individuals on which a study was conducted to the larger targetpopulation of individuals and across different subpopulations within the largertarget population?a. External validityb. Population validityc. Ecological validityd. Temporal validity

21. Which of the following is not a strategy used to promote qualitative researchvalidity?a. Peer review



b. Theory triangulationc. Extended fieldworkd. Random assignment

22. The use of several measures of a construct is called:a. Multiple operationalismb. Multiple construct measurementc. Operationalismd. Methods triangulation

23. A physical or mental change that occurs in participants over time that affectstheir performance on the dependent variable is called ________.

a. Instrumentationb. Maturationc. Regressiond. None of above

24. Attrition generally occurs in research where ____.a. You do demographic researchb. The study failsc. Some participants do not complete the studyd. The study is very brief

25. Differential attrition occurs when the people dropping out from one group are



different from the others in their group or from the people in the comparisongroup.a. Trueb. False

26. Internal validity refers to which of the following?a. The ability to infer that a casual relationship exists between 2 variablesb. The extent to which study results can be generalized to and across populationsof persons,settings, and timesc. The use of effective measurement instruments in the studyd. The ability to generalize the study results to individuals not included in thestudy

27. Which strategy used to promote qualitative research validity uses multipleresearch methods to study a phenomenon?a. Data triangulationb. Methods triangulationc. Theory triangulationd. Member checking

28. Which type of validity refers to the factual accuracy of an account as reportedby the researcher?a. Ecological validityb. Temporal validity



c. Descriptive validityd. None of the above

29. Which of the following in not one of the key threats to internal validity?a. Maturationb. Instrumentationc. Temporal changed. History

30. This type of validity refers to the ability to generalize the results of a studyacross settings.a. Temporal validityb. Internal validityc. Ecological validityd. External validity

31. Which is not a direct threat to the internal validity of a research design?a. Historyb. Testingc. Sampling errord. Differential selection

32. Alteration in performance due to being aware that one is participating in astudy is known as ______.a. Operationalism



b. Reactivityc. Temporal validityd. Mortality

33. The idea that the more times a research finding is shown with different sets ofpeople, the more confidence we can place in the finding and in generalizingbeyond the original participants is known as ___________.a. Naturalistic generalizationb. Methods generalizationc. Data triangulationd. Replication logic

The scientific method is preferred over other ways of knowing because it is more;ReliableSystematicAccurateAll of the given options

An operational definition is:One that bears no relation to the underlying concept.An abstract, theoretical definition of a concept.A definition of a concept in terms of specific, empirical measures.



One that refers to opera singers and their work.

If a researcher is studying the effect of using laptops in his classroom to ascertaintheir merit and worth, he is likely conducting which type of research?BasicAppliedEvaluationExperimental

What is the basis of the Scientific Method?To test hypotheses in conditions those are condusive to its success.To formulate a research problem and disprove the hypothesis.To formulate a research problem, test the hypothesis in carefully controlledconditions that challenge the hypothesis.To test hypotheses and if they are disproved, they should be abandoned completely.

Which of the following is a concept?Leadership.Total Quality Management.Human Resource Management.All of the given options

Meanings attached to a concept create problems of measurements.Unambiguous



VagueClearDictionary

To explain, predict, and/or control phenomena are the goal of----------------------TraditionInductive logicDeductive logicThe scientific

Why, as scientists, do we not want to rely on authority for explanations?Those in authority are often wrong.Those in authority cannot be challenged.Those in authority rely too much on objective information.Those in authority often have no common sense.

If a researcher was studying the use of various instructional approaches to the"multiple intelligences" of his students, he is likely to be conducting which type ofresearch?BasicAppliedEvaluationGrounded theory

A concept is a generalized idea about------ .A class of objectsAttributes



OccurrencesAll of the given

Under which of the following research method is not applicable?Health careBusinessGovernment officesImaginary worlds


1- Hypothesis refers toA. The outcome of an experimentB. A conclusion drawn from an experimentC. A form of bias in which the subject tries to outguess the experimenterD. A tentative statement about the relationship

2- Statistics is used by researchers to




A. Analyze the empirical data collected in a studyB. Make their findings sound betterC. Operationally define their variablesD. Ensure the study comes out the way it was intended

3- A literature review requiresA. PlanningB. Good & clear writingC. Lot of rewritingD. All of the above

4- A literature review is based on the assumption thatA. Copy from the work of othersB. Knowledge accumulates and learns from the work of othersC. Knowledge disaccumulatesD. None of the above option

5- A theoretical frameworkA. Elaborates the r/s among the variablesB. Explains the logic underlying these r/sC. Describes the nature and direction of the r/sD. All of the above

6- Which of the following statement is not true?A. A research proposal is a document that presents a plan for a projectB. A research proposal shows that the researcher is capable of successfully



conducting the proposed research projectC. A research proposal is an unorganized and unplanned projectD. A research proposal is just like a research report and written before theresearch project

7- Preliminary data collection is a part of theA. Descriptive researchB. Exploratory researchC. Applied researchD. Explanatory research

8- Conducting surveys is the most common method of generatingA. Primary dataB. Secondary dataC. Qualitative dataD. None of the above

9- After identifying the important variables and establishing the logical reasoning intheoretical framework, the next step in the research process isA. To conduct surveysB. To generate the hypothesisC. To focus group discussionsD. To use experiments in an investigation



10- The appropriate analytical technique is determined byA. The research designB. Nature of the data collectedC. Nature of the hypothesisD. Both A & B

E. Personal interviews conducted in shopping malls are known as:

a. Mall interviews

b. Mall intercept interviewsc. Brief interviews


F. WATS lines provided by long distance telephone service at fixed rates.

In this regard, WATS is the abbreviation of:

a. West Africa Theological Seminary

b. Washtenaw Area Transportation Study

c. Wide Area Telecommunications Serviced. World Air Transport Statistics

G. A list of questions which is handed over to the respondent, who reads

the questions and records the answers himself is known as the:

a. Interview schedule

b. Questionnairec. Interview guide

d. All of the given options



H. One of the most critical stages in the survey research process is:

a. Research design

b. Questionnaire designc. Interview design

d. Survey design

I. Question that consists of two or more questions joined together is

called a:

a. Double barreled questionb. General question

c. Accurate question

d. Confusing question

J. The number of questionnaires returned or completed divided by the

total number of eligible people who were contacted or asked to

participate in the survey is called the:

a. Response rateb. Participation rate

c. Inflation rate



K. To obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, when we ask general

question before a specific question then this procedure is called as the:

a. Research technique

b. Qualitative technique




c. Funnel techniqued. Quantitative technique

L. A small scale trial run of a particular component is known as:

a. Pilot testing

b. Pre-testing

c. Lab experiments

d. Both A & B

M. Field testing of the questionnaire shows that:

a. Respondents are willing to co-operateb. Respondents are not willing to co-operate

c. Respondents do not like any participation

d. All of the given options

N. Service evaluation of hotels and restaurants can be done by the:

a. Self-administered questionnairesb. Office assistant

c. Manager


A.

1. Which one of the following sets is the measure of central tendency?a. Mean, standard deviation, modeb. Mean, median, standard deviationc. Arithmetic mean, median, moded. Standard deviation, internal validity, mode



2. In lab experiment the effect of Variables is controlled to evaluate thecausal relationship.a. Extraneousb. Moderatec. Interveningd. All of the above

3. Internal validity refers to .a. Researcher’s degree of confidence.b. Generalizabilityc. Operationalizationd. All of the above

4. Which of the following is the weakest experimental design?a. One group pretest-posttest designb. Quasi- experimental designc. Two group posttest only designd. Ex post facto design

5. How many times the students appear in the research class is the example of_________.a. Intensityb. Spacec. Frequencyd. Direction6. Disadvantage of content analysis is .a. Researcher can increase the sample size



b. Provides access on the subjects to which researcher does have physical access.c. Sometime documents provide incomplete account to the researcherd. Spontaneous feelings can be recorded when they occurred

7. Which of the following statement is incorrect with respect to “Anexperimental design is a set of procedures specifying:”a. How the test units (subjects) are to be divided into homogenous sub samples.b. What independent variables or treatments are to be measured?c. What dependent variables are to be measured?d. How the extraneous variables are to be controlled?

8. Time consumed in mall intercept interview is .a. Highb. Moderatec. Lowd. Nil

9. “Teacher should create a friendly environment in the classroom” this is thetype of .a. Leading questionb. Loaded questionc. Double Barreledd. Burdensome question



10. Departmental stores selected to test a new merchandising display system isthe example of .a. Quota samplingb. Convenience samplingc. Judgmental samplingd. Purposive sampling

1. Discrete variable is also called……….A. Categorical variableB. Discontinuous variableC. Both A & BD. None of the above

2. “Officers in my organization have higher than average level of commitment”such a hypothesis is an example of……….A. Descriptive HypothesisB. Directional HypothesisC. Relational HypothesisD. All of the above

3. ‘Science’ refers to……….A. A system for producing knowledgeB. The knowledge produced by a systemC. Both A & BD. None of the above



4. Which one of the following is not a characteristic of scientific method?A. DeterministicB. RationalismC. EmpiricalD. Abstraction5. The theoretical framework discusses the interrelationships among the……….A. VariablesB. HypothesisC. ConceptD. Theory

1. ………research is based on naturalism.A. Field researchB. Descriptive researchC. Basic researchD. Applied research

2. Personal interviews conducted in shopping malls are known as………A. Mall interviewsB. Mall intercept interviewsC. Brief interviewsD. None of the given options

3. ……… is used to obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, by askinggeneral question before a specific question.A. Research techniqueB. Qualitative technique




4. In, ……… the interviewer and members jointly control the pace anddirection of the interview.A. Field interviewB. Telephonic interviewC. Both A and BD. None of the given options5. Randomization of test units is a part of ………A. PretestB. PosttestC. MatchingD. Experiment


Rationalism is the application of:Select correct option:Research solutionLogic and argumentsReasoningPrevious findings

Question # 3 of 10 ( Start time: 01:25:20 AM )The independent variable is;Select correct option:The variable manipulated in order to observe its effects




The variable that is measuredThe free spirited variableA confounding variable

What research is?Select correct option:A lab experimentA reportA systematic EnquiryA procedureIf a researcher is studying the effect of using laptops in his classroom to ascertain theirmerit and worth, he is likely conducting which type of research?Select correct option:

BasicAppliedEvaluationExperimental

The elaboration of the variables in the theoretical framework addresses which type ofqestions?Select correct option:Why we expect certain relationships to existHow we expect certain relationships to existBoth of the given questionsNone of the given questions

What is an hypothesis?Select correct option:



A prediction of a relationship between certain variables.An experiment that tests certain predictions.An independent variable.A dependent variable

Question # 9 of 10 ( Start time: 01:30:36 AM )A literature review requires;Select correct option:planningclear writinggood writingAll of the given option

Question # 10 of 10 ( Start time: 01:32:50 AM )12. Which of the following true about the relationship between theory building and data collection?Select correct option:When studies come out as expected, inductive support for the theory is gained.If an experiment fails, discarding the experiment is an example of affirming the consequent.When a hypothesis is not supported, virtually nothing has been learned about the theory.



A good theory will be inclusive enough to explain every possible research outcome.

literature review requires;Select correct option:planningclear writing

All of the following are true about theories, except;Select correct option:They organize and summarize existing knowledge about a topic.They are tentative until the facts prove them true.Quiz Start Time: 04:30 PMTime Left 54sec(s)Question # 6 of 20 ( Start time: 04:35:36 PM ) Total Marks: 1How can we determine if a test has good validity?

Select correct option:It produces the same result when it is given at different times to the same groupof peopleIt produces the same result no matter which version of the test is usedIt measures what it is supposed to measureAll of the questions on it can be answered accurately by the subjects)Question # 7 of 20 ( Start time: 04:36:25 PM ) Total Marks: 1Why do you need to review the existing literature?Select correct option:To give your dissertation a proper academic appearance, with lots of references



Because without it, you could never reach the required word-countTo find out what is already known about your area of interestTo help in your general studying34sec(s)Question # 8 of 20 ( Start time: 04:37:24 PM ) Total Marks: 1When you are confident that the experimental manipulation produced the changes youmeasured in the dependent variable, your study probably has good ________ validity.Select correct option:ConstructInternalExternalCausalsec(s)

Question # 9 of 20 ( Start time: 04:38:25 PM ) Total Marks: 1Preliminary Data Collection may be considered as part of ----------------.Select correct option:Descriptive researchExplananory researchExploratory researchAll of the given options

Question # 10 of 20 ( Start time: 04:39:02 PM ) Total Marks: 1Rationalism is the application of:Select correct option:Research solution



Logic and argumentsReasoningPrevious findings

Question # 12 of 20 ( Start time: 04:40:20 PM ) Total Marks: 1If a researcher is studying the effect of using laptops in his classroom to ascertain theirmerit and worth, he is likely conducting which type of research?Select correct option:BasicAppliedEvaluationExperimentalsec(s)

Question # 13 of 20 ( Start time: 04:41:22 PM ) Total Marks: 1_________ meanings attached to a concept create problems of measurements.Select correct option:UnambiguousVagueClearDictionarysec(s)Question # 15 of 20 ( Start time: 04:43:20 PM ) Total Marks: 1Which of the the following is not included in Objects?



Select correct option:TablesPeopleBooksWeightsec(s)Question # 17 of 20 ( Start time: 04:44:50 PM ) Total Marks: 1The ________ is only useful if the concepts, ideas, questions, etc. to be investigated areboth testable and falsifiable.Select correct option:Independent VariableDependent VariableExperimental MethodScientific Method

Question # 18 of 20 ( Start time: 04:45:48 PM ) Total Marks: 1Which of the following is likely to reduce the validity of a test?Select correct option:Unclear test directionsAmbiguous test itemsUntaught itemsAll of the given options

Question # 19 of 20 ( Start time: 04:46:16 PM ) Total Marks: 1



If a researcher was studying the use of various instructional approaches to the "multipleintelligences" of his students, he is likely to be conducting which type of research?Select correct option:BasicAppliedEvaluationGrounded theory

ANSWERS: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10d a d b d c b a b d11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20b c b b a a c d a a


1- Hypothesis refers to

A. The outcome of an experiment

B. A conclusion drawn from an experiment

C. A form of bias in which the subject tries to outguess the experimenter

D. A tentative statement about the relationship





A. Analyze the empirical data collected in a studyB. Make their findings sound better

C. Operationally define their variables

D. Ensure the study comes out the way it was intended

3- A literature review requires

A. Planning

B. Good & clear writing

C. Lot of rewriting

D. All of the above

4- A literature review is based on the assumption that

A. Copy from the work of others

B. Knowledge accumulates and learns from the work of othersC. Knowledge disaccumulates

D. None of the above option

5- A theoretical framework

A. Elaborates the r/s among the variables

B. Explains the logic underlying these r/s

C. Describes the nature and direction of the r/s

D. All of the above

6- Which of the following statement is not true?

A. A research proposal is a document that presents a plan for a project

B. A research proposal shows that the researcher is capable of successfully

conducting the proposed research project

C. A research proposal is an unorganized and unplanned projectD. A research proposal is just like a research report and written before the research

project



7- Preliminary data collection is a part of the

A. Descriptive research

B. Exploratory researchC. Applied research

D. Explanatory research

8- Conducting surveys is the most common method of generating

A. Primary dataB. Secondary data

C. Qualitative data

D. None of the above

9- After identifying the important variables and establishing the logical reasoning in

theoretical framework, the next step in the research process is

A. To conduct surveys

B. To generate the hypothesisC. To focus group discussions

D. To use experiments in an investigation

10- The appropriate analytical technique is determined by

A. The research design

B. Nature of the data collected

C. Nature of the hypothesis

D. Both A & B

E. Personal interviews conducted in shopping malls are known as:

1. Mall interviews

2. Mall intercept interviews3. Brief interviews

4. None of the given options

F. WATS lines provided by long distance telephone service at fixed rates. In this

regard, WATS is the abbreviation of:



1. West Africa Theological Seminary

2. Washtenaw Area Transportation Study

3. Wide Area Telecommunications Service4. World Air Transport Statistics

G. A list of questions which is handed over to the respondent, who reads the

questions and records the answers himself is known as the:

1. Interview schedule

2. Questionnaire3. Interview guide

4. All of the given options

H. One of the most critical stages in the survey research process is:

1. Research design

2. Questionnaire design3. Interview design

4. Survey design

I. Question that consists of two or more questions joined together is called a:

1. Double barreled question2. General question

3. Accurate question

4. Confusing question

J. The number of questionnaires returned or completed divided by the total number

of eligible people who were contacted or asked to participate in the survey is called

the:

1. Response rate2. Participation rate

3. Inflation rate




K. To obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, when we ask general question

before a specific question then this procedure is called as the:

1. Research technique

2. Qualitative technique

3. Funnel technique4. Quantitative technique

L. A small scale trial run of a particular component is known as:

1. Pilot testing

2. Pre-testing

3. Lab experiments

4. Both A & B

M. Field testing of the questionnaire shows that:

1. Respondents are willing to co-operate2. Respondents are not willing to co-operate

3. Respondents do not like any participation

4. All of the given options

N. Service evaluation of hotels and restaurants can be done by the:

1. Self-administered questionnaires2. Office assistant

3. Manager


1-The researcher protects the confidentiality in following ways, Except;

Select correct option:

Obtaining signed nondisclosure documents.Restricting access to data instruments where the respondent is identified.

Disclosure of data subsets.

Restricting access to respondent identification.

2-Which of the following should not be a consideration in writing a proposal?




Understanding the problem situation

The appearance/form of the proposal

Responding to every element exactly as specified by the clientKnowing as much as possible about the proposal recipients

3-Under which of the following research method is not applicable?


Health care

Business

Government offices

Imaginary worlds

4-Which of the following is a concept?


Leadership.

Total Quality Management.

Human Resource Management.

All of the given options

5-In which way does a ratio scale measurement differ from an interval measurement?


It measures larger or smaller scores on some underlying dimension.

It implies the existence of an absolute zero value.It requires the mutual exclusivity of all cases.

It requires that exhaustiveness is applied to all observations.

6-If a researcher was studying the use of various instructional approaches to the "multiple

intelligences" of his students, he is likely to be conducting which type of research?


Basic

AppliedEvaluation

Grounded theory



applieed

7-An operational definition is:


One that bears no relation to the underlying concept.

An abstract, theoretical definition of a concept.

A definition of a concept in terms of specific, empirical measures.One that refers to opera singers and their work.

8-In the statement 'an examination of the effects of discretionary behaviour on employee

performance' employee performance is the:


Independent variable

Dependent variableExtraneous variable

Causal variable

9-Quantitative researcher's preoccupation with generalization is an attempt to:


Develop the law like findings of the natural sciences.

Boost their chances of publication.

Enhance the internal validity of their research.

Demonstrate the complex techniques of statistical analysis.

10-Which one of the following tasks is NOT accomplished by theoretical framework?


Elaborate the relationship among the variables

Explain the logic underlying the relationship between the variables.

Describe the nature, and direction of the relationships among the variables.

Relates the previous studies.

11-What is required if there is a chance that data could harm the respondents?




Change of results

A signed form detailing the types of limits

Free consent of respondents


12-Which of the following is not an example of deception?


A part of the truth is not communicated to the respondent

To observe code of ethics

To leak out information regarding any confidential matter

To create bias between respondents before the survey

13-Which of the the following is not included in Objects?


Tables

People

Books

Weight

14-The extent to which we can generalize the results of a study to other participants is called:


Sampling validity

External validityConstruct validity

Internal validity

15-If a nominal scale is used, it is permissible to calculate which of the following statistics?


Mean

Range

Percentile

Mode

16-All of the following are true about theories, except;




They organize and summarize existing knowledge about a topic.

They are tentative until the facts prove them true.

They provide possible explanations for the phenomenon under study.

They lead to testable hypotheses through the process of deduction.

17-Research questions are crucial because they will:


Guide your decisions about what data to collect and from where.

Help you decide which research area interests you.

Ensure that your findings have external validity.

Prevent you from thinking about research strategies.

18-What is the basis of the Scientific Method?


To test hypotheses in conditions that are condusive to its success.

To formulate a research problem and disprove the hypothesis.

To formulate a research problem, test the hypothesis in carefully controlled conditionsthat challenge the hypothesis.To test hypotheses and if they are disproved, they should be abandoned completely.

19-Procedures determining what two issues are rarely used in quantitative research?


Objectivity and subjectivity

Reliability and validityAccessibility and replicability

Quality and quantity

20-Ms. Laiba has decided to use the test at the end of the textbook to measure the achievement

levels of the students in her study. Which of the following BEST describes the chapter test?


Definition

Construct

Variable

Operationalized variable



Quiz 01STA 630- Research MethodsChoose the best option and give answer according to theinstructions1. Rationalism is the application of which of the following?A. Logic and argumentsB. Research solutionC. ReasoningD. Previous findings

2. On which of the following, scientific knowledge mostly relies?A. Logical understandingB. Identification of eventsC. Prior knowledgeD. All of the given options

3. Which of the following refers to research supported by measurableevidence?A. OpinionB. EmpiricismC. SpeculationD. Rationalism

4. Research method is applicable in all of the following fields, EXCEPT;A. Health care



B. ReligionC. BusinessD. Government offices

5. All of the following are true statements about action research, EXCEPT;A. Data are systematically analyzedB. Data are collected systematicallyC. Results are generalizableD. Results are used to improve practice

6. Which of the following is characteristic of action research?A. Variables are tightly controlledB. Results are generalizableC. Data are usually qualitativeD. Results demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships

7. If a researcher is studying the effect of using laptops in his classroom toascertain their merit and worth, he is likely conducting which of thefollowing types of research?A. ExperimentalB. AppliedC. BasicD. Evaluation



8. Exploratory research addresses which of the following types ofquestion?

A. IfB. HowC. WhyD. What

9. Which of the following is not the source for getting information forexploratory research?A. Content analysisB. SurveyC. Case studyD. Pilot study

10. Which of the following is the main quality of a good theory?A. A theory that has survived attempts at falsificationB. A theory that is proven to be rightC. A theory that has been disprovedD. A theory that has been falsified

11. Which of the following is not a concept?A. LeadershipB. Total Quality ManagementC. Intelligence Quotient (IQ)D. Human Resource Management



12. A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable isknown as:A. Discontinuous variableB. Dependent variableC. Independent variableD. Intervening variable

13. Which of the following is the opposite of a variable?A. An extraneous variableB. A dependent variableC. A data setD. A constant

14. Which of the following can best be described as a categoricalvariable?A. AgeB. Annual incomeC. Grade point averageD. Religion

15. “Income distribution of employees” in a specific organization is anexample of which of following type of variable?A. Discontinuous variableB. Continuous variableC. Dependent variable




16. “There is no relationship between higher motivation level and higherefficiency” is an example of which type of hypothesis?A. AlternativeB. NullC. CorrelationalD. Research

17. Which of the following is not a role of hypothesis?A. Guides the direction of the studyB. Determine feasibility of conducting the studyC. Identifies relevant and irrelevant factsD. Provides framework for organizing the conclusions

18. Hypothesis test may also be called as:A. Informal testB. Significance testC. Moderating testD. T-test

19. Which type of review compares how different theories address an issue?A. Context reviewB. Integrated reviewC. Theoretical review



D. Methodological review

20. After you locate a source, you should write down all details of thereference, EXCEPT;A. VolumesB. TitlesC. PriceD. Full names of the authorsSolution of Quiz 01Spring Semester 2009STA 630- Research MethodsQuestion No: Answer1 A2 A3 B4 B5 C6 C7 D8 D9 A10 A11 C12 C13 D14 D15 B16 B17 B



18 B19 C20 C


1. Operational definitions are useful because they offer specificity, but are not essentialwhen the scientific method is used.TrueFalse

2. The ability to make inferences about cause and effect relationships is increased whenthe experimental method is used.TrueFalse

3. In a positive linear relationship, increases in the levels of one variable are associatedwith increases in the levels of a second variable.TrueFalse




4. Which is NOT a problem when the non experimental method is used to studyrelationships between variables?Direction of cause and effectBehavior is only measuredA "third" variable may be responsible for the relationship.

5. Which of the following relationships would most likely be studied with thenonexperimental method?The effect of parental use of alcohol on aggressive behavior of children.The effect of distraction while studying on test performance.The effect of defendant attractiveness on juror decisions.

6. The variable that is manipulated in an experiment is the dependent variable.TrueFalse

7. In an experiment, some participants took a standard printed exam; others took theexam using a computer administration procedure. Scores obtained with the two examprocedures were compared. The independent variable was __________ and thedependent variable was __________.exam type; exam score.exam score, exam type.participant gender, exam procedure



8. Which of the following is used to make sure that the participants in each condition ofan experiment are equivalent?Experimental controlRandomization

9. Internal validity refers to the ability to draw inferences about cause and effectrelationships between variables.TrueFalse

10. Complete understanding of behavior is achieved by studying variables using multipleoperational definitions and both experimental and non experimental methods.TrueFalse

============================ANSWERS===========================

1. False2. True3. True4. Measurement



5. Alcohol and aggression6. False7. exam type/exam score8. Randomization9. True10. True

1. If you predict a curvilinear relationship, you must have at least three levels of theindependent variable in your experiment.TrueFalse2. A researcher studied the effect of defendant gender (male-female) and type of crime(robbery-embezzlement) on juror decisions. How many conditions are in this study?two.threefour3. If a study has two or more independent variables, it is called a factorial design.TrueFalse

4. Participants gave longer sentences for embezzlement than robbery, irrespective ofgender. This implies that there was a:main effect of gender.main effect of type of crime.interaction.



5. In the IV X SV design, one of the independent variables is a characteristic ofparticipants such as personality type.TrueFalse

6. In a mixed factorial design, one of the independent variables is a characteristic ofparticipants such as personality type.TrueFalse

7. A researcher interested in attitude change designed an experiment that examined theeffect of age (18-25 years of age, 35-50, and over 60) and type of media (newspaper,radio, television) on attitude toward a tax increase for local schools. In a completelyindependent groups design with 20 participants per condition, the researcher needs tostudy ______ people.60120180

8. The effect of motivation depended on whether there was a clear standard forexcellence. This sentence implies that there was a(n):main effect of motivationmain effect of standardinteraction effect



9. A main effect is the effect of one independent variable averaged over the otherindependent variables.TrueFalse

10. Dr. Fox studied the effect of attractiveness on juror decisions. Dr. Ramirez studied theeffect of type of crime on juror decisions. What would be gained by studying bothindependent variables in one experiment?main effectsinteractioncurvilinear relationship=========================ANSWERS==============================

1. True2. four3. True4. main effect of type of crime5. True6. False7. 1808. interaction effect9. True10. interaction





1. Your county has just developed a new procedure for helping juveniles who arearrested. Does the new procedure result in fewer arrests in the future? This is a questionof:outcome evaluation.process evaluationeconomic efficiency assessment.

2. The nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design allows a researcher to assessthe effects of an independent variable by examining change from pretest to posttest.TrueFalse

3. When a researcher makes multiple observations before and after a change isimplemented, the design is called an interrupted time-series design.TrueFalse

4. Behavior changes when the treatment is introduced and changes again when thetreatment is withdrawn. This describes a:interrupted time-series design.ABA design.



control series design

5. Single-subject designs cannot be conducted with multiple participants.TrueFalse

6. An ABAB design has both ethical and internal validity advantages over the ABAdesign.TrueFalse

7. A documentary film director made a series of films about the lives of a set of childrenwhen they were 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 years of age, i.e, the films 7-Up and 14-Up.. Whattype of "research design" is this?cross-sectionallongitudinalsequential8. When Donald Campbell compared fatalities in Connecticut and nearby states beforeand after a police speeding crackdown, the ___________ design was used.interrupted time seriescontrol serieslongitudinal

9. Cross-sectional designs confound developmental changes and cohort effects.



TrueFalse

10. After comparing the effects of jail and a drug treatment program on persons convictedof drug-related offenses, a researcher analyzed the societal costs of each. The researcherhas conducted:outcome evaluationneeds assessmenteconomic efficiency assessment===========================ANSWERS============================1. outcome evaluation2. True3. True4. ABA design5. False6. True7. longitudinal8. control series9. True10. economic efficiency assessment


1. You want to know if males and females differ in preferences for dogs and cats as pets.




You ask males and females to indicate whether they prefer dogs, cats, or neither dogs norcats. When you describe your results, you will compare:means.percentages.medians.

2. You want to know if males and females differ in the length of recommended sentencefor someone found guilty of driving under the influence of alcohol. You ask males andfemales to indicate the number of weeks of jail time the convicted person should receive.When you describe your results, you will compare:meanspercentagesmedians

3. If you are using a nominal scale, the standard deviation is the best measure ofvariabilility of responses.TrueFalse

4. You conducted a survey of students in your school. You report that half the studentswork 25 hours per week or less. The statistic you used is themean.median.mode



5. Couples who share more similar attitudes indicate that they are more satisfied withtheir relationship. This reflects a ___________ correlation.positivenegative6. A correlation coefficient provides information about the strength of the relationshipbetween variables.TrueFalse

7. A researcher assessed the following variables in a sample of teenage males: aggressivebehavior, anger, loneliness, and perceived social support from family and friends. Inaddition to examining the correlations among these variables, the researcher tested aproposed model of how these variable are related to one another. The researcher is usinga:partial correlation analysis.structural equation model.multiple regression analysis.

8. You believe that the relationship between the two variables you are investigating iscurvilinear. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient will provide a goodindex of the strength of this relationship.TrueFalse



9. You expected to find that age is related to more conservative political attitudes.However, your study found that the two variables were not related. Before you concludethat the two variables are not related, you should examine the range of values on your agevariable.TrueFalse

10. A multiple correlation is a correlation between one variable andanother variable that is measured on a ratio scale.a combined set of variables.a manipulated variable.===========================ANSWERS============================1. percentages2. means3. False4. median5. positive6. True7. structural equation model8. False9. True10. combined set of variables

1. Statistical significance tests allow you to make inferences about population valuesbased on data obtained from samples.



TrueFalse

2. After conducting a statistical test, you conclude that the mean score of males differssignificantly from the mean score of females. You have:accepted the null hypothesisrejected the null hypothesismade a Type I error

3. With larger sample sizes, your sample data are more likely to accurately reflect truepopulation values.TrueFalse

4. You did not reject the null hypothesis. It is possible that you made a:Type I error.

Type II error.Type I and a Type II error.

5. To increase the likelihood of obtaining a significant result, you should have a:large difference between groups.small variabilility within groups.both of these are true.



6. In addition to knowing about the statistical significance of your data, it is important toknow about effect size, the strength of the relationship between your variables.TrueFalse

7. When you conduct a t-test, your obtained data are transformed into a single obtained tvalue. A ____________ of t values exists to allow you to know the probability that yourdata are consistent with the null hypothesis.sampling distributionrandom probability distributionType I error table

8. The probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis is called:alphabetapower

9. Another term for systematic variance is between-group variance. Another term forerror variance is within-group variance.TrueFalse



10. When designing a study, it is possible to calculate the sample size that will be neededto obtain a statistically significant effect. This calculation is called:Type II error analysis.effect size analysis.power analysis.=======================ANSWERS================================1. True2. rejected the null hypothesis3. True4. Type II error

5. both of these6. True7. sampling distribution8. power9. True10. power analysis


1. Meta-analysis is a statistical procedure to combine the results of many studies thatinvestigated the same variable.TrueFalse




2. The ability to infer that that the independent variable caused the effect on thedependent variable is called:internal validityexternal validitycriterion validity

3. When you discuss the extent to which your results would apply to other people orsettings, you are concerned with:internal validityexternal validitycriterion validity

4. A jury decision study used a male judge. A way to increase generalizability would beto replicate the study with a female judge.TrueFalse

5. A replication in which the original procedures are duplicated is called a(n)_______________ .exact replicationconceptual replicationsystematic replication.

6. A synthesis of the data obtained from many studies on a particular topic is called aliterature review.True



False

7. A study on fear of medical procedures was conducted in a room on campus that hadbeen decorated as a doctor's office has:experimental realismmundane realismreplicability

8. The participants in the study became very involved in a computer simulation. Thisstudy has:experimental realismmundane realismreplicability

9. A study that uses different procedures for manipualating and measuring variables fromanother study is called a conceptual replication.TrueFalse

10. A study conducted outside the confines of a standard laboratory/classroom is called a:field experimentmundane experimentmeta-analysis==========================ANSWERS=============================



1. True2. internal validity3. external validity4. True5. exact replication6. True7. mundane realism8. experimental realism9. True10. field experiment


1. A reliable measure has more measurement error than an unreliable measure.TrueFalse

2. An indicator of reliability based on the correlations of each item in a measure withevery other item is called:Test-retest reliabilityCronbach's alphaSplit-half reliability

3. A measure is reactive if it changes the behavior being measured.TrueFalse




4. A researcher developed a measure of shyness and is now asking whether this measuredoes in fact measure a person's true state of shyness. This is a question of:reactivity.construct validity.reliability.

5. Scores on a final exam are related to student grade point average, the amount of timespent studying for the exam, and class attendance. What type of validity is demonstratedin this case?convergent validity.discriminant validity.criterion validity.

6. Nominal scales of measurement have no quantitative properties.TrueFalse

7. Which of the following variables does NOT have ratio scale properties?job satisfaction ratingreaction time to respond when a stimulus is presented



distance (in inches) that two people stand from each other when conversing

8. My measure allows me to successfully predict future behavioral outcomes. Mymeasure has:Criterion validityFace validity

9. Unobtrusive measures reduce the problem of reactivity.TrueFalse

10. Whenever you divide people into groups, you probably using a nominal scale level ofmeasurement.TrueFalse

========================ANSWERS===============================1. False2. Cronbach's alpha3. True4. Construct validity5. Convergent validity6. True7. job satisfaction8. Criterion validity9. True



10. True


1. A researcher is granted permission to become involved with a college basketball team -- attending practices and team meetings, accompanying coaches on recruiting trips,regularly talking with players, etc. The researcher used naturalistic observation.TrueFalse

2. A researcher devised a coding system to analyze the messages on an Internet bulletinboard discussion of the controversy concerning Elian Gonzalez, the Cuban boy who wasrescued after a boat accident in the ocean between Cuba and the United States. This studyused:content analysis.naturalistic observation.systematic observation.

3. Reliability is not an issue in systematic observation.TrueFalse




4. A researcher videotaped people while viewing political debates. Raters viewedsegments of the tapes and recorded whether the people were smiling. This study used:systematic observation.naturalistic observation.content analysis.

5. A researcher tries to explain why a particular observation does not fit with a theory thatis used to explain other observations. This is called:inter-rater reliability.negative case analysis.internal validity.

6. A researcher uses interviews and many types of psychological and medical tests tostudy a woman who had surgery to remove a part of her brain. This is called a case study.TrueFalse

7. A researcher accessed information on the Internet from a series of surveys of womenthat was conducted during the 1970s and 1980s. The data were analyzed to examinechanges in attitudes and behaviors over time. Which of the following methods was used?systematic observationcase study



archival research

8. When two or more judges make ratings of observed behaviors, it is important toexamine:inter-rater reliability.test-retest reliability.

9. A psychologist conducts a study that uses data collected from many cultures in theworld. The researcher probably used:Human Relations Area FilesPsycINFO

10. A researcher studies memory by talking to groups of people in their 50s, 60s, and 70sabout memory problems that they have experienced and worried about. This study hascollected:quantitative data.qualitative data.=======================ANSWERS================================1. True2. content analysis3. False4. Systematic observation5. negative case analysis6. True



7. archival research8. inter-rater reliability9. Human Relations Area Files10. qualitative data

1. With probability sampling techniques, each member of the population has a(n)specifiable probability of being sampled.TrueFalse2. You wish to make a precise estimate about the characteristics of a population ofindividuals. You should use:quota sampling.probability sampling.accidental sampling.

3. A nonprobability sample is usually acceptable when the goal of the research is toexamine relationships between variables.TrueFalse

4. The number of people who complete a survey in relation to the number of peoplecontacted to participate is called the:response set.response rate.response bias.



5. A panel study is used to study changes in survey responses over time.TrueFalse

6. The question, "Do you think that television should have less violence and fewer showsabout sex" is considered:double-barreled.loaded.open-ended.

7. Which type of questions should be first in a questionnaire or interview?questions about demographics such as age and genderquestions about attitudes and behaviors

8. Which type of question is most likely to be used when the researcher is just starting toexplore what people think about a particular topic?closed-endedopen-ended

9. If you need a sample of about 1,000 to get an accurate estimate of a population of10,000 people, you need a sample size of 2,000 if your population consists of 20,000people.TrueFalse



10. Which is most likely to yield qualitative data?Mail surveyFocus groupTelephone interview==============================ANSWERS=========================1. True2. probability sampling3. True4. response rate5. True6. double-barreled7. attitudes and behaviors8. open-ended9. False10. Focus group interview


1. The reasons why the independent variable might not have caused an effect on thedependent variable are called threats to internal validity.TrueFalse

2. A researcher studied the effect of defendant physical attractiveness on juror decisions.The attractive person was 20 years old, and the unattractive person was a 45-year old.




The problem here is that:age is confounded with attractiveness.it is very difficult to operationally define physical attractiveness.attractiveness is not related to perceptions of guilt.

3. The use of existing natural groups of participants usually results in equivalent groupsfor the experiment.TrueFalse

4. The same people participate in each condition of an experiment. What type of design isthis?repeated measures (within-subjects)independent groups (between-subjects)matched pairs

5. Mortality refers to the fact that participants may drop out of experiments.TrueFalse

6. Complete counterbalancing means that:there were no practice effectsall possible orders of the IV were usedall Latin squares were constructed7. An advantage of a repeated measures design is that it requires fewer participants.TrueFalse



8. Practice and fatigue effects are both problems with independent groups designs.TrueFalse

9. All things being equal, which design is more likely to result in a statistically significanteffect?Independent groupsRepeated measures

10. You identified the 15 employees in a large organization who were absent from workthe most days during the previous month. You require these employees to attend a onedayprogram on time and stress management in an attempt to reduce absenteeism. In thefollowing month, all of the employees improved their attendance. The improvementcould be caused by the program or it might be due to:statistical regression.mortalityinstrument decay==============================ANSWER==========================1. True2. age is confounded3. False4. repeated measures5. True



6. all possible orders7. True8. False9. Repeated measures10. Statistical regression


1. In an experiment, words with either feminine or masculine connotation were presentedon a computer screen. The participant pressed one key when they perceived a masculineword and another key when it was perceived as feminine. Reaction time was thedependent variable. The experimenter used a:staged manipulationstraightforward manipulation

2. The dependent variable was score on a measure of comprehension of material.Virtually everyone in all conditions of the experiment answered all questions correctly.Researchers refer to this situation as a:floor effect.ceiling effect.similarity effect.

3. Strength of the manipulation is important because it increases the likelihood that theresearcher will be able to detect an effect of the independent variable on the dependent




variable.TrueFalse

4. You are concerned that participants in your study may be figuring out exactly what youare studying. You are worried about:demand characteristics.experimenter expectancies.placebo effects.

5. A placebo group is used to control for alternative explanations in studies of the effectof drugs.TrueFalse

6. The session that the experimenter holds with participants following an experiment iscalled:deception.informed consent.debriefing

7. The galvanic skin response (GSR) is a measure of:anxiety.muscle tension.

8. A good way to "debug" a study is to run a:placebo group.pilot study.



9. An experiment was conducted entirely on the Internet. This procedure probablyeliminated the problem of:demand characteristics.experimenter expectancies.informed consent.

10. A researcher is designing a study on the effect of defendant attractiveness on jurordecisions. To investigate whether participants perceive the two defendants as different inattractiveness, the researcher should use a:sensitive dependent measure.manipulation check.strong manipulation.

=======================ANSWERS================================1. straightforward manipulation2. ceiling effect3. True4. demand characteristics5. True6. debriefing7. anxiety8. pilot study9. experimenter expectancies10. manipulation check





1. Accepting the information in professor's lecture without asking about the basis of theinformation is a reliance on authority.TrueFalse

2. Intuition and authority can be good sources of ideas.TrueFalse

3. Applied research is not guided by the theories and findings of basic research.TrueFalse

4. The statement, "Interviewers rate job applicants more favorably when they are wearinga pleasant scent than when they have no scent" is an example of:description of behavior.prediction of behavior.explanation of behavior.

5. The statement, "A pleasant scent increases favorability of ratings because the scentcreates a positive emotional state in the interviewer" is an example of:description of behavior.



prediction of behavior.explanation of behavior.

6. An empirical test of an idea about behavior must be conducted so the idea can either besupported or refuted.TrueFalse

======================ANSWERS=================================1. True2. True3. False4. Description5. Explanation6. True

1. A prediction is a statement about the expected relationship between variablesTrueFalse

2. The method section of a research report includes a description of exactly how the studywas designed and conducted.TrueFalse



3. Which of the following would result in finding more articles when using PsycINFO?.happiness AND marital satisfactionhappiness OR marital satisfaction

4. You found an important article published in 1990. What resource would you use tofind articles that have cited your article since then?Psychological AbstractsPsycINFOSocial Science Citation Index

5. Which of the following is NOT true of theories?Explain currently known facts.Rarely change once formulated.Generate new knowledge.

6. When the results of a study are consistent with a theory, our confidence in the theoryincreases.TrueFalse

7. You are reading a paragraph in a journal article; the topic of the paragraph is theimplications of the results for future research. Which section of the article are youreading?IntroductionResultsDiscussion



======================ANSWERS=================================1. True2. True3. OR4. Social Science Citation Index5. Rarely change6. True7. Discussion


1. Psychological studies must be reviewed for possible sources of physical andpsychological stress.TrueFalse

2. All research must include a procedure to obtain informed consent.TrueFalse

3. Asking people whether they wish to participate in a study after telling them all of thepotential risks and benefits is called informed consent.TrueFalse




4. A researcher records the tips left at a restaurant. The amount of the tip is related to sizeof the check, and the number and gender composition of people in the party. Accordingto regulations, this research would be classified as:No riskMinimal riskGreater than minimal risk

5. Which is not a reason for a debriefing session?Required by Health and Human Services regulations.Deal with issues of stress or deception.Education about psychological research.

6. Research conducted today has more ethical problems that research conducted 30 yearsago.TrueFalse

7. Survey research in which people are asked questions about themselves has no ethicalrisk.TrueFalse

8. According to Health and Human Services regulations, informed consent is necessary in



all research investigations.TrueFalse============================ANSWERS===========================1. True2. False3. True4. No risk5. Required6. False7. False8. False

Research Methods (Fall 2009)

Quiz # 1:

Question # 1 of 10: A one tailed hypothesis predicts-----------

The future

The lottery result

The frequency of the effect

The direction of the effect

Question # 2 of 10: To say that a theory is falsifiable is to say that;

It is based on results that are not replicable.

Investigators have replaced it with a simpler or more accurate theory.

We can imagine results that would contradict it.

It is so vague that it fits any and all possible results.

Question # 3 of 10: In the statement 'an examination of the effects of discretionary

behaviour on employee performance' employee performance is the:




Dependent variable

Extraneous variable

Causal variable

Question # 4 of 10: The following journal article would be an example of _______

research; "The benefits of florescent lighting on production in a factory setting."

Applied

Interview

Basic

Stupid

Question # 5 of 10: To explain, predict, and/or control phenomena are the goal of

---------

Tradition

Inductive logic

Deductive logic

The scientific method

Question # 6 of 10: A concept is a generalized idea about ------ .

A class of objects

Attributes

Occurrences




Question # 7 of 10: _________ meanings attached to a concept create problems of

measurements.

Unambiguous

Vague

Clear

Dictionary

Question # 8 of 10: Which one of the following creates problems of measurements of

a concept?

Unambiguous meanings

Vague meanings

Clear meanings

Dictionary meanings

Question # 9 of 10: The purpose of a literature review is to:

Help you find out what is already known about this area.

Identify any inconsistencies or gaps in the literature.

Demonstrate an awareness of the theoretical context in which the current study

can be located.

Find what is already known, identify gaps demonstrate awareness.

Question # 10 of 10: Why do you need to review the existing literature?

To give your dissertation a proper academic appearance, with lots of

references

Because without it, you could never reach the required word-count

To find out what is already known about your area of interest

To help in your general studying



Quiz # 2:

Question # 1 of 20: If a nominal scale is used, it is permissible to calculate which of the

following statistics?

Mean

Range

Percentile

Mode

Question # 2 of 20: Which of the following statements is false?

Discrete variables allow measurement of an infinite number of fractions of units of

measurement.

Discrete variables can only have whole number values.

Continuous numbers can only have whole number values.

Continuous measures do not allow for scores that fall between two number

values.

Question # 3 of 20: What is ordinal data?

Ordinary data

Well behaved data

Ranked data

Numbers



Question # 4 of 20: Which of the following is not an example of deception?





Question # 5 of 20: Mr. Haris is interested in studying the shared beliefs and practices of

the teachers in a small rural school. He is likely to use which research design?

Action research

Historical research

Ethnography

Grounded theory

Question # 6 of 20: Which of the following questions might invade the privacy of a

research participant?

How long have you worked for this organisation?

What is your home address?

What do you think about your direct line manager?

What happened during your last performance appraisal?



Question # 7 of 20: What is opposite of a variable?

A constant

An extraneous variable

A dependent variable

A data set

Question # 8 of 20: Quantitative researcher's preoccupation with generalization is an

attempt to:





Question # 9 of 20: Which of the following is the BEST hypothesis?

Students taking formative quizzes will perform better on chapter exams than

students not taking these quizzes.

Taller students will have higher test scores than shorter students.

Students taught in a cooperative group setting should do better than students in a

traditional class.

Students using laptops will do well.



Question # 10 of 20: The independent variable is;

The variable manipulated in order to observe its effects

The variable that is measured

The free spirited variable

A confounding variable

Question # 11 of 20: After you locate a source, you should write down all details of the

reference, except;

Full names of the authors

Titles

Volumes

Price

Question # 12 of 20: The following journal article would be an example of _______

research; "The benefits of florescent lighting on production in a factory setting."

Applied

Interview

Basic

Stupid



Question # 13 of 20: A measure has high internal consistency reliability when:

Multiple observers make the same ratings using the measure.

Participants score at the high end of the scale every time they complete the

measure.

Multiple observers obtain the same score every time they use the measure.

Each of the items correlates with other items on the measure.

Question # 14 of 20: What is required if there is a chance that data could harm the

respondents?

Change of results




Question # 15 of 20: The key objective of data analysis is to:

Calculate statistics

Understand relationships between variables

Obtain the distribution of responses for each question

Create tables which display the survey results



Question # 16 of 20: Which of the following is not a concept?

Leadership

Total Quality Management

Human Resource Management

IQ

Question # 17 of 20: Which one of the following creates problems of measurements of a

concept?


Vague meanings

Clear meanings

Dictionary meanings

Question # 18 of 20: Ms. Laiba has decided to use the test at the end of the textbook to

measure the achievement levels of the students in her study. Which of the following

BEST describes the chapter test?

Definition

Construct

Variable




Question # 19 of 20: The scientific method is preferred over other ways of knowing

because it is more;

Reliable

Systematic

Accurate


Question # 20 of 20: Which of the following is a concept?

Leadership.

Total Quality Management.

Human Resource Management.


Quiz # 3:

Question # 1 of 20: Which of the following is least likely to occur as an ethical problem

with e-research?

People are not likely to be able to stop once they have begun participating.

Informed consent cannot be completely monitored.

Debriefing could be avoided.

Privacy could be invaded.



Question # 2 of 20: The most difficult sources to locate are;

Dissertations

Policy Reports and Presented Papers

Government Documents

Scholarly Books

Question # 3 of 20: Which of the following is the least obtrusive and most accurate

method for recording data in an interview?

Note taking

Videotaping

Audiotaping

Writing notes after the interview

Question # 4 of 20: How can we determine if a test has good validity?

It produces the same result when it is given at different times to the same group of

people

It produces the same result no matter which version of the test is used

It measures what it is supposed to measure

All of the questions on it can be answered accurately by the subject

Question # 5 of 20: How is nominal data presented?

In order

In discrete categories

Units of equal distance



Data where there is a true zero

Question # 6 of 20: When we say that science is parsimonious, we mean that:

Scientific theories are based on laws.

We must be careful because causes can occur after specific effects.

The best scientific theories are those that offer the simplest explanations for a law.

Science accurately describes a wide range of behavior.

Question # 7 of 20: A concept is a generalized idea about------ .

A class of objects

Attributes

Occurrences


Question # 8 of 20: The purpose of a literature review is to:

Help you find out what is already known about this area.

Identify any inconsistencies or gaps in the literature.

Demonstrate an awareness of the theoretical context in which the current study can

be located.

Find what is already known, identify gaps demonstrate awareness.



Question # 9 of 20: A ________ scale only assigns numbers to objects to classify the

objects according to the characteristic of interest.

Ratio

Nominal

Interval

Dichotomous

Question # 10 of 20: Procedures determining what two issues are rarely used in

quantitative research?


Reliability and validity

Accessibility and replicability


Question # 11 of 20: What does Ordinal scale NOT imply?

Characteristics of nominal scale

Rank the object

Does not provide magnitude of object

Provide rate

Question # 12 of 20: A literature review requires;

planning

clear writing

good writing



All of the given option

Question # 13 of 20: Quantitative social researchers rarely claim to have established

causality because:

They are more concerned with publishing the results of their reliability tests.

They do not believe that this is an appropriate goal to be striving for.

They keep forgetting which of the variables they have manipulated.

They tend to use cross-sectional designs, which produce only correlations.

Question # 14 of 20: When you are confident that the experimental manipulation

produced the changes you measured in the dependent variable, your study probably has

good ________ validity.

Construct

Internal

External

Causal

Question # 15 of 20: All the persons involved in the collection of data and supervision of

data collection process are called;

Fieldworkers

Researchers

Research assistants

None of the given options



Question # 16 of 20: The key objective of data analysis is to:





Question # 17 of 20: The small scale trial run of a particular item is called

______________.

Test run

Pilot test

Post hoc test

t-test

Question # 19 of 20: Hypothesis refers to __________:

The outcome of an experiment

A conclusion drawn from an experiment

A form of bias in which the subject tries to outguess the experimenter

A tentative statement about the relationship

Question # 20 of 20: Detailed and unambiguous instructions are particularly important

for:

Computer-assisted telephone surveys

Mail surveys



Computer-assisted personal interviews

Internet surveys



Quiz # 4:

Question # 1 of 20: Measurement reliability refers to the:

Accuracy of the scores

Consistency of the scores

Dependency of the scores

Comprehensiveness of the scores

Question # 2 of 20: Quantitative research has been criticised because:

The measurement process suggests a spurious and artificial sense of accuracy.

The reliance on instruments and procedures makes it high in ecological

validity.

It underestimates the similarities between objects in the natural and social worlds.

It has no validity.

Question # 3 of 20: Why does qualitative interviewing have an advantage over participant

observation when it comes to longitudinal research?

Repeat interviews are easier to organise.

It allows for a better exploration of key issues.

It is a more focused research method.

Participant observers are prone to 'go native' during longitudinal research.



Question # 4 of 20: Cover letter must include the following information, except:

How was the respondent selected?

Data collecting tools

Motivation for the respondent

Importance of research topic which is going to be conducted

Question # 5 of 20: How can we determine if a test has good validity?

It produces the same result when it is given at different times to the same group of

people




Question # 6 of 20: The logic of qualitative data analysis is described as:

Objective

Subjective

Inductive

Deductive

Question # 7 of 20: The validity of a measure refers to the:

Particular type of construct specification

Comprehensiveness with which it measures the construct

Accuracy with which it measures the construct

Consistency of the measurement



Question # 8 of 20: An advantage of computer-assisted telephone interviewing is:

Interviewing time is reduced

Data quality is enhanced

Questionnaires do not have to be coded

There is little opportunity for interviewer bias






Question # 10 of 20: What does it mean if two variables have a positive correlation?

As one variable increases, so does the other

As one variable increases, the other decreases

The correlation between the two variables is 0

The correlation between the two variables is greater than 1.0

Question # 11 of 20: The researcher protects the confidentiality in following ways,

Except;

Obtaining signed nondisclosure documents.

Restricting access to data instruments where the respondent is identified.

Disclosure of data subsets.

Restricting access to respondent identification.



Question # 12 of 20: Theoretical framework is trying to develop a ________ model of

our study.

Functional

Conceptual

Operational

Practical

Question # 13 of 20: Which of the following is an example of deception in business

research?

The obtaining of company material without permission.

The researcher wearing a disguise during an observation.

The researcher representing their research as being about a different topic.

The researcher failing to ask permission to interview someone.

Question # 14 of 20: To say that a theory is falsifiable is to say that;







Question # 15 of 20: Which of the following is an excellent way to enhance the validity

of interview data collection?

Spend an extended period of time in the field.

Obtain participant trust.

Recognize your own biases

Spend time in field,obtain participant trust, recognize biases.

Question # 16 of 20: When doing research involving deception with human subjects,

researchers have an obligation to do which of the following?

Tell subjects the truth about the study’s purpose and methods after the study is

completed

Prevent mental and physical harm to subjects

Let subjects withdraw from the study at any time if they don’t want to keep

participating


Question # 17 of 20: Which of the following is an example of an issue that would be

checked in a pilot testing?

Completion of all questions on a questionnaire

Legible writing

Single responses to all multiple choice questions

Logical answers between questions (i.e., attributes should be rated high if purchase

interest is high)



Question # 18 of 20: What is the basis of the Scientific Method?



To formulate a research problem, test the hypothesis in carefully controlled

conditions that challenge the hypothesis.

To test hypotheses and if they are disproved, they should be abandoned completely.

Question # 19 of 20: Quantitative social researchers rarely claim to have established

causality because:

They are more concerned with publishing the results of their reliability tests.

They do not believe that this is an appropriate goal to be striving for.

They keep forgetting which of the variables they have manipulated.

They tend to use cross-sectional designs, which produce only correlations.

Question # 20 of 20: Rationalism is the application of:

Research solution

Logic and arguments

Reasoning

Previous findings



Quiz # 5:

Question # 1 of 20: After a researcher has stated the specific problem to be studied in an

experiment, he must then develop a(n):

Theory

Conclusion

Hypothesis

Summary of the data

Question # 2 of 20: Which of the following control techniques available to the researcher

controls for both known and unknown variables?

Building the extraneous variable into the design

Matching

Random assignment

Analysis of covariance

Question # 3 of 20: Quantitative research has been criticised because:


The reliance on instruments and procedures makes it high in ecological

validity.


It has no validity.



Question # 4 of 20: Hypothesis refers to __________:





Question # 5 of 20: What is required if there is a chance that data could harm the

respondents?

Change of results




Question # 6 of 20: Which of the following is a measure in which a researcher adds or

combines several distinct indicators of a construct into a single score?

Scale

Index

Unidimensionality

Weighting








Question # 8 of 20: What is ordinal data?

Ordinary data

Well behaved data

Ranked data

Numbers

Question # 9 of 20: What research is?

A lab experiment

A report

A systematic Enquiry

A procedure

Question # 10 of 20: Which of the following terms refers to a statistical method that can

be used to statistically equate groups on a pretest or some other variable?

Experimental control

Differential influence

Matching




Question # 11 of 20: You wish to make a precise estimate about the characteristics of a

population of individuals. You should use:

Quota sampling

Probability sampling

Accidental sampling

Snowball sampling

Question # 12 of 20: A researcher is interested in nonverbal behavior among young

adults. The researcher goes to public gathering places in town and observes smiles,

gestures, gaze, and touch. This is an example of;

Blind observation

Quasi-experimentation

Naturalistic observation

Field experimentation

Question # 13 of 20: Which type of research address major societal change?

Experimental Research

Action Research

Social Research

Historical Comparative Research



Question # 14 of 20: Rationalism is the application of:

Research solution

Logic and arguments

Reasoning

Previous findings

Which of the following provides insight into the complexity of using interviews?

Potential influence of gender or cultural differences between interviewer and

interviewee

The accuracy of the interviewee's responses

The different semantic meanings of the language being used

Accuracy, influences and language used

Question # 16 of 20: Which of the following elements of Observation in Non Reactive

research?

External Appearance

Count Behaviors

Time Duration




Question # 17 of 20: Research may differ along a series of dimensions. Which of the

following may be applied to this statement?

The type of data collected.

The data-collection technique.

The level of manipulation used to elicit data collection.


Question # 18 of 20: Which one of the following tasks is NOT accomplished by

theoretical framework?





Question # 19 of 20: _________ meanings attached to a concept create problems of

measurements.

Unambiguous

Vague

Clear

Dictionary



Question # 20 of 20: When you are confident that the experimental manipulation

produced the changes you measured in the dependent variable, your study probably has

good ________ validity.

Construct

Internal

External

Causal



Quiz # 5:

Question # 1 of 20: When a variable is so closely associated with the independent

variable that we do not know which one is producing the experimental effect, the variable

is:

Manipulated

Confounded

Unspecified

Uncontrolled

Question # 2 of 20: If a researcher was studying the use of various instructional

approaches to the "multiple intelligences" of his students, he is likely to be conducting

which type of research?

Basic

Applied

Evaluation

Grounded theory

Question # 3 of 20: Which of the following control techniques available to the researcher

controls for both known and unknown variables?

Building the extraneous variable into the design

Matching

Random assignment




Question # 4 of 20: Procedures determining what two issues are rarely used in

quantitative research?


Reliability and validity

Accessibility and replicability


Question # 5 of 20: Which of the following is the least appropriate research problem?

Does studying Latin improve the standardized vocabulary test scores of seventh grade

students?

Does drilling fifth grade students with multiplication facts improve their standardized

test scores?

What is the relationship between students' math attitudes and math achievement?

Should students have access to controversial novels in school?

Question # 9 of 20: Quantitative researcher's preoccupation with generalization is an

attempt to:







Question # 10 of 20: Which of the following concerns is MOST likely to become a

problem if Mr. Baber uses purposive sampling techniques?

Generalizability from the sample to the population.

Statistically equal groups.

Subjects participating in the study.

Selection of participants who are thought to be informative, articulate, and experienced

with the research topic and setting.

Question # 11 of 20: Which measure of dispersion is easiest to calculate?

Mean

Range

Median

Mode

Question # 13 of 20: Ms. Tania is thinking about changing her instructional approach to

a more mastery-learning orientation. She is interested in knowing more about this topic as

well as its effectiveness when working with elementary school students. On which source

should she rely for such information:

Tradition

Research

Intuition

Personal experience



Question # 14 of 20: What type of sample involves some form of random selection so

that every member of the sampling frame has an equal, non-zero chance of being

included in the sample?

Probability sample

Zero-bias sample

All-inclusive sample

Non-probability sample

Question # 15 of 20: Which of the following statements is false?


measurement.



Continuous measures do not allow for scores that fall between two number values.

Question # 16 of 20: Setting quotas for hard-to-reach respondents is one way to

minimize _______ bias.

Interviewer

Respondent

Instrument

Sampling



Question # 17 of 20: Detailed and unambiguous instructions are particularly important

for:


Mail surveys


Internet surveys

Question # 18 of 20: Which type of research address major societal change?

Experimental Research

Action Research

Social Research

Historical Comparative Research

Question # 20 of 20: Which of the following is a measure of inflation?

Scale

Consumer price index

Weighting

Unidimensionality



# 1 of 20 ( Start time: 10:38:21 PM )

Total Marks: 1

Which of the following is the least appropriate research problem?


Does studying Latin improve the standardized vocabulary test scores of seventh grade students?

Does drilling fifth grade students with multiplication facts improve their standardized test scores?



Question # 2 of 20 ( Start time: 10:39:32 PM )

Total Marks: 1

What is the final step of a scientific investigation?


Analyze data

Collect data

Report the findings

Determine whether the hypothesis was supported


Total Marks: 1

If a researcher was studying the use of various instructional



approaches to the "multiple intelligences" of his students, he is likely to be conducting which type of research?


Basic

Applied

Evaluation

Grounded theory


Total Marks: 1

_________ meanings attached to a concept create problems of measurements.


Unambiguous

Vague

Clear

Dictionary


Total Marks: 1

What is the reason for consulting handbooks, yearbooks, encyclopedias, or reviews in the initial stages of identifying a research topic?




They are readily available.

They provide an overview of the issues related to a topic.

They are primary sources.

They avoid reporting statistical data so one can interpret the results more easily.


Total Marks: 1

All of the following are true about theories, except;






A literature review requires;


planning



clear writing

good writing


Research may differ along a series of dimensions. Which of the following may be applied to this statement?






# 11 of 20 ( Start time: 10:49:48 PM )

Total Marks: 1

What is a relationship between the literature survey and the theoretical framework?


An indicator of reliability based on the correlations of each item in a measure with every other item is called:


Test-retest reliability



Cronbach's alpha

Split-half reliability

Inter item ratio


Total Marks: 1

Which of the following should not be a consideration in writing a proposal?


What is opposite of a variable?


A constant

An extraneous variable


A data set


Total Marks: 1

An operational definition is:






A definition of a concept in terms of specific, empirical measures.


The key objective of data analysis is to:



Total Marks: 1

If a measure is consistent over multiple occasions, it has:


Inter-rater reliability

Construct validity

Internal validity


Quantitative research has been criticised because:





The reliance on instruments and procedures makes it high in ecological validity.


It has no validity.

MC080404783 : Saqib Adnan

Quiz Start Time: 10:38 PM

Time Left

68 sec(s)


Total Marks: 1

A review that only demonstrates familiarity with an area is rarely published but it often is part of an educational program is which type of review?


Integrative reviews

Theoretical reviews

Self-study reviews



Historical reviews


Total Marks: 1

Which of the following is not an example of deception?






Quiz # 1

Q1. All the persons involved in the collection of data and supervision of data collection

process are called

i. Fieldworkers ii. Researchers



iii. Research assistants

iv. None of the given options

Q2. While terminating the interview, the fieldworker should not do one of the following:

i. He should record all the responses made by the interviewee before leaving.

ii. He should thank the interviewee.

iii. He should close the interview hastily. iv. He should answer all the questions the respondent asks concerning the nature

and purpose of the study.

Q3. Which one of these is a type of Interviewee bias?

i. The respondent does not tell his true income, age, or contact information.

ii. The fieldworker fails to probe the interviewee properly.

iii. The fieldworker contacted the wrong person for interview.

iv. The fieldworker asks the questions in wrong order.

Q4. A magazine conducts a survey and asks its readers to cut the questionnaire from the

magazine, fill it and send it via mail. It is a type of

i. Purposive sampling

ii. Snowball sampling

iii. Sequential sampling

iv. Convenience sampling Q5. The height distribution of a few students in a school is an example of

i. Statistic ii. Population

iii. Parameter

iv. Element

Q6. A researcher wants to conduct a survey of the drug users. Which type of sampling

technique will be most appropriate here?

i. Sequential samplin

ii. Snowball samplingiii. Quota sampling

iv. Convenience sampling

Q7. When there is a need to apply different data collection methods to different parts of



the population, the best sampling method would be

i. Double sampling

ii. Cluster sampling

iii. Stratified random sampling iv. Systematic random sampling

Q8. The sampling technique in which every element of the population has an equal, non-zero

probability of being selected in a sample, is called

i. Probability sampling ii. Convenience sampling

iii. Purposive sampling

iv. Quota sampling

Q9. Target population is also called

i. Population

ii. Survey population iii. Population element

iv. Population frame

Q10. Which one of them is the method for probing the respondent?

i. Repeat the question

ii. Give an expectant pause

iii. Repeat the respondent’s reply

iv. All of the given options

1. Analysis of covariance is:

a. A statistical technique that can be used to help equate groups on specific variablesb. A statistical technique that can be used to control sequencing effects

c. A statistical technique that substitutes for random assignment to groups

d. Adjusts scores on the independent variable to control for extraneous variables



2. To determine whether noise affects the ability to solve math problems, a

researcher has one group solve math problems in a quiet room and another

group solve math problems in a noisy room. The group solving problems in the

noisy room completes 15 problems in one hour and the group solving problems

in the quiet room completes 22 problems in one hour. In this experiment, the

independent variable is ____________ and the dependent variable is

_____________.

a. The number of problems solves; the difficulty of the problems

b. The number of problems solved; the noise level in the room

c. The noise level in the room; the number of problems solvedd. The noise level in the room; the difficulty of the problems

3. The posttest-only design with nonequivalent groups is likely to control for

which of the following threats to internal validity:

a. Historyb. Differential selection

c. Additive and interactive effects

d. Differential attrition

4. When all participants receive all treatment conditions, the study is susceptible

to:

a. Order effects

b. Carryover effects

c. Analysis of covariance

d. a and b



5. A researcher is interested in the effects of a preschool program on later school

performance. Because she is concerned that socio-economic-status (SES) is a

potential extraneous variable in her study, she picks children to study who are

only from low SES homes. The control technique she used in this study was:

a. Matching

b. Random assignment

c. Holding the extraneous variable constantd. Statistically controlling the extraneous variable

6. Which of the following terms best describes an interaction effect?

a. The effect of one independent variable (on a DV) depends on the level of another independent variable

b. Eliminating any differential influence of extraneous variables

c. Sequencing effect that occurs from the order in which the treatment conditions

are

administered

d. The effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable

7. Which of the following terms refers to a statistical method that can be used to

statistically equate groups on a pretest or some other variable?

a. Experimental control

b. Differential influence

c. Matching

d. Analysis of covariance



8. Which of the following is not a way to manipulate an independent variable?

a. Presence technique

b. Amount technique

c. Type technique

d. Random technique

9. Which of the following designs permits a comparison of pretest scores to

determine the initial equivalence of groups on the pretest before the treatment

variable is introduced into the research setting.

a. One-group pretest-posttest design

b. Pretest-posttest control group designc. Posttest-only design with nonequivalent groups

d. Both b and c

10. Counterbalancing is _________.

a. Usually based on random selection of participants

b. Only used when one pretest variable needs to be controlled

c. Chosen to control for such things as order and carryover effects*d. All of the above

for more contents visit

11. The group that receives the experimental treatment condition is the _____.

a. Experimental groupb. Control group

c. Participant group

d. Independent group



12. Which of the following control techniques available to the researcher controls

for both known and unknown variables?

a. Building the extraneous variable into the design

b. Matching

c. Random assignmentd. Analysis of covariance

13. The group that does not receive the experimental treatment condition is the

________.

a. Experimental group

b. Control groupc. Treatment group

d. Independent group

14. There are a number of ways in which confounding extraneous variables can

be controlled. Which control technique is considered to be the best?

a. Random assignmentb. Matching

c. Counterbalancing

d. None of the above

15. Which of the following could be used for randomly assigning participants to

groups in an experimental study?

a. Split-half (e.g., first half versus second half of a school directory)

b. Even versus odd numbers

c. Use a list of random numbers or a computer randomization program



d. Let the researcher decide which group will be the best

16. Which term is not a related to counterbalancing?

a. Carryover effect

b. Order effect

c. Sequencing effects

d. Matching

17. A cell is a combination of two or more ____ in a factorial design.

a. Research designs

b. Research measurements

c. Dependent variables

d. Independent variables

18. Which of the following designs does an excellent job of controlling for rival

hypotheses that threaten the internal validity of an experiment?

a. Posttest-only design with nonequivalent groups

b. Posttest-only control-group design

c. Pretest-posttest control-group design

d. Both b and c are excellent designs

19. Manipulating the independent variable by varying the type on the

independent variable that is presented to the different comparison groups is

known as _____.

a. Amount technique

b. Absence technique

c. Type technique



d. Presence technique

20. Which of the following terms is a sequencing effect that occurs from the order

in which the treatment conditions are administered?

a. Carry-over effect

b. Order effectc. Sequencing effects

d. None of the above

21. When manipulating the independent variable in an educational experiment,

which of the following describes this method?

a. An independent variable is manipulated using the presence or absence

technique

b. The researchers varies the amount of the independent variable that is

administered

c. The researcher varies the type of the independent variable

d. All of the above are possible

22. Which method of controlling confounding extraneous variables takes

precedence over all other methods?

a. Matching individual participants

b. Holding extraneous variables

c. Building the extraneous variable into the research design

d. Counterbalancing

e. Randomly assign research participants to the groups

23. In an experimental research study, the primary goal is to isolate and identify

the effect produced by the ____.

a. Dependent variable

b. Extraneous variable

c. Independent variable



d. Confounding variable

24. This type of design is one where all participants participate in all experimental

treatment conditions.

a. Factorial design

b. Repeated measures designc. Replicated design

d. Pretest-posttest control-group design

25. A factorial design is one in which ____.

a. Only one independent variable is studied to determine its effect on the

dependent variable

b. Only two independent variables are simultaneously studied to determine their

independent

and interactive effects on the dependent variable

c. Two or more independent variables are simultaneously studied to determine their independent and interactive effects on the dependent variable

d. Two dependent variables are studied to determine their interactive effects

26. The design in which one group of research participants is administered a

treatment and is then compared, on the dependent variable, with another group

of research participants who did not receive the experimental treatment is ____.

a. One-group posttest-only design

b. One-group pretest-posttest designc. Posttest-only design with nonequivalent groups

d. time series design



27. _____ refers to the influence of a single independent variable.

a. Interaction effect

b. Reactive effect

c. Main effectd. Proactive effect

28. A sequencing effect that occurs when performance in one treatment condition

is influenced by participation in a prior treatment condition is known as ____.

a. Counterbalancing effect

b. Carryover effectc. Treatment effect

d. Order effect

29. Which of the following is possible in a factorial design with two independent

variables?

a. There is only one main effect present

b. There are two main effects present

c. There are two main effects and an interaction effect present

d. All of the above are possible

30. Which of the following is a factorial design where different participants are

randomly assigned to the levels of one independent variable but participants take

all levels on another independent variable?

a. One-group pretest-posttest

b. Pretest-posttest control-group design

c. Factorial design

d. Factorial design based on a mixed mode



1. In ___________, the researcher attempts to control and/ or manipulate the

variables in

the study.

1. Experiment 2. Hypothesis


4. Research design

2. In an experimental research study, the primary goal is to isolate and identify

the effect

produced by the ____.

1. Dependent variable


3. Independent variable 4. Confounding variable

3. A measure is reliable if it provides consistent ___________.

1. Hypothesis

2. Results 3. Procedure

4. Sensitivity

4. The interview in which questions are already prepared is called ________.

1. Telephonic interview






5. The numerical description that describe sample may be expected to differ from

those

that describe population because of random fluctuations inherent in sampling

process.

1. Sampling design


3. Sampling error 4. Probability sampling

6. In ______________ , each population element has a known and equal chance

of

selection.

1. Purposive sampling

2. Quota sampling



7. ______ is the evidence that the instrument, techniques, or process used to

measure

concept does indeed measure the intended concepts.

1. Reliability

2. Replicability

3. Scaling



4. Validity

8. A researcher is interested in studying why the “new math” of the 1960s failed.

She

interviews several teachers who used the new math during the 1960s. These

teachers are

considered as:

1. Primary sources 2. Secondary Sources

3. External critics

4. Internal critics

9. Which of the following is NOT true about stratified random sampling?

1. It involves a random selection process from identified subgroups

2. Proportions of groups in the sample must always match their population proportions 3. Disproportional stratified random sampling is especially helpful for getting

large



10. Experimental design is the only appropriate design where_________

relationship can

be established.

1. Strong

2. Linear

3. Weak

4. Cause and Effect



1. ___________research is based on naturalism.

A. Field research B. Descriptive research

C. Basic research

D. Applied research

2. Personal interviews conducted in shopping malls are known as_________

A. Mall interviews

B. Mall intercept interviews C. Brief interviews


3. ____________is used to obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, by asking

general question before a specific question.

A. Research technique


C. Funnel technique D. Quantitative technique

4. In, ____________the interviewer and members jointly control the pace and

direction of the interview.

A. Field interview B. Telephonic interview

C. Both A and B


5. Randomization of test units is a part of ______________

A. Pretest

B. Posttest

C. Matching

D. Experiment

6. Which one of the following sets is the measure of central tendency?

a. Mean, standard deviation, mode




c. Arithmetic mean, median, mode d. Standard deviation, internal validity, mode

7. Internal validity refers to .

a. Researcher’s degree of confidence.

b. Generalizability


d. All of the above

8. How many times the students appear in the research class is the example of

_________.

a. Intensity

b. Space

c. Frequency d. Direction

9. Time consumed in mall intercept interview is .

a. High

b. Moderate c. Low

d. Nil

10. Departmental stores selected to test a new merchandising display system is

the example of .

a. Quota sampling


c. Judgmental sampling d. Purposive sampling

1. Which is not a source of existing statistics?

A. Government

B. International agencies

C. Personal interviews D. Private sources



2. Followings are the advantages of secondary data except

A. Non-Reactivity

B. Selective survival C. Low cost

D. Spontaneity

3. Following are the disadvantages of secondary data except

A. Longitudinal analysis B. Sampling bias

C. Coding difficult

D. Incompleteness

4. The coding of the secondary data may be difficult because of

A. Differences in content or subject matter

B. Lack of standardization

C. Differences in length and format

D. All of these

5. The researcher must be concerned about the following problems while using

secondary data in research.

A. Validity

B. Reliability

C. Both of these D. None of these

Fill in the blanks



information.










Fill in the blanks with appropriate words1. The double blind experiment is designed to control

experimenter expectancy.

2. Pilot testing is also called pre-testing.3. The totality, out of which sample is drawn is referred to as

population.

4. The physical setting of the interview creates Situational bias.

5. Probing is the verbal prompts made by field worker.

Select the most suitable option for the given questions1. ………research is based on naturalism.

1. Field research

2. Descriptive research

3. Basic research

4. Applied research



2. Personal interviews conducted in shopping malls are known as………

1. Mall interviews

2. Mall intercept interviews

3. Brief interviews


3. ……… is used to obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, by asking general question before a specific question.

1. Research technique

2. Qualitative technique

3. Funnel technique

4. Quantitative technique

4. In, ……… the interviewer and members jointly control the pace and direction of the interview.

A. Field interviewB. Telephonic interview

C. Both A and B


1. Randomization of test units is a part of ………

1. Pretest

2. Posttest

3. Matching

4. Experiment

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words

1. Two power bases of scientific knowledge are Empiricism and

Rationalism



1. Action research is a type of Applied research

1. Three types of longitudinal research are time series, panel, and cohort

1. The research proposal is just like a research report, but it is written before the research project begins.

1. Natural science concepts are often expressed in symbolic forms.

Select the most suitable option for the given questions

1. Discrete variable is also called……….

1. Categorical variable

2. Discontinuous variable

3. Both A & B 4. None of the above

1. “Officers in my organization have higher than average level of

commitment”

Such a hypothesis is an example of……….

A. Descriptive HypothesisB. Directional Hypothesis

C. Relational Hypothesis

D. All of the above



1. ‘Science’ refers to……….

A. A system for producing knowledge

B. The knowledge produced by a system


1. Which one of the following is not a characteristic of scientific

method?

1. Deterministic

2. Rationalism

3. Empirical

4. Abstraction

1. The theoretical framework discusses the interrelationships among the……….

A. VariablesB. Hypothesis

C. Concept

D. Theory1- Personal interviews conducted in shopping malls are known as:

A. Mall interviews

B. Mall intercept interviewsC. Brief interviews




2- WATS lines provided by long distance telephone service at fixed rates. In this regard,

WATS is the abbreviation of:

A. West Africa Theological Seminary

B. Washtenaw Area Transportation Study

C. Wide Area Telecommunications ServiceD. World Air Transport Statistics

3- A list of questions which is handed over to the respondent, who reads the questions

and records the answers himself is known as the:

A. Interview schedule

B. QuestionnaireC. Interview guide


4- One of the most critical stages in the survey research process is:

A. Research design

B. Questionnaire designC. Interview design

D. Survey design

5- Question that consists of two or more questions joined together is called a:

A. Double barreled questionB. General question

C. Accurate question

D. Confusing question

6- The number of questionnaires returned or completed divided by the total number of

eligible people who were contacted or asked to participate in the survey is called the:

A. Response rateB. Participation rate



C. Inflation rate


7- To obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, when we ask general question before

a specific question then this procedure is called as the:




8- A small scale trial run of a particular component is known as:

A. Pilot testing

B. Pre-testing

C. Lab experiments

D. Both A & B

9- Field testing of the questionnaire shows that:

A. Respondents are willing to co-operateB. Respondents are not willing to co-operate

C. Respondents do not like any participation


10- Service evaluation of hotels and restaurants can be done by the:

A. Self-administered questionnairesB. Office assistant

C. Manager


Rationalism is the application of:


Research solution

Logic and arguments



Reasoning

Previous findings

Question # 3 of 10 Total Marks: 1

The independent variable is;






What research is?


A lab experiment

A report


A procedure

If a researcher is studying the effect of using laptops in his classroom to ascertain their merit and

worth, he is likely conducting which type of research?


Basic



Applied

Evaluation

Experimental

The elaboration of the variables in the theoretical framework addresses which type of qestions?


Why we expect certain relationships to exist

How we expect certain relationships to exist

Both of the given questions

None of the given questions

What is an hypothesis?


A prediction of a relationship between certain variables.

An experiment that tests certain predictions.

An independent variable.







planning

clear writing

good writing



12. Which of the following true about the relationship between theory building and data

collection?


When studies come out as expected, inductive support for the theory is gained.

If an experiment fails, discarding the experiment is an example of affirming the

consequent.

When a hypothesis is not supported, virtually nothing has been learned about the theory.


. 13 If a researcher was studying the use of various instructional approaches to the "multiple


Basic

Applied

Evaluation

Grounded theory

1- Hypothesis refers to

a) The outcome of an experiment

b) A conclusion drawn from an experiment

c) A form of bias in which the subject tries to outuess the experimenter

d) A tentative statement about the relationship




a) Analyze the empirical data collected in a studyb) Make their findings sound better

c) Operationally define their variables

d) Ensure the study comes out the way it was intended

3- A literature review requires

a) Planning

b) Good & clear writing

c) Lot of rewriting

d) All of the above

4- A literature review is based on the assumption that

a) Copy from the work of others

b) Knowlede accumulates and learns from the work of othersc) Knowlede disaccumulates

d) None of the above option

5- A theoretical framework

a) Elaborates the r/s amon the variables

b) Explains the logic underlying these r/s

c) Describes the nature and direction of the r/s

d) All of the above

6- Which of the following statement is not true?

a) A research proposal is a document that presents a plan for a project

b) A research proposal shows that the researcher is capable of

successfully conducting the proposed research project

c) A research proposal is an unorganized and unplanned projectd) A research proposal is just like a research report and written before the research



project

7- Preliminary data collection is a part of the

a) Descriptive research

b) Exploratory researchc) Applied research

d) Explanatory research

8- Conducting surveys is the most common method of enerating

a) Primary datab) Secondary data

c) Qualitative data

d) None of the above

9- After identifying the important variables and establishing the logical reasoning in

theoretical framework, the next step in the research process is

a) To conduct surveys

b) To generate the hypothesisc) To focus group discussions

d) To use experiments in an investigation

10- The appropriate analytical technique is determined by

a) The research design

b) Nature of the data collected

c) Nature of the hypothesis

d) Both A & B

11-Personal interviews conducted in shopping malls are known as:

a) Mall interviews



b) Mall intercept interviewsc) Brief interviews

d) None of the given options

12-WATS lines provided by long distance telephone service at fixed rates. In this regard,

WATS is the abbreviation of:

a) West Africa Theological Seminary

b) Washtenaw Area Transportation Study

c) Wide Area Telecommunications Serviced) World Air Transport Statistics

13-A list of questions which is handed over to the respondent, who reads the questions

and records the answers himself is known as the:

a) Interview schedule

b) Questionnairec) Interview guide

d) All of the given options

14-One of the most critical stages in the survey research process is:

a) Research design

b) Questionnaire designc) Interview design

d) Survey design

15-Question that consists of two or more questions joined together is called a:

a) Double barreled questionb) General question

c) Accurate question

d) Confusing question

16-The number of questionnaires returned or completed divided by the total number



of eligible people who were contacted or asked to participate in the survey is called the:

a) Response rateb).Participation rate

c) Inflation rate


17-To obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, when we ask general question before

a specific question then this procedure is called as the:

a) Research technique

b) Qualitative technique

c) Funnel techniqued) Quantitative technique

18- A small scale trial run of a particular component is known as:

a) Pilot testing

b) Pre-testing

c) Lab experiments

d) Both A & B

19-Field testing of the questionnaire shows that:

a) Respondents are willing to co-operate b) Respondents are not willing to co-operate

c) Respondents do not like any participation

d) All of the given options

20-Service evaluation of hotels and restaurants can be done by the:

a) Self-administered questionnairesb) Office assistant

c) Manager




Why do you need to review the existing literature?


To give your dissertation a proper academic appearance, with lots of references


To find out what is already known about your area of interest


Which one of the following is not an assumption of science?


There are reoccurring patterns in the world.

Events happen because of preceding causes.

We can discover solutions to problems of interest.

Theoretical explanations must agree with common sense.

The scientific method is preferred over other ways of knowing because it is more;


Reliable

Systematic

Accurate


Which of the following is not a concept?


Leadership





IQ






A dependent variable.

Which one of the following creates problems of measurements of a concept?



Vague meanings

Clear meanings

Dictionary meanings

_________ meanings attached to a concept create problems of measurements.


Unambiguous

Vague

Clear

Dictionary

Under which of the following research method is not applicable?




Health care

Business

Government offices

Imaginary worlds

One tailed hypothesis predicts-----------


The future

The lottery result



Quiz #2 STA 630

MC080200627 : Muhammad Naveed


If a nominal scale is used, it is permissible to calculate which of the following statistics?


Mean

Range

Percentile

Mode











Bias is defined as;


The distortion of responses based on gender, ethnicity, race, or language

A lack of validity

A lack of reliability

A poor interpretation of a student's score


Which of the following is a research method that allows a researcher to get information

about a large number of subjects relatively inexpensively and easily?



Case study

Laboratory observation

Survey


What is the first step in the research process?


Preliminary data collection

Problem definition

Theoretical framework

Define broad problem area


When you are confident that the experimental manipulation produced the changes you

measured in the dependent variable, your study probably has good ________ validity.


Construct

Internal



External

Causal




Provides a solid foundation for developing the latter

Literature survey helps in the identification of the relevant variables

The theoretical framework explains the theory underlying these relations



In which way does a ratio scale measurement differ from an interval measurement?



It implies the existence of an absolute zero value.

It requires the mutual exclusivity of all cases.



All of these are characteristics of scientific methods of research except, it is;


Cumulative

Deterministic

Unethical

Rationalism



) Question # 10 of 15 ( Start time: 05:45:19 PM ) Total Marks: 1

The elaboration of the variables in the theoretical framework addresses which type of

questions?









Does studying Latin improve the standardized vocabulary test scores of seventh

grade students?

Does drilling fifth grade students with multiplication facts improve their standardized test

scores?




A ________ scale only assigns numbers to objects to classify the objects according to the

characteristic of interest.


Ratio

Nominal

Interval

Dichotomous




Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good research topic?


It is ethical.

It can be investigated through the collection and analysis of data.

It focuses on a philosophical or ethical issue.

It is theoretically or practically significant.


Which of the following should not be a consideration in writing a proposal?


Understanding the problem situation

The appearance/form of the proposal

Responding to every element exactly as specified by the client

Knowing as much as possible about the proposal recipients


The extent to which we can generalize the results of a study to other participants is called:


Sampling validity

External validity

Construct validityInternal validity


Total Marks: 1

A review that only demonstrates familiarity with an area is rarely published but it often is part of an educational program is which type of review?


Integrative reviews

Theoretical reviews



Self-study reviews

Historical reviews


Total Marks: 1

To explain, predict, and/or control phenomena are the goal of----------------------


Tradition

Inductive logic

Deductive logic



Total Marks: 1

Which one of the following creates problems of measurements of a concept?



Vague meanings

Clear meanings

Dictionary meanings


Total Marks: 1

What is the reason for consulting handbooks, yearbooks, encyclopedias, or reviews in the initial stages of identifying a research topic?









Total Marks: 1

To say that a theory is falsifiable is to say that;







Total Marks: 1

The most critical areas of an article to read is;


Results section

Introduction

Abstract

Limitations

Question # 7 of 15 ( Start time: 11:47:10 Total Marks: 1



PM )

Which of the following is a discrete variable?


Age

Nationality

Test score

Income


Total Marks: 1

A one tailed hypothesis predicts-----------


The future

The lottery result




Total Marks: 1










Total Marks: 1

Ms. Tania is thinking about changing her instructional approach to a more mastery-learning orientation. She is interested in knowing more about this topic as well as its effectiveness when working with elementary school students. On which source should she rely for such information?


Tradition

Research

Intuition

Personal experience


Total Marks: 1

Which of the following is the best hypothesis statement to address the research question, "What impact will the new advertising campaign have on use of Brand B?"


The new advertising campaign will impact Brand B usage.

The new advertising campaign will increase Brand B trial.

The new advertising campaign will cause increased Brand B usage at the expense of Brand C.

The new advertising campaign will increase Brand B's market penetration.


Total Marks: 1

Ms. Roshi has been coordinating the Annual Festival at her school for the last several years.



She wants to be sure the students and parents enjoy the festival again this year. On which source is she LEAST likely to rely when making decisions about what to do?


Tradition

Personal experience

Research

Expert opinion


Total Marks: 1

If a researcher was studying the use of various instructional approaches to the "multiple intelligences" of his students, he is likely to be conducting which type of research?


Basic

Applied

Evaluation

Grounded theory


Total Marks: 1



Research solution

Logic and arguments

Reasoning



Previous findings


Total Marks: 1

After a researcher has stated the specific problem to be studied in an experiment, he must then develop a(n):


Theory

Conclusion

Hypothesis

Summary of the data

MC080400961 : Muhammad Usman


Time Left

62 sec(s)


Total Marks: 1

Which of the following is an example of an issue that would be checked in a pilot testing?



Legible writing


Logical answers between questions (i.e., attributes should be rated high if purchase



interest is high)



Time Left

57 sec(s)


Total Marks: 1









Time Left

62 sec(s)


Total Marks: 1

Which of the following is an excellent way to enhance the validity of interview data collection?










Time Left

89 sec(s)


Total Marks: 1

Why, as scientists, do we not want to rely on authority for explanations?


Those in authority are often wrong.

Those in authority cannot be challenged.

Those in authority rely too much on objective information.

Those in authority often have no common sense.



Time Left

77 sec(s)


Total Marks: 1

Ms. Roshi has been coordinating the Annual Festival at her school for the last several years. She wants to be sure the students and parents enjoy the festival again this year. On which source is she LEAST likely to rely when making decisions about what to do?




Tradition

Personal experience

Research

Expert opinion



Time Left

81 sec(s)


Total Marks: 1

What does Ordinal scale NOT imply?


Characteristics of nominal scale

Rank the object

Does not provide magnitude of object

Provide rate



Time Left

63 sec(s)


Total Marks: 1

Which of the following is an example of deception in business research?




The obtaining of company material without permission.

The researcher wearing a disguise during an observation.

The researcher representing their research as being about a different topic.

The researcher failing to ask permission to interview someone.



Time Left

78 sec(s)


Total Marks: 1








The part of the action research spiral that differentiates this research methodology from

other kinds of research is;

► Looking at multiple sources of data.



► Taking action based on results. Correct

► Thinking about or analyzing data in more than one way.

► The kinds of data that are collected.


Individuals who engage in action research are most concerned with:

► Supporting the way things are being done.

► Publishing results Correct

► Proving a hypothesis

► Improvement


Research may differ along a series of dimensions. Which of the following may be applied

to this statement?

► The level of manipulation used to elicit data collection.

► The data-collection technique. Correct

► The type of data collected.

► Type, technique and manipulation of data collection.


Which of the following statements best defines hypothesis?

► A quantitative study.

► A tentative prediction of the results of the research. Correct

► A qualitative research design.

► The operational definition of the study.





► Problem definition Correct

► Define broad problem area

► Theoretical framework

► Preliminary data collection


When there is a need of generating new ideas for hypotheses or to interpret the results of

some research, which one is the best research deign?

► Experiment

► Surveys

► Focus group discussion Correct

► Communication analysis


Which of the following is an example of deception in business research?

► The obtaining of company material without permission.

► The researcher wearing a disguise during an observation.

► The researcher representing their research as being about a different topic.

Correct

► The researcher failing to ask permission to interview someone.


Which of the following is least likely to occur as an ethical problem with electronic

research?



► Privacy could be invaded.

► People are not likely to be able to stop once they have begun participating.

Correct

► Debriefing could be avoided.

► Informed consent cannot be completely monitored.


All of the following are unethical issues, EXCEPT;

► Invoicing irregularities

► Avoiding legal liability

► Misrepresenting results

► Seeking permission for entry Correct


Which of the following is the difference between measures and indicators?

► Measures are unambiguous quantities, whereas indicators are devised from

common sense understandings.

► Indicators have a more direct relationship to the underlying concept than

measures. Correct

► Measures are intuitively devised and then applied as if they were direct indicators

of a concept.



► Indicators are unambiguous quantities, whereas measures are subjective and

value-laden.


The extent to which a test provides scores that are meaningful, appropriate, or useful is

referred to as;

► Reliability

► Accuracy Correct

► Internal validity

► Validity


Which of the following functions is performed by the Ordinal scale?

► Categorize

► Distance

► Order Correct

► Unique origin


What is the difference between interval/ratio and ordinal variables?

► Ordinal data can be rank ordered, but interval/ratio data cannot.

► The distance between categories is equal across the range of interval/ration data.



► Interval/ratio variables contain only two categories.

► Ordinal variables have a fixed zero point, whereas interval/ratio variables do not.

Correct


Which of the following statement refers to cross-sectional design?

► A comparison of two or more variables over a long period of time

► The collection of data from more than one case at one moment in time Correct

► One that is devised when the researcher is in a bad mood

► A study of one particular section of society, e.g. the middle classes


Which of the following is TRUE for research plan?

► It should be detailed.

► It should be given to others for review and comments.

► It sets out the rationale for a research study.

► All of the given options Correct


Which of the following typically does NOT apply to observers in survey research

studies?

► They observe predetermined activities.

► They are participant observers.

► They obtain information by watching rather than asking. . Correct

► They must be careful not to influence the activities they observe.




Which of the following is not an advantage of the self-completion questionnaire over the

structured interview?

► It is cheaper to administer.

► It is quicker to administer.

► It is easier to prompt the interviewee.

► It is easier to remove interviewer effects. . Correct


Mr. X has coded his observations to hide the identity of each of the three participants in

his study. He is ensuring;

► protection from harm

► confidentiality

► informed consent

► anonymity . Correct


The cover letter to a questionnaire study should contain all of the following, EXCEPT;

► A list of participants

► A self-addressed, stamped envelope

► Purpose of the study

► Reasons to respond . Correct


Teachers are advised to predict the results of student attitudinal questionnaires, because;

► It will help them decide if students answered truthfully.

► It gives them a point of comparison against which to judge actual responses.

Correct



► It will allow them to apply statistical procedures in analyzing results.

► It helps them familiarize themselves with the questionnaires.


In conducting an action research study of "student's organizational skills during class in a

particular school", which of the following would NOT likely to provide useful data?

► Interviews with teachers

► Classroom observations

► Parent surveys Correct

► Teacher's journal entries


Why it is helpful to keep a research diary or log book while you are conducting your

project?

► To give you something to do in the early stages of your research when nothing is

happening.

► Because funding councils generally demand to see written evidence that you were

working every day during the period of the research.

► To keep a record of what you did and what happened throughout the research

process. Correct

► It can be added to your dissertation to ensure that you reach the required word

limit.


Which of the following is likely to happen if clear instructions are not given as to how the

respondent should answer the question?

► Respondents may delete inappropriate answers rather than select appropriate ones.



► Respondents may choose only one answer when they need to choose as many as

apply.

► Respondents may complete questions that are not relevant to them.

► All of the given options. Correct


Which of the following is NOT a suitable topic for research using a diary?

► The amount of time managers spend on particular activities.

► The frequency with which managers undertake particular tasks.

► The locations in which a trade union representative has discussions with

individual members. Correct

► The volume of female managers in the retail industry.


Which of the following represents excellent advice for conducting an interview?

► Listen more and talk less

► Don't interrupt

► Don't be judgmental about the interviewee's beliefs or views



Which of the following is an example of a dilemma that might face feminist business

researchers conducting qualitative interviews with women?

► What role to adopt while interviewing male managers?

► How many female employees should be interviewed for a representative sample?

Correct



► How to overcome the issue of false consciousness?

► What data to use while publishing findings?


Which of the following sampling strategies was used when the three students with the

highest GPAs were selected?

► Extreme case Correct

► Snowball

► Maximum variation

► Normal case


Which type of sampling strategy is exemplified by selecting two types of individuals:

those who are extremely happy and those who are extremely sad?

► Snowball

► Intensity Correct

► Homogeneous

► Purposive


The logic of purposive sampling is:

► To use participants because the researcher has access to them.



► That a random sample can generalize to a population.

► That a few information-rich participants studied in depth yield many insights

about a topic. Correct

► To include all participants, even though they are not all relevant to the problem.


Using a sample of 30 participants, a researcher finds a correlation of 0.30 between two

variables. The relationship is not statistically significant. If the researcher were to triple

her sample size, which of the following is most likely?

► The correlation would be statistically significant.

► The correlation would be larger. Correct

► The correlation would be smaller.

► Nothing is likely to change.


Which of the following steps begins the analysis of qualitative data?

► Reading and memoing

► Describing the content and participants Correct

► Classifying and interpreting

► Data management


Which of the following represents the most general conceptualization in qualitative data

analysis?

► Word

► Topic Correct

► Category

► Pattern




Which of the following BEST differentiates data analysis from interpretation?

► Interpretation requires more conceptual and integrative thinking than data

analysis.

► Interpretation involves computerized analysis of data.

► Data analysis is explanatory and interpretation is conceptual. Correct

► Data analysis involves conceptualization but interpretation does not.


The statistic used to determine the relationship between two variables is:

► Analysis of covariance

► Chi square

► Standard deviation Correct

► Pearson "r"


Which of the following is NOT a control procedure used in causal-comparative research?

► Matching.

► Subgroups.

► Chi square. Correct

► Analysis of covariance.


Which of the following best describes qualitative data coding?

► Adding all of the scores together and describing them statistically.

► Identify data segments that contain general episodes.



► Numerically representing the concepts identified by the participants. Correct

► Dividing data in parts that represent single thoughts.


The bivariate tables derived from trivariate table are called;

► Sub table

► Bivariates

► Partials

► Correlational tables Correct


Quasi-experimental research is used because:

► Random selection is not possible

► Neither random selection nor random assignment is possible

► Random assignment is not possible Correct

► There are no comparison groups available


A researcher believes that the effects of a treatment will be different for males and

females. Which one is the best method to test this possible interaction?

► Single-subject design

► Factorial design

► Time-series design Correct

► Quasi-experimental design




The influence of the researcher's background, personal experiences, preferences, or

attitude on an interview or observation is technically defined as:

► Participant bias

► Observer bias

► Observer effect Correct

► Nonparticipant effect


On which component of his field notes did Mr. Majid focused when he expressed in his

notes his thoughts and ideas about what he observed?

► Description Correct

► Reflection

► Protocol

► Formal data



Which of the following is linked with an abstract model of underlying relations or causal

mechanism?

► Historical comparative research Correct

► Social research

► Action research




► Experimental research


In which section is the researcher allowed greater flexibility to express opinions, discuss

implications for educational practice, and suggest additional research?

► Review of the literature

► Significance of the study

► Results

► Discussion Correct


Which of the following can be referred as Haphazard Sampling?

► Convenience Sampling

► Purposive Sampling

► Snowball Sampling Correct

► Quota Sampling


An important issue in index construction is to------------items.

► Reconstruct

► Codify

► Measure

► Weight Correct




Which of the following elements of Observation is/are included in Non Reactive

research?

► External Appearance

► Count Behaviors

► Time Duration



Secondary /existing data may include which of the following?

► Official documents

► Personal documents

► Archived research data Correct

► All of the given options


Which of the following major problem exist with non respondents in survey research?

► They tend to be alike in many ways.

► Data cannot be analyzed for only part of a sample.

► They cannot be found to determine if they are similar to respondents. Correct

► They may have different opinions than respondents.




Which of the following advantage differentiates personal interview from mail, internet

and telephonic survey?

► Cheaper

► Expensive

► Easier Correct

► Inexpensive


Which one of the following methods offers the lowest degree of geographic flexibility?

► Mail survey

► Telephone interview

► Door-to-door personal interview Correct

► Internet survey


Which of the following survey research methods is the most expensive?

► Telephone interview

► Mail survey

► Door-to-door personal interview Correct

► Mall intercept personal interview


When a respondent tells the interviewer that he reads "Best Selling English News Paper"

on a daily basis so that he can impress the interviewer, this is an example of:



► Administrative bias

► Interviewer bias

► Submission bias

► Response bias Correct


All of the following are stages in the selection of a sample EXCEPT:

► Determine sample size

► Analyze data Correct

► Conduct fieldwork

► Select a sampling frame


A stratified sample in which the number of sampling units drawn from each stratum is in

proportion to the population size of that stratum is called a:

► Balanced stratified sample Correct

► Proportional stratified sample

► Cluster sampling

► Convenience sample


Assigning males the value of zero and females the value of one in a database to record

the gender of the respondents is an example of:

► Coding Correct

► Editing



► Verification

► Test tabulation


Arranging data into a table is called:

► Analysis

► Frequency

► Interpretation

► Tabulation Correct


A researcher interested in a data matrix that displays the frequency of some combination

of possible responses to multiple variables should construct a:

► Contingency table

► Regression equation

► Marginal table

► None of the given options Correct


When initial subjects are selected randomly and additional subjects are obtained from

recommendations of names from the initial subjects, this sampling technique is called:



► Judgment sample

► Snowball

► Convenience sample

► Cluster sample Correct


When different interviewers are used in a pretest from those used in the posttest and this

produces different results in the study, this is an example of a:

► History effect

► Mortality effect

► Instrumentation effect Correct

► Cohort effect


Which of the following is a threat to the internal validity of experiment using a repeated

measures design?

► Instrumentation effect Correct

► Cohort effect

► Attrition effect





Most threats to ________ are taken care of by the experiment’s design, while most

threats to ________ need to be taken care of by the designer of the experiment.

► Internal validity, external validity

► External validity, internal validity Correct

► Randomization, reliability

► Reliability, randomization


In which of the following, the beginning and end are not clear. The interview can be

picked up later?

► Survey Interview

► Field Interview Correct

► Deception

► None of the given options


The written set of guidelines that describes an outline of topics to be covered by a focus

group moderator is called a:

► Discussion guide Correct

► Concept test



► Case study


MC080203173 : Khurram Khan

Quiz # 2

Quiz Start Time: 09:17 AM

Time Left

17 sec(s)

Question # 1 of 10 ( Start time: 09:17:02 AM )

Total Marks: 1

When you are confident that the experimental manipulation produced the changes you measured in the dependent variable, your study probably has good ________ validity.


Construct see page 55

Internal

External

Causal

Pagr 55 ….three major types of validity: (1) content validity, (2)criterion-related validity, and (3) construct validity.MC080203173 : Khurram Khan

Quiz # 2


Time Left

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Total Marks: 1

The small scale trial run of a particular item is called ______________.




Test run

Pilot test see page 80

Post hoc test

t-test

Pilot testing also called pre-testing means small scale trial run of a particular componentMC080203173 : Khurram Khan

Quiz # 2


Time Left

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Total Marks: 1



Test run

Pilot test

Post hoc test

t-test


Quiz # 2


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Total Marks: 1



The variable manipulated in order to observe its effects see page 19




see page 19..last paragraph Independent variables affect or have an impact on other variables …


Quiz # 2


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Total Marks: 1

To say that a theory is falsifiable is to say that;








]


Quiz # 2


Time Left

20 sec(s)


Total Marks: 1

Which of the following is an advantage of open questions?


They allow respondents to answer in their own terms.

They prevent respondents from giving unusual answers.

They allow respondents to put less effort into their answer.

They allow respondents to code their answers in advance.


Quiz # 2


Time Left

79 sec(s)


Total Marks: 1

Mr. Haris is interested in studying the shared beliefs and practices of the teachers in a small rural school. He is likely to use which research design?


Action research see page 9



Historical research

Ethnography

Grounded theory

See page 9 =- Action researchers assume thatknowledge develops from experience, particularly the experience of social-political action.


Quiz # 2


Time Left

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Total Marks: 1








Quiz # 2


Time Left

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AM )

Which of the following is to read in an article?


Methods

Introduction see page 29

Figures

References

Se page 29…Critically reading research reports requires skills and take time and practice to develop. When reading an article, read carefully to see whether the introduction and title really fit with the rest of the articleMC080203173 : Khurram Khan

Quiz # 2


Time Left

74 sec(s)


Total Marks: 1

Which of the following is not a concept?


Leadership



IQ

MC080203784 : Maria Butt Time 81



Quiz # 2


Left sec(s)


Total Marks: 1

Theoretical framework is trying to develop a ________ model of our study.


Functional

Conceptual see page 30

Operational

Practical

See page 30 ..A theoretical framework is conceptual model of how one theorizes or makes logical sense of theMC080203784 : Maria Butt

Quiz # 2


Time Left

59 sec(s)


Total Marks: 1



Results section see page 29

Introduction

Abstract



Limitations

Seee page 29 The most critical areas of an article to read are the methods and results sections.

MC080203784 : Maria Butt

Quiz # 2


Time Left

13 sec(s)


Total Marks: 1

A researcher developed a measure of shyness and is now asking whether this measure does in fact measure a person's true state of shyness. This is a question of:


Reactivity

Construct validity

Reliability

Content validity


Quiz # 2


Time Left

17 sec(s)


Total Marks: 1

All the persons involved in the collection of data and supervision of data collection process are called;




Fieldworkers see page 82

Researchers

Research assistants


See page 82 …Who conducts the fieldwork?

Data collection in a sponsored study is rarely carried out by the person who designs the research project.For a student, depending upon the sample size, data collection is usually done by the studenthimself/herself. MC080203784 : Maria Butt

Quiz # 2


Time Left

49 sec(s)


Total Marks: 1

When doing research involving deception with human subjects, researchers have an obligation to do which of the following?


Tell subjects the truth about the study’s purpose and methods after the study is completed


Let subjects withdraw from the study at any time if they don’t want to keep participating

All of the given options see page 43



see page 43. .decepation topic


Quiz # 2


Time Left

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Total Marks: 1

What is the basis of the Scientific Method?




To formulate a research problem, test the hypothesis in carefully controlled conditions that challenge the hypothesis. See page 3


see page 3 ….


Quiz # 2


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Total Marks: 1

Which of the following is least likely to occur as an ethical problem with e-research?


People are not likely to be able to stop once they have begun participating. See Page 151






See page 151 …. Read …Ethical problems are less intense in H-C research than in other types of social research because aresearcher is less likely to have direct contact with people being studied.MC080203784 : Maria Butt

Quiz # 2


Time Left

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Total Marks: 1

A good qualitative problem statement:


Defines the independent and dependent variables

Conveys a sense of emerging design see page 34

Specifies a research hypothesis to be tested

Specifies the relationship between variables that the researcher expects to find.

see page 34 A proposal for quantitative research has most of the parts of a research report: a title, an abstract, a problem statement, a literature review, a method or design sectionMC080203255 : ROHAIL TARIQ

Quiz # 2


Time Left

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AM )

Which of the following is likely to reduce the validity of a test?


Unclear test directions

Ambiguous test items

Untaught items


MC080203255 : ROHAIL TARIQ

Quiz # 2


Time Left

12 sec(s)


Total Marks: 1



Tradition

Inductive logic

Deductive logic



Quiz # 2

Time Left

41 sec(s)





Total Marks: 1

Which of the following is the BEST hypothesis?


Students taking formative quizzes will perform better on chapter exams than students not taking these quizzes.

Taller students will have higher test scores than shorter students.

Students taught in a cooperative group setting should do better than students in a traditional class.

Students using laptops will do well.

not sure…


Quiz # 2


Time Left

87 sec(s)


Total Marks: 1

12. Which of the following true about the relationship between theory building and data collection?



If an experiment fails, discarding the experiment is an example of affirming the consequent.

When a hypothesis is not supported, virtually nothing has been learned about the theory.





Quiz # 2


Time Left

49 sec(s)


Total Marks: 1

Which of the following is NOT a legitimate research problem as stated?


What is the relationship between the number of books children read and their reading scores?

Should competitive games be banned from elementary schools?

What does it mean to be a special needs child "included" in Ms. Amara’s fourth grade class?

What are the major legal principles applied to educational cases decided by the Supreme Court?

see page 77……


Quiz # 2


Time Left

64 sec(s)


Total Marks: 1

A variable is:


Any characteristic of interest that can take on more than one value see pag 19



Defined as the groups manipulated in experimental research

The complete set of scores we use in statistical analysis

Completely specified only in observational research

Se page 19…The second type of concept and measures of the concept arevariables. A variable is defined as anything that varies or changes in value. Variables take on two or more values.


Quiz # 2


Time Left

86 sec(s)


Total Marks: 1



Test run

Pilot test

Post hoc test

t-test


Quiz # 2


Time Left

69 sec(s)


Total Marks: 1

If a researcher is studying the effect of using laptops in his classroom to ascertain their merit



and worth, he is likely conducting which type of research?


Basic

Applied

Evaluation

Experimental


Quiz # 2


Time Left

79 sec(s)


Total Marks: 1

Measurement reliability refers to the:



Consistency of the scores see apge 57



see page 57…. Reliability

The reliability of a measure indicates the extent to which it is without bias (error free) and hence ensuresconsistent measurement across time and across the various items in the instrument. In other words, the



reliability of a measure is an indication of the stability and consistency with which the instrumentmeasures the concept and helps to assess the ‘goodness” of measure.

MC080203781 : Waqas Tariq

Quiz # 2


Time Left

83 sec(s)


Total Marks: 1

Ms. Roshi has been coordinating the Annual Festival at her school for the last several years. She wants to be sure the students and parents enjoy the festival again this year. On which source is she LEAST likely to rely when making decisions about what to do?


Tradition

Personal experience no refrnce

Research

Expert opinion


Quiz # 2


Time Left

84 sec(s)


Total Marks: 1

All the persons involved in the collection of data and supervision of data collection process are called;


Fieldworkers



Researchers

Research assistants



Quiz # 2


Time Left

80 sec(s)


Total Marks: 1








Quiz # 2


Time Left

30 sec(s)


Total Marks: 1





A part of the truth is not communicated to the respondent see page 43




See page 43..read ths topic….

Deception: Deception occurs when the respondents are told only part of the truth or when the truth is fully compromised.MC080203781 : Waqas Tariq

Quiz # 2


Time Left

10 sec(s)


Total Marks: 1

When we say that science is parsimonious, we mean that:







Quiz # 2


Time Left

68 sec(s)




AM )

Which of the following is a research method that allows a researcher to get information about a large number of subjects relatively inexpensively and easily?



Case study


Survey se page 37

see page 37..read survey topic..


Quiz # 2


Time Left

38 sec(s)


Total Marks: 1

Why do you need to review the existing literature?


To give your dissertation a proper academic appearance, with lots of references


To find out what is already known about your area of interest see page 25


see page 25.. A review tells



the reader that the researcher knows the research in an area and knows the major issues.



Research solution

Logic and arguments

Reasoning see page no .5

Previous findings




The variable manipulated in order to observe its effects see page 19




What research is?


A lab experiment

A report




A procedure

If a researcher is studying the effect of using laptops in his classroom to

ascertain their merit and worth, he is likely conducting which type of research?


Basic

Applied

Evaluation see page 9

Experimental

The elaboration of the variables in the theoretical framework addresses which

type of 302uestions?




Both of the given questions see page 22







An experiment that tests certain predictions. Page 21 last line






planning

clear writing

good writing

All of the given option page 29 startng lines


12. Which of the following true about the relationship between theory building

and data collection?




When studies come out as expected, inductive support for the theory is

gained. Not confirm

If an experiment fails, discarding the experiment is an example of affirming

the consequent.

When a hypothesis is not supported, virtually nothing has been learned

about the theory.

A good theory will be inclusive enough to explain every possible research

outcome.

The scientific method is preferred over other ways of knowing because it is more;

Reliable

Systematic

Accurate


What is ordinal data?

Ordinary data

Well behaved data

Ranked data

Numbers

The facts that should be collected to measure a variable, depend upon the

Conceptual understanding

Dictionary meaning

Operational definition

All of the above



The ________ is only useful if the concepts, ideas, questions, etc. to be investigated are

both testable and falsifiable.

Independent Variable

Dependent Variable

Experimental Method

Scientific Method

Which of the following is false with regard to the benefits of multiple-choice questions

over open-ended questions?

Multiple-choice questions are easier to design

Multiple-choice questions are less costly for coding and data processing

Multiple-choice questions are quicker to administer

The use of multiple-choice questions results in higher cooperation for self-

administered surveys

Ms. Roshi has been coordinating the Annual Festival at her school for the last several

years. She wants to be sure the students and parents enjoy the festival again this year. On

which source is she LEAST likely to rely when making decisions about what to do?

Tradition

Personal experience

Research



Expert opinion

Which of the the following is not included in Objects?

Tables

People

Books

Weight

12. Which of the following true about the relationship between theory building and data

collection?


If an experiment fails, discarding the experiment is an example of affirming the

consequent.

When a hypothesis is not supported, virtually nothing has been learned about the

theory.

A good theory will be inclusive enough to explain every possible research

outcome.

Which of the following is not a feature of theoretical framework?

Making an inventory of variables

Specify the direction of relationship

Presenting findings

Making an inventory of propositions

Time consumed in mall intercept interview is---------------.



High

Moderate

Low

Nil

If an interview is conducted with a respondent who does not meet the qualifications for a

study, what kind of bias has occurred?

Respondent bias

Position bias

Non-response bias

Instrument bias

A telephone company is interested in obtaining customers' reactions to a new service

package. Which of the following primary research methods would be most effective in

reaching this audience to obtain their feedback?

An Internet survey

Telephone interviews

A mail survey

Focus groups

A concept is a generalized idea about------ .

A class of objects

Attributes

Occurrences


Theoretical framework is trying to develop a ________ model of our study.



Functional

Conceptual

Operational

Practical


planning

clear writing

good writing


Question 1 of (Start time: 09:18:47 PM ) Total Marks: 1How is nominal data presented?Select correct option:

In orderIn discrete categoriesUnits ol equal distanceData where there is a true zero

Question 2 (Start time: 09:19:25 PM J Total Marks: 1Which one of the following creates problems of measurements of a concept?Select correct option:

Unambiguous meaningsVague meaningsClear meaningsDictionary meanings



Question 3 (Start time: 09:19:56 PM ) Total Marks: 1When doing research involving deception with human subjects, researchers have an obligation to do which of thefollowing?


Tell subjects the truth about the study’s purpose and methods alter the study is completed


Let subjects withdraw from the study at any time if they don’t want to keep participating


Question 4 (Start time: 09:20:43 PM J Total Marks: 1In the statement ‘an examination ol the ellects oF discretionary behaviour on employee perFormance’ employeeperFormance is the:


Independent variableDependent variableExtraneous variableCausal variable

Question 5 (Start time: 09:21:22 PM J Total Marks: 1Mr. Hans is interested in studying the shared belieFs and practices oF the teachers in a small rural school. He is likely to use which research design?




Action researchHistorical researchEthnographyGrounded theory

Question 6 (Start time: 09:22:02 PM J Total Marks: 1What type of the interview that is in which questions are already prepared?Select correct option:

Telephonic interviewPersonal interviewUnshuctured interviewStructured interview

Question 7 (Start time: 09:22:34 PM J Total Marks: 1Which oF the Following is a concept?Select correct option:

Leadership.Total Quality Management.Human Resource Management.All of the given options

Question 8 (Start time: 09:22:46 PM ) Total Marks: 1Which method ol sampling is least likely to produce bias?Select correct option:

Opportunity SamplingRandom SamplingStratilied SamplingQuasi-random sampling

Question 9 (Start time: 09:23:14 PM ) Total Marks: 1



Which of the following is NOT a legitimate research problem as stated?Select correct option:



What does it mean to be a special needs child “included” in Ms. Amara’s fourth grade class?


Question 10 (Start time: 09:24:00 PM ) Total Marks: 1A ________ scale only assigns numbers to objects to classily the objects according to the characteristic oF interest.Select correct option:

RatioNominalIntervalDichotomous

Question 11 (Stan time: 09:24:23 PM ) Total Marks: 1Which ol the lollowing is an example ol a dilemma that might lace leminist business researchers conductingqualitative interviews with women?




What role to adopt when interviewing male managers?

How many Female employees should be interviewed For a representative sample?

How to overcome the issue of False consciousness?

What data to use when publishing Findings?

Question 12 (Start time: 09:25:12 PM ) Total Marks: 1Which type oF sampling strategy is exempliFied by selecting two types at individuals: those who are extremely happyand those who are extremely sad?Select correct option:

SnowballIntensityHomogeneousPurposive

Question 13 (S tail time: 09:25:39 PM ) Total Marks: 1Which ol the lollowing is the least obtrusive and most accurate method br recording data in an interview?Select correct option:

Note takingVideotapingAudiotapingWriting notes abtei the interview

Question 14 (Start time: 09:26:46 PM ) Total Marks: 1An advantage oF computer-assisted telephone interviewing is:Select correct option:



Interviewing time is reducedData quality is enhancedQuestionnaires do not have codedThere is little opportunity For interviewer bias

Question 15 (Start time: 09:27:34 PM ) Total Marks: 1Whichlol the lollowing is the best hypothesis statement to address the research question. ‘What impact will the newadvertising campaign have on use ol Brand B?”Select correct option:



The new advertising campaign will cause increased Brand B usage at the expense of Band C.

The new advertising campaign will increase Brand B’s market penetration.

After a researcher has stated the specific problem to be studied in an experiment, he must then

develop a(n):


Theory

Conclusion

Hypothesis

Summary of the data

What is the reason for consulting handbooks, yearbooks, encyclopedias, or reviews in the initial

stages of identifying a research topic?








If an interview is conducted with a respondent who does not meet the qualifications for a study,

what kind of bias has occurred?


Respondent bias

Position bias

Non-response bias

Instrument bias

Time consumed in mall intercept interview is-------------.


High

Moderate

Low

Nil







What are the major legal principles applied to educational cases decided by the Supreme Court?s

An indicator of reliability based on the correlations of each item in a measure with every other

item is called:






Cronbach's alpha

Split-half reliability

Inter item ratio

Which type of question is most likely to be used when the researcher is just starting to explore

what people think about a particular topic?


Closed-ended

Open-ended

Structured

Semi structured

Which one of the following aspect to be evaluated during “Pilot Testing”?


Reactions of Respondents

Discovering errors in the instrument

Sampling procedure can be checked


What is the main purpose of pilot testing?


To accumulate responses

To identify respondent

To identify potential problems

To evaluate the research



Hypothesis refers to ________:












Preliminary Data Collection may be considered as part of --------------.


Descriptive research

Explananory research

Exploratory research






Closed-ended

Open-ended




Structured

Semi structured

Which one of the following tasks is NOT accomplished by theoretical framework?






What type of process research is?


A process to discover the truth

A process to invent the machines

A process to make new medicines

A process to create theories








Which of the following terms represents the most general, broad concept?


Test

Assessment

Measurement

Instrument




If a researcher was studying the use of various instructional approaches to the "multiple



Basic

Applied

Evaluation

Grounded theory






It has no validity.



Results section

Introduction

Abstract

Limitations

When we say that science is parsimonious, we mean that:








What type of the interview that is in which questions are already prepared?


Telephonic interview

Personal interview

Unstructured interview

Structured interview




Preliminary data collection

Problem definition

Theoretical framework

Define broad problem area


The most difficult sources to locate are;


Dissertations

Policy Reports and Presented Papers

Government Documents

Scholarly Books


Which of the following is not an unethical issue?


Invoicing irregularities

Avoiding legal liability

Misrepresenting results


In the statement 'an examination of the effects of discretionary behaviour on employee

performance' employee performance is the:



Dependent variable



Extraneous variable

Causal variable









The ______ is only useful if the concepts, ideas, questions, etc. to be investigated are both

testable and falsifiable.



Dependent Variable

Experimental Method

Scientific Method

ks: 1








Ms. Laiba has decided to use the test at the end of the textbook to measure the achievement

levels of the students in her study. Which of the following BEST describes the chapter test?


Definition



Construct

Variable






To formulate a research problem, test the hypothesis in carefully controlled conditions that

challenge the hypothesis.



According to Empiricism, which of the following is the ultimate source of all our concepts and

knowledge?


Perceptions

Theory

Sensory experience

Logics and arguments


Which of the following is an example of an issue that would be checked in a pilot testing?



Legible writing


Logical answers between questions (i.e., attributes should be rated high if purchase interest

is high)











Bias is defined as;



A lack of validity






Tradition

Inductive logic

Deductive logic



What is ordinal data?


Ordinary data

Well behaved data

Ranked data

Numbers

Ms. Tania is thinking about changing her instructional approach to a more mastery-learning

orientation. She is interested in knowing more about this topic as well as its effectiveness when

working with elementary school students. On which source should she rely for such information?




Tradition

Research

Intuition

Personal experience

hich of the following is the best hypothesis statement to address the research question, "What

impact will the new advertising campaign have on use of Brand B?

Marks: 1

Which of the following is the best hypothesis statement to address the research question, "What

impact will the new advertising campaign have on use of Brand B?"




The new advertising campaign will cause increased Brand B usage at the expense of Brand

C.

The new advertising campaign will increase Brand B's market


The extent to which we can generalize the results of a study to other participants is called:


Sampling validity

External validity

Construct validity

Internal validity


Mr. Haris is interested in studying the shared beliefs and practices of the teachers in a small rural

school. He is likely to use which research design?


Action research

Historical research

Ethnography

Grounded theory



Ms. Roshi has been coordinating the Annual Festival at her school for the last several years. She

wants to be sure the students and parents enjoy the festival again this year. On which source is

she LEAST likely to rely when making decisions about what to do?


Tradition

Personal experience

Research

Expert opinion


Critical decision area in questionnaire construction is__________ .


Question content

Question wording

Response strategy






Basic

Applied

Evaluation

Grounded theory

Which of the following is a research method that allows a researcher to get information about a

large number of subjects relatively inexpensively and easily?



Case study


Survey

uestion # 14 of 15 ( Start time: 05:37:38 PM ) Total Marks: 1

One of the preoccupations of quantitative researchers is with generalization, which is a sign of:




External validity

Internal reliability

External reliability

Internal validity

----------------surveys are more impersonal than face-to-face interviews.


Mail

Recorded Interview

Focus group

Telephone

























Which of the following is false with regard to the benefits of multiple-choice questions over open-

ended questions?





The use of multiple-choice questions results in higher cooperation for self-administered

surveys


Which of the following is NOT a longitudinal study?


Trend study

Census study

Panel study

Cohort study


Quantitative researcher's preoccupation with generalization is an attempt to:





Demonstrate the complex techniques of statistical analysis




Which of the following is NOT a longitudinal study?


Trend study

Census study

Panel study

Cohort study




Provides a solid foundation for developing the latter

Literature survey helps in the identification of the relevant variables

The theoretical framework explains the theory underlying these relations

All of the gven options

ks: 1

The elaboration of the variables in the theoretical framework addresses which type of qestions?








Cover letter must include the following information, except:












Results section

Introduction

Abstract

Limitations


Research may differ along a series of dimensions. Which of the following may be applied to this

statement?







All of these are characteristics of scientific methods of research except, it is;


Cumulative

Deterministic

Unethical

Rationalism




External validity



Internal validity




How is nominal data presented?


In order

In discrete categories

Units of equal distance

Data where there is a true zero


Detailed and unambiguous instructions are particularly important for:



Mail surveys


Internet surveys




The future

The lottery result




Which type of questions should be first in a questionnaire or interview?


Questions about demographics such as age and gender

Questions about attitudes and behaviors

Most easy question

Difficult questions




Bias is defined as;



A lack of validity






Tradition

Inductive logic

Deductive logic



Preliminary Data Collection may be considered as part of --------------.


Descriptive research

Explananory research

Exploratory research



A ______ scale only assigns numbers to objects to classify the objects according to the

characteristic of interest.




Ratio

Nominal

Interval

Dichotomous


















It is ethical.





A variable is:




Any characteristic of interest that can take on more than one value

Defined as the groups manipulated in experimental research

The complete set of scores we use in statistical analysis

Completely specified only in observational research

A measure has high internal consistency reliability when:



Participants score at the high end of the scale every time they complete the measure.


Each of the items correlates with other items on the





Closed-ended

Open-ended sure

Structured

Semi structured


The validity of a measure refers to the:


Particular type of construct specification

Comprehensiveness with which it measures the construct

Accuracy with which it measures the construct

Consistency of the measurement

Time consumed in mall intercept interview is-------------.




High

Moderate

Low

Nil


Which of the following is not a function of clearly identified research questions?


They guide your literature search.

They keep you focused throughout the data collection period.

They make the scope of your research as wide as possible.

They are linked together to help you construct a coherent argument.

When accessing the internet, which of these steps is the most essential?


Recording the full URL

Noting the access dates

Downloading material to be referenced

They are all equally important


All the persons involved in the collection of data and supervision of data collection process are

called;


Fieldworkers

Researchers

Research assistants









Case study


Survey



Tables

People

Books

Weight






Case study


Survey





Closed-ended

Open-ended

Structured

Semi structured

Which of the following is the best hypothesis statement to address the research question, "What

impact will the new advertising campaign have on use of Brand B?"






The new advertising campaign will cause increased Brand B usage at the expense of Brand C.

The new advertising campaign will increase Brand B's market penetration


After you locate a source, you should write down all details of the reference, except;


Full names of the authors

Titles

Volumes

Price


Which of the following is the least obtrusive and most accurate method for recording data in an

interview?


Note taking

Videotaping

Audiotaping

Writing notes after the interview


Which of the following is not an unethical issue?


Invoicing irregularities

Avoiding legal liability

Misrepresenting results





Detailed and unambiguous instructions are particularly important for:



Mail surveys


Internet surveys

10 of 15 ( Start time: 07:32:06 PM ) Total Marks: 1




Basic

Applied

Evaluation

Grounded theory









Which of the following statements is false?



measurement.







Research may differ along a series of dimensions. Which of the following may be applied to this

statement?









Tradition

Inductive logic

Deductive logic





It is ethical.





If a measure is consistent over multiple occasions, it has:


Inter-rater reliability

Construct validity

Internal validity





What research is?


A lab experiment

A report


A procedure












Closed-ended

Open-ended

Structured

Semi structured


Which type of questions should be first in a questionnaire or interview?


Questions about demographics such as age and gender

Questions about attitudes and behaviors

Most easy question

Difficult questions






Test

Assessment

Measurement

Instrument










Question content

Question wording

Response strategy












Which of the following steps of the scientific method is exemplified by the researcher reviewing

the literature and focusing on a specific problem that has yet to be resolved?


Identify a topic.

Describe the procedures to collect information.

Analyze the collected information.

State the results of the data analysis.


Which of the following is false with regard to the benefits of multiple-choice questions over open-

ended questions?





The use of multiple-choice questions results in higher cooperation for self-administered surveys


When you are confident that the experimental manipulation produced the changes you measured

in the dependent variable, your study probably has good ______ validity.


Construct

Internal

External

Causal













Research solution

Logic and arguments

Reasoning

Previous findings

A review that only demonstrates familiarity with an area is rarely published but it often is part of

an educational program is which type of review?


Integrative reviews

Theoretical reviews

Self-study reviews

Historical reviews




















Test

Assessment

Measurement

Instrument


Which of the following steps of the scientific method is exemplified by the researcher reviewing

the literature and focusing on a specific problem that has yet to be resolved?


Identify a topic.

Describe the procedures to collect information.

Analyze the collected information.

State the results of the data analysis.








Case study


Survey
















A measure has high internal consistency reliability when:





Participants score at the high end of the scale every time they complete the measure.


Each of the items correlates with other items on the measure.


Which of the following is least likely to occur as an ethical problem with e-research?


People are not likely to be able to stop once they have begun participating.







External validity



Internal validity




The future

The lottery result




Hypothesis refers to ________:








Theoretical framework is trying to develop a ______ model of our study.


Functional

Conceptual

Operational

Practical




Tables

People

Books

Weight


Which of the following is a discrete variable?


Age

Nationality

Test score

Income











Ms. Roshi has been coordinating the Annual Festival at her school for the last several years. She

wants to be sure the students and parents enjoy the festival again this year. On which source is

she LEAST likely to rely when making decisions about what to do?


Tradition

Personal experience

Research

Expert opinion


The ______ is only useful if the concepts, ideas, questions, etc. to be investigated are both

testable and falsifiable.



Dependent Variable

Experimental Method

Scientific Method





Case study


Survey


What is the main purpose of pilot testing?


To accumulate responses

To identify respondent

To identify potential problems

To evaluate the research




What is one way that distortions can be produced in self report data?


Lying

Social desirability bias

Faulty memory






measurement.








Basic

Applied

Evaluation

Grounded theory




Question content



Question wording

Response strategy









It has no validity.


A good qualitative problem statement:


Defines the independent and dependent variables

Conveys a sense of emerging design

Specifies a research hypothesis to be tested

Specifies the relationship between variables that the researcher expects to find.




Does studying Latin improve the standardized vocabulary test scores of seventh grade

students?

Does drilling fifth grade students with multiplication facts improve their standardized test

scores?




Which one of the following is not an assumption of science?





There are reoccurring patterns in the world.

Events happen because of preceding causes.

We can discover solutions to problems of interest.

Theoretical explanations must agree with common sense.















Measurement reliability refers to the:



Consistency of the scores



















Which of the following is an example of a dilemma that might face feminist business researchers

conducting qualitative interviews with women?


What role to adopt when interviewing male managers?

How many female employees should be interviewed for a representative sample?

How to overcome the issue of false consciousness?

What data to use when publishing findings?


How can we determine if a test has good validity?


It produces the same result when it is given at different times to the same group of people







Which of the following is most beneficial to read in an article?


Methods

Introduction

Figures

References







It has no validity.


------------------surveys are more impersonal than face-to-face interviews.


Mail

Recorded Interview

Focus group

Telephone




Discrete variables allow measurement of an infinite number of fractions of units of measurement.






When you are confident that the experimental manipulation produced the changes you measured

in the dependent variable, your study probably has good ______ validity.


Construct

Internal

External

Causal





Closed-ended

Open-ended

Structured

Semi structured









What is the variable called that a researcher manipulates in an experiment?


Dependent variable


Extraneous variable




Q1. All the persons involved in the collection of data and supervision of data collection

process are called

i. Fieldworkers

ii. Researchers

iii. Research assistants

iv. None of the given options

Q2. While terminating the interview, the fieldworker should not do one of the following:

i. He should record all the responses made by the interviewee before leaving.

ii. He should thank the interviewee.

iii. He should close the interview hastily.

iv. He should answer all the questions the respondent asks concerning the nature

and purpose of the study.

Q3. Which one of these is a type of Interviewee bias?

i. The respondent does not tell his true income, age, or contact information.

ii. The fieldworker fails to probe the interviewee properly.

iii. The fieldworker contacted the wrong person for interview.

iv. The fieldworker asks the questions in wrong order.

Q4. A magazine conducts a survey and asks its readers to cut the questionnaire from the

magazine, fill it and send it via mail. It is a type of

i. Purposive sampling


iii. Sequential sampling


Q5. The height distribution of a few students in a school is an example of

i. Statistic

ii. Population



iii. Parameter

iv. Element

Q6. A researcher wants to conduct a survey of the drug users. Which type of sampling

technique will be most appropriate here?

i. Sequential sampling


iii. Quota sampling


Q7. When there is a need to apply different data collection methods to different parts of

the population, the best sampling method would be

i. Double sampling

ii. Cluster sampling

iii. Stratified random sampling

iv. Systematic random sampling

Q8. The sampling technique in which every element of the population has an equal,

nonzero

probability of being selected in a sample, is called

i. Probability sampling

ii. Convenience sampling

iii. Purposive sampling

iv. Quota sampling

Q9. Target population is also called

i. Population

ii. Survey population

iii. Population element

iv. Population frame

Q10. Which one of them is the method for probing the respondent?

i. Repeat the question



ii. Give an expectant pause

iii. Repeat the respondent’s reply

iv. All of the given options

Up to 37 Lessons

1. Which is not a source of existing statistics?

A. Government

B. International agencies

C. Personal interviews

D. Private sources

2. Followings are the advantages of secondary data except

A. Non-Reactivity

B. Selective survival

C. Low cost

D. Spontaneity

3. Following are the disadvantages of secondary data except

A. Longitudinal analysis

B. Sampling bias

C. Coding difficult

D. Incompleteness

4. The coding of the secondary data may be difficult because of

A. Differences in content or subject matter

B. Lack of standardization

C. Differences in length and format

D. All of these



5. The researcher must be concerned about the following problems while using

secondary data in research.

A. Validity

B. Reliability

C. Both of these

D. None of these

Fill in the blanks



information.








1. In ___________, the researcher attempts to control and/ or manipulate the variables in

the study.

1. Experiment

2. Hypothesis


4. Research design

2. In an experimental research study, the primary goal is to isolate and identify the effect

produced by the ____.



1. Dependent variable


3. Independent variable

4. Confounding variable

3. A measure is reliable if it provides consistent ___________.

1. Hypothesis

2. Results

3. Procedure

4. Sensitivity

4. The interview in which questions are already prepared is called ________.

1. Telephonic interview




5. The numerical description that describe sample may be expected to differ from those

that describe population because of random fluctuations inherent in sampling process.

1. Sampling design


3. Sampling error

4. Probability sampling

6. In ______________ , each population element has a known and equal chance of

selection.

1. Purposive sampling

2. Quota sampling





7. ______ is the evidence that the instrument, techniques, or process used to measure

concept does indeed measure the intended concepts.

1. Reliability

2. Replicability

3. Scaling

4. Validity

8. A researcher is interested in studying why the “new math” of the 1960s failed. She

interviews several teachers who used the new math during the 1960s. These teachers are

considered as:

1. Primary sources

2. Secondary Sources

3. External critics

4. Internal critics

9. Which of the following is NOT true about stratified random sampling?

1. It involves a random selection process from identified subgroups

2. Proportions of groups in the sample must always match their population

proportions

3. Disproportional stratified random sampling is especially helpful for getting large





10. Experimental design is the only appropriate design where_________ relationship can

be established.

1. Strong

2. Linear

3. Weak

4. Cause and Effect




c. Arithmetic mean, median, mode

d. Standard deviation, internal validity, mode

2. In lab experiment the effect of Variables is controlled to evaluate the

causal relationship.

a. Extraneous

b. Moderate

c. Intervening

d. All of the above



b. Generalizability


d. All of the above

4. Which of the following is the weakest experimental design?

a. One group pretest-posttest design

b. Quasi- experimental design



c. Two group posttest only design

d. Ex post facto design


_________.

a. Intensity

b. Space

c. Frequency

d. Direction

6. Disadvantage of content analysis is .

a. Researcher can increase the sample size

b. Provides access on the subjects to which researcher does have physical access.

c. Sometime documents provide incomplete account to the researcher

d. Spontaneous feelings can be recorded when they occurred

7. Which of the following statement is incorrect with respect to “An

experimental design is a set of procedures specifying:”

a. How the test units (subjects) are to be divided into homogenous sub samples.

b. What independent variables or treatments are to be measured?

c. What dependent variables are to be measured?

d. How the extraneous variables are to be controlled?


a. High

b. Moderate



c. Low

d. Nil


9. “Teacher should create a friendly environment in the classroom” this is the

type of .

a. Leading question

b. Loaded question

c. Double Barreled

d. Burdensome question


the example of .

a. Quota sampling


c. Judgmental sampling

d. Purposive sampling

1. ___________research is based on naturalism.

A. Field research

B. Descriptive research

C. Basic research

D. Applied research

2. Personal interviews conducted in shopping malls are known as_________




A. Mall interviews

B. Mall intercept interviews

C. Brief interviews


3. ____________is used to obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, by asking

general question before a specific question.



C. Funnel technique

D. Quantitative technique

4. In, ____________the interviewer and members jointly control the pace and

direction of the interview.

A. Field interview

B. Telephonic interview

C. Both A and B


5. Randomization of test units is a part of ______________

A. Pretest

B. Posttest

C. Matching

D. Experiment






c. Arithmetic mean, median, mode

d. Standard deviation, internal validity, mode



b. Generalizability


d. All of the above


_________.

a. Intensity

b. Space

c. Frequency

d. Direction


a. High

b. Moderate

c. Low

d. Nil


the example of .

a. Quota sampling


c. Judgmental sampling

d. Purposive sampling

