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1. __________ is a change in the microstructure of certaincarbon steels and0.5 Mo steels after long term operation in the 800 F to 1100F range.A. Graphitization

B. SofteningC. Temper EmbrittlementD. CreepA

2. What structure is 304 stainless steel?A. MartensiticB. AusteniticC. DuplexD. FerriticB

3. _________ is the result of cyclic stress caused byvariations in temperature.A. CreepB. Thermal FatigueC. Cyclic CrackingD. Stress Corrosion CrackingB

4. General or localized corrosion of carbon steels and othermetals caused by dissolved salts, gases, organic compounds or

microbiological activities is called ________.A. Flue Gas CorrosionB. Atmospheric CorrosionC. Cooling Water CorrosionD. None of the AboveE. All of the AboveC

5. What structure is 410 stainless steel?A. MartensiticB. AusteniticC. DuplexD. FerriticA

6. The sudden rapid fracture under stress (residual or applied)where the material exhibits little or no evidence of ductility orplastic deformation is called _________.

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A. 885 F EmbrittlementB. Temper EmbrittlementC. Stress Corrosion CrackingD. Brittle FractureD

7. What structure is 409 stainless steel?A. MartensiticB. AusteniticC. DuplexD. FerriticD

8. Low alloy steels contain a maximum of _______ chrome.A. 5%B. 6%

C. 7.5%D. 9%D

9. Which of the following can be affected by 885 FEmbrittlement?A. 410 SSB. 430 SSC. 308 SSD. Alloy 2205E. A, B and D

E

10. For 5Cr-0.5Mo, what is the threshold temperature forcreep?A. 500 FB. 800 FC. 600 FD. 700 FB

11. ________ has been a major problem on coke drum shells.A. Thermal fatigueB. Stress crackingC. ErosionD. Temper embrittlementA

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12. Thermal fatigue cracks propagate ________ to the stressand are usually dagger shaped, transgranular and oxide-filled.A. AxialB. DiagonalC. Transverse

D. AngularC

13. Inspection for wet H2S damage generally focuses on _____and ______.A. Weld seamsB. NozzlesC. TraysD. Down comersE. A and BE

14. ________ is a form of erosion caused by the formationand instantaneous collapse of innumerable tiny vapor bubbles.A. Condensate corrosionB. CavitationC. Dew-Point corrosionD. Atmospheric corrosionB

15. With CUI, corrosion rates __________ with increasingmetal temperatures up to the point where the water evaporates

quickly.A. DecreaseB. IncreaseC. Stay the sameD. None of the aboveB

16. Which of the following metals is the most anodic?A. ZincB. Carbon SteelC. NickelD. MonelA

17. Cracking of dissimilar weld metals occurs on the_________ side of a weld between an austenitic and aFerritic material operating at high temperatures.A. Austenitic

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B. FerriticC. AnodicD. CathodicB

18. Soil to Air interface areas are usually more susceptible tocorrosion than the rest of the structure because of___________ and __________ availability.A. MoistureB. BacteriaC. OxygenD. B and CE. A and CE

19. Carburization can be confirmed by substantial increases in

_______ and loss of __________.A. HardnessB. Tensile StrengthC. DuctilityD. A and BE. A and CE

20. Liquid metal embrittlement can occur if 300 Series SScomes in contact with molten _______.A. Copper

B. MercuryC. ZincD. LeadC

21. Cracks that are typically straight, non-branching, anddevoid of any associated plastic deformation are likelyassociated with which type of failure?A. Stress corrosion crackingB. Brittle fractureC. Thermal fatigueD. Temper embrittlementB

22. At high temperatures, metal components can slowly andcontinuously deform under load below the yield strength. Thistime dependent deformation of stressed components is knownas _______?

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A. CreepB. DuctilityC. SofteningD. HardeningA

23. Permanent deformation occurring at relatively low stresslevels as a result of localized overheating is called ________.A. Stress crackingB. Brittle fractureC. Temper embrittlementD. Stress ruptureD

24. _____________ usually occurs when a colder liquidcontacts a warmer metal surface.

A. Brittle fractureB. Thermal fatigueC. Thermal shockD. Stress ruptureC

25. Nickel based alloys usually contain ________ nickel.A. 30%B. 20%C. 10%D. 12%

A

26. _________ is a change in the microstructure of certaincarbon steels and 0.5Mo steels after long-term operation in the800 F to 1100 F range that may cause a loss in strength,ductility and/or creep resistance.A. EmbrittlementB. CarburizationC. GraphitizationD. SensitizationC

27. __________ is usually found in aqueous environments orservices where water is sometimes or always present, especiallywhere stagnant or low-flow conditions allow the growth ofmicroorganisms.A. MICB. HIC

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C. SOHICD. None of the aboveA

28. With chloride stress corrosion cracking, __________

temperatures ________ the susceptibility for cracking.A. Decreasing, IncreasesB. Increasing, IncreasesC. Increasing, DecreasesD. Decreasing, EliminatesB

29. __________ is a form of cracking that results whencertain molten metals come in contact with specific alloys.Cracking can be very sudden and brittle in nature.A. SCC

B. LMEC. AETD. SOHICB

30. Amine cracking has been reported down to ambienttemperatures with some amines. __________ temperaturesand stress levels _______ the likelihood and severity ofcracking.A. Increasing increasesB. Increasing, decreases

C. Decreasing increasesD. Increasing, reducesA

31. Carbonate stress corrosion cracking usually occurs at weldsor cold worked areas that __________.A. Have been stressed relievedB. Have not been stressed relievedC. Have high residual stressD. Have high-applied stressC

32. Nitriding is usually confined to the surface of mostcomponents and will have a dull, ______ appearance. In moreadvanced stages, the material will exhibit very hard surfacehardness.A. GrayB. Black

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C. BrownD. WhiteA

33. Carbon steel is susceptible to SCC when used in

___________ service.A. HydrogenB. AmmoniaC. High temperatureD. High pressureB

34. The grain size has an important influence on the hightemperature ductility and on the reheat cracking susceptibility.A ________ grain size results in _______ ductile heataffected zones, making the material more susceptible to reheat

cracking.A. Large, moreB. Small. LessC. Large, LessD. Small, MoreC

35. Equipment that is temper embrittled may be susceptible to_______ during start-up and shutdown.A. CreepB. Thermal fatigue

C. Brittle fractureD. Stress fatigueC

36. Amine stress corrosion cracking is a term applied to thecracking of steels under the combined actions of ________and __________ in aqueous alkanolamine systems used toremove/absorb HS and/or CO and their mixtures fromvarious gas and liquid hydrocarbon streams.A. Temperature, pressureB. Pressure, stressC. Temperature, corrosionD. Tensile stress, corrosionD

37. ______ is similar to HIC but is a potentially moredamaging form of cracking which appears as arrays of cracksstacked on top of each other. The result is a through thickness

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crack that is perpendicular to the surface and is driven by highlevels of stress.A. MICB. SOHICC. Sulfuric SCC

D. None of the aboveB

38. Weld heat affected zone graphitization is most frequentlyfound in the heat-affected zone adjacent to welds in a narrowband, corresponding to the low temperature edge of the heataffected zone, In multi-pass welded butt joints, these zonesoverlap each other covering the entire cross section. Because ofits appearance, this type of graphitization is called________.A. Half-moonB. Eyebrow

C. RadiiD. None of the aboveB

39. At a given pressure, the HS concentration in the sourwater _________ as temperature _________.A. Increases, increasesB. Decreases, decreasesC. Increases, decreasesD. Decreases, increasesD

40. In order for PASCC to occur the material must be ______.A. PWHTB. Non-PWHTC. SensitizedD. AusteneticC

41. Which API RP recommends programs to monitor small-bore piping, flange faces, blistering and HIC/SOHIC in HF alkyunits?A. 574B. 751C. 571D. 980B

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42. Low creep ductility is __________ severe in high tensilestrength materials and welds.A. MoreB. LessC. Usually

D. NotA

43. _________ is most likely found in hard weld and heat-affected zones and in high strength components.A. HICB. SSCC. SOHICD. BlisteringB

44. At elevated temperature, the carbide phases in certaincarbon steels are unstable and may decompose into _______.This decomposition is known as graphitization.A. SiliconB. Graphite nodulesC. Carbon dustD. Graphite dustB

45. Hydrogen blisters may form as surface bulges on the ID,the OD on within the wall thickness of a pipe or pressure

vessel. Blistering occurs from hydrogen generated by ______,not hydrogen gas from the process stream.A. HSB. CorrosionC. HydridingD. SulfurB

46. Since all fuels contain some amount of sulfur, sulfuric andsulfurous acid __________ can occur if the metaltemperature is below this temperature.A. CorrosionB. PittingC. Dew point corrosionD. All of the aboveC

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47. The best way to prevent 885 F embrittlement is to use low________ alloys, or to avoid exposing the susceptiblematerial to the embrittling range.A. AusteniteB. Martensite

C. FerriteD. ChromiumC

48. The amplitude and frequency of vibration as well as the_________ of the components are critical factors invibration-induced fatigue.A. VelocityB. TemperatureC. Fatigue resistanceD. Material properties

C

49. Cavitation is best prevented by avoiding conditions thatallow the absolute pressure to fall below the ___________ ofthe liquid or by changing the material properties.A. Minimum pressureB. Pressure/vapor ratioC. Maximum pressureD. Vapor pressureD

50. Hardness levels above ________ are highly susceptible tohydrogen stress cracking (HF).Time-to-failure decreases as thehardness increases.A. 225 BHNB. 237 BHNC. 241 BHND. 247 BHNB

51. __________ are the most common type of equipmentsusceptible to carburization in the refining industry.A. ReactorsB. Heat exchangersC. Heater tubesD. Fin FansC

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52. Different organisms thrive on different nutrients includinginorganic substances (Sulfur, HS), and organic substances(Hydrocarbons, Organic acids). In addition, all organismsrequire a source of carbon, nitrogen and _______ for growth.A. Oxygen

B. WaterC. ManganeseD. PhosphorousD

53. In design and fabrication, it is advisable to avoid sharpchanges in cross section, such as short radius fillets orundercut that can give rise to _________. Long-seam weldsare particularly susceptible to reheat cracking due to mismatchcaused by fit up problems.A. Stress concentrations

B. CrackingC. Circumferential stressD. All of the aboveA

54. The most important factors affecting graphitization are thechemistry, stress, temperature and _______.A. VelocityB. Time at exposureC. PressureD. Ductility

B

55. Creep damage is found in high temperature equipmentoperating above the ________. Fired heater tubes andcomponents, Catalytic reactors, FCC reactors and FCCfractionator and regenerator internals all operate in or nearthis.A. Transition rangeB. MADTC. Creep rangeD. None of the above

C

56. Amine stress corrosion cracking is most often associatedwith lean amine services. The pure alkanolamine does notcause cracking. Cracking in rich amine services are most oftenassociated with _______ problems.A. HSB. Stress

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C. Wet HSD. TemperatureC

57. The loss in strength from spheroidization (Softening) is

usually accompanied by a(n) _________ in ductility, whichallows for deformation at stress concentrations.A. IncreaseB. DecreaseC. ReductionD. YieldA

58. Which of the following materials is not susceptible to hightemperature hydrogen attack?A. 300 Series SS

B. 5 Cr-1MoC. 9Cr-1MoD. All of the aboveD

59. Which of these materials are susceptible to creep damage?A. Carbon steelB. Stainless steelC. Low alloy steelD. All of the aboveD

60. High temperature hydrogen attack results from exposure tohydrogen at elevated temperatures and pressures. Thehydrogen reacts with __________ in steel to produce_________, which cannot diffuse through the steel. The lossof carbides causes an overall loss in strength.A. Carbides, oxygenB. Alloys, hydrogen dioxideC. Carbides, methaneD. Hydrogen dioxide, HSC

61. Ferritic stainless steels are usually not used in__________ applications.A. Non-pressure boundaryB. Pressure boundaryC. High temperatureD. Low temperature

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B

62. Stress ruptures are characterized by _________ failuresand are usually accompanied by thinning at the fracturesurface.

A. RapidB. Fish-mouthC. TensileD. None of the aboveB

63. With hydrofluoric acid corrosion, corrosion rates increasewith _______ temperatures and ______ HF concentrations.A. Increasing, decreasingB. Decreasing, increasingC. Increasing, increasing

D. Decreasing, decreasingA

64. Which of the following materials is susceptible to COcorrosion?A. Carbon steelB. Stainless steelC. Duplex stainless steelD. Both B and CA

65. Steel hardness, __________ and stress are critical factorsin causing hydrogen stress cracking.A. TemperatureB. Alloy compositionC. StrengthD. None of the aboveC

66. If the BHN is 400-500 it may indicate __________.A. Carburization

B. HydridingC. Temper embrittlementD. Caustic embrittlementB

67. The graphitization rate _______ with increasingtemperature.A. Increases

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B. DecreasesC. StopsD. ProceedsA

68. The level of creep damage is a function of the material andthe coincident _________ level at which the creepdeformation occurs.A. Pressure/TemperatureB. Pressure/StressC. Temperature/StressD. None of the aboveC

69. Titanium should not be used in known hydriding servicessuch as _____ or ______.

A. Caustic, amineB. Amine, sour waterC. Sour water, AlkylationD. All of the aboveB

70. Convert these temperatures - 156 C and 450 FA. 304 F, 151 CB. 284 F, 218 CC. 312 F, 232 CD. 296 F, 246 C

C

71. Which of the following alkanolamine systems is the mostaggressive in causing amine corrosion?A. Monoethanolamine (MEA)B. Diglycolamine (DGA)C. Diethanolamine (DEA)D. Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA)A

72. ________ is a loss in toughness due to a metallurgicalchange that can occur in alloys containing a ferrite phase, as aresult of exposure in the temperature range 600 F to 1000 F.A. Caustic embrittlementB. Notch toughnessC. 885 F embrittlementD. Ductile embrittlementC

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73. Hydrochloric acid corrosion is a general and localizedcorrosion and is very aggressive to most common materials ofconstruction. Damage in refineries is often associated with dewpoint corrosion in which vapors containing _______ and

hydrogen chloride condense from the overhead stream of adistillation, fractionation, or stripping tower.A. OB. OC. HOD. COC

74. When connected to a more anodic material, titanium maysuffer severe __________.A. Corrosion

B. HydridingC. StressD. Notch toughnessB

75. __________ is a form of stress corrosion crackingnormally occurring during shutdowns, startups or duringoperation when air and moisture are present. Cracking is dueto sulfur acids forming from sulfide scale, air and moistureacting on sensitized stainless steel.A. Caustic SCC

B. Chloride SCCC. Polythionic acid SCCD. None of the aboveC

76. ________ usually occurs when a colder liquid contacts awarmer metal surface.A. Stress crackingB. Thermal fatigueC. Thermal shockD. Stress shockC

77. Which of these materials is not susceptible to aminecracking?A. Carbon steelB. 300 Series SS

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C. 400 Series SSD. Both B and CD

78. The presence of ________ in HS streams increases the

severity of high temperature sulfide corrosion at temperaturesabove about 500 FA. AmineB. HydrogenC. SulfidesD. All of the aboveB

79. Increasing chromium content in the alloy improvesresistance to sulfidation. However, there is little improvementwith increasing chromium content until about ________ Cr.

A. 3-5B. 5-7C. 7-9D. 9-12C

80. _________ is the sudden rapid fracture under stress(residual or applied) where the material exhibits little or noevidence of ductility or plastic deformation.A. Thermal fatigueB. Thermal shock

C. Brittle fractureD. Stress fractureC

81. Caustic embrittlement cracking can be effectively preventedby means of PWHT at a temperature of _______.A. 1100 FB. 1150 FC. 1200 FD. 1250 FB

82. General or localized corrosion of carbon steels and othermetals caused by dissolved salts, gases, organic compounds ormicrobiological activity is called _______.A. Cooling water corrosionB. Oxidation

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C. MICD. None of the aboveA

83. With CO corrosion, increasing temperatures _________

corrosion rates up to the point where CO is vaporized.A. DecreaseB. IncreaseC. EliminateD. None of the aboveB

84. Units where graphitization may be suspected are the FCCUand the _____ unit.A. HydrotreaterB. Coker

C. AlkyD. None of the aboveB

85. Where is PASCC normally located?A. Adjacent to weldsB. On impellersC. At stress risersD. At flangesA

86. All ________ based materials and low alloy materials,300 Series SS and 400 Series SS are susceptible to Sulfidation.A. CarbonB. SteelC. ChromiumD. IronD

87. Sulfuric acid promotes general and localized corrosion ofcarbon steel. Carbon steel heat affected zones may experience

severe corrosion. Acid concentration, temperature, alloycontent and ____________ are critical factors affectingsulfuric acid corrosion.A. PressureB. StressC. VelocityD. DuctilityC

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88. Which of these materials are susceptible to brittle fracture?A. Carbon steelsB. Low alloy steelsC. 400 Series SS

D. All of the aboveD

89. ____________ is a form of environmental cracking thatcan initiate on the surface of high strength low alloy steels andcarbon steels with highly localized zones of high hardness inthe weld metal and HAZ as a result of exposure to aqueous HFacid service.A. Sulfide stress crackingB. Hydrogen stress crackingC. Caustic stress cracking

D. Hydrogen induced crackingB

90. HCl acid corrosion is found in several units, especially_______ and ________, units, hydroprocessing units andcatalytic reformer units.A. Amine, crudeB. Crude, AlkylationC. Vacuum, AmineD. Crude, VacuumD

91. Cracking can occur at low caustic levels if a concentratingmechanism is present. In such cases, caustic concentrations of________ ppm are sufficient to cause cracking.A. 50-100B. 100-150C. 150-200D. 200-250A

92. Which of these materials is susceptible to 885 Fembrittlement?A. 400 Series SSB. Duplex SSC. 5Cr-1MoD. Both A and BD

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93. Spheroidization and graphitization are competingmechanisms that occur at overlapping temperature ranges.Spheroidization tends to occur preferentially above _______while graphitization predominates below this temperature.A. 1000 F

B. 1025 FC. 1050 FD. 1100 FB

94. Sulfidation is primarily caused by ________ and otherreactive sulfur species as a result of the thermal decompositionof sulfur compounds at high temperatures.A. Sulfur dioxideB. HSC. Sulfur trioxide

D. SulfatesB

95. Damage from sigma phase appears in the form of________.A. CorrosionB. HardnessC. CrackingD. DuctilityC

96. The extent and depth of decarburization is a function oftemperature and ______.A. PressureB. Material propertiesC. Exposure timeD. VelocityC

97. Corrosion of the anode may be significantly higher________ to the connection to the cathode, depending onsolution conductivity.A. ParallelB. AdjacentC. DiagonallyD. PerpendicularB

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98. Conditions favoring carburization include a high gas phasecarbon activity and _______ oxygen potential.A. LowB. HighC. Negative

D. PositiveA

99. Susceptibility to temper embrittlement is largelydetermined by the presence of the alloying elementsmanganese and _______.A. ChromiumB. MolyC. SiliconD. None of the aboveC

100. Improved resistance to erosion is usually achievedthrough increasing substrate ________ using harder alloys,hard facing or face-hardening treatment.A. CompositionB. StressC. HardnessD. None of the aboveC

101. Alloys with nickel content above _________ are highly

resistant to Cl SCC. The greatest susceptibility is 8% to 12%nickel.A. 15%B. 20%C. 30%D. 35%D

102. _________ corrosion rates are found in a gas oildesulfurizers and hydrocrackers than naphtha desulfurizersand hydrocrackers by a factor of almost "2".A. LowerB. HigherC. SulfidizationD. Hydrogen corrosionB

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103. The accepted way to test for temper embrittlement is________.A. Impact testingB. MetallographicC. RT

D. UT Shear waveA

104. ________ eliminates the susceptibility of most commonsteels to SCC.A. PreheatB. High temperatureC. PWHTD. All of the aboveC

105. Changing to a more corrosion resistant and/or higherhardness material _________ improve cavitation resistance.A. WillB. MayC. Will notD. May notD

106. Dew point corrosion can occur if the metal temperature isbelow the dew point. The dew point of sulfuric acid is__________.

A. 280 FB. 220 FC. 310 FD. 190 FA

107. All piping and equipment exposed to HF acid at anyconcentration with hardness levels above ________ aresubject to hydrogen stress cracking.A. 200 BHNB. 210 BHNC. 227 BHND. 237 BHND

108. Cooling water corrosion and __________ are closelyrelated and should be considered together.A. Stress

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B. VelocityC. FoulingD. ErosionC

109. Which of the following materials is not susceptible toSCC?A. Carbon steelB. 300 Series SSC. Low alloy steelD. Both A and CD

110. Graphitization can be prevented by using chromiumcontaining low alloys steels for long-term exposure above________.

A. 650 FB. 700 FC. 750 FD. 800 FD

111. Welds joining dissimilar materials (ferritic and austenetic)may suffer __________ related damage at high temperaturesdue to differential thermal expansion stresses.A. StressB. Creep

C. FatigueD. Thermal stressB

112. Carbon steel and low alloy steels are subject to excessivehydrochloric acid corrosion when exposed to any concentrationof HCl acid that produces a pH below______.A. 6.0B. 5.5C. 5.0D. 4.5D

113. Amine corrosion depends on the design, operatingpractices, the type of amine, amine concentration, temperatureand _________.A. PressureB. Velocity

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C. StressD. None of the aboveB

114. _________ is the main concern during start-up,

shutdown and/or hydro testing for equipment/pipingoperating at elevated temperatures. This event can also occurin an auto refrigeration event in units processing lighthydrocarbons.A. Stress fractureB. CarburizationC. SpheroidizationD. Brittle fractureD

115. If wet electrodes or high moisture content flux weld

electrodes are used to weld carbon steel, hydrogen can becharged into the steel resulting in _________.A. Reduced tensile strengthB. Loss of ductilityC. Delayed crackingD. All of the aboveC

116. Thermal fatigue cracks usually initiate on the _________of the component. They are generally wide and filled withoxides due to the elevated temperatures.

A. SurfaceB. IDC. WeldsD. None of the aboveA

117. __________ caustic concentrations and ________temperatures increase the likelihood and severity of crackingwith caustic embrittlement.A. Increasing, DecreasingB. Decreasing, IncreasingC. Decreasing, DecreasingD. Increasing, IncreasingD

118. For pressure vessels, inspection should focus on welds of________ operating in the creep range.A. CrMo alloys

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B. Carbon steelC. Stainless steelD. Low hydrogen electrodesA

119. With Cl SCC, ________ levels of chloride ________ thelikelihood of cracking.A. Decreasing, IncreasesB. Increasing, DecreasesC. Increasing, IncreasesD. Increasing, EliminatesC

120. Dissimilar weld metal cracking forms at the toe of theweld in the heat affected zone of the ________ material.A. Ferritic

B. AusteniticC. MartensiticD. Both B and CA

121. The major factors affecting high temperature sulfidationare the temperature, the presence of hydrogen, theconcentration of HS and the __________.A. Alloy contentB. VelocityC. Pressure

D. Water contentA

122. Stainless steels have higher coefficients of thermalexpansion than carbon steel or low alloy steel or nickel basedalloys and are more likely to see _________.A. Higher temperaturesB. Higher stressesC. Higher pressureD. None of the aboveB

123. What standard refers to Risk-Based-Inspection?A. RP 581B. RP 579C. RP 588D. RP 568A

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124. Carburization can be confirmed by a substantial increasein hardness and a _______ in ductility.A. LossB. Gain

C. ChangeD. None of the aboveA

125. In vessels and piping, creep cracking can occur where highmetal temperatures and _________ occur together.A. PressuresB. Stress concentrationsC. VelocitiesD. None of the aboveB

126. Temper embrittlement _________ be prevented if thematerial contains critical levels of the embrittling impurityelements and is exposed in the embrittling range.A. CanB. CannotC. WillD. None of the aboveB

127. Cl SCC usually occurs at metal temperatures above________.A. 125 FB. 175 FC. 140 FD. 200 FC

128. Corrosion rates of the anode will be less affected if there isa _________ anode to cathode ratio.A. Large

B. SmallC. SevereD. None of the aboveA

129. Hydrogen permeation or diffusion rates have been foundto be minimal at pH _______ and increase at both higher andlower pH's.

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A. 4B. 5C. 6D. 7D

130. Cooling water corrosion can result in many different formsof damage including general corrosion, pitting corrosion,________, stress corrosion cracking and fouling.A. MICB. HICC. SOHICD. All of the aboveA

131. Ammonium chloride salts may be whitish, greenish or

_________.A. ReddishB. BrownishC. YellowishD. BluishB

132. Stainless steel cyclones, piping ductwork and valves inhigh temperature FCC regeneration service are susceptibleareas for _________.A. Brittle fracture

B. Sigma phaseC. CavitationD. Corrosion fatigueB

133. Non-stressed relieved __________ is susceptible tostress corrosion cracking when in contact with moist HFvapors in the presence of oxygen.A. Carbon steelB. Alloy 400C. 300 Series SSD. 400 Series SSB

134. Higher __________ containing alloys are used forimproved resistance to naphthenic acid corrosion.A. ChromiumB. Carbon

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C. MolybdenumD. All of the aboveC

135. Which material below is not susceptible to caustic

corrosion?A. Carbon steelB. 400 Series SSC. 300 Series SSD. Low alloy steelB

136. If weld repairs are required, the effects of temperembrittlement can be temporarily reversed (de-embrittled) byheating at ______ for 2 hours per inch of thickness andrapidly cooling to room temperature.

A. 1000 FB. 1150 FC. 1200 FD. 1250 FB

137. For carbon steel, common velocity limits are generallylimited to _________ fps for rich amine and _______ fpsfor lean amine.A. 8-10, 30B. 6-9, 15

C. 4-8, 10D. 3-6, 20D

138. Heat treatment can have a significant effect on thetoughness and hence fatigue resistance of a metal. In general,________ grained microstructures tend to perform betterthan _________ grained.A. Fine, CourseB. Austenetic, martensiticC. Course, FineD. Martensitic, austeneticA

139. Short term overheating is a permanent deformationoccurring at relatively _________ stress levels as a result oflocalized overheating. This usually results in bulging andfailure by stress rupture.

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A. LowB. HighC. EvenD. None of the aboveA

140. Temperature, ________ and stress are critical factors ofstress rupture. This is usually found in furnaces with cokingtendencies and fired heater tubes.A. PressureB. DuctilityC. TimeD. Tensile strengthC

141. The effects of hydrogen embrittlement ___________

with _________ temperatures.A. Increase, increasingB. Decrease, decreasingC. Increase, decreasingD. Decrease, increasingD

142. Temper embrittlement can be identified by a(n) shift inthe ductile-to-brittle transition temperature measured in aCharpy impact test.A. Upward

B. DownwardC. AbruptD. None of the aboveA

143. Cooling water corrosion is a concern with water-cooled__________ and cooling towers in all applications across allindustries.A. PumpsB. VesselsC. PipingD. ExchangersD

144. __________ is a change in the microstructure of steelsafter exposure in the 850 F to 1400 F range, where thecarbide phases in carbon steels are unstable and mayagglomerate from their normal plate-like appearance.

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A. CarburizationB. SpheroidizationC. GraphidingD. 885 EmbrittlementB

145. Corrosion rates of the anode can be high if there is a_______ anode to cathode ratio.A. LargeB. SmallC. SevereD. None of the aboveB

146. Application of a post-fabrication stress relieving heattreatment of about ______ is a proven method of preventing

carbonate cracking.A. 1100 FB. 1150 FC. 1200 FD. 1250 FB

147. Ammonium chloride corrosion is the general or localizedcorrosion, often pitting, normally occurring under ammoniumchloride or amine salt deposits. All commonly used materialsare susceptible to ammonium chloride corrosion. A small

amount of _________ can lead to very aggressive corrosion.A. Ammonium chlorideB. AmineC. WaterD. SaltC

148. _________ is a mechanical form of degradation thatoccurs when a component is exposed to cyclical stresses for anextended period, often resulting in sudden, unexpected failure.A. Stress fatigueB. Mechanical fatigueC. Thermal fatigueD. Cyclic fatigueB

149. ________ and _______ damage develop withoutapplied or residual stress so that PWHT will not prevent them

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from occurring.A. SOHIC, BlisteringB. SCC, SOHICC. HIC, SCCD. Blistering, HIC

D

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References

14. Cavitation is a form of erosion caused by the formation and instantaneous collapse of innumerable

tiny vapor bubbles.

18. Soil-to-air interface areas are often much more susceptible to corrosion than the rest of the structurebecause of moisture and oxygen availability (Figure 4-96).

19. Carburization can be confirmed by substantial increases in hardness and loss in ductility

20. LME can only be prevented by protecting metal substrates from coming into contact with the lowmelting metal. For example, galvanized steel components should not be welded to 300 Series SS.300 Series SS should be protected to avoid contact with galvanized components and overspray fromzinc and inorganic zinc coatings.

22. At high temperatures, metal components can slowly and continuously deform under load below theyield stress. This time dependent deformation of stressed components is known as creep.

23. Permanent deformation occurring at relatively low stress levels as a result of localized overheating.This usually results in bulging and eventually failure by stress rupture.

24. Thermal shock usually occurs when a colder liquid contacts a warmer metal surface.

26. Graphitization is a change in the microstructure of certain carbon steels and 0.5Mo steels afterlongterm operation in the 800F to 1100F (427C to 593C) range that may cause a loss in strength,ductility, and/or creep resistance.

27. MIC is usually found in aqueous environments or services where water is always or sometimespresent, especially where stagnant or low-flow conditions allow and/or promote the growth ofmicroorganisms.

28. Increasing temperatures increase the susceptibility to cracking. Chloride stress corrosion cracking

29. Liquid Metal Embrittlement (LME) is a form of cracking that results when certain molten metals comein contact with specific alloys. Cracking can be very sudden and brittle in nature.

30. Cracking has been reported down to ambient temperatures with some amines. Increasingtemperature and stress levels increases the likelihood and severity of cracking. Refer to API RP 945for guidelines on PWHT requirements for various amine services.

31. Carbonate stress corrosion cracking can occur at relatively low levels of residual stress but usuallyoccurs at welds or cold worked areas that have not been stress relieved.

32.