apec green chemistry for the improvement of human welfare

8/6/2019 APEC Green Chemistry for the Improvement of Human Welfare

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2008 APEC Clean Development Conference The Current Applications and Future Promotion ofGreen Chemistry for Sustainable DevelopmentNational Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Chinese Taipei Dec.15.2008

Green Chemistry forthe Improvement of Human Welfare

Gwo-Dong Roam , Wan-Yi Wu, Chung-Han Chiou, Chung-Wen Yen

Office of Sustainable Development

Environmental Protection Administration, Chinese TaipeiTel: 02-23822841; E-mail: [email protected]

Viewpoints & Experiences:

Chindia Price for achieving the M illenniumDevelopment Goals (MDGs). Conclusion:

Approaches of Chinese Taipei : institutionalpromotion, eco-parks, technical incubation,

and nanotechnology.. Experiences:

10 examples of convergent green technology. Benchmarks:

From the past (1960) to the future (2030). Roadmap:


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. Roadmap

Driven by Environmental Consciousness / Policy

Driven by Green Chemistry / Technology

RenewableEnergy R/D

CleanProduction

SourceReduction

Technology

WasteMinimizationTechnology

The-end-of-the-pipe

Technology

2000 s1990 s1980 s1970 s1960 s

SustainableDevelopment

Cradle toCradle Policy

PollutionPrevention

Cradle toGrave Policy

PollutionControl

. Roadmap

20302015

Clean Energy AlternativesCarbon Neutral Technology

2025 Millennium Development Goals

Pursuing Human Welfare

Four O s Convergent Technology(nano-bio-info-cogno )

2008 ( We are here )

Climate ChangeMitigation & Adaptation

Driven by Environmental Consciousness / Policy

Driven by Green Chemistry / Technology


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. Roadmap

21st CenturyArchitecture

Genes

Atoms

Bits

Neurons

Nanotech

Biotech

Networks

Computers

21st Century Architecture

Cited from M.C. Roco, W.S. Bainbridge, (2002), Converging Technology forImproving Human Performance , pp71, Kluwer Academic Publishers.

. Roadmap

Cited from M.C. Roco, W.S. Bainbridge, (2002), Converging Technology forImproving Human Performance , pp81, Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Information &Computing

Nanoscale S&E

Biology & Bio-Environment

Revolutionary computingNanobiotechnologyBio-informaticsBrain research

Coherence and synergism at the confluence of NBICscience and engineering streams.


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. Benchmarks

Direct Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide by Selective Nanocatalyst Technology

1. H 2 + O 2NxCat TM

(4nm palladium - platinum)

H2O2

(Headwaters Technology Innovation / 2008 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Greener Reaction Conditions Award)

Innovation and Benefits: Hydrogen peroxide is an environmentally friendlyalternative to chlorine and chlorine -containing bleaches and oxidants. It isexpensive, however, and its current manufacturing process involv es the useof hazardous chemicals. Headwaters Technology Innovation (HTI)developed an advanced metal catalyst that makes hydrogen peroxidedirectly from hydrogen and oxygen, eliminates the use of hazardo uschemicals, and produces water as the only byproduct . HTI has

demonstrated their new technology and is partnering with Degussa AG tobuild plants to produce hydrogen peroxide.

1. H 2 + O 2NxCat TM

(4nm palladium - platinum)H2O2

. Benchmarks

NxCat catalysts work because of their precisely controlled surfacemorphology. HTI has engineered a set of molecular templates and

substrates that maintain control of the catalyst s crystal structure, particlesize, composition, dispersion, and stability. This catalyst has a uniform 4-nanometer feature size that safely enables a high rate of produc tion with ahydrogen gas concentration below 4 percent in air (i.e., below t heflammability limit of hydrogen). It also maximizes the selectivi ty for H 2O2 upto 100 percent.

This breakthrough technology, called NxCat , is a palladium-platinumcatalyst that eliminates all the hazardous reaction conditions a nd chemicalsof the existing process , along with its undesirable byproducts. It producesH2O2 more efficiently, cutting both energy use and costs. It uses in nocuous,renewable feedstocks and generates no toxic waste.


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. Benchmarks

2. C 3H6 + H2O2 C3H6O ?

One-pot green synthesis of propylene oxide using in situ generatedhydrogen peroxide in carbon dioxide(Qunlai Chen and Eric J. Beckman / Application of 2008 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Greener Reaction Conditions Award)

In the one-pot green synthesis of propylene oxide using in situ generated hydrogenperoxide, a propylene oxide yield of 23% with 82% selectivity wa s achieved over a(0.2%Pd + 0.02%Pt)/TS-1 catalyst by using compressed (supercritical or liquid)carbon dioxide as the solvent and small amounts of water and met hanol as co-solvents . The addition of an inhibitor effectively suppressed a number o f commonside-reactions, including the hydrogenation of propylene, the hydroly sis of propyleneoxide and the reaction between propylene oxide and methanol. Thi s suppressioneffect is due to the interaction between the inhibitor and TS -1 leading to theneutralization of its surface acidity.

. Benchmarks

3. Alkali Metals + nanoscale porous metaloxides safer materials

New Stabilized Alkali Metals for Safer, Sustainable Syntheses(SiGNa Chemistry, Inc. / 2008 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Small Business Award )

Innovation and Benefits: Alkali metals, such as sodium and lithium, arepowerful tools in synthetic chemistry because they are highly re active. Theirreactivity also makes them both flammable and explosive, however , unlessthey are handled very carefully. SiGNa Chemistry developed a way tostabilize these metals by encapsulating them within porous, sand -likepowders , while maintaining their usefulness in synthetic reactions. Thestabilized metals are much safer to store, transport, and handle . They mayalso be useful for removing sulfur from fuels, producing hydroge n, andremediating a variety of hazardous wastes.


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Beyond greening conventional chemical syntheses, SiGNa s materialsenable the development of entirely new areas of chemistry. In cl ean-energyapplications, the companys stabilized alkali metals safely produce recordlevels of pure hydrogen gas for the nascent fuel cell sector. Wi th yield levelsthat already exceed the Department of Energys targets for 2015, SiGNasmaterials constitute the most effective means for processing water intohydrogen . SiGNas materials also allow alkali metals to be safely applied toenvironmental remediation of oil contamination and the destructi on of PCBsand CFCs .

SiGNas success in increasing process efficiencies, health andenvironmental safety, and entirely new chemical technologies has helped it

attract more than 50 major global pharmaceutical, chemical, and energycompanies as customers.

. Benchmarks3. Alkali Metals + nanoscale porous metal

oxides safer materials

. Benchmarks4. Various Pollutants + custom made SAMMS

Nano Products Qualified Effluent / Air

Development and Commercial Application of SAMMS , a NovelAdsorbent for Reducing Mercury and Other Toxic Heavy Metals(Steward Environmental Solutions, LLC & Pacific Northwest Nationa l Lab. / 2008 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Nomination )

SAMMS (self-assembled monolayers on mesoporous silica) wasdeveloped and commercialized to adsorb toxic metals such as merc ury andlead. SAMMS replaces commonly used adsorbents such as activatedcarbon and ion exchange resins whose manufacture and use are les senvironmentally friendly. SAMMS is a nanoporous adsorbent that formsstrong chemical bonds with the target toxic material. It provide s superior

adsorption capacity and cost economics; it also reduces the volu me ofhazardous waste. Compared to activated carbon, SAMMS can reduce thevolume of adsorbent waste by 30 -fold.


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. Benchmarks4. Various Pollutants + custom made SAMMS

Nano Products Qualified Effluent / Air

The original functionalization of SAMMS used toluene as the solvent. Theresulting waste stream included water, methanol, toluene, and tr aces ofmercaptan. It is impractical to separate the components of this mixture;therefore, it was usually disposed of as hazardous waste. This p rocess wasimproved by substituting a green solvent, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2), which allows complete silane deposition . With this patented process,SAMMS manufacturing is faster and more efficient. The sc CO 2 processalso results in a higher-quality, defect-free silane monolayer with no residualsilane in solution. When the reaction is complete, the only byproduct is thealcohol from the hydrolysis of the alkoxysilane. The CO 2 and the alcohol arereadily separated and captured for recycling, eliminating the wa ste stream inthe traditional synthesis. The combination of a green manufacturing process

for SAMMS and the superior adsorption characteristics of SAMMS materials results in a long-term reduction in release of toxic metals into theenvironment.

. Benchmarks5. plant-based feedstock + biosynthetic pathway

precise genetic control microorganismsvarious products to change the biofuel landscape

(LS9, Inc. / 2008 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Nomination )

Microbial Production of Renewable Diesel Fuel

Developing large-scale, sustainable replacements for petroleum is a national prio rityfor environmental, political, and economic reasons. In 2007, the United Statesconsumed 5.5 billion barrels of transportation fuel, increasing its reliance on foreignpetroleum and releasing 2.5 billion tons of carbon dioxide and o ther pollutants into theatmosphere. To realize the greatest potential for rapid, widespread adoption , areplacement fuel must be renewable, scalable, domestically deriv ed, cost-competitivewith petroleum, and compatible with the existing distribution an d consumerinfrastructure. LS9 has developed an efficient fermentation process to produce dieselfuel that meets these criteria. LS9 created metabolically engineered industrialmicrobes with a novel biosynthetic pathway: these microorganisms produce fattyesters and secrete them into the fermentation medium. The fatty esters areimmiscible with the fermentation medium, obviating the need for distillation.


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. Benchmarks6. CO 2 + Organic Liquids Adsorption &

DesorptionDavid Heldebrant at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, US,and colleagues, made CO 2BOLs from mixtures of organic alcohols andstrong organic bases. They found that the CO 2BOLs can store up to 19 percent of their weight in CO 2, much higher than the maximum of seven per centachievable with current aqueous amine systems.

'The biggest obstacle in efficient chemical CO 2 capture and release is thecost of stripping CO 2 from the aqueous capture agent due to the high specificheats associated with water,' says Heldebrant. Removing, or stripping, theCO 2 from the capture agent allows the liquid to be recycled and cap ture moreCO 2. With CO 2BOLs, less fluid is needed to capture the same amount of CO 2,and less energy is needed to strip the CO 2, he explains . 'Such a system canpotentially offer large energy savings for CO 2 stripping when employed on anindustrial scale,' he adds.

. Benchmarks

6. CO 2 + Organic Liquids Adsorption &Desorption

"In the future, these mixtures could replace aqueous amine solut ions as a wayof removing carbon dioxide from post -combustion waste gases - KazunariOhgaki, Osaka University, Japan

In addition, Heldebrant's group found that the CO 2BOLs, which were designed to be adirect replacement for the aqueous amines currently used in coal plants, could gothrough five cycles of capturing and releasing CO 2 without losing activity or selectivity .

'The release of CO 2 in a controlled fashion is important for permanent sequestratio nof CO 2 or other applications such as carbonation in the beverage, dry cleaning orchemical industries,' explains Heldebrant. 'Just because CO 2 is a greenhouse gasdoesn't mean it has no useful applications or market value.'

Kazunari Ohgaki, from Osaka University, Japan, an expert in carbon capture andstorage, sees the potential of the study. 'In the future, these mixtures could replaceaqueous amine solutions as a way of removing CO 2 from post-combustion wastegases,' he says.

Heldebrant's team are currently modeling the system to check for any obstacl es toimplementation and also plan to investigate whether CO 2BOLs could be used tocapture CO 2 before the fuel is burned.


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. Benchmarks

7. A High-Capacity CO2 Trap

A porous material created by a team led by Grard Frey at InstitutLavoisier in Versailles has an unparalleled ability to capture c arbon dioxide,a major challenge in the ongoing fight against global warming.This recent study co-authored by several laboratories associated with CNRShas shown that MIL101, a mesoporous Metal-Organic Framework (MOF),could store close to 400 m 3 of CO 2 at 25 C per m 3 of solid, almost doublethe capacity of the best materials commercially available today .

Yet when Frey initially set out to create porous frameworks, he had nospecific application in mind. His goal was to move beyond trial and error anddevise a logical approach to create tailored porous solids. Usin g a personalcomputer simulation program, he found extraordinary virtual resu lts. They

eventually led to the creation of MIL101, the largest crystalline porous solidto date, with pores of 3.4 nm and a huge cubic cell volume .

(Fabien Buliard / CNRS international magazine)

. Benchmarks

8. Waste + Gasification of Syngas+Biotechnology Coskata Biofuel

(Biofuels : Cellulose Success / Scientific American, 2008)

One promising biofuel procedure that avoids the complex enzymaticchemistry to break down cellulose is now being explored by Coskata inWarrenville, Ill., a firm launched in 2006 by high -profile investors andentrepreneurs (General Motors recently took a minority stake in it aswell). In the Coskata operation, a conventional gasification sys tem will useheat to turn various feedstocks into a mixture of carbon monoxide andhydrogen called syngas . The ability to handle multiple plant feedstockswould boost the flexibility of the overall process because each region in thecountry has access to certain feedstocks but not others.


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. Benchmarks8. Waste + Gasification of Syngas+

Biotechnology Coskata Biofuel

The group focused on five promising strains of ethanol-excreting bacteriathat Ralph Tanner, a microbiologist at the University of Oklahom a, haddiscovered years before in the oxygen -free sediments of a swamp. Theseanaerobic bugs make ethanol by voraciously consuming syngas .

Coskata suggests that in an optimal setting we could get 90 perc ent of theenergy value of the gases into our fuel. Coskata researchers es timate thattheir commercialized process could deliver ethanol at under $1 per gallonless than half of today's $2-per-gallon wholesale price.

. Benchmarks

8. Waste + Gasification of Syngas+Biotechnology Coskata Biofuel

The input-output "energy balance" of the Coskata process can produce 7.7times as much energy in the end product as it takes to make it.

Coskata plans to construct a 40,000 -gallon-a-year pilot plant near theGM test track in Milford, Mich., by the end of 2008 and hopes to build a full-scale,100-million-gallon-a-year plant by 2011.


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. Benchmarks

9. Nanotechnology-based clean hydrogen for cars

A California-based company called QuantumSphere has developednanoparticles that could make hydrogen cheaper than gasoline . Thecompany says its reactive catalytic nanoparticle coatings can boost theefficiency of electrolysis (the technique that generates hydroge n from water)to 85% today, exceeding the Department of Energy s goal for 2010 by 10%.The company says its process could be improved to reach an effic iency of96% in a few years. The most interesting part of the story is th at the existinggas stations would not need to be modified to distribute hydroge n. Withthese nanoparticle coatings, car owners could to make their own hydrogen,either in their garage or even when driving.

The nanoparticles are perfect spheres, consisting of a couple hu ndred

atoms measuring from 16 to 25 nanometers in diameter . They are formedby means of a vacuum-deposition process that uses vapor condensation toproduce highly reactive catalytic nanoparticles, for which the e ngineeringteam has formulated several end -use applications.

(QuantumSphere / EE Times, 2008)

PV power costs ($/Wp) as function of module efficiency and areal cost (Source: Green 2004)

. Benchmarks

10.

1 $/Wp

$0.05 /kWh


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. Experiences1. Institutional Promotion:

Council for Sustainable DevelopmentThe Council is headed by one chairman, a position concurrently h eld by thePremier. There are 24 to 30 council members in the Council. They areselected from among ministers of government agencies, experts an dscholars, and representatives of civil groups, with each of the above threegroups occupying one third of the memberships.

The Council chairman appoints one chief executive officer (CEO), chosenfrom among government administrator council members. The CEO is incharge of supervising the Council works under chairman s direction. He isassisted by three assistant executive officers, positions concur rently held bythe Vice Ministers of the Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of EconomicAffairs, and the Deputy Administrator of the Environmental Prote ctionAdministration (EPA). They help the CEO in coordinating affairs related tosocial aspect, economic aspect, and environmental aspect respect ively.


Council for Sustainable Development

A council member meeting (CMM) is convened by the Chairman once everyfour to six months, with extra sessions whenever necessary. Duri ng themeeting, heads of relevant ministries or distinguished represent atives of thesociety at large can be invited to attend the meeting as non -votingparticipants. In addition, working meetings are set up and conve ned by theCEO to plan and coordinate the projects proposed during CMMs, and tosupervise the implementation of the decisions reached by CMMs.

The Council is authorized to set up working groups according to tasks topromote and coordinate issues relevant to sustainable developmen t. Eachworking group is headed by a convener, who is also the chief of the chairinggovernment agency of that particular working group. The working groupsconvene their working sessions once every three months and repor t theachievements every half year.


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Council for Sustainable DevelopmentThe reorganization of the Council was recently completed. Nine workinggroups have been set up that include:

(1) Education and Promotion,(2) Health and Welfare,(3) Urban and Rural Development,(4) Technology and Evaluation,(5) Transportation and Livelihood,(6) Energy and Production,(7) Biodiversity,(8) National Land and Resources,(9) Energy Conservation, Carbon Reduction and Climate Change.

The Councils secretarial affairs are still handled by the EPAT. Thechairing agency and the issue areas of each working group are li sted inthe table below. The organizational chart is also attached below .


Council for Sustainable DevelopmentThe Working Groups with Their Issue Areas

Energy conservation and carbon reduction,climate change, greenhouse gas reductionmanagement

Environmental ProtectionAdministration

Energy Conservation,Carbon Reduction andClimate Change

national land security and planning, waterand land resources management

Ministry of the InteriorNational Land andResources

preservation of biodiversityCouncil of AgricultureBiodiversity

energy policy, non-nuclear hometown

related, nuclear waste disposal

Ministry of Economic AffairsEnergy and Production

sustainable and Intelligent transportation,green lifestyle, green consumption

Ministry of Transportation andCommunications

Transportation andLivelihood

technology development, green technology,sustainable development achievementevaluation and review

National Science CouncilTechnology and Evaluation

urban and rural development, sustainablecultural development

Ministry of the InteriorUrban and RuralDevelopment

health risks and social welfareDepartment of HealthHealth and Welfare

education and promotion of sustainabledevelopment

Ministry of EducationEducation and Promotion

Issue AreasChairing AgencyWorking Group


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Council for Sustainable DevelopmentOrganizational Chart of National Council for Sustainable Develop ment

Council Member Meeting

Chairman (Premier)

Chief Executive Officer

Secretariat (EPA) Working Meetings

E d u c a t i on a n d P r om

o t i on

( Mi ni s t r y

of E d u c a t i on )

H e a l t h a n d W e l f a r e

( D e p a r t m e n t of H e a l t h )

Ur b a n

a n d R

ur a l D e v e l o pm e n t

( Mi ni s t r y

of t h e I n t e r i or )

T e c h n ol o g y a n d E

v a l u a t i on

( N a t i on a l S c i e n c e C o un c i l )

T r a n s p or t a t i on

a n d L i v e l i h o o d

( Mi ni s t r y

of T r a n s p or t a t i on a n d

C omm

uni c a t i on s )

B i o d i v e r s i t y

( C o un c i l of A gr i c ul t ur e )

N a t i on a l L a n d a n d R

e s o ur c e s

( Mi ni s t r y

of t h e I n t e r i or )

E n e r g y

C on s e r v a t i on , C a r b on

R e d u c t i on , a n d C l i m

a t e C h a n g e

( E P A

)

E n e r g y

a n d P r o d u c t i on

( Mi ni s t r y

of E c on omi c A

f f a i r s )

Assistant CEO forEconomic Aspect Coordination(Ministry of Economic Affairs)

Assistant CEO forSocial Aspect Coordination

(Ministry of the Interior)

Assistant CEO forEnvironmental Aspect Coordination

(EPA)

. Experiences

2. Environmental Science & TechnologyPark (ESTP, Eco-Park):

Concept:


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. Experiences2. Environmental Science & Technology

Park (ESTP, Eco-Park):

Green industry competitive edges/ Incentives

. Experiences

2. Environmental Science & TechnologyPark (ESTP, Eco-Park):


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Green Industries in Focus

Providing technologies that help to solve and prevent potentialenvironmental problems for industry and society, such as soil an dgroundwater re-mediation etc.

Industries that deal withsolutions for key aspectsof environmentalprotection

6

Providing equipment or system of bio -mass, fuel cell, wind or photo-voltaicenergy, and technologies that improve thermal efficiency or ener gyconsumption.

Industries in productionof equipment and systemof renewable energy

5

Ushering in advanced environmental technology, cultivating high -levelenvironmental talent, and/or developing state-of-the-art greenenvironmental technology based on chemistry, biology or physicsexpertise.

Industries involved inemerging and strategicenvironmentaltechnologies

4

Recovering industrial by-products or wastes and turning into products withother functions and uses.

Industries that recoverand convert resourcesinto new products

3

Making equipment of waste separation and product purification, a nd/orproviding materials recovered or converted from industrial by -products or wastes.

Industries that recoverwaste resources2

Providing equipment or technologies which make manufacturingprocesses, products and services cleaner and greener.

Industries related tocleaner productiontechnology

1

. Experiences2. Environmental Science & Technology

Park (ESTP, Eco-Park):

3. Develop a Responsible Nanotechnology

Chinese Taipei has an Integrated Nanoscience Program. This prog ramcoordinates the research efforts from various government organiz ationsto achieve objectives that follow the worldwide nanotechnologydevelopment trends. The goals of the program include:

1.Achieving academic excellence, and promoting industrial applic ationsthrough the establishment of common core facilities and educa tionprograms.

2.Raising the academic excellence and then creating innovativeindustrial applications based on the national competitive tec hnologies.

3.Establishing international competitive nanotechnology platform s.4.Enhancing advanced innovative research to speed up the

commercialization of nanotechnology.

. Experiences


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The Incubation Project is a five -year(2003~2007) project that waslaunched by EPAT to facilitate the commercialization of innovati vetechnology. Ninety-one projects have been submitted by localresearch incubator centers teamed up with private enterprises, a nd52 projects have been granted and executed. Grant from EPAT wasNT87 million and self-support fund from the private sector was NT98million, which accounts for 53% of the total budget.

The main output of these projects includes : 3 patents received, 33patents applied, 7 technical transfers, and 2 full -scale recyclingplants have been set -up and commercially operating until now.

4. Environmental InnovativeTechnology Incubation Project :

. Experiences

. Conclusion

1.Green chemistry is a chemical philosophy and drivingforce that leads science and technology to movetowards green revolution.

2.There is a reason for hope that technologybreakthrough in green energy (2012~2015) plusacceptable low Chindia priced products/ facilities will

eventually replace of products/ facilities in developingcountries (2015~2030), and will result in a sustainableand a low-carbon societies.


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Appendix

Chindia priceMr. Raju, one of the most dynamic business leaders in India, told to Mr.Friedman, that No country has a better system for producing a transformational breakthrough around clean power and energy effi ciency than the United States. Hs explained: "America still sits at the boundary of technological excellence. Americas job is to make the big front-end investments in the new clean, green technologies -as it did with PCs, DVDs,and iPods-and then leverage the low -cost service economy of India and the manufacturing platform of China to quickly get those new technol ogist down to the Chindia price, the price at which they can really get adopted in China and India.

If America doesnt seize this opportunity, India, China, and others

eventually will. said Raju.

Thomas L. Friedman, (2008), Hot, Flat, and Crowded, p175, FSC.

AppendixProf. Jeffrey D. Sachss Comments

1. Dramatic, immediate, commitment to nurturing new technologies is essential to averting disastrous global warming.

2. Economists often talk as though putting a price on carbon emissions-through tradable permits or a carbon tax -will be enough to deliver the needed reductions in those emissions. This is not true.

3. Even with a cutback in wasteful energy spending, our current

technologies cannot support both a decline in carbon dioxide emissions and on an expanding global economy.

Jeffrey D. Sachs, Sustainable Developments: Keys to Climate Protection ,Scientific American, (April, 2008).


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Reference

1. M.C. Roco, W.S. Bainbridge, Converging Technology for Improving Human Performance, KluwerAcademic Publishers, (2002).

2. USEPA website, 2008 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Greener Reaction Conditions Award.

3. D.J. Heldebrant, C.R. Yonker, P.G. Jessop, L. Phan, Energy Environmental Science, (2008).

4. F.Buliard, CNRS international magazine, (2008).

5. S. Ashley, Biofuels : Cellulose Success , Scientific American, (April, 2008).

6. R. Colin Johnson, EE Times, and QuantumSphere website, (February 25, 2008)

7. BASIC RESEARCH NEEDS FOR SOLAR ENERGY UTILIZATION, Report on the Basic EnergySciences Workshop on Solar Energy Utilization, Ren e M. Nault, Argonne National Laboratory,(2005).

8. Chinese Taipei Eco-Park website.

9. Thomas L. Friedman, Hot, Flat, and Crowded, p175, FSC , (2008).

10. Jeffrey D. Sachs, Sustainable Developments: Keys to Climate Protection , Scientific American, (April,2008).

11. Rachel Cooper, Chemistrys gain, Chem. Technol., T65-T72, (May, 2008).

12. Qunlai Chen, Eric J. Beckman. One-pot green synthesis of propylene oxide using in situ generatedhydrogen peroxide in carbon dioxide. Green Chem,10, 899 -906, (2008) .

13. Steven Ashley, Cellulose Success, Scientific American, 32, (Apri l, 2008).

14. John P.Holdren, Science and Technology for Sustainable Well being, Science, (Jan. 2008).

Thanks for your attention!

apec green chemistry for the improvement of human welfare

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