aphasia and other related disorders
DESCRIPTION
For Sped teachersTRANSCRIPT
APHASIA &
OTHER RELATED DISORDERS
By Shane Marie M. BaltazarBEEd-SPED
Aphasia is an impairment of language, affecting the production or
comprehension of speech and the ability to
read or write.
Aphasia can be so severe as to make
communication with the patient almost
impossible, or it can be very mild. It may affect mainly a single
aspect of language use, such as the ability to retrieve the names of
objects, or the ability to put words together into sentences, or the ability
to read.
AGRAPHIA - in writing
ALEXIA - in reading
W H O H A S A P H A S I A ?
Most commonly seen in adults who have suffered a stroke, aphasia can also
result from a brain tumor,
infection, head injury, or dementia that
damages the brain.
1 million people in the United States today suffer from
aphasia.
VARIETIES AND SPECIAL FEATURES OF
APHASIA
Global Aphasia Broca’s Aphasia (Non-fluent
Aphasia) Mixed Non-fluent Aphasia Wernicke’s Aphasia (Fluent
Aphasia) Anomic Aphasia Other Varieties of Aphasia
G L O B A L A P H A S I A
This is the most severe form of aphasia, and is applied to
patients who can produce few recognizable words
and understand little or no spoken language. Persons
with Global Aphasia can neither read nor write.
Non fluent, naming, repetition, comprehension all impaired
BROCA’S APHASIA (NON-FLUENT APHASIA)
In this form of aphasia, speech output is severely reduced and is limited mainly to short utterances of less than four words. The person
may understand speech relatively well and be able to read, but be limited in writing.
Broca's aphasia is often referred to as a 'non
fluent aphasia' because of the halting and effortful quality of
speech.
Non fluent, effortful, slow, labored, and a grammatical speech, which means words like a, an, or the and verb tense is left out of their speech…incomplete speech
M I X E D N O N - F L U E N T A P H A S I A
This term is applied to patients who have sparse
and effortful speech, resembling severe Broca's
aphasia. They remain limited in their
comprehension of speech and do not read
or write beyond an elementary level.
WERNICKE'S APHASIA (FLUENT APHASIA)
• In this form of aphasia the ability to grasp the meaning of spoken words is chiefly impaired, while the ease of producing connected speech is not much affected.
• Sentences do not hang together and irrelevant words intrude.
• Reading and writing are often severely impaired.
A N O M I C A P H A S I A
This term is applied to persons who are left with a persistent inability to supply the words for the very things they want to talk about-particularly
the significant nouns and verbs. As a result their speech, while fluent in grammatical form and output is full of vague circumlocutions and
expressions of frustration.
OTHER VARIETIES OF APHASIA
This may be the case for disorders of reading (alexia) or disorders
affecting both reading and writing (alexia and
agraphia), following a stroke. Severe impairments
of calculation often accompany aphasia, yet in
some instances patients retain excellent calculation
in spite of the loss of language.
INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT APHASIA
The handwriting of a person with an aphasia reflects their speech
impediment.
There was an experiment done where people with Broca’s and Wernicke’s aphasias were presented with a picture and then asked to write down a description of what they say in the picture.
THIS IS THE PICTURE
A patient with
Broca’s aphasia
wrote this
Notice the use of very few words, but the words do make some
sense.
A patient with
Wernicke’s aphasia wrote this
Notice here that there are many, less forced, words, but they don’t make much sense. Also because they’re not struggling to find their words, the handwriting is better.
OTHERRELATED
DISORDERS
DISORDERS THAT MAY ACCOMPANY OR BE CONFUSED WITH APHASIA
ApraxiaApraxia of Speech
DysarthriaDysphagiaDimentia
A P R A X I A
A collective term used to describe impairment in carrying out purposeful movements. People with severe aphasia are usually extremely limited in explaining themselves by pantomime or gesture, except for expressions of emotion. Specific
examination usually shows that they are unable to perform common
expressive gestures on request, such as waving good-bye, beckoning, or
saluting, or to pantomime drinking, brushing teeth, etc. (limb apraxia).
Apraxia may also primarily affect oral, non-speech movements, like pretending
to cough or blow out a candle (facial apraxia).
A P R A X I A O F S P E E C H
Frequently used by speech pathologists to designate an impairment in the
voluntary production of articulation and prosody (the rhythm and timing)
of speech. It is characterized by highly
inconsistent errors.
D Y S A R T H R IA
Dysarthria is a disorder of speech production
not language (e.g., use of vocabulary and/or grammar). Refers to a group of speech
disorders resulting from weakness,
slowness, or incoordination of the speech mechanism
due to damage to any of a variety of points
in the nervous system.
D Y S P H A G I A
Refers to those who have difficulty
swallowing and may experience pain while
swallowing. Some people may be
completely unable to swallow or may have trouble swallowing liquids, foods, or
saliva. (Definition from National Institute of Deafness & Other Communication Disorders -
www.nidcd.nih.gov)
D I M E N T IA
A condition of impairment of memory, intellect, personality,
and insight resulting from brain injury or disease. Some
forms of dementia are progressive, such as Alzheimer's disease, Picks disease, or some forms of Parkinson's disease. Language impairments are more
or less prominent in different forms of dementia, but these are usually overshadowed by more widespread intellectual loss.
Communication Strategies: Some Dos and Don'ts
1) Make sure you have the person's attention before you start.2) Minimize or eliminate background noise (TV, radio, other people).3) Keep your own voice at a normal level, unless the person has indicated otherwise.4) Keep communication simple, but adult. Simplify your own sentence structure and reduce your rate of speech. Emphasize key words. Don't "talk down" to the person with aphasia.5) Give them time to speak. Resist the urge to finish sentences or offer words.
6) Communicate with drawings, gestures, writing and facial expressions in addition to speech.7) Confirm that you are communicating successfully with "yes" and "no" questions.8) Praise all attempts to speak and downplay any errors. Avoid insisting that that each word be produced perfectly.9) Engage in normal activities whenever possible. Do not shield people with aphasia from family or ignore them in a group conversation. Rather, try to involve them in family decision-making as much as possible. Keep them informed of events but avoid burdening them with day to day details.10) Encourage independence and avoid being overprotective.
R E F E R E N CE S
David A. (2012). Speech Disorders. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/AbinoDavid/speech-disorders-13966727
National Aphasia Associationhttp://www.aphasia.org/content/aphasia-definitions
http://www.aphasia.org/content/related-disorders
http://www.aphasia.org/content/communication-tips