Guide to APA (6th Edition)

Guide to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association Special Education Program at SUNY New PaltzAPA TutorialThis Powerpoint presentation is designed to provide you with the basics of APA format and other general writing guidelines. It is not to be considered a comprehensive source. For complete APA requirements, refer to the APA publication manual (6th Edition). You also may want to consult the resources provided at the end of this tutorial, such as the Purdue Online Writing Lab. Finding SourcesPeer-reviewed ArticlesPeer-reviewed or refereed journals are publications that have their submitted articles evaluated by outside experts (peers) in the subject area (Bachand & Sawallis, 2003, p. 40).

Sample Databases Management

Emerald

JSTOR

Multi-subject

Academic Search Complete

Sage Premier

Google Scholar

Database Generated CitationsCaution: Database generated APA citations are NOT correct

You must consult APA guidelines

See example on next slide

Database generated:Gresham, F. M. (1984). Social Skills and Self-Efficacy for Exceptional Children. Exceptional Children, 51(3), 253-261. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

Correct citation: Gresham, F. M. (1984). Social skills and self-efficacy for exceptional children. Exceptional Children, 51(3), 253-261. doi:10.1108

Note: APA 6th edition does not require listing the database source (APA, 2010, p. 192)Must list DOI if available (see slide no. 33)

Database Generated Citations ExampleLowercaseItalicCite DOI when availableLearning the Basics of APA StyleBasicsDouble space entire paper including headingsTwo spaces after end punctuation in sentences (recommended)Use 10 pt to 12 pt Times New Roman or similar font1 inch margins all aroundIndent paragraphs inchNumber pages consecutively beginning with the title page (Angeli et al., 2010)Voice and Point of View Use an active voice not a passive voiceThe participant statednotThe participants were asked

Use third person point of view instead of first person point of view.The study supported ... not.I found out

However, this depends on the journal and/or the instructor.

(American Psychological Association [APA], 2010, pg. 77)ExampleExampleLanguageUse clear and concise language: avoid interpretive language

Studies do not prove, they supportDo not say, This study proved that ...Instead say, The study showed ...

Use simple, descriptive adjectives and plain language

(APA, 2010, pg 65-67)Avoiding Bias in LanguageDescribe at the appropriate level of specificity.Not specific: over 15 years of ageSpecific: 15- to 20-year-oldsBe sensitive to labels.Refer to people in a culturally sensitive manner that reflects their cultural preferences.Acknowledge participation.State The children completed the survey instead of The survey was administered to the children

(APA, 2010, p. 71-73) Avoiding Bias: DisabilitiesDo not focus on disability unless it is crucial to a story.

Put people first, not their disability. a child with a learning disability not a learning disabled child

Emphasize abilities, not limitations. Do not use negative language. Do not write: Suffers from ______ Instead write: A child with _______

(APA, 2010, p. 73)ExampleExample Subject/Pronoun AgreementThe student (singular).his/her (singular)Students (plural)their (plural)

To avoid gender bias use the plural form (students)

The teacher who. NOTThe teacher that (A teacher is a person, not an object. ) (Onwuegbuzie, Combs, Slate, & Frels, 2009)Subject/Verb AgreementYour subject and verb must agree in number (singular and plural).

The words data and phenomena are plural.

Correct: The data indicate that.. Incorrect: The data indicates that.

Correct: The phenomena occur. Incorrect: The phenomena occurs. (APA, 2010, p. 79)ExampleExampleGrammar: Since vs. Because Use since to refer only to time Three years have passed since the beginning of the study. Use because right before an explanation of something The student had difficulty with reading comprehension because of his/her limited English proficiency.

(APA, 2010, p. 84)

ExampleExampleGrammar: While vs. AlthoughUse while for simultaneous events only!

The participants completed the survey while at school.

Use although to show contrast of ideas Although these findings support _____, the results are not typical.

(APA, 2010, p. 84)ExampleExampleNumbers Expressed in Numerals Use numerals to express:All numbers 10 and above Example 25 years old

Numbers preceding a unit of measurementExample a 5-mg dose

Fractions, decimals, percentages, ratios, percentiles & quartilesExamples a ratio of 16:1 the 5th percentile

Time, dates, ages, scores and points on a scaleExamples 1 hour 15 minutes scored 5 on a 8-point scale

(APA, 2010, p. 111-112)Numbers Expressed in WordsUse words to express numbers below 10

Use words anytime a number begins a sentence, title, or heading

Common fractionsone fifth of the class

(APA, 2010, pg.112)ExampleFormatting Four SectionsAsk instructor about assignment requirements.An APA paper may include four major sections:

Title PageAbstract Main BodyReferences

Title Page HeaderThe title page header includes:Running Head in a mixture of capital and lowercaseletters followed by the title of the paper in all capital lettersaligned to the left. At the far right of the page header is thepage number (numbered consecutively).

Running Head: APA FORMAT 1

(Note: The title page header includes Running Head and is different than the other pages) (Angeli et al., 2010)

ExampleRunning HeadColonTitlePage #Page HeaderEvery page after the title page has a page header that includes the title of the paper in all capital letters aligned to the left and the page number (numbered consecutively) aligned to the right

APA FORMAT2

(Angeli et al., 2010)Page header is noted on the top of every pageExampleTitlePage #Title Page (APA, 2010, p. 41)Running head: APA FORMAT 1

APA Format

Kathleen Golly

State University of New York at New PaltzRunning headTitle of paper(capital letters)Page numberTitle of paper

Authors name

Institutional AffiliationAbstractPage header: TITLE OF PAPER 2

Abstract (centered, at the top of the page)

Brief (between 150 and 250 words) summary of your paper

Accurate, concise, and specific language.

* Ask course instructor if abstract is required *

(APA, 2010, pg. 41)HeadingsDifferent levels of headingsUse consecutively

(APA, 2010, p. 62)LevelFormat1 Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Headings2Left-aligned, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Headings3 Indented, boldface, lowercase heading with period.4 Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase heading with period.5 indented, italicized, lowercase heading with period.Sample Headings (Angeli et al., 2010)Methods (Level 1)

Site of Study (Level 2)

Participant Population (Level 2)

Teachers. (Level 3)

Students. (Level 3)

Results (Level 1)

Spatial Ability (Level 2)

Test one. (Level 3) Teachers with training (Level 4)

Citing SourcesPlagiarism Plagiarism is the representation, intentional or unintentional, of someone else's words or ideas as one's own (State University of New York at New Paltz, n.d., para 4).Penalties for Plagiarism Plagiarizing is a form of larceny punishable by a fine and may result in academic disciplinary action. The academic penalty may range, for instance, from a reprimand accompanied by guidance about how to avoid plagiarism in the future to failure for the course (State University of New York at New Paltz, n.d., para 5). 31How to Avoid Plagiarism You must correctly cite the use of another persons words or ideas in your paper. You must cite all direct quotes, paraphrases, and the use of other peoples ideas in your paper. If you use only an authors ideas and change the words, you must clearly identify the source of the ideas. (State University of New York at New Paltz, n.d.)In-text Citations: ParaphrasesYou must cite anything that is not your original idea or words

Cite all paraphrases in the body of your paper(Authors last name, year).

The study supported the finding that children learn best through multisensory approaches (Smith, 2002).

Punctuation mark outside parentheses

(APA, 2010, p. 170-171)ExampleIn-text Citations: Direct QuotesYou must cite anything that is not your original idea or words.Cite all direct quotes in the body of your paper.Write a lead-in phrase for direct quotes. Lead in phrase __________ (Last name, year, p. #). OR Lead in phrase Last name (year) _________________ (p. #).Do not start a sentence with a direct quote. According to Smith (2000) ___________(p. 15).

(APA, 2010, p. 171-172)ExampleDirect Quote Formatting ExamplesSmith (2002) stated ___________(p. 11). ORChildren learn best by ______________(Smith, 2002, p.11).

OR

Children learn best through ______ (Smith, 2002, p. 11) and hands-on learning experiences.

Include page numberInclude page numberCitation right after quoteDirect Quotes: Forty Words or LessUse quotation marksKeep the quote within the paragraph

According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty

using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing

sources" (p.199).

(Angeli et al., 2010)

Example Direct Quotes: Forty Words or MoreNo quotation marksIndent entire quote inch from the left marginDo not indent the first line more than the rest of the quoteMaintain double spacingParenthetical citation comes after punctuation mark

Jones' (1998) study found the following:

Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was

their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to

the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to

ask their teacher for help. (p. 199) (Angeli et al., 2010)ExampleIn-text Citations (Angeli et al., 2010)Type of citationFirst citation in textSubsequent citations in textParenthetical format, first citation in textParenthetical format, subsequent citations in textOne work by one authorWalker (2007)Walker (2007)(Walker, 2007)(Walker, 2007)One work by two authorsWalker and Allen (2004)Walker and Allen (2004)(Walker & Allen, 2004)(Walker & Allen, 2004)One work by three authorsGilsenan, Ramirez, and Smith (1999)Gilsenan et al. (1999)(Gilsenan, Ramirez, & Smith, 1999)(Gilsenan et al., 1999)One work by four authorsGilsenan, Ramirez, Soo, and Smith (2008)Gilsenan et al. (2008)(Gilsenan, Ramirez, Soo, & Smith, 2008)(Gilsenan et al., 2008)One work by five authorsGilsenan, Ramirez, Hicks, Soo, and Smith (2003)Gilsenan et al. (2003)(Gilsenan, Ramirez, Hicks, Soo, & Smith, 2003)(Gilsenan et al., 2003)One work by six or more authorsSmith et al. (2005)Smith et al. (2005)(Smith et al., 2005)(Smith et al., 2005)Groups (readily identified through abbreviation) as authorsNational Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2003)NIMN (2003)(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2003)(NIMH, 2003)Groups (no abbreviation) as authorsUniversity of Pittsburgh (2005)University of Pittsburgh (2005)(University of Pittsburgh, 2005)(University of Pittsburgh, 2005)In-text CitationsRemember to include page numbers for all direct quotesFor 1-2 authors: List both last names every time!For 3-5 authors: List all last names the first time, then use the first authors last name followed by et al. for subsequent entriesFor 6+ authors: List the first authors last name and et al. (List all authors on the reference page)In-text Citations: No AuthorsUnknown author: Cite by the title. -Titles of books and reports are italicized or underlined -Titles of articles, chapters, and web pages are in quotation marks. Example (Behavior Management, 2005).

Organization as author:Write out the organizations full name the first time with any abbreviation in brackets(National Education Association [NEA], 2011).Subsequent citations: use abbreviation (NEA, 2011). (Angeli et al., 2010)

ExampleExampleReference General GuidelinesCapitalize only the first letter of the first word of an article or book title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns.

Social skills and self-efficacy for exceptional children

Note: Do not capitalize the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound word.

(Angeli et al., 2010)ExampleReference General GuidelinesIf multiple sources by the exact same author(s) list them by date (earliest first) on the reference page

Capitalize all major words in journal titles.

Journal of Learning Disabilities

Example1. First: Decide what type of source it is

2. Next: Refer to Purdue Online Writing Lab or the APA manual (6th Edition)

3. Locate sample citation and copy format exactly OR

1. Decide what type of source it is

2. Use the automatic citation feature of the databaseAND3. Adjust the citation based on the Purdue Online Writing Lab or the APA manual (6th Edition)

ReferencesCommon Reference ExamplesBasic Format for Books:

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital

letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher.

Article from Database:

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of article. Journal Title, 8(3), 120-125. doi: 000000001123

(Angeli et al., 2010)Common Reference ExamplesNewspaper Article

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

Nonperiodical Web Page

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of document. Retrieved from http://Web address

(See APA manual or Purdue OWL for more detailed explanations and additional reference types)

(Angeli et al., 2010)

How to Cite DOIsDOI: Digital Object Identifier APA now requires that you cite DOIs when available. You do not need to cite the database from which the article was retrievedSome journal articles have DOIs and some do not

Mosteller, F., Nave, B., & Miech, E. J. (2004). Why we need a structured abstract in education research. Educational Researcher, 33(1), 29-34. doi:10.1037/1054-5844.23.4(APA, 2010, pg.188-192) ExampleHow to locate DOIsDOIs are usually located on the first page of an article often in the upper right hand corner near the copyright information.

Sage Premier consistently lists DOIs on the title page of the journal article.

If you cannot find the DOI, check the article title in the SAGE premier database and try to locate the DOI that way.

(APA, 2010, pg. 189)Now You TryGo to Sage Premier.Browse journals by discipline. Click on education under social sciences.Select The Journal of Special Education.Search for CBM. Locate the article The predictive validity of CBM writing indices for eighth-grade students. The DOI is located on the first page. (see next slide)The Journal of Special Educationhttp://sed.sagepub.com/______________________________________________________

The Predictive Validity of CBM Writing Indices for Eighth-Grade StudentsJanelle M. Amato and Marley W. WatkinsJ Spec Educ 2011 44: 195 originally published online 27 March 2009DOI: 10.1177/0022466909333516

The online version of this article can be found at:http://sed.sagepub.com/content/44/4/195_____________________________________________________________

Published by:Hammill Institute on Disabilities

andhttp://www.sagepublications.com

No DOIsSome articles do not have DOIs

If you accessed the article from an online periodical or online journal that is only available online and not in print, you should provide the website for the homepage of the journal.

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Online

Periodical, volume number(issue number if available). Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

If you accessed the article from a database, you do not need to provide the website for the database.

Mosteller, F., Nave, B., & Miech, E. J. (2004). Why we need a structured abstract in education research. Educational Researcher, 33(1), 29-34. (Angeli et al., 2010)ExampleExampleReference PageThe reference list must be double-spaced, and entries should have a hanging indent (see example on next page)

Entries must be listed in alphabetical order

The word References should be centered at the top of the page

(APA, 2010, p. 178)Reference Page Sample (Angeli et al., 2010)APA FORMAT 23References

American Psychological Association (2010). Publication manual of the

American Psychological Association 6th ed. Washington, DC:

American Psychological Association.

Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, M., Soderland, L.,

& Brizee, A. (2010). APA format and styling guide. Retrieved from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01

Hanging indentAdvanced APATables vs. FiguresA table shows numerical values or textual information arranged in an orderly display of columns and rows (APA, 2010, p. 125).

A figure can be a chart, a photograph, a graph, a scatter plot, a drawing or any other illustration.

(APA, 2010, p. 125).54TablesUse only horizontal lines when needed for clarityDo not use vertical linesTitle of table in italicsNumber tables consecutivelyMay include a note under table if information is needed to understand table. Table 1

Word list: Summary of performance Grade Sight Analysis Total Level119019Independent216117Instructional312416InstructionalNote: Sight indicates the number of words read correctly on the first try. Analysis indicates the number of missed words that were corrected when reread a second time. Total indicates the total number of words read correctly.Example: Double space(APA, 2010, p. 129)FiguresFigure 1

Graphic Similarity of Substitution Miscues

Note. This figure shows the graphic similarity in the beginning, middle, and end of substitution miscues. Title of figure in italics

Number figures consecutively Include a note at the bottom ifinformation is needed for clarity

Double space Example: (Angeli et al., 2010)Additional Resources1. APA Formatting and Style Guide. Provides detailed explanation and examples of all components of APA.http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

2. Free tutorial on APA. Includes specific examples. http://www.apastyle.org/learn/index.aspx

3. Specific examples of references. Explains DOIs.http://www.library.uncc.edu/display/?dept=reference&format=open page=1094ReferencesAmerican Psychological Association (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association 6th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, M., Soderland, L., & Brizee, A. (2010). APA format and styling guide. Retrieved from

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01 Bachand, R. G., & Sawallis, P. P. (2003). Accuracy in the identification of scholarly and peer-reviewed journals and the peer-review process across disciplines. Serials Librarian, 45(2),

39-59. Retrieved from http://serialslibrarian.us/ Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Combs, J. P., Slate, J. R., & Frels, R. K. (2009). Editorial: Evidence-based

guidelines for avoiding the most common APA errors in journal article submissions. Research in the Schools, 16(2), 1. Retrieved from http://www.msstate.edu/ State University of New York at New Paltz (n.d.). Academic integrity. In Academic policies and procedures. Retrieved from http://www.newpaltz.edu/advising/policies_integrity.html