api5l part 2 of 2b

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Understanding API5LAPI SPEC 5LForty-fifth Edition, December 2012

The Inspector Perspective Reading 1 Part 2/2B2nd May 2016

Annex K

Fion Zhang/Charlie Chong

Annex K (normative)Non-destructive inspection for pipe ordered for sour service and/or offshore serviceK.1 IntroductionThis annex applies if the pipe is ordered for sour service or offshore service or both [see 7.2 c) 55) and/or 7.2 c) 59)]. For such pipe, the non-destructive inspection provisions of Annex E apply, except as specifically modified by the provisions in this annex.


K.2 General non-destructive inspection requirements and acceptance criteriaK.2.1 Laminar imperfections at the pipe endsK.2.1.1 Laminar imperfections > 6,4 mm (0.25 in) in the circumferential direction and having an area > 100 mm2 (0.15 in2) shall be classified asdefects.

K.2.1.2 For pipe with t ≥ 5,0 mm (0.197 in), ultrasonic inspection withautomated/semi-automated systems in accordance with ISO 10893-8 or bymanual methods, as specified in Annex A of ISO 10893-8, shall be used toverify that the 50 mm (2.0 in) wide zone at each pipe end is free of suchlaminar defects.


K.2.1.3 If agreed for pipe with t ≥ 5,0 mm (0.197 in), ultrasonic inspection with automated/semiautomated systems in accordance with ISO 10893-8 or by manual methods, as specified in Annex A of ISO 10893-8, shall be used to verify that the 100 mm (4.0 in) wide zone at each pipe end is free of suchlaminar defects.

K.2.1.4 If agreed, the end face/bevel at each pipe end shall be magnetic particle inspected for the detection of laminar imperfections in accordance with ISO 10893-5 or ASTM E709. Laminar imperfections ≥ 6,4 mm (0.25 in) in the circumferential direction shall be classified as defects.

Non-destructive testing ofsteel tubesPart 8: Automated ultrasonic testingof seamless and welded steel tubes forthe detection of laminar imperfections(ISO 10893-8:2011)


ISO 10893-2011 - Non-destructive testing of steel tubes1. Part 1: Automated electromagnetic testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-

welded) steel tubes for the verification of hydraulic leaktightness2. Part 2: Automated eddy current testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-

welded) steel tubes for the detection of imperfections3. Part 3: Automated full peripheral flux leakage testing of seamless and welded (except

submerged arc-welded) ferromagnetic steel tubes for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections

4. Part 4: Liquid penetrant inspection of seamless and welded steel tubes for the detection of surface imperfections

5. Part 5: Magnetic particle inspection of seamless and welded ferromagnetic steel tubes for the detection of surface imperfections

6. Part 6: Radiographic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of imperfections

7. Part 7: Digital radiographic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of imperfections

8. Part 8: Automated ultrasonic testing of seamless and welded steel tubes for the detection of laminar imperfections

9. Part 9: Automated ultrasonic testing for the detection of laminar imperfections in strip/plate used for the manufacture of welded steel tubes

10. Part 10: Automated full peripheral ultrasonic testing of seamless and welded (exceptsubmerged arc-welded) steel tubes for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections

11. Part 11: Automated ultrasonic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for thedetection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections


ISO 10893-2011 - Non-destructive testing of steel tubes1. Part 1: Automated electromagnetic testing of seamless and welded

(except submerged arc-welded) steel tubes for the verification of hydraulicleaktightness

2. Part 2: Automated eddy current testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-welded) steel tubes for the detection of imperfections

3. Part 3: Automated full peripheral flux leakage testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-welded) ferromagnetic steel tubes for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections








10.Part 10: Automated full peripheral ultrasonic testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-welded) steel tubes for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections

11.Part 11: Automated ultrasonic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections


K.2.2 Suspect pipeK.2.2.1 Pipe giving rise to indications producing a trigger/alarm condition as a result of the specified non-destructive inspection operation shall be deemed suspect.

K.2.2.2 Suspect pipe shall be dealt with in accordance with the applicable standard for nondestructive inspection of pipe, unless otherwise stated in this annex, Annex H or Annex J, whichever is applicable.

K.2.2.3 Repair by welding shall be in accordance with Clause C.4.K.2.2.4 Where dressing is carried out, complete removal of defects shall be verified by local visual inspection, aided where necessary by suitable non-destructive inspection methods.

K.2.2.5 Any manual non-destructive inspection applied to local suspect areas (dressed or not) shall use the same inspection sensitivity, parameters and acceptance level (reference notch depth) as used during the inspection that originally deemed the pipe to be suspect. For manual ultrasonic inspection, the scanning speed shall be 150 mm/s (6 in/s).


K.3 Non-destructive inspection of SMLS pipeK.3.1 Ultrasonic inspection for longitudinal imperfectionsSMLS pipe shall be full-body ultrasonically inspected for the detection of longitudinal imperfections in accordance with ISO 10893-10 or ASTM E213. The acceptance limits for such inspection shall be in accordance with ISO 10893-10, acceptance level U2/C.


K.3.2 Laminar imperfections in the pipe bodyK.3.2.1 For sour service, individual laminations and/or lamination densities exceeding the acceptance limits for sour service given in Table K.1 shall be classified as defects. Compliance with such requirements shall be verified by ultrasonic inspection in accordance with ISO 10893-8 (except 4.2), ASTM A435 or ASTM A578. The coverage during automatic inspection shall be 20 % of the pipe surface.

K.3.2.2 For offshore service, individual laminations and/or lamination densities exceeding the acceptance limits for offshore service given in Table K.1 shall be classified as defects. If agreed, compliance with such requirements shall be verified by ultrasonic inspection in accordance with ISO10893-8 (except 4.2), ASTM A435 or ASTM A578. The coverage during automatic inspection shall be 20 % of the pipe surface.


K.3.3 Ultrasonic thickness measurementsSMLS pipe shall be subjected to full peripheral ultrasonic inspection in accordance with ISO 10893-12 or ASTM E114 for verification of compliance with the applicable minimum permissible wall thickness requirement. The coverage for such inspection shall be 25 % of the pipe surface or, if agreed, a greater minimum coverage.


K.3.4 Supplementary non-destructive inspectionK.3.4.1 If agreed, SMLS pipe shall be ultrasonically inspected for the detection of transverse imperfections in accordance with ISO 10893-10 acceptance level U2/C, or ASTM E213.

K.3.4.2 If agreed, SMLS pipe shall be full-body inspected using the flux leakage method in accordance with ISO 10893-3 acceptance level F2, or ASTM E570 for the detection of longitudinal imperfections and/or ISO 10893-3 acceptance level F2, or ASTM E570, for the detection of transverseimperfections.


K.3.4.3 If agreed, SMLS pipe shall be full-body inspected for the detection of imperfections using the eddy current method in accordance with ISO 10893-2 acceptance level E2H/E2, or ASTM E309.

K.3.4.4 If agreed, subsequent to all other non-destructive inspection operations and visual inspection, full-body magnetic particle inspection shall be carried out in accordance with ISO 10893-5 or ASTM E709 on one SMLS pipe per heat of steel or batch of 50 pipes produced, whichever is fewer, in order to verify compliance with the requirements of 9.10. Such pipes shall be selected at random and, before inspection, subjected to abrasive blasting to produce an external surface preparation of Sa 2?in accordance with ISO 8501-1:1988 when blasted.


Table K.1 . Acceptance criteria for laminar imperfections


■ ωσμ∙Ωπ∆∇ º≠δ≤>ηθφФρ|β≠Ɛ∠ ʋ λ α ρτ ×∫ √ ≠≥ѵФΣ


K.4 Non-destructive inspection of HFW pipeK.4.1 Non-destructive inspection of the weld seamThe full length of the weld seam shall be ultrasonically inspected for the

detection of longitudinal imperfections, with the acceptance limits being in accordance with one of the following:

a) ISO 10893-11 acceptance level U2/U2H;b) ISO 10893-10 acceptance level U3, or, if agreed, acceptance level U2;c) ASTM E273.

K.4.2 Laminar imperfections in the pipe bodyIf agreed, the pipe or strip/plate body shall be ultrasonically inspected for the

detection of laminar imperfections in accordance with ISO 10893-8 (except 4.2) or ISO 10893-9 respectively, to acceptance limits for the relevant application as given in Table K.1. The coverage during automatic inspection shall be ≥20 % of the pipe surface.


K.4.3 Laminar imperfections on the strip/plate edges or areas adjacent to the weld seamIf agreed, the strip/plate edges or the areas adjacent to the weld seam shall be ultrasonically inspected over a width of 15 mm (0.6 in) for the detection of laminar imperfections, in accordance with ISO 10893-9 or ISO 10893-8 respectively, to the acceptance limits as given in Table K.1 for strip/plate edges or areas adjacent to the weld seam.

K.4.4 Supplementary non-destructive inspectionIf agreed, the pipe body of HFW pipe shall be inspected for the detection of longitudinal imperfections using the ultrasonic method in accordance with ISO 10893-10 with acceptance level U3/C or, if agreed, U2/C or ASTM E213, or the flux-leakage method in accordance with ISO 10893-3 acceptance level F3;or, if agreed, acceptance level F2, or ASTM E570.


K.5.1 Ultrasonic inspection for longitudinal and transverse imperfections in seam weldsK.5.1.1 The full length of the weld seams of SAW pipe shall be ultrasonically inspected for the detection of longitudinal and transverse imperfections in accordance with ISO 10893-11 acceptance level U2, with the following modifications.a) The notch depth shall be 2,0 mm (0.080 in).b) The use of internal and external longitudinal notches located on the centre

of the weld seam for equipment standardization purposes is not permitted.


c) As an alternative to the use of the reference hole for equipment calibration for the detection of transverse imperfections, it is permissible to useacceptance level U2 internal and external notches, lying at right angles to,and centred over, the weld seam. In this case, both internal and external weldreinforcements shall be ground flush to match the pipe contour in theimmediate area and on both sides of the reference notches. The notchesshall be sufficiently separated from each other in the longitudinal directionand from any remaining reinforcement, to give clearly identifiable separateultrasonic signal responses. The full signal amplitude from each of suchnotches shall be used to set the trigger/alarm level of the equipment. As analternative to the use of acceptance Level U2 notches for equipmentstandardization, it ispermissible, if agreed, to use a fixed-depth internal andexternal notch and increase the inspection sensitivity by electronic means (i.e.increase in decibels). In this case (known as the “two-lambda method“), the depth of the notches shall be twice the wavelength at the ultrasonic frequency in use. The wavelength, , expressed in metres (feet), is given by Equation (K.1):


whereVt is transverse ultrasonic velocity, expressed in metres per second

(feet per second);f is frequency, expressed in hertz (cycles per second).

EXAMPLE At 4 MHz test frequency, the wavelength is 0,8 mm (0.031 in) and the notch depth is 1,6 mm (0.063 in).

The required increase in inspection sensitivity shall be based upon pipe thickness and the manufacturer shall demonstrate to the satisfaction of thepurchaser that the inspection sensitivity achieved is essentially equivalentto that achieved when using acceptance level U2 notches. d) Themanufacturer may apply the provisions of K.5.3 to retest the suspect areas.


K.5.1.2 For SAWH pipe, the full length of the coil/plate end weld shall be ultrasonically inspected using the same inspection sensitivity and parametersas used on the helical-seam weld in accordance with K.5.1.1. n addition, theT-joints, where the extremities of the coil/plate end weld meet the helical- eamweld, shall be subjected to radiographic inspection in accordance with ClauseE.4.

K.5.1.3 For jointers, the full length of the girth weld shall be ultrasonicallyinspected using the same inspection sensitivity and parameters as used onthe helical or longitudinal seam weld in accordance with K.5.1.1. In addition,the T- joints, where the girth weld intersects the longitudinal seam in SAWLpipe or the helical seam in SAWH pipe, shall be subjected to radiographicinspection in accordance with Clause E.4.


K.5.2 Laminar imperfections in the pipe body and on the strip/plate edges

K.5.2.1 The pipe or strip/plate body shall be ultrasonically inspected for the detection of laminar imperfections in accordance with ISO 10893-9 tocceptance limits for the relevant service condition as given in Table K.1, witha coverage of 20 %. Such inspection may be carried out in the strip/plate millor in the pipe mill.

K.5.2.2 The strip/plate edges, including those adjacent to the coil/plate end weld of helical-seam pipe, shall be ultrasonically inspected over a width of 15 mm (0.6 in) for the detection of laminar imperfections in accordance with ISO 10893-9 to acceptance limits as given in Table K.1 for trip/plate edges or areas adjacent to the weld seam.


K.5.3 Non-destructive inspection of the weld seam at the pipe ends/repaired areasThe length of weld seam at pipe ends that cannot be inspected by the automatic ultrasonic equipment and repaired areas of the weld seam (see Clause C.4), shall be subjected to the following.

a) For the detection of longitudinal imperfections, manual or semi-automatic ultrasonic inspection using the same inspection sensitivity and inspectionparameters as is specified in K.5.1.1 or, if agreed, radiographic inspection in accordance with Clause E.4.

b) For the detection of transverse imperfections, a manual/semi-automatic ultrasonic inspection using the same inspection sensitivity and parameters as is specified in K.5.1.1 or a radiographic inspection in accordance with Clause E.4. For manual ultrasonic inspection, the scanning speed shall be 150 mm/s (6 in/s).


K.5.4 Supplementary non-destructive inspection operationIf agreed, the external and internal surfaces of the ultimate 50 mm (2.0 in) length of weld seam at both ends of each pipe shall be subjected to magneticparticle inspection in accordance with ISO 10893-5 or ASTM E709. Anyindications in excess of 3,0 mm (0.12 in) shall be investigated and treated inaccordance with Clause C.2.



More Reading on:Understanding ISO 10893Non-destructive testing of steel tubes –Part 11:Automated ultrasonic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections

Sample NDT Test Plan



Summarizing:NOTE:

Annex L


Annex L(informative)Steel designationsTable L.1 gives guidance on steel designations (steel numbers) which are used in Europe additionally to the steel name.


Table L.1 . List of corresponding additional steel designations(steel numbers) for use in Europe



Summarizing:NOTE:

Annex M


Annex M[Annex Removed]Page intentionally blank. This Annex has been removed. But in order to maintain Annex numbering, it isleft in the document for historical purposes.



Summarizing:NOTE:

Annex N


Annex N(informative)Identification/explanation of deviationsPage intentionally blank. (Maintaining Annex numbering for historical purposes).



Summarizing:NOTE:

Annex O


Annex O (informative)Use of the API Monogram by LicenseesO.1 ScopeThe API Monogram Program allows an API Licensee to apply the APIMonogram to products. The API Monogram Program delivers significant valueto the oil and gas industry by linking the verification of an organization'squality management system with the demonstrated ability to meet specificproduct specification requirements.

The use of the Monogram on products constitutes a representation andwarranty by the Licensee to purchasers of the products that, on the date indicated, the products were produced in accordance with a verified quality management system and in accordance with an API product specification.


When used in conjunction with the requirements of the API License Agreement, API Spec Q1, in its ntirety, defines the requirements for thoseorganizations who wish to voluntarily obtain an API license to provide APImonogrammed products in accordance with an API product specification. APIMonogram Program licenses are issued only after an on-site audit hasverified that the Licensee conforms to the requirements described in APISpec Q1 in total, and the requirements of an API product specification.Customers/users are requested to report to API all problems with APImonogrammed products.


The effectiveness of the API Monogram Program can be strengthened by customers/users reporting problems encountered with API monogrammed products. A nonconformance may be reported using the API Nonconformance Reporting System available at http://compositelist.api.org/ncr.asp. API solicits information on new product that is found to be nonconforming with API-specified requirements, as well as field failures (or malfunctions), which are judged to be caused by either specification deficiencies or nonconformities with API-specified requirements.

This annex sets forth the API Monogram Program requirements necessary fora supplier to consistently produce products in accordance with API-specifiedrequirements. For information on becoming an API Monogram Licensee,please contact API, Certification Programs, 1220 L Street, N. W., Washington, D.C. 20005 or call 202-962-4791 or by email at [email protected].


O.2 ReferencesIn addition to the referenced standards listed earlier in this document, this annex references the following standard: API Specification Q1.For Licensees under the Monogram Program, the latest version of thisdocument shall be used. The requirements identified therein are mandatory.


O.3 API Monogram Program: Licensee ResponsibilitiesO.3.1 Maintaining a License to Use the API MonogramFor all organizations desiring to acquire and maintain a license to use the API Monogram, conformance with the following shall be required at all times:

a) the quality management system requirements of API Spec Q1;b) the API Monogram Program requirements of API Spec Q1, Annex A;c) the requirements contained in the API product specification(s) for which

the organization desires to be licensed;d) the requirements contained in the API Monogram Program License

Agreement.


O.3.2 Monogrammed Product . Conformance with API Spec Q1When an API-licensed organization is providing an API monogrammed product, conformance with APIspecified requirements, described in API Spec Q1, including Annex A, is required.


O.3.3 Application of the API MonogramEach Licensee shall control the application of the API Monogram in accordance with the following.a) Each Licensee shall develop and maintain an API Monogram marking procedure that documents the marking/monogramming requirements specified by the API product specification to be used for application of the API Monogram by the Licensee. The marking procedure shall define thelocation(s) where the Licensee shall apply the API Monogram and require that the Licensee's license number and date of manufacture be marked on monogrammed products in conjunction with the API Monogram. At a minimum, the date of manufacture shall be two digits representing the month and wo digits representing the year (e.g. 05-07 for May 2007) unless otherwise stipulated in the applicable API product specification. Where there are no API product specification marking requirements, the Licensee shall define the location(s) where this information is applied.


b) The API Monogram may be applied at any time appropriate during the production process but shall be removed in accordance with the Licensee.s API Monogram marking procedure if the product issubsequently found to be nonconforming with API-specified requirements. Products that do not conform to API-specified requirements shall not bear the API Monogram.

c) Only an API Licensee may apply the API Monogram and its license number to API monogrammable products. For certain manufacturing processes or types of products, alternative API Monogram marking procedures may be acceptable. The current API requirements for Monogram marking are detailed in the API Policy Document, Monogram Marking Requirements, available on the API Monogram Program website at http://www.api.org/certifications/monogram/.

d) The API Monogram shall be applied at the licensed facility.e) The authority responsible for applying and removing the API Monogram

shall be defined in the Licensee.s API Monogram marking procedure.


O.3.4 RecordsRecords required by API product specifications shall be retained for a minimum of five years or for the period of time specified within the product specification if greater than five years. Records specified to demonstrate achievement of the effective operation of the quality system shall be maintained for a minimum of five years.

O.3.5 Quality Program ChangesAny proposed change to the Licensee.s quality program to a degree requiring changes to the quality manual shall be submitted to API for acceptance prior to incorporation into the Licensee's quality program.


O.3.6 Use of the API Monogram in AdvertisingLicensee shall not use the API Monogram on letterheads or in any advertising (including company sponsored web sites) without an express statement of fact describing the scope of Licensee’s authorization (license number). The Licensee should contact API for guidance on the use of the API Monogram other than on products.


O.4 Marking requirements for ProductsO.4.1 GeneralThese marking requirements apply only to those API Licensees wishing to mark their products with the API Monogram.

O.4.2 Product specification identificationThe following marking requirements apply only to those API licensees wishing to mark their products with the API Monogram.

The complete API Monogram marking consists of the following:


the letters "Spec 5L",the manufacturer's API license number,the API monogram,the date of manufacture (defined as the month and year when the monogram is applied by the manufacturer).

NOTE As defined in Clause 4, the manufacturer may be, as applicable, a pipe mill, processor, maker of couplings or threader.

The API Monogram marking shall be applied only to products complying with the requirements of the specification and only by licensed manufacturers.


O.4.3 Marking of pipe and couplingsO.4.3.1 The API monogram marking, as defined in O.4.2, shall be inserted in the markings described in 11.2.1 and 11.3 as applicable, following the manufacturer's name or mark.

O.4.3.2 Following are examples of the markings listed in Clause 11.2.1 with the monogram (API) inserted where: X represents the manufacturer; #### represents the license number; Y represents the customer’s inspection representative, if applicable; and Z represents the identification number whichpermits the correlation of the product or delivery unit (e.g. bundled pipe) with the related inspection document, if applicable.

EXAMPLE 1 For USC units X API Spec 5L-#### (API) (MO-YR) 20 0.500 X52M PSL 2 SAWL Y Z

EXAMPLE 2 For SI units X API Spec 5L-#### (API) (MO-YR) 508 12,7 L360M PSL 2 SAWL Y Z


X represents the manufacturer; #### represents the license number; Y represents the customer’s inspection representative, if applicable; and Z represents the identification number which permits the correlation of the

product or delivery unit (e.g. bundled pipe) with the related inspectiondocument, if applicable.

EXAMPLE 1 For USC units X API Spec 5L-#### (API) (MO-YR) 20 0.500 X52M PSL 2 SAWL Y Z

EXAMPLE 2 For SI units X API Spec 5L-#### (API) (MO-YR) 508 12,7 L360M PSL 2 SAWL Y Z


O.4.3.3 For cases where the pipe also meets the requirements of a compatible standard .ABC., the following are examples of the markings listed in Clause 11.2.1 with the monogram (API) inserted where: X represents the manufacturer; #### represents the license number; Y represents the customer’s inspection representative, if applicable; and Z represents the identification number which permits the correlation of the product or delivery unit (e.g. bundled pipe) with the related inspection document, if applicable.

EXAMPLE 3 For USC units X API Spec 5L-#### (API) (MO-YR) / ABC 20 0.500 X52M PSL 2 SAWL Y Z

EXAMPLE 4 For SI units X API Spec 5L-#### (API) (MO-YR) / ABC 508 12,7 L360M PSL 2 SAWL Y Z


O.4.4 Bundle identificationO.4.4.1 For pipe of size 48,3 mm (1.900 in) or smaller, the identification markings specified in 11.2.1 shall be placed on the tag, strap, or clip used to tie the bundle as described in 11.2.2.

For example, size 48,3mm (1.900 in), specified wall thickness 3,7 mm (0.145 in), Grade B, high frequency welded, plain-end pipe should be marked as follows, using the values that are appropriate for the pipe dimensions specified on the purchase order:

EXAMPLE 5 For USC units X API Spec 5L-#### (API) (MO-YR) 1.9 0.145 B PSL 1 HFW Y Z

EXAMPLE 6 For SI units X API Spec 5L-#### (API) (MO-YR) 48,3 3,7 L235 PSL 1 HFW Y Z


O.4.4.2 For the case where the pipe also meets the requirements of a compatible standard ABC, the following are examples of the markings:

EXAMPLE 7 For USC units X API Spec 5L-#### (API) (MO-YR) / ABC 1.9 0.145 B PSL 1 HFW Y Z

EXAMPLE 8 For SI units X API Spec 5L-#### (API) (MO-YR) / ABC 48,3 3,7 L245 PSL 1 HFW Y Z


O.4.5 Thread identificationAt the manufacturer.s option, threaded-end pipe may be identified by stamping or stenciling the pipe adjacent to the threaded ends, with thethreader’s API license number, the API Monogram (API), immediatelyfollowed by the date of threading (defined as the month and year theMonogram is applied), the specified outside diameter of the pipe, and LP toindicate the type of thread. The thread marking may be applied to products that o or do not bear the API monogram. For example, size 168,3 mm (6.625 in) threaded-end pipe may be marked as follows, using the value that isappropriate for the pipe outside diameter specified on the purchase order:

EXAMPLE 9 For USC units X API Spec 5L-#### (API) (MO-YR of threading) API Spec 5B 6.625 LP

EXAMPLE 10 For SI units X API Spec 5L-#### (API) (MO-YR of threading) API Spec 5B 168,3 LP

If the product is clearly marked elsewhere with the manufacturer’sidentification, his license number, as above, may be omitted.


O.4.6 Thread certificationThe use of the Monogram (API) as provided in O.5 shall constitute a certification by the manufacturer that the threads so marked comply with the requirements stipulated in the latest edition of API Spec 5B but should not be construed by the purchaser as a representation that the product so marked is, in its entirety, in accordance with any API specification. Manufacturers who use the Monogram (API) for thread identification are required to have access to properly certified API reference master thread gages.


O.4.7 UnitsProduct should be marked with U.S. customary (USC) or metric (SI) units. Combination of dual units [metric (SI) units and USC units] is not acceptable.

O.4.8 License numberThe API Monogram license number shall not be used unless it is marked in conjunction with the API Monogram.O.5 API Monogram Program: API ResponsibilitiesThe API shall maintain records of reported problems encountered with API monogrammed products. ocumented cases of nonconformity with API-pecified requirements may be reason for an audit of the Licensee involved(also known as audit for .cause.). Documented cases of specificationeficiencies shall be reported, without reference to Licensees, customers orusers, to API Subcommittee 18 (Quality) and to the applicable API StandardsSubcommittee for corrective actions.


Annex P


Annex P(informative)Equations for Threaded and Coupled Pipe and Background Equationsfor Guided Bend and CVN Test Specimens

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■ ωσμ∙Ωπ∆∇ º≠δ≤>ηθφФρ|β≠Ɛ∠ ʋ λ α ρτ ×∫ √ ≠≥ѵФΣ


More Reading


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Requirements for steel plates insour service

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Sour Servicean introduction in the world

of hydrogen induced corrosion

3Requirements for steel plates in sour service

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Sour service damage is not a new issue !

The oldest reports about sour service steel damage more than 60 years old

Many organisations (like NACE or EFC), oil- and gas companies, engineering companies are still improving regulations

The importance of hydrogen damage due to sour service is more and more recognised.

The exploitation of sour gases and out of sour oil sources is rising. Oftensweet sources get more and more sour.


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Why this sensitivity to sour service damage?

Sour media are aggressive to steel structures, damages not easy to detect.

Health and safety of personnel and the public are in danger if precautions in survey of equipment and a right material selection are not adjusted.

Severe environmental pollution could be the consequence out of such damages.

Shutdowns due to material failures and the replacement of pressure vessels can cause dramatic economical loss.

A really bad example: Accident at Chicago refinery in 1984; 17 people killed.

Many good reasons for our full attention


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Union Oil absorber vessel failure resulting from cracks growing in HAZ with no PWHT


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The view of the steel plate manufacturer

Steel plate requisitions reflect an increasing demand for plates with improved properties for sour service

Large variety of customer requests:- many specifications based on published recommendations or test methods

(e.g. NACE MR 0175, TM0284...)- in combination with the “in house”-experience and -prescriptions

Aim of this paper:- general overview over the damaging mechanisms

- general survey about the current specified requisitions for plate orders

- Dillinger Hütte GTS possibilities to supply improved steel plates

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Damaging Mechanisms

andTest Methods


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What are the sour service corrosion mechanisms?

Hydrogen-Induced Cracking (HIC) & Hydrogen Blistering

Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC)

probably to be taken into consideration:

Stress-Oriented Hydrogen-Induced Cracking (SOHIC)


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Electrons

Molecular Hydrogen

Sulfide Ionics

Proton

Hydrogen Atom

Steel with typical small imperfections

Hydrogen Sulfide

Acidic, H2S -containing medium

Cracking mechanism in the steel during H2S corrosion process


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H2S → 2 H+ + S2-

Fe + 2 H+ → Fe2+ + 2 Had

Fe2+ + S2- → FeS

H2S + Fe → FeS + 2 Hab

2 Hab → H2

Corrosion reaction


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HIC / SWC Blistering

SSC SOHIC

Schematical appearance of damage mechanisms in sour service


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HICHydrogen Induced Cracking

Corrosion at stress free prismatic specimens

Definition as per NACE MR0175/ISO 15156:

Planar cracking that occurs in carbon and low alloy steels when atomic hydrogen diffuses into the steel and then combines to form molecular hydrogen at trap sites.


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“Evaluation of Pipeline and Pressure Vessel Steels for Resistance to Hydrogen-Induced Cracking”

HIC: Stepwise internal cracking on different planes of the metal;no external stress

origin: 1984, for evaluation and comparison of test result

test solution: pH 3 (sol. A) and pH 5 (sol. B) saturated with H2S

test specimens: position (one end/mid width) , preparation, dimensions

duration: 96 h

evaluation: metallographic examination of cross sections

acceptance crit.: to be agreed between purchaser and supplier

documentation: CLR, CTR, CSR values for each section, specimen, test

NACE TM 0284-2003


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Test specimen location acc. to NACE TM 0284


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test duration: 96htest solution: saturated with H2S

test solution

H2S100

20

Test specimens

HIC test method acc. to NACE TM 0284

Solution A- pH 3- 5% NaCl, 0.5% CH3COOH- identical to Solution A of NACE TM 0177

Solution B- pH 5- synthetic seawater acc. ASTM D1141


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In Detail


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HIC test vessel test specimens during HIC-test


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sectioning of test specimens

20 mm

25 mm

25 mm

25 mm25

mm

rolling dire

ction

faces to beexamined

Examination of the polished sections:

a

W

b

ba

a = crack length b = crack width

W = specimen length

T

T = specimen thickness

Crack distance < 0.5 mm => single crack

100%⋅= ∑W

aCLR %100⋅= ∑

Tb

CTR

%100)(⋅

⋅⋅

= ∑TWba

CSR


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HIC or SWC damage


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A516 GR70 Amine Contactor11: NACE RP0296

Hydrogen Blistering


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A516 GR70 Amine Contactor1 1: NACE RP0296

Hydrogen Blistering


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Amine Contactor/Water Wash Tower1 1: NACE RP0296

Blister Cracking


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SSCSulfide Stress Cracking

Corrosion at specimens under stress

Definition as per NACE MR0175/ISO15156:

Cracking of metal involving corrosion and tensile stress (residual and/or applied) in the presence of water and H2S


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„Laboratory Testing of Metals for Resistance to Specific Forms of Environmental Cracking in H2S Environments”

origin: 1977, revised 1986, 1990 and 19964 test methods: tensile test (sol.A); preferred by DH-GTS1

Bent-Beam Test (sol. B)C-Ring test (sol. A)Double-Cantilever-Beam test (DCB) (sol.A)

2 test solutions: A: pH: 2.7; B: pH: 3.5, H2S saturatedtest duration: 720 h or until failure, whichever occurs firstresults report: applied stress over log time (stress level of no fail. after 720h)remark DH-GTS: acceptable only if PWHT plus DICREST route!

no microalloying elements1: also 4 point bend test acc. ASTM G39, sol.A (typ. linepipe)

NACE TM0177


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Sulfide Stress Cracking

SSC in HAZ of head to shell weld of FCC absorber tower.


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Sulfide Stress Cracking


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SSC four-point bend test


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SSC tensile test


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SOHICStress Orientated Stress Cracking

Corrosion at notched specimens under stress

Definition as per NACE MR0175/ISO15156:

Staggered small cracks formed approximately perpendicular to the principle stress (residual or applied) resulting in a „ladder-like“ crack array linking (sometimes small) pre-existing HIC cracks.


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% Sporadic documentation at spiral welded pipes and flaws in pressure vessels.

% Combination of rectangular (SSC type) and parallel cracks (HIC type) in the area of a multi dimensional tension field.

Typical SOHIC crack below a flaw. Created in a double beam bend test.

New phenomenon in the field of sour gas corrosion

Stress-Oriented Hydrogen Induced Cracking (SOHIC)


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SOHIC-Crack at a non PWHT repair weld of a primary absorber (deethanizer)1.

1: NACE RP0296



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• issue - still under large discussion

•mechanism not fully understood

•mixture of SSC and HIC type cracking

• location close to the welds


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SOHIC test as per NACE TM0103 / 2003

• SOHIC testing

• 4 point bent double beam tests

• test duration 168 h

• metallographic examination of the cross sections

• Reasonable acceptance criteria for CCL (Continuous Crack Length),

DCL (Discontinuous Crack Length) and TCL (Total Crack Length)

are not yet reported


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NACE TM0103 – Full Size Double-Beam Test Specimen Design

SOHIC test arrangement as per NACE TM0103 / 2003


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Dimensions of the notch: Depth = 2mm, r = 0.13mm

Sectioning across the notch into two cross sections.

cut line

notch(centred)

5 cm

Section 1

Section 2

Drop

faces to be

examined

SOHIC test specimens as per NACE TM0103 / 2003


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CCL - continuous cracks (perpendicular) in the

most stressed area near to the bottom of the notch.

DCL - discontinuous (parallel) cracks below the continuous crack area, with lower stresses.

TCL - length of the whole cracked area.

SOHIC evalutation of the cross sections from the double beam specimens


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Results of the SOHIC tests at Dillinger Hütte GTS (1)

Although the tests were performed with HIC resistant DICREST material, at a load

of less than 50% yield in pH3 solution first SOHIC type cracks appeared.

Rising the load increases the appearance of these cracks

Testing in pH5 solution no SOHIC cracks are detected.

The notch of specimens generates a very (too ?) harmful stressed area.


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It should be taken into consideration, whether a notch like this is permitted generally at pressure vessels.

This could explain why even HIC and SSC resistant steels (DICREST) show bigamounts of SOHIC cracks with the proposed test method.

Acc. to DH’s opinion this test method is not appropriate as SOHIC test.

SOHIC resistant material (acc. to this test method) can not be produced with normalised steels. It seems to be that Q+T material will reach this aim.

Results of the SOHIC tests at Dillinger Hütte GTS (2)


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SSC + HIC

Standards


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NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 - 2003 “Petroleum and natural gas industries—Materials for use in H2S- containing environments in oil and gas production”

• By the end of 2003 NACE0175/ISO15156 was published giving requirementsand recommendations for the selection and qualification of carbon and low-alloy steels, corrosion-resistant alloys, and other alloys for service in equipment used in oil and natural gas production and natural gas treatment plants in H2S-containing environments

• 3 parts: - Part 1: General principles for selection of cracking-resistant materials

- Part 2: Cracking-resistant carbon and low alloy steels, and theuse of cast irons

- Part 3: Cracking-resistant CRAs (corrosion-resistant alloys) and

other alloys

• Qualification route for steels not yet proved to be suitable for H2S service


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SSC: Metal cracking under corrosion in presence of H2S and stress; same time hydrogen embrittlement especially in steel with high hardness or high strength

SSC and SCC susceptibility depends on e. g.:- steel: chemical composition, heat treatment, microstructure, cold deformation

- hydrogen activity (pH-value)- total tensile stress (including residual stress)- temperature, duration, ...

Definition of SSC severity levels from 0 to 3 with increasing severity

severity level 1starting from H2S partial pressure ≥ 0.0003 MPaNo absolute resistance, material can fail in SSC-tests!

SSC in NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 - 2003


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Requirements:

Pressure vessel steels classified as P-No 1, group 1 or 2 in SectionIX of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code are acceptablewithout testing

Carbon & low alloy steels:- heat treated (contr. Rolled, N, N+T, Q+T); - Ni < 1% wt- Hardness < 22 HRC (average) < 24 HRC (individual)

fabrication conditions: * welding and PWHT have to respect 22HRC limitation also in HAZ and WM* > 5% cold deformation SR to be applied

Remark of the steel producer:NACE MR0175 shall prevent SSC-Cracking, but there is very few influence on steel making practice ( no influence on HIC-resistance!!)

SSC in NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 – 2003


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Spec Grade UNS Spec Grade UNSSA-283 A, B, C, D - SA-299 ... K02803

SA-285 C K02801 SA-455 ... K03300

SA-285 A K01700 SA-515 70 K03101

SA-285 B K02200 SA-516 70 K02700

SA-36 ... K02600 SA-537 Cl. 1 K12437SA-515 65 K02800 SA-662 C K02007

SA-515 60 K02401 SA-737 B K12001

SA-516 55 K01800 SA-738 A K12447SA-516 60 K02100

SA-516 65 K02403

SA-562 ... K11224

SA-662 A K01701

SA-662 B K02203

P-No.1, Group 2P-No.1, Group 1

Listing of Section IX of the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code


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- The user shall consider HIC and HIC testing even if there are only traceamounts of H2S present

- HIC susceptibility is influenced by chemistry and manufacturing route

Requirements

- low Sulphur content ( < 0,003 %)

- test acc. to NACE TM0284

- acceptance criteria (solution A: CLR ≤ 15%, CTR ≤ 5%, CSR ≤ 2%)

- other conditions may be defined as per table B.3 for specific or less severe duty

HIC in NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 – 2003


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SOHIC in NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 – 2003

User should consider SOHIC when evaluating carbon steels

- Pre-qualification to SSC prior to SOHIC/SZC evaluation- Small-scale tests: unfailed uniaxial tensile (UT) & four point bend (FPB)

specimen are metallographicly examined- UT-specimen : - no ladderlike HIC indications or cracks exceeding 0,5mm

in through thickness direction allowed- after hydrogen effusion the tensile strength shall not be

less than 80% of the tensile strength of unused specimens- FPB-specimen: - no ladderlike HIC indications or cracks exceeding 0,5mm in

through thickness direction allowed- blisters less than 1mm below the surface and blisters due to

compression regardless of the depth shall be disregarded - Full pipe ring tests may be used, test method and acceptance criteria described

in HSE OTI-95-635


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EFC 16

“Guidelines on Materials Requirements for Carbon and Low alloy Steelsfor H2S-Containing Environments in Oil and Gas Production Combined specification for test methods of HIC and SSC”

concerns: C- and low alloy steels in oil and gas production (not in refinery service); conclusion of NACE-test methods

published: in 1995, rev. 2 in 2002

1.HIC

- low S, shape control, low segregation, low CEQ

- test acc. to NACE TM0284, Solution A

- acceptance criteria: CLR ≤ 15%, CTR ≤ 5%, CSR ≤ 1.5%


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EFC 16 (2)2. SSC

- f(pH-value/ H2S-p.pressure): Non sour, transition region, sour service- in case of sour service: see guidelines

* limited hardness in HAZ to max. 250 HV30 except cap´scap layer up to 275 HV30 (t < 9,5mm) or 300 HV30 (t > 9,5mm)

* limited cold deformation (5% for PV) or PWHT > 620°/650°C- various test methods for the evaluation of SSC resistance (uniaxial, 4point-

bend, C-ring,....); pH= 3; DH recommend the tensile test and 4 point bend test

- load and duration of the test to be agreed; proposals are maderecommendation of DH-GTS e.g.: load: 0.72 SMYS; duration: 720 h

3. SOHIC/ SZC (Soft zone cracking)

- PWHT recommended- testing the susceptibility by 4 point bend test as an option, however no

acceptance criteria defined


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HIC + SSC

Guidelines RP + MR


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“Guidelines for Detection, Repair and Mitigation of Cracking of ExistingPetroleum Refinery Pressure Vessels in Wet H2S Environments”

Concerns HIC, SSC, SOHIC, ASCC (Alkaline Stress C.C.)

applicable for existing equipment in refineries made of carbon steel

valid if H2S concentration ≥ 50 ppm (but no threshold concentration defined)

reports about the parameters for each damage mechanism

reports about a large survey (in 1990) of 5000 (!) inspected pressure vessels

26% of all vessels showed cracking incidence (crack depth from 1.6 mm to more than 25 mm)

recommendations for inspection

NACE RP0472 – 2000


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“Guidelines for Detection, Repair and Mitigation of Cracking of Existing Petroleum Refinery Pressure Vessels in Wet H2S Environments”

Definition of environment to be more susceptible to HIC, SOHIC or blistering- process temp.: Ambient to 150 °C- H2S: > 2000ppm + ph > 7.8- H2S: > 50 ppm + ph < 5- presence of HCN + others

Recommendations for repair:- Hardness of production welds < 200 HB- Welding procedure qualification hardness < 248 HV10 for HAZ and WELD- PWHT to be considered

NACE RP0472 – 2000 (2)


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NACE MR0103 – 2003

„Materials Resistant to Sulfide Stress Cracking in Corrosive Petroleum Refining environments“

NACE MR0175: for oil- and gas handling systems NACE MR0103: for refinery service; it based on the experience with

MR0175 and other NACE publications. Specific Process Conditions:

• > 50 ppm H2S dissolved in H2O or if• pH < 4 + some H2S or if• pH > 7.6 + 20 ppm HCN + some H2S or if• > 0.05 PSIA H2S in gas phase• Also reference to NACE RP0472 requirements


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NACE MR0103 – 2003 (2)

„Materials Resistant to Sulfide Stress Cracking in Corrosive Petroleum Refining environments“

Responsibility of the user:- HAZ - hardness- Residual stresses- Rm increase risk increase

Hardness Base Metal < 22 HRC (or also 248 HV 10) Cold deformation < 5% otherwise stress relieved

Rev

isio

n 3

PV

Pla

tes

for s

ourS

ervi

ceV

erfa

sser

/Dok

umen

t

53

Production of HIC-resistant steels


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How to produce HIC and SSC-resistant steel plates?

Basis:

Well developed know how (Dillinger Hütte GTS has been engaged in this field for more than 20 years)

Adequate production installations

Permanent exchange with the endusers

Follow up in international research projects


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DICREST-route

hot metal desulphurisation

deep vacuum degassing

special chemical composition (C, Mn, S, P)

cleanliness stirring by Argon

special casting parameter (no bulging, adapted superheating)

intensified QA-process

special care to avoid unacceptable segregations

high shape factor rolling (strong reduction in thickness per rolling pass)

Requirements for homogeneous Dillinger Crack Resistant Steel plates


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Production route in the steel plant

hot metaldesulphur-isation

dephosphorisationdecarburisationdenitrogenisation

slagconditioning,steeldesulphur-isation

removal of:CarbonSulphurNitrogenHydrogen

temperatureadjustment

Hot metaldesulphurisation

BOFconverter

Argonstirring process

Degassingprocess

Heating Casting

cleanlinessavoiding:- reoxidation- resulphurisation

CaCMg 2

O2

Ar/N2Ar

Ar

ArAr

O2

analysis adjustment

objective:


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Curved casterVertcal caster

Distance from the fixed side in %

Tota

l oxy

gen

in p

pm10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

20 40 60 80 10000

Curved casterr = 5.0 m; v = 1.0 m/min

Vertical caster

c

v = 0.5 m/minc

Vertical casterVertical caster Curved caster

Inclusion distribution for different caster types


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Results from HIC test, according to NACE TM 0284-96, for one single heat in dependence of the cast length of DICREST 15 pressure vessel steel; test solution acc. to TM 0284-96: A (pH3).

20

40

60

80

100 %> 96%

HIC resistant steel

~ 75% of cast length

cast length

non sour gas

non sour gas

Freq

uenc

y fo

r CLR

(av.

of 9

se

ctio

ns) <

15%

end

0

begin

Aspects of quality assurance: HIC properties and cast length


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Influence of High Shape Factor Rolling


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Optimized production steps for DICREST plates in the heavy plate mill


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Example of deviation in casting parameter combination

incident risk range

prohibited from releaseadditionaltesting

additionaltesting

cast strand length position

crac

king

ext

end

in H

IC te

st

acceptance criteria

Aspects of quality assurance: casting incidents


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Equipment:

8 laboratory fume hoods (7 for tests, 1 for cleaning)

overall 39 connections for tests vessels

12 connections for SSC tensile tests (CorTest rings) equipped with computer aided monitoring of specimen failure

3 independent gas supply systems for parallel use of 3 differenttypes of test gases

temperature adjustment and control system

Additionally health and safety-installations:gas detection systems, flame guard system to maintain H2S combustion, activated carbon filters in the exhaust air conduit, collecting tanks for all waste waters from the process

Test laboratory of Dillinger Hütte GTS to measure sour gas susceptibility:


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What can DH offer?

Sour service


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< 40mm40 - 80mm

> 80mm

Requested thicknesses

Actual statistics of requested standards and thicknesses

About 5% of the overall DICREST tonnage is requested in grades other than SA 516


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Note: Acceptance criteria are defined as the average of all sections of all specimens per plateETC = Extent of transverse cracking = bmaxELC = Extent of longitudinal cracking = a max

1) The requested test solution must be stated in the order in case of DICREST 15

Dillinger Hütte´s standardised offer for HIC resistant plates: DICREST

CLR CTR CSR

DICREST 5 80 mm A(pH 3)

≤ 5 ≤ 1.5 ≤ 0.5

DICREST 10 80 mm A(pH 3)

≤ 10 ≤ 3 ≤ 1

A(pH 3)

≤ 15 ≤ 5 ≤ 2

B(pH 5)

≤ 0.5 ≤ 0.1 ≤ 0.05

test solutionacc.

TM 0284-96

acceptance criteria

DICREST 15 1) 150 mm

grademax.plate

thickness

100%⋅= ∑W

aCLR %100⋅= ∑

Tb

CTR %100)(⋅

⋅⋅

= ∑TWba

CSR


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* No. of Sections acc. to NACE TM0284-03 for t > 88mm = 15

No. of sections plate thickness CLR < CTR < CSR <

t ≤ 30mm 15% 5% 0.5%

30mm < t ≤ 40mm 15% 3% 0.5%

40mm < t ≤ 110mm 15% 3% 0.1%

t ≤ 30mm 10% 3% 0.5%

30mm < t ≤ 110mm 10% 2% 0.1%

t ≤ 15mm 5% 1.5% 0.5%

15mm < t ≤ 30mm 5% 1.5% 0.5%

30mm < t ≤ 110mm 5% 1% 0.1%

1

3

9resp. 15*

Remark: All other requirements on request

Actual acceptance levels for DICREST 5 plates in pH3 solution HIC tested in dependence on averaging the values for a certain no. of section


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Optimisation of CLR-values in NACE TM 0284-96, solution A through application of special DICREST-production route (steel grades: A 516 Gr. 60, 65 and 70; plate thickness 6-80 mm) compared to Pseudo HIC-plates with a package of certain Pseudo-HIC measures.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

< 2 > 2 ≤ 4 > 4 ≤ 6 > 6 ≤ 8 > 8 ≤ 10 > 10 ≤ 20 > 20 ≤ 40 > 40

HIC-resistantPseudo-HIC

Risk assessment on real HIC and Pseudo-HIC platesPe

rcen

tage

[50%

]


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DICREST ex mill and ex stock

www.ancoferwaldram.nl


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thickness: 8 -80 mm

grades SA 516 grade 60, 65 or 70

delivery condition: normalised

toughness requirements acc. SA20-S5

HIC testing frequency: per heat on the thinnest and thickest plate

HIC test per NACE TM0284-2003, solution A (pH3)

hot tensile test at 400°C

ultrasonic testing: acc. A578 (ed. 2001) S 2.2

additionally: - conformity in harness and Ni-content to NACE MR0175- banding check acc. to E 1268 once per heat for

information

DiME specification is more customized especially for Middle Eastern market in thickness range from 10 to 50 mm

Specification details of DICREST stock plates (AWS)


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sour service becomes more and more important; research and standardising efforts further ongoing

2 (3) major failure mechanisms are important (HIC, SSC and probably SOHIC)

SSC rules have low influence on steel making practice. The phenomenon ismostly seen at hard HAZ or hard base metal. DH-GTS applies DICREST route.

SOHIC is not quite fully understood. Most appearances are related tofailures in HAZ; no proper test method; research is going on. Q+T steels showadvantages.

HIC resistant steels need a special manufacturing route and require a lot of experience & know how

Conclusion


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We contribute with 450.000 t of HIC resistant1 linepipe and pv-plates per year

1 with certified HIC-resistance

Dillinger Hütte GTS is prepared for the needs of sour service


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We can not transformsour to sweet...

... but we can help you take it with a smile!


Sample:Understanding ISO 10893Non-destructive testing of steel tubes - Part 11:Automated ultrasonic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for thedetection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections

Ultrasonic Testing LSAW Pipes November 2015


■ https://www.youtube.com/embed/oW-tNkhE5f8

Sample:Understanding ISO 10893Non-destructive testing of steel tubes - Part 11:Automated ultrasonic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for thedetection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections


ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work ofpreparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISOtechnical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which atechnical committee has been established has the right to be represented onthat committee. International organizations, governmental and non-overnmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaboratesclosely with the nternational Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on allmatters of electrotechnical standardization.

International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.


The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees arecirculated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an InternationalStandard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting avote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of thisdocument may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be heldresponsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 10893-11 wasprepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 17, Steel, Subcommittee SC 19,Technical delivery conditions for steel tubes for pressure purposes. This firstedition cancels and replaces ISO 9764:1989 and ISO 9765:1990, which havebeen technically revised.


ISO 10893 consists of the following parts, under the general title Non-destructive testing of steel tubes:

1. Part 1: Automated electromagnetic testing of seamless and welded(except submerged arc-welded) steel tubes for the verification of leaktightness

2. Part 2: Automated eddy current testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-welded) steel tubes for the detection of imperfections

3. Part 3: Automated full peripheral flux leakage testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-welded) ferromagnetic steel tubes for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections








10. Part 10: Automated full peripheral ultrasonic testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-welded) steel tubes for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections

11. Part 11: Automated ultrasonic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections

12. Part 12: Automated full peripheral ultrasonic thickness testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-welded) steel tubes


1 ScopeThis part of ISO 10893 specifies requirements for the automated ultrasonic shear wave (generated by conventional or phased array technique) testing ofthe weld seam of submerged arc-welded (SAW) or electric resistance andinduction-welded (EW) steel tubes.

For SAW tubes, the test covers the detection of imperfections oriented predominantly parallel to (longitudinal) or, by agreement, perpendicular (transverse) to the weld seam or both.

For EW tubes, the test covers the detection of imperfections oriented predominantly parallel to the weld seam. In the case of testing on longitudinal imperfections, Lamb wave testing can be applied at the discretion of themanufacturer, or the detection of imperfections at the weld seam of EW tubes, full peripheral ultrasonic testing is possible.


This part of ISO 10893 can also be applicable to the testing of circular hollowsections.

NOTE For full peripheral ultrasonic testing of seamless and welded (except SAW) tubes, see ISO 10893-10.


This part



This part


For EW tubes, the test covers the detection of imperfections oriented predominantly parallel to the weld seam. In the case of testing on longitudinal imperfections, Lamb wave testing can be applied at the discretion of the manufacturer, or the detection of imperfections at the weld seam of EW tubes, full peripheral ultrasonic testing is possible

http://www.thefabricator.com/article/shopmanagement/examining-electric-resistance-weld-nuggets-in-tube-and-pipe

This part For EW tubes, the test covers the detection of imperfections oriented predominantly parallel to the weld seam. In the case of testing on longitudinal imperfections, Lamb wave testing can be applied at the discretion of the manufacturer, or the detection of imperfections at the weld seam of EW tubes, full peripheral ultrasonic testing is possible


Cross Sections of Some Upset Autogenous Seam Welds Removed from Service

http://www.carkw.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/9.20.12-Report-on-ERW-and-Flash-weld-seams.pdf

This part


For EW tubes, the test covers the detection of imperfections oriented predominantly parallel to the weld seam. In the case of testing on longitudinal imperfections, Lamb wave testing can beapplied at the discretion of the manufacturer, or the detection of imperfections at the weld seam of EW tubes, full peripheral ultrasonic testing is possible

http://www.tubenet.org.uk/technical/vitrual.shtml

This part For EW tubes, the test covers the detection of imperfections oriented predominantly parallel to the weld seam. In the case of testing on longitudinal imperfections, Lamb wave testing can be applied at the discretion of the manufacturer, or the detection of imperfections at the weld seam of EW tubes, full peripheral ultrasonic testing is possible

Figure 13: Pipe in as welded condition

http://www.cpw.gr/userfiles/cd482974-e8e4-44d3-a17d-a3fe00f8306d/TECHNICAL%20CHALLENGES%20OF%20HEAVY%20WALL%20HFW%20PIPE%20PRODUCTION%20FOR.pdf


This part



Figure 15: Weld, HAZ and base metal “as-welded” microstructures

This part



Figure 14: Pipe after double normalizing with intermediate cooling




Figure 16: Weld, HAZ and base metal PWHT microstructures


Figure 16: Weld, HAZ and base metal PWHT microstructures

Typical melting behavior of strip edges during HF ERW

https://app.aws.org/wj/supplement/01-2004-CHOI-s.pdf

Fion Zhang/Charlie Chong http://www.waterworld.com/articles/wwi/print/volume-27/issue-3/editorial-focus/flow-level-measurement/strength-in-numbers-matching-lamb-wave.html

Lamb Wave- For EW, In the case of testing on longitudinal imperfections, Lamb wave testing can be applied at the discretion of the manufacturer

Fion Zhang/Charlie Chong http://www.masw.com/History-MASW.html


2 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 5577, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic inspection — Vocabulary ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of

personnel ISO 10893-6, Non-destructive testing of steel tubes — Part 6:

Radiographic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of imperfections

ISO 10893-7, Non-destructive testing of steel tubes — Part 7: Digital radiographic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of imperfections

ISO 11484, Steel products — Employer's qualification system for non-destructive testing (NDT) personnel


3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 5577 and ISO 11484 and the following apply.3.1 reference standardstandard for the calibration of non-destructive testing equipment (e.g. drill holes, notches, recesses)

3.2 reference tubetube or length of tube containing the reference standard(s)

3.3 reference samplesample (e.g. segment of tube, plate or strip) containing the reference standard(s)NOTE Only the term “reference tube” is used in this part of ISO 10893, also covering the term “reference sample”.


3.4 tubehollow long product open at both ends, of any cross-sectional shape

3.5 welded tubettube made by forming a hollow profile from a flat product and welding adjacent edges together. After welding the tube may be further processed, either hot or cold, into its final dimensions

3.6 electric welded tubetube made by pressure welding, in a continuous or non-continuous process, in which strip is formed cold into a hollow profile and the seam weld made by heating theadjacent edges through the resistance to the passage of high- or low-frequencycurrent, and pressing the edges together NOTE The electric current can be appliedeither by direct electrode contact or by induction.

3.7 manufacturerorganization that manufactures products in accordance with the relevant standard(s) and declares the compliance of the delivered products with all applicable provisions of the relevant standard(s)

3.8 agreementcontractual arrangement between the manufacturer and purchaser at the time of enquiry and order


4 General requirements4.1 Unless otherwise specified by the product standards or agreed on by the purchaser and manufacturer, an ultrasonic test shall be carried out on tubesafter completion of all the primary production process operations (rolling, heattreating, cold and hot working, sizing and primary straightening, etc.). Forcold-expanded tubes, the ultrasonic testing of the weld shall be carried outafter expansion. In case of spirally welded tubes, where the tube is notsubsequently subjected to a hydrostatic test at the tube mill, the acceptancetest may be carried out online.

4.2 The tubes under test shall be sufficiently straight to ensure the validity of the test. The surface shall be sufficiently free of foreign matter which can interfere with the validity of the test.


4.3 This test shall be carried out by suitably trained operators, qualified in accordance with ISO 9712, ISO 11484 or equivalent and supervised bycompetent personnel nominated by the manufacturer. In the case of third-party inspection, this shall be agreed on by the purchaser and manufacturer.

The operating authorization issued by the employer shall be according to awritten procedure. Non-destructive testing (NDT) operations shall beauthorized by a level 3 NDT individual approved by the employer.

NOTE The definition of levels 1, 2 and 3 can be found in appropriatenternational Standards, e.g. ISO 9712 and ISO 11484.


5 Test method5.1 The weld seam of the tube shall be tested using an ultrasonic shear wave technique for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections.Lamb wave technique may be applied for the detection of longitudinalimperfections of EW tubes. Unless otherwise agreed on by the purchaser andmanufacturer, testing shall be carried out in two opposite directions of soundpropagation for the requested type of inspection, clockwise and anticlockwisefor the detection of longitudinal imperfections and forward and backward forthe detection of transverse imperfections.

5.2 During testing, the tubes and the probe assembly shall be moved relative to each other such that the whole area under inspection is scanned with coverage calculated on the dimension of the transducer(s). The relative speed of movement during testing shall not vary by more than 10 %.


Unless otherwise agreed on by the purchaser and manufacturer, testing shall be carried out in two opposite directions of sound propagation for the requested type of inspection, clockwise and anticlockwise for the detection of longitudinal imperfections and forward and backward for the detection of transverse imperfections.


clockwise and anticlockwise for thedetection of longitudinal imperfections

forward and backward for the detection of transverse imperfections.

5.3 There can be a short length at both tube ends which cannot be tested. Any untested ends shall be dealt with in accordance with the requirements of the appropriate product standard.

In the case of SAW tubes, the untested ends may, at the manufacturer's discretion, be checked either by a manual ultrasonic test in accordance with this part of ISO 10893 or by a radiographic test in accordance with ISO 10893-6 or ISO 10893-7.

In the case of EW tube, the untested ends may be tested in accordance with Annex A.

5.4 For the detection of longitudinal imperfections, the maximum width of each individual transducer, easured parallel to the major axis of the tube, shall be 25 mm. For the detection of transverse imperfections, the maximum width of each individual transducer, measured perpendicular to the major axis of the tube, shall be 25 mm.

In case of the use of Lamb wave technique or phased array technique, the maximum length of transducer or active aperture shall be limited to 35 mm.


5.5 The ultrasonic test frequency of transducers shall be in the range 1 MHz to 15 MHz for shear wave technique and in the range of 0,3 MHz to 1 MHz for Lamb wave technique, depending on the product condition and properties, the thickness and surface finishing of tubes under examination.

5.6 The equipment shall be capable of classifying tubes as either acceptable or suspect, by means of an automated trigger/alarm level, combined with a marking or sorting system (or both).

5.7 Where manual ultrasonic testing of untested tube ends and/or local suspect areas is required (see 5.3), use Annex A.


6 Reference tube6.1 General6.1.1 The reference standards defined in this part of ISO 10893 are convenient standards for establishing the sensitivity of non-destructive testingequipment. The dimensions of these standards should not be construed asthe minimum size of imperfection detectable by such equipment.

6.1.2 For SAW tubes, for the detection of longitudinal imperfections, the equipment shall be calibrated using four longitudinal reference notches, twoon the outside surface and two on the inside surface, in the parent materialclose to the weld seam of a reference tube, and/or a reference hole located inthe centre of the weld (see Figure 1).


Alternatively, by agreement between the purchaser and manufacturer, the equipment may be calibrated using internal and external notches located onthe centre of the weld seam. In this case, the depth of the notches shall beagreed on by the purchaser and manufacturer, and the manufacturer shalldemonstrate that the sensitivity is equivalent to that obtained from the edgenotches.

For the detection of transverse imperfections, if requested, the equipment shall be calibrated using two transverse notches in the weld seam, one on the external and one on the internal surface of reference tube, and/or a reference hole located in the centre of the weld. The selection of the notches or the hole is left to the discretion of the manufacturer.


Figure 1 — Simplified representation of reference tubea) Submerged arc-welded (SAW) tube


Key1 through hole2 submerged arc-weld seam3 and 7 longitudinal internal notches4 and 6 longitudinal external notches5 reference tube8 centreline of weld

Quoted: “For the detection of transverse imperfections, if requested, theequipment shall be calibrated using two transverse notches in the weld seam,one on the external and one on the internal surface of reference tube, and/ora reference hole located in the centre of the weld. The selection of thenotches or the hole is left to the discretion of the manufacturer.”


?

?

Key1 through hole2 submerged arc-weld seam3 Transverse internal notches4 Transverse external notches5 reference tube8 centreline of weld

2

4

3

18

5

6.1.3 For EW tubes, the ultrasonic equipment shall be calibrated using a longitudinal reference notch on the outside and inside surfaces of a referencetube.

When the tube internal diameter is less than 15 mm, the manufacturer and purchaser may agree to waive the internal notch.

Alternatively, a reference hole drilled through the wall of the reference tube may be used for equipment calibration, by agreement between the purchaser and manufacturer. In this case, the diameter of the drill required to produce the reference hole for a specific acceptance level shall also be agreed on and the manufacturer shall demonstrate to the satisfaction of the purchaser that the test sensitivity achieved using the reference hole is essentially equivalent to that obtained when using the specified reference notch(es). Such notchesand drill holes shall be located in the centre of the weld line, unless otherwiseagreed on by the purchaser and manufacturer.


Figure 1 — Simplified representation of reference tubea) Submerged arc-welded (SAW) tubeb) Electric resistance and induction-welded (EW) tube



Figure 1 — Simplified representation of reference tubea) Submerged arc-welded (SAW) tubeb) Electric resistance and induction-welded (EW) tube



Alternatively, a reference hole drilled through the wall of the reference tube may be used for equipment calibration, by agreement between the purchaser andmanufacturer.

6.1.4 The reference tubes shall have the same nominal diameter and thickness, same surface finish and same heat treatment delivery condition(e.g. as-rolled, normalized, quenched and tempered) as the tubes under test,and shall have similar acoustic properties (e.g. sound velocity and attenuationcoefficient).

The manufacturer shall have the option of removing the weld bead of SAW tubes inside and outside such that it is in alignment with the curvature of the tube body.

6.1.5 In order to obtain clearly distinguishable signals, the external and internal notches and the hole shall be sufficiently separated from the ends of the reference tube/sample and from each other.


6.2 Reference notches6.2.1 Types and preparation of notch6.2.1.1 The reference notches shall be of the “N” type (N-notch) (see Figure 2);

for EW tubes the “V” type notch (V-notch) may be used at the discretion of the manufacturer, if specified notch depth is less than or equal to 0,5 mm (see Figure 2).

In the case of the “N” type notch, the sides shall be nominally parallel and the bottom shall be nominally square to the sides.


Figure 2 — Types “V” and “N” reference notch

a) “V” type notch b) “N” type notch


Keyw width d depth

6.2.1.2 For SAW tubes, the reference notches shall be located in the parent material close to the weld edges and shall lie parallel to the weld seam (see Figure 1).

6.2.1.3 The reference notch shall be formed by machining, spark erosion, etc.

NOTE The bottom or the bottom corners of the notch can be rounded.


6.2.2 Dimension of reference notches6.2.2.1 Width and depth6.2.2.1.1 For width, w, see Figure 2. The width of the “N” type reference notch shall be not greater than 1,0 mm except for spirally welded tubes having the diameter equal to or greater than 406 mm where the width shall not exceed 1,5 mm. In any case, the width should not exceed twice the depth.

6.2.2.1.2 For depth, d, see Figure 2. The depth of the reference notch shall be as given in Table 1.

The values of notch depth specified in Table 1 are the same, for the corresponding categories, in all International Standards concerning non-destructive testing of steel tubes where reference is made to differentacceptance levels. Although the reference standards are identical, the various test methods involved may give different test results. Accordingly, the acceptance level designation prefix U (ultrasonic) has been adopted toavoid any inferred direct equivalence with other test methods.


The minimum notch depth shall be 0,3 mm for U2 and U3 category tubes and 0,5 mm for U4 category tubes.

The maximum notch depth shall be 1,5 mm for U2 and U3 category tubes and 3 mm for U4 category tubes.

Table 1 — Acceptance levels and corresponding reference notch depth

The tolerance of notch depth shall be ±15 % of requested notch depth or ±0,05 mm, whichever is the greater, with the exception that when the notch depth is less than 0,3 mm, the tolerance on the depth shall be ±0,03 mm.


Table 1 — Acceptance levels and corresponding reference notch depth


-0.515U5

30.512.5U4

1.50.310U3

1.50.35U2

Maximum Thickness, mm

Minimum Thickness, mm

Notch Depth of the specific Thickness, d, %t

Acceptance Level

6.2.2.2 Notch lengthUnless otherwise specified by the product standard or agreed on by the purchaser and manufacturer, the length of the reference notch(es) shall be greater than the width of the single transducer or active aperture. In any case, the length of reference notch shall not exceed 50 mm.

6.2.2.3 VerificationThe reference notch dimensions and shape shall be verified by a suitable technique.


Notch lengthUnless otherwise specified by the product standard or agreed on by the purchaser and manufacturer, the length of the reference notch(es) shall be greater than the width of the single transducer or active aperture. In any case, the length of reference notch shall not exceed 50 mm.

Fion Zhang/Charlie Chong http://www.ndt.net/article/1198/davis/davis2.htm#top

VerificationThe reference notch dimensions and shape shall be verified by a suitable technique.


verified by a suitable technique.


The reference notch dimensions and shape shall be

References should be verified by suitable technique, no mouth talk!


6.3 Reference hole6.3.1 The reference hole shall be drilled through the wall at the centre of the weld, perpendicular to the surface of the reference tube (see Figure 1).

6.3.2 For SAW tubes, the diameter of the drill shall be selected to produce a hole no larger than that specified in Table 2. The diameter of the reference hole shall be verified.

For EW tubes, see 6.1.3.

Accordingly the acceptance level designation prefix U (ultrasonic) has been adopted to avoid any inferred direct equivalence with other test methods.


Table 2 — Acceptance levels and corresponding reference drilled hole diameter


Question TimeWhat is the difference between U2 & U3 and U3H


SNUP Ultrasonic Testing Machine - SAW pipe inspection


■ https://www.youtube.com/embed/bOjdzHX78B8

7 Equipment calibration and checking7.1 GeneralAt the start of each test cycle, the equipment, independently of the applied type of waves, shall be calibratedto produce consistently clearly identifiablesignals from the used reference notches. These signals shall be used to activate the respective trigger/alarm level(s) of the equipment.


7.2 Adjustment of the trigger/alarm level7.2.1 Where a single trigger/alarm level is used, the probe(s) shall be adjusted such that the signals from the internal and external referencenotches are as equal as possible, and the full signal amplitude of the lesser ofthe two signals shall be used to activate the trigger/alarm level of theequipment.

7.2.2 Where separate trigger/alarm levels are used for internal and external reference notches, the full signal amplitude from each notch shall be used to set the relevant trigger/alarm level of the equipment. The positions and widths of the gates shall be adjusted in such a way that the entire wall thickness of the tube is tested.

7.2.3 When using the reference hole, the manufacturer shall demonstrate that the sensitivity achieved at the inner and outer surfaces is essentially equivalent to that achieved when using the specified reference notches.


7.3 Calibration check and recalibration7.3.1 The calibration of the equipment shall be checked at regular intervals during the production testing of tubes of the same diameter, thickness andgrade, by passing the tube through the inspection installation. The frequencyof checking the calibration shall be at least every 4 h, but also whenever thereis an equipment operator changeover and at the start and end of theproduction run.

7.3.2 During a dynamic check of the calibration, the relative speed of movement between the reference tube and the transducer assembly shall be the same as that used during the production test. Other calibration conditions are allowed, provided the manufacturer can demonstrate that the same results as the dynamic check of the calibration are obtained.

7.3.3 The equipment shall be recalibrated if any of the parameters which were used during the initial calibration are changed.

7.3.4 If, on checking during production testing, the calibration requirements are not satisfied, all tubes tested since the previous acceptable equipment calibration shall be retested after the equipment has been recalibrated.


8 Acceptance8.1 Any tube producing signals lower than the trigger/alarm level shall be deemed to have passed this test.8.2 Any tube producing signals equal to or greater than the trigger/alarm level shall be designated as suspect or, at the manufacturer's discretion, may be retested. If, after two consecutive retests, all signals are lower than the trigger/alarm level, the tube shall be deemed to have passed this test; otherwise, the tube shall be designated as suspect.

Sequence:Lower than trigger PassEqual or higher than trigger SuspectRetest 2X PassRetest 2X Fail/ Reject (suspect tubes)


8.3 For suspect tubes, one or more of the following actions shall be taken, subject to the requirements of the product standard:

a) by agreement between the purchaser and manufacturer, the suspect area may be explored by a suitable method or may be retested by other non-destructive techniques and test methods, to agreed acceptance levels. Retesting shall be carried out in accordance with documented procedure;

b) the suspect area shall be dressed by a suitable method (C2?) . After checking that the remaining thickness is within tolerance, the tube shall be retested as previously specified. If no signals are obtained equal to orgreater than the trigger/alarm level, the tube shall be deemed to have passed this test;

c) the suspect area shall be cropped off; (C3b)d) the tube shall be deemed not to have passed this test. (C3c?)

Comments:API5L C1, C2, C3


9 Test reportIf specified, the manufacturer shall submit to the purchaser a test report that includes at least the following information:a) reference to this part of ISO 10893, i.e. ISO 10893-11;b) statement of conformity;c) any deviation, by agreement or otherwise, from the procedures specified;d) product designation by steel grade and size;e) type and details of test technique(s);f) equipment calibration method used;g) description of the reference standard acceptance level;h) date of testi) operator identification.


Annex A(normative)Manual/semi-automated testing of untested ends and suspect areasA.1 Untested tube endsIf specified by the relevant product standard, the weld seam at the tube end zone which cannot be tested by the automated ultrasonic equipment shall besubjected to a manual/semi-automated test, from the ultimate tube ends andover the length of the original untested zone plus 10 %. The manual/semi-utomated ultrasonic test shall be carried out such that the whole length of theuntested end is scanned with a 10 % overlap, with reference to the ultrasonictransducer width used, measured in the direction parallel to the major axis ofthe tube. The manual/semi-automated ultrasonic test shall be carried outusing the ultrasonic shear wave technique or Lamb wave technique, testsensitivity (reference notch depth) and general test parameters, as usedduring the original automated test on the main tube length, with therestrictions given in A.3.


A.2 Local suspect areasIf appropriate, local areas on the tube deemed suspect by the automated ultrasonic equipment shall be subjected to a test by manual ultrasonic shear wave technique or Lamb wave technique, test sensitivity (reference notchdepth) and general test parameters, as used during the original automatedtest, with the restrictions given in A.3, so that the whole of the local suspectarea is scanned.


A.3 Manual/semi-automated ultrasonic test restrictionsThe following restrictions apply to the application of a manual/semi-automated ultrasonic test to untested end zones and/or local suspect areas:a) the beam angle in steel used for manual ultrasonic testing with shear

waves shall be nominally the same as that used during the original automated test;

b) scanning shall be carried out with ultrasonic beam propagation in circumferential or longitudinal directions (or both);

c) scanning speed over the tube surface shall not exceed 150 mm/s;


d) the ultrasonic probe type used during manual ultrasonic testing with shear waves shall be of the contact, gap-scan or immersion type. Means shall be provided to ensure that the probe is held at the correct distance in relation to the tube surface, e.g. for contact type probes, the “wear face” at the front face of the probe shall be fitted to the curvature of the tube under test;

e) the width of the transducer, measured parallel to the major axis of the tube, used in the manual ultrasonic test shall not exceed that used during the original automated test;

f) the nominal frequency of the transducer used in manual testing shall not vary from that used during the original automated test by more than ±1 MHz. Where Lamb waves have been used in the original automated test, the frequency of shear wave transducers, if used for manual testing, shall be in the range of 4 MHz to 5 MHz.


Manual UT


Sample NDT Test Plan


Typical Probe Configuration for ERW-pipe inspection. a) Strip inspection with edge probes and oscillating strip middle probes, b) online weld test with 4 probes for longitudinal defect detection and an oscillating deburring check, and c) offline weld inspection with 4 probes for longitudinal defect detection, 2 probes for transverse defect detection and 2 probes for lamination testing in the heataffected zone.

Fion Zhang/Charlie Chong http://www.karldeutsch.de/PDF/Papers/AutomatedUT%20WeldedPipes%20(WCNDT-Shanghai)%20WD%20Jan08.pdf

Full-Body testing and/or pipe end test with helical test traces. a) one or more probe carriers move along the rotating pipe, b) straight-beam incidence, and c) cross-sectional view of full-body and/or pipe end test.

Fion Zhang/Charlie Chong http://www.karldeutsch.de/PDF/Papers/AutomatedUT%20WeldedPipes%20(WCNDT-Shanghai)%20WD%20Jan08.pdf


Typical Probe Configuration- Online Seam NDT

Automated system of ultrasonic testing of longitudinal pipe welded joints


■ https://www.youtube.com/embed/X3ApBPymYeo


Typical Probe Configuration- ERW 1st Online Seam UT1.0 All personnel performing NDT activities shall be qualified in the

technique applied, in accordance with ISO 9712 or equivalent.2.0 Detect longitudinal imperfections along weld seam and minimum wall

thickness along the welding line. Specification refers to tablebelow.

+0.5mm-0.3mm

-Weld seamMinimum wall thickness

Wall Thickness

N10(Ref: Table E8)

ASTM E273 (Ref: K.4)

Weld Seam +1.6mm both side

Longitudinal imperfection

Weld Seam

Acceptance Criteria

Reference Standards

CoverageExamination Type

Position

3.0 Calibration frequency3.1. At the beginning of production run3.2. At the beginning & end of each shift3.3. Every four hours of each shift under continuous production run

4.0 An audible device shall be used to indicate the loss of couplingeffectiveness.

5.0 Marking: The parts with defects and unexamined are stenciled in different color on the outside surface.

6.0 Cross weld: The detector rise automatically to avoid been brokendown, and the information of the coil is recorded.



No.1,2,4,5：probes used for detection of longitudinal defects, 14*14mm，4MHZN0. 6,7 : probes used for detection of laminations，35*6mm，10MHZNo.8,9：probes used for detection of transversal defects，14*14mm，4MHZNo. 12：probes used for seam thickness check35*6mm，10MHZ

6


Typical Probe Configuration- 2nd Online Seam UT

Ultrasonic Testing ERW Pipes November 2015


■ https://www.youtube.com/embed/GkTlRtz0XGM

1. All personnel performing NDT activities shall be qualified in the technique applied, in accordance with ISO 9712 or equivalent.

2. Purpose: Detect longitudinal imperfections and lamination along the weld by UT, Pipe ends are examined by UT and MPI, and acceptance criteria refers to the table below.


≥2mm RejectISO 13665Within 100mm from pipe end

LaminationPipe end & Bevel

E2ISO 13663Within 25.4mm from weld seam

LaminationWeld Seam and Nearby

N10ASTM E273Within 1.6mm from weld seam

LongitudinalTransverse

Weld Seam

Acceptance Criteria

Reference Standards


Position

Comments on the TableK2 & K.4 Non-destructive inspection of HFW pipe


K2.1ISO 10893-5/9ASTM E709

Within 100mm from pipe end

LaminationK2.1.1/K2.1.4/

Pipe end/ weld & Bevel

Table K.1ISO 10893-8/9Lamination K4.2

Pipe Body


ISO 10893-8/9Within 25.4mm from weld seam+ >20 % of the pipe surface

LaminationK4.2/K4.3

Weld Seam and Nearby

N10Table E8

ASTM E273K4.1

Within 1.6mm from weld seam

LongitudinalTransverse

Weld Seam

Acceptance Criteria

Reference Standards


Position

ASTM E273, Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of the Weld Zone of Welded Pipe and Tubing

E.2 Standard practices for inspectionExcept as specifically modified in this annex, the required non-destructive inspection, other than for surface inspection (see 10.2.7) and wall-thickness verification, shall be performed in accordance with one of the following standards or an equivalent:

d) automated ultrasonic (weld seam): ISO 10893-11 or ASTM E273;

K.4 Non-destructive inspection of HFW pipeK.4.1 Non-destructive inspection of the weld seamThe full length of the weld seam shall be ultrasonically inspected for the detection of longitudinalimperfections, with the acceptance limits being in accordance with one of the following:a) ISO 10893-11 acceptance level U2/U2H;b) ISO 10893-10 acceptance level U3, or, if agreed, acceptance level U2;c) ASTM E273.


Table E.7 . Reference indicators


g At the option of the manufacturer, N10 notches or 3,2 mm (0.125 in) holes may be used (see Table E.8 for applicable acceptance limits).

Table E.8 . Acceptance limit


ISO 13665:1997 (Not quoted/specified in API5L) Seamless and welded steel tubes for pressure purposes -- Magnetic particle inspection of the tube body for the detection of surface imperfections


The distribution of probes are figured following:No.1-4：probes used for detection of longitudinal defects, 14*14mm，4MHZNo.5-6：probes used for detection of transversal defects，14*14mm，4MHZNo.7-8：probes used for detection of laminations，35*6mm，10MHZ


The configuration of reference standards is given in the following pictures:A：Inside longitudinal notch，B：Outside longitudinal notch，C：Drilled hole，D：Outside Transverse notch，E：Inside Transverse notch，F：Inside FBH，G：Outside FBH


17.5. Reference Standards17.5.1. Reference standards shall have within 0.30mm tolerance of specified diameter and thickness as the product being inspected and contain machined notches.

17.5.2. Machined notches17.5.2.1. Longitudinal imperfections of weld seam17.5.2.1.1. Drilled hole: 3.2mm diameter, drilled through the wall and perpendicular to the surface of the reference standard.17.5.2.1.2. Notch: 25mm length, 1.0 max. width, 10%WT(within 0.3~1.5mm) depth, tolerance: ±15% notch depth(±0.05mm min.), on the inside and outside surface, parallel to the weld seam.17.5.2.2. Lamination17.5.2.2.1. FBH: <5mm diameter, 25~50%WT(max. 10mm) depth, perpendicular to the surface of the reference standard.


17.6. Ultrasonic flaw detector of weld seam17.6.1. Testing method17.6.1.1. Ultrasonic flaw detecting is in accordance with pulse-echo method of angle beam technique using water gap coupling.17.6.1.2. Testing is carried out using three search units and each unit consists of 2 probes.17.6.1.3. Flaw detecting is carried out by the angle probes. And the acoustic coupling condition between the search unit and the pipe tested is also checked by the same technique.


17.6.2. Characteristics of the equipment17.6.2.1. 2 directions of detecting17.6.2.1.1. Flaw detecting is carried out from both sides of welded seam.17.6.2.2. Multi-probe search unit for tandem probe technique.17.6.2.3. Device for correct positioning of the probe.17.6.2.4. Acoustic coupling monitor.17.6.2.5. Lamination test.17.6.2.6. Untested length for pipe end: ≤100mm.

17.6.3. Acceptance criteria17.6.3.1. Weld and nearby area lamination acceptance criteria17.6.3.1.1. Lamination of 5mm or more is considered a defect.

Comments: reference to Table E8 is required?E.5 Ultrasonic and electromagnetic inspectionE.5.5 Acceptance limitsE.5.5.1 The acceptance limit for indications produced by reference indicators shall be as given in Table E.8.


17.7. Ultrasonic flaw detector for longitudinal imperfections of pipe ends17.7.1. Testing method17.7.1.1. Ultrasonic flaw detecting is in accordance with pulse-echo method of angle beam technique by direct contact method, and it iscarried out from both sides of the welded seam.

17.7.2. Inspection procedure17.7.2.1. Reference standards shall have the same specified diameter and wall thickness as the product to be inspected and shall containartificial defect in accordance with the specification.17.7.2.2. Coverage: within 150mm of both pipe ends17.7.2.3. Any imperfection that produces a signal greater than the signal received from the reference standard shall not be accepted.


17.8. Ultrasonic flaw detector for laminations of pipe ends17.8.1. Testing method17.8.1.1. The test employs the pulse echo technique by direct contact method. A double crystal probe is arranged at the surface of each pipe end, and goes and returns by zig-zag scan with the stroke of 50mm.

17.8.2. Inspection procedure17.8.2.1. Reference standard plate has the same specified thickness as the product to be inspected and contains specified artificial defect.17.8.2.2. Untested length for pipe end: ≤10mm.17.8.3. Acceptance criteria17.8.3.1. Lamination of 5mm or more is considered a defect.


17.9. Ultrasonic flaw detector for laminations of pipe body17.9.1. Testing method17.9.1.1. Suspicious areas marked by strip UT is tested by manual UT.

17.9.2. Acceptance criteria17.9.2.1. Lamination defects accumulation shall not exceed 4inches in longitudinal direction.


17.10. MPI inspection17.10.1. Four inches of internal and outer surface at both ends shall be inspected by MPI.17.10.2. No lamination is allowed.

17.11. Calibration frequency17.11.1. At the beginning of production run17.11.2. At the beginning & end of each shift17.11.3. Every four hours of each shift under continuous production run


17.12. Re-inspection:17.12.1. If the signal obtained from the calibration reflector used to establish the acceptance limit is more than 4dB lower than theacceptance limit, all pipe inspected after the last preceding acceptable calibration shall be re-inspected after recalibration has beenaccomplished.17.12.2. If any factors other than sensitivity have changed with may have resulted in an inadequate UT, the equipment shall be recalibratedand the affected pipe re-inspected.


17.13. An audible device shall be used to indicate the loss of coupling effectiveness.

17.14. Marking: The parts with defects and unexamined are stenciled in different color on the outside surface.

17.15. Residual Magnetism: Residual magnetism in each pipe shall be less than 20 gauss (2.0 mT), checked every 2 hours.

17.16. Repair of defect and verify: Defects shall be removed by grinding or cut out. If grinding is applied to remove defects, the remaining wall thickness shall be determined using ultrasonic inspection techniques. At no time shall the remaining wall thickness be less than the specified minimum wall thickness.

17.17. All markings on the pipe denote locations where alarm limits were exceeded shall be removed once it is confirmed that a defect isnot present


API5L

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Peach – 我爱桃子


Good Luck


https://www.yumpu.com/en/browse/user/charliechong

api5l part 2 of 2b

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