ap physics. could all the air in a box rush to one side of the box leaving a vacuum in the other...
TRANSCRIPT
Thermodynamics IIAP Physics
Could This Happen?
Could all the air in a box rush to one side of the box leaving a vacuum in the other side?
Will heat flow spontaneously from a cold object to a hot object?
Nature’s processes have preferred directions
Direction is important in Thermodynamic processes
Reversible vs. Irreversible ProcessesREVERSIBLE
A reversible process is a transition from one state of a thermodynamic system to another, during which the system is always very close to a state of mechanical and thermal equilibrium (including uniform temperature and pressure)
In other words…a small change in the system that can be reversed.
Ex. a gas that expands slowly and adiabatically can be compressed slowly and adiabatically by a small increase in pressure
IRREVERSIBLE
A process that despite any small change in conditions cannot be reversed.
Ex. Conversion of work to heat by friction
Heat Engines
A device that converts heat partly into work or mechanical energy.
In a heat engine a quantity of matter, called the working substance, inside the engine undergoes addition and subtraction of heat, expansion and compression, and sometimes, a phase change.
Ex. of Heat Engines Working Substance
Heat EnginesThe simplest engines to analyze are those that have a working
substance which undergoes a cyclic process.
Cyclic process a sequence of processes that eventually leaves the substance in
the same state as it started when a cycle is complete the system starts and ends with the same
internal energy
CycleAbsorb Heat at High Temp. Do Work Discard Heat at Low
Temp.
Heat Engines
Internal Energy doesn’t change after a cycle.
WQU 0
WQ
WWQ
WQQQ CH
Fuel Consumption
A gasoline engine in a large truck takes in 2500 J of heat and delivers 500 J of mechanical work per cycle. The heat is obtained by burning gasoline with heat of combustion Lc = 5.0 x 104 J/g.
a) What is the thermal efficiency of this engine?b) How much heat is discarded in each cycle?c) How much gasoline is burned during each cycle?d) If the engine goes through 100 cycles per second, what is
its power output in watts? In horsepower? [1hp = 746 W]e) How much gasoline is burned per second? per hour?
The Otto Cycleidealized model of the thermodynamic processes in a
gasoline engine
idealized model of the thermodynamic processes in a gasoline engine
The Otto Cycle
The Diesel Cycle
idealized model of the thermodynamic processes in a diesel engine
there are no spark plugs for ignition in a diesel engine
the fuel is injected just before the power stroke
the fuel ignites spontaneously from the high temperature developed during the adiabatic compression
Pros Cons
Refrigeratorheat engine operating in
reverse
take heat from a cold place (inside the fridge) and expel it to a warmer place (outside the fridge)
I thought heat didn’t flow from cold to hot?!?!...well it doesn’t…to move heat from cold to hot requires some work!
Refrigeration Process1. The compressor takes in the refrigerant fluid (working substance) and
compresses it adiabatically (this requires work)2. The refrigerant is then sent to the condenser coil at high temperature3. Heat transfers from the hot refrigerant to the surroundings (outside
the fridge) which partially condenses the fluid
4. Refrigerant fluid expands adiabatically into the evaporator (the expansion valve controls this). The expansion cools the fluid enough so that it is colder than the inside of the fridge.
5. The fluid is then transferred into the fridge where it absorbs the heat from the inside of the fridge and partially vaporizes
12
3
45
Don’t Write This
Air Conditioners & Heat Pumps Air conditioners operate the
same as a refrigerator Difference – inside of
room/building is like the inside of fridge;outside of fridge is now outside of room/building
Heat Pumps are similar to anair conditioner exceptthey’re backwards.
2nd Law of Thermodynamics (2LT)2LT for EnginesIt is impossible for any system
to undergo a process in which it absorbs heat from a reservoir at a single temperature and converts the heat completely into mechanical work with the system ending in the same state in which it began.
A 100% efficient engine does not exist.
2nd Law of Thermodynamics (2LT)2LT for RefrigeratorsIt is impossible for any
process to have as its sole result the transfer of heat from a cooler object to a hotter object.
It is impossible to have a workless refrigerator.
How Efficient Can An Engine Be?2LT – No engine is 100% efficient
In 1824 Sadi Carnot (a French engineer) determined the hypothetical maximum possible efficiency for an engine based on the 2LT.
Carnot CycleTo maximize efficiency we must avoid irreversible
processes.
Heat flow as a result of a temperature difference is an irreversible process.
To avoid this irreversible process the only time that heat can flow must be during an isothermal process.
Carnot Cycle
1. Isothermal Expansion (a b) (Heat Absorbed)
2. Adiabatic Expansion(b c)
3. Isothermal Compression(c d)(Heat Released)
4. Adiabatic Compression (d a)
W is the work done by the system
Thermal Efficiency of Carnot Cycle
The thermal efficiency of a Carnot Engine is dependent only on the absolute temperature (temperature in Kelvin) of the heat reservoirs.
A Carnot EngineA Carnot engine takes 200o J of heat from a reservoir at 500 K, does some work, and discards some heat to a reservoir at 350 K.a) What is the engine’s efficiency?b) How much work does it do?c) How much heat is discarded by the engine?
Entropy
A quantitative measure of disorder. Nature (irreversible processes) tends towards randomness
(disorder).
No process is possible in which the total entropy decreases when all systems taking part in the process are included.
Reversible ProcessesChange in Entropy is the heat transferred
divided by the absolute temperature (Kelvin).
Thermo Process
Heat (Q)
Entropy
Isothermal Q = -W
Isobaric Q = ΔU - W
Isochoric Q = ΔU
Adiabatic Q = 0
Entropy