ap net ionic equations. ap equations are found in the free response section of the ap test. you will...
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![Page 1: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
AP Net Ionic Equations
![Page 2: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the reaction. The equations are of mixed types.
![Page 3: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The sections is worth 15 points and is 10% of the free response grade. Free response is 50% of the total AP test grade.
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All AP equations “work.” In each case, a reaction will occur. These equations need to be written in net ionic form. All spectator ions must be left out and all ions must be written in ionic form.
![Page 5: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• Answer 3 equations that must be balanced.
• Each equation is followed by a question.
• 1 pt for reactants, 2 points for products, and 1 pt for each question.
![Page 6: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
• Strong Acids are:
Exception: concentrated sulfuric acid-keep together because it really is 97% H2SO4 and 3% water in the jug.
• Strong Bases are:
![Page 7: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Weak acids and bases keep together
![Page 8: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• All molecular substances and nonsoluble compounds must be written together (not ionized!).
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Know your solubility rules!!!
– Ca(OH)2 and Sr(OH) 2 are moderately soluble and can be written together or as ions.
– Ba(OH)2 is soluble and Mg(OH)2 is insoluble.
– CaSO4 and SrSO4 are moderately soluble and can be written together or as ions.
– Weak electrolytes, such as acetic acid, are not ionized.
– Solids and pure liquids are written together, also. – A saturated solution is written in ionic form while a
suspension is written together.
![Page 10: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Double Replacement
Two compounds react to form two new compounds. No changes in oxidation numbers occur. All double replacement reactions must have a “driving force” that removes a pair of ions from solution.
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• Manganese(II) nitrate solution is mixed with a sodium hydroxide solution
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• Excess hydrochloric acid is added to an aqueous solution of potassium sulfite
![Page 13: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• Hydrogen sulfide gas is bubbled through a solution of lead(II) nitrate
![Page 14: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
• A solution of ammonium sulfate is added to a potassium hydroxide solution
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• Solutions of tripotassium phosphate and zinc nitrate are mixed
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• Gaseous hydrofluoric acid reacts with solid silicon dioxide.
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Single Replacement RxnsTreat like redox reactions.Reaction where one element displaces
another in a compound. One element is oxidized and another is reduced.
A + BC B + AC
+ charges replace + and – charges replace -
![Page 18: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
• Active metals replace less active metals or hydrogen from their compounds in aqueous solution.
![Page 19: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
• Active nonmetals replace less active nonmetals from their compounds in aqueous solution. Each halogen will displace less electronegative (heavier) halogens from their binary salts.
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Examples
• A piece of aluminum metal is added to a solution of silver nitrate
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• Small chunks of solid sodium are added to water
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• Chlorine gas is bubbled into a solution of sodium bromide
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• Magnesium turnings are added to a solution of iron(III) chloride
![Page 24: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Anhydrides
Anhydride means “without water.”
Water is a reactant in each of these equations.
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Memorize the Rules
Look for:
1. Oxides + H2O
a. metallic oxide + H2O base
b. nonmetallic oxide + H2O acid
![Page 26: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
2. Metal hydride + H2O metal hydroxide + H2
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3. Group 1 and 2 nitride + H2O
metal hydroxide + NH3
![Page 28: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
4. Phosphorus halide + H2O
H3PO4 or H3PO3 + H(halide) acid
![Page 29: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Examples
• Excess water is added to solid calcium hydride
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• Solid lithium hydride is added to water
![Page 31: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
• Solid dinitrogen pentoxide is added to water
![Page 32: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
• Solid potassium oxide is added to water
![Page 33: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
• Phosphorus pentachloride solid is added to water
![Page 34: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
• Methylamine gas is bubbled into distilled water
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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
• Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons. The oxidation numbers of at least two elements must change.
• Single replacement, some combination and some decomposition reactions are redox reactions.
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• To predict the products of a redox reaction, look at the reagents given to see if there is both an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent.
• When a problem mentions an acidic or basic solution, it is probably redox.
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Common oxidizing agent Product formed
MnO4- in acidic solution Mn2+
MnO2 in acidic solution Mn2+
MnO4- in neutral or basic
solutionMnO2 (s)
Cr2O72- in acidic solution Cr3+
HNO3, concentrated NO2
HNO3, dilute NO
H2SO4, hot, concentrated SO2
![Page 38: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Common oxidizing agent Product formed
Metal-ic ions Metal-ous ions
Free halogens Halide ions
Na2O2 NaOH
HClO4 Cl-
H2O2 H2O
![Page 39: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Common reducing agent Product formed
Halide ions Free halogen
Free metals Metal ions
Sulfite ions or SO2 Sulfate ions
Nitrite ions Nitrate ions
![Page 40: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Common reducing agent Product formed
Free halogens, dilute basic solution Hypohalite ions
Free halogens, conc. basic solution Halate ions
Metal-ous ions Metal-ic ions
H2O2 O2
C2O42- CO2
![Page 41: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Examples
• A solution of tin(II) chloride is added to an acidified solution of potassium permanganate.
![Page 42: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
• Hydrogen peroxide solution is added to a solution of iron(II) sulfate
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• Potassium permanganate solution is added to a solution of oxalic acid acidified with a few drops of sulfuric acid.
![Page 44: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
• A piece of iron is added to a solution of iron(III) sulfate.
![Page 45: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
• Solid sodium dichromate is added to an acidified solution of sodium iodide
![Page 46: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
• Potassium permanganate is mixed with an alkaline solution of sodium sulfite
![Page 47: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
• Copper (II) sulfide is oxidized by dilute nitric acid.
![Page 48: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
• A solution of potassium iodide is added to an acidified solution of potassium dichromate.
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Acid-Base Neutralization Rxns
Acids react with bases to produce water and salts.
![Page 50: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Hydrogen sulfide gas is bubbled through a solution of potassium hydroxide
Examples
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• A solution of sodium hydroxide is added to a solution of sodium dihydrogen phosphate until the same number of moles of each compound has been added
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• Nitric acid is added to crystals of pure calcium oxide
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• Carbon dioxide is bubbled through a solution of sodium hydroxide
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Decomposition Reactions
• Reaction where a compound breaks down into two or more elements or compounds. Heat, electrolysis, or a catalyst is usually necessary.
![Page 55: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Memorize the rules!
1. Metal Carbonate Metal oxide + CO2
2. Metal Chlorate Metal chloride + O2
![Page 56: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
3. Hydrogen peroxide water + oxygen
4. Ammonium carbonate ammonia + water + carbon
dioxide
5. Sulfurous acid Sulfur dioxide + water
6. Carbonic acid carbon dioxide + water
![Page 57: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
• A solution of hydrogen peroxide is heated
Examples
![Page 58: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
• Magnesium carbonate is heated
![Page 59: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
• Potassium chlorate is heated in the presence of manganese dioxide
![Page 60: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
• Solid ammonium carbonate is heated
![Page 61: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Addition Reactions
• Two or more elements or compounds combine to form a single product.
![Page 62: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
1. 2 cmpds form one compound
2. If excess use the higher oxidation number
If limited use the lower oxidation number
Memorize the rules! Most of these should already look familiar.
![Page 63: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
3. Nonmetal oxide + water acid
4. Metal oxide + water base
5. Metal oxide + sulfur dioxide Metal sulfite
6. Metal oxide + carbon dioxide metal carbonate
![Page 64: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
• Magnesium oxide is added to a container of carbon dioxide gas
Examples
![Page 65: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
• Solid calcium oxide is heated in the presence of sulfur trioxide gas
![Page 66: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
• Calcium metal is heated strongly in nitrogen gas
![Page 67: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
• The gases boron trifluoride and ammonia are mixed
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Combustion Reactions
-Elements or compounds combine with oxygen.
![Page 69: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Memorize these rules.
1. Hydrocarbon + oxygen carbon dioxide
+ water
2. ammonia + oxygen NO + H2O
if excess O2 NO2 + H2O
![Page 70: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
3. Nonmetal hydride + oxygen nonmetal oxide+ water
4. Nonmetal sulfide+oxygen nonmetal oxide + sulfur
dioxide
![Page 71: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
• Methane is burned in the presence of oxygen
![Page 72: AP Net Ionic Equations. AP equations are found in the free response section of the AP test. You will have 3 equations following by a question about the](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e185503460f94b04e75/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
• Lithium metal is burned in air
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• Solid zinc sulfide is heated in an excess of oxygen
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• A piece of solid bismuth is heated strongly in oxygen
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Complex Ion Reactions
• Complex ions are made up of a ____________ and a _____________.
[Co(NH3)6]+3 is the complex ion
NH3 is the ligand, Co is the metal
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• Possible metals: Cu/Zn/Ag/Cd/Fe/Al
• Possible ligands: NH3, OH-1, SCN-1
• Magic number? Double charge to get magic number
• Exceptions to the trick:
• **[Al(OH)4]- **[Fe(SCN)]2+
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Example:
[Co(NH3)6] Cl3
NH3 is the ligand, [Co(NH3)6]+3 is the complex ion
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Common complex ions on AP equations
**[Al(OH)4]- tetrahydroxoaluminate ion
formed from: (Al or Al(OH)3 or Al3+ + OH-)
[Ag(NH3)2]+ diamminesilver(I) ion
formed from (Ag+ + NH3)
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[Zn(OH)4]2- tetrahydroxyzincate ion
formed from (Zn(OH)2 + OH-)
[Zn(NH3)4]2+ tetramminezinc ion
formed from (Zn2+ + NH3)
[Cu(NH3)4]2+ tetraminecopper(II) ion
formed from (Cu2+ + NH3)
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[Cd(NH3)4]2+ tetraminecadmium(II) ion
formed from (Cd2+ + NH3)
**[Fe(SCN)]2+ thiocyanairon(III) ion formed from (Fe3+ + SCN-)
[Ag(CN)2]- dicyanoargentate(I) ion formed from (Ag+ and CN-)
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Remember the following when writing complex ion reactions:
1. Acid to complex ion break it up
2. Acid to NH3 complex NH4+ + breakup
complex ion
3. HCl + Ag complex AgCl + Breakup complex ion
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Examples
• Concentrated (15M) ammonia is added in excess to a solution of copper (II) nitrate
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• Dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a solution of tetraminecopper (II) sulfate
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• A suspension of zinc hydroxide is treated with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution
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• Solid silver chloride is added to a concentrated solution of ammonia
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• Hydrochloric acid is added to a solution of dihydroxysilver bromide