ap human geography week #24 winter 2014. ap human geography 2/23/15 no school: snow day#6

AP Human Geography Week #24

Winter 2014

AP Human Geography 2/23/15http://mrmilewski.com

• NO SCHOOL: Snow Day#6


• OBJECTIVE: Demonstrate mastery of Chapter#9-Political Geography & begin examination of agriculture. APHugVII

• Language objective: Write about urbanization & agriculture.• I. Administrative Stuff

-Attendance & distribution of test• II. Chapter#9 Test• III. Journal#70

-Chapter#11 vocabulary• Homework: Read p.349-351• Journals#55-70 Due!• NOTICE: 80 Days until the AP Test May 15th

AP Exam Registration • Students, you can now pay for your AP Exams by cash

(NO CHECK). Give the cash to the secretary in the Counseling Office Tuesdays and Thursdays.

• Exam fees are $91.00 per exam. If you receive free or reduced lunch, Exam fees are $25.00 per exam.

• Exam fees MUST BE PAID by March 17th!

1.) Agriculture• The deliberate

tending of crops• Example: What

feeds our families

http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2157/1519658560_d48811a794.jpg

2.) Primary Economic Activity• Involves those products

closest to the ground such as agriculture, ranching, hunting & gathering, fishing, forestry, mining, and quarrying.

• Example: What this chapter is abouthttp://www.southtravels.com/pacific/americansamoa/traveltips/gifs/economy.jpg

3.) Secondary Economic Activity• Activities that take a

primary product and manufacture it

• Example: What Chapter#12 is about

http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2649/4024864398_f78031c035.jpg

4.) Root Crop• Crops that are

reproduced by cultivating roots or cutting plants (tubers, including manioc or cassava, yams and sweet potatoes)

• Example: Beginning of human plant domestication.

https://www.msu.edu/~longabau/gis_project/images/cassava.jpg

5.) Seed Crop• Plants that reproduce

by growing seeds. More complex process that includes seed selection, sowing, watering, and well-timed harvesting.

• Example: Basis of first agricultural revolution.

http://www.dsv-seeds.com/export/system/modules/de.dsv/resources/common_images/unternehmen/produktion.jpg

6.) Agricultural Revolution• Three parts

– 1st 14,000 years ago– 2nd seventeenth &

eighteenth century– 3rd Green revolution

1930s & 1940s

• Example: These 3 revolutions led to the creation and growth of society

http://agricindia.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/a1.jpg?w=300&h=219

7.) Slash & Burn• All the vegetation

cut down and burned

• Example: Mainly used in tropical regions

8.) van Thunen Model

• First model to analyze the spatial character of and economic activity

• Example: Why certain agricultural industries locate where they do

http://0.tqn.com/d/geography/1/G/b/9/vt.gif

9.) GM Crops

• genetically modified organisms

• Example: 75% of all processed foods in the US today are GM

http://sitemaker.umich.edu/sec006group5/files/percent_gmos_worldwide_chart.gif

10.) Climatic Regions• Areas of

similar climatic characteristics

• Example: Lets you know what you can grow

http://pinebaskets.tripod.com/climatezones.gif

Homework• Read p.349-351• Begin working on

Chapter#11 Guided Reading pt.I

• Chapter#11 Test is Monday March 16th


• OBJECTIVE: Examine FRQs. APHugV.A.2&3• Language objective: Write about human geography.• I. Administrative Stuff

-attendance-return journals, Ch#9 Test, & Ch#8 FRQ

• II. Quiz#43• III. Review Chapter#9 Test• IV. FRQ Day#14-Workshop

-review of Ch#8 FRQs-new FRQ day format discussion-FRQ Day#14 2011 FRQ#1

• Homework: Read p.352-360• Notice: 79 Days until the AP Test May 15th

http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/repository/ap11_frq_human_geography.pdf

Homework• Read p.352-360• Continue working on




• OBJECTIVE: Examine agriculture FRQs. APHugV.A.2&3• Language objective: Write about agriculture.• I. Administrative Stuff

-attendance-review FRQ from yesterday

• II. FRQ Day#15-FRQ 2012 #2

• III. Film: Guns, Germs, & Steel• Homework: Read p.360-365• Notice: 78 Days until the AP Test May 15th

http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/repository/ap_frq_human_geo_2012.pdf

Episode 1 Chapters 6-8: The Impact of Productive Farming, Animal Domestication & Types of Farmed Animals

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pDezBiaguPY







Homework• Read p.360-365• Continue working on


• FRQ Binder Due Tomorrow!



• OBJECTIVE: Examination of the Second and Third Agricultural Revolutions. APHugV.A.2&3

• Language objective: Write about agriculture.• I. Quiz#44• II. Journal#71 pt.A

-notes on the agricultural revolutions• III. Journal#71 pt.B

-complete film Guns, Germs, & Steel• Homework: Complete Guided Reading pt.I• Notice: 77 Days until the AP Test May 15th

Arable Land

Economic Activities• Primary economic activities: Products closest to the

ground

• Secondary economic activities: Manufacturing of primary products into new products

• Tertiary economic activities: Services, connecting producers to consumers to facilitate trade

• Quaternary economic activities: Information or the exchange of goods

• Quinary economic activities: Tied into research or higher education

Labor Force in Agriculture, 2005

Fig. 10-3: A large proportion of workers in most LDCs are in agriculture, while only a small percentage of workers in MDCs are engaged in agriculture.

Tractors, per cropland

Fig. 10-4: Tractors per 1000 hectares of cropland. Use of machinery is extensive in most MDC agriculture, but it is much less common in LDCs.

The First Agricultural Revolution• South and Southeast Asia: Root crops, up to 14,000

years ago• Southwest Asia (the Fertile Crescent): Seed crops,

about 10,000 years ago

The Fertile Crescent• Beginning of planned cultivation of seed crops• Enlargement of plants from seed selection• Generated a surplus of wheat and barley• First integration of plant growing and animal raising

– Crops to feed livestock– Livestock to help grow crops

• Animal domestication– Began in Fertile Crescent (c. 8000 years ago)– Relatively few domestic animals– Continuing efforts at domesticating animals usually not very

successful

The Fertile Crescent

Modern Hunters-Gatherers• Pressure to change in globalized economy• Studied and mapped groups

– San of Southern Africa– Aboriginals of Australia– Indigenous peoples of Brazil– Groups in Americas, Africa, Asia

Subsistence Agriculture

• Strict meaning: Farmers produce enough for themselves and their families and do not enter the cash economy at all

• Today, usually sell small amounts in the market• Characteristics

– Land held in common– Surpluses shared with everyone– Personal wealth accumulation restricted– Individual advancement at expense of group limited

Subsistence Agriculture

Shifting Cultivation

• Shifting fields to find better land• Practiced primarily in tropical and subtropical regions• Cycle

– Clear plot of vegetation– Plant crops– Loss of fertility

• Loss of decaying vegetation• Leaching of nutrients

– Abandon plot and begin again in a new location

Shifting Cultivation in Guatemala

Dense vegetation has been cut and is being burned to open land for farming.

Land Clearing in Colombia

Bulldozers are used to plow a road through the rain forest in Colombia.

How Did Agriculture Change with Industrialization?

• Second Agricultural Revolution: A series of innovations, improvements, and techniques used to improve the output of agricultural surpluses– New tools– Advances in livestock breeding– New fertilizers

• Started before the Industrial Revolution

Von Thünen Model• Variation in products by

distance from the town, with livestock raising farthest away

• Use of land governed by cost of transportation

• First effort to analyze the spatial character of economic activity

Fig. 10-13: Von Thünen’s model shows how distance from a city or market affects the choice of agricultural activity in (a) a uniform

landscape and (b) one with a river.

Application of Von Thünen Model• Chinese village

– Land improvement (by adding organic material) close to village

– Land degradation (lots of pesticides and fewer conservation tactics) farther from village

• Wealthy countries– Underlying principles on larger scale– Use of faster, higher capacity transportation

Third Agriculture Revolution(Green Revolution)

• Began in U.S. Midwest, then applied to less wealthy countries

• Invention of high-yield grains, especially rice, with goal of reducing hunger – Increased production of rice– New varieties of wheat and corn– Reduced famines due to crop failure – Most famines today due to political problems– Impact (in terms of hunger) greatest where rice is

produced

Green Revolution Experiments

Grain Importers & Exporters

Fig. 10-15: Most countries are net importers of grain. The U.S. is the largest net exporter.

Average Daily Calorie Consumption per Capita

Opposition to Green Revolution• Vulnerability to pests• Soil erosion • Water shortages• Micronutrient deficiencies• Dependency on chemicals for production• Loss of control over seeds• Genetically modified (GM) crops

Under-nourished Proportion

Fig. 10-16: The proportion of under-nourished population has declined in most LDCs, but is much higher in sub-Saharan Africa than in other areas of the world.

Population and Grain Production in Africa, 1961-2005

Fig. 10-17: Cereal production has not kept up with the high rate of population growth in sub-Saharan Africa. (The graph is set to a base of 1.0 in 1961).

Homework• Complete Chapter#11

Guided Reading pt.I• Ch#11 Guided Reading

pt.I due on Monday!• Chapter#11 Test is

Monday March 16th

ap human geography week #24 winter 2014. ap human geography 2/23/15 no school: snow day#6

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