ap government review chapter 1. political culture a set of beliefs and basic values shared by most...
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AP GovernmentAP GovernmentReviewReview
Chapter 1Chapter 1
Political CulturePolitical Culture
A set of beliefs and basic values A set of beliefs and basic values shared by most citizens.shared by most citizens.– Majority ruleMajority rule– Free electionsFree elections– Equality in lawEquality in law– Private propertyPrivate property– Individual freedomsIndividual freedoms
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Chapter 2: The ConstitutionChapter 2: The Constitution
Goals of the US ConstitutionGoals of the US Constitution
Create a strong union of statesCreate a strong union of states Establish justiceEstablish justice Preserve Domestic OrderPreserve Domestic Order Provide for the common defenseProvide for the common defense Promote general welfarePromote general welfare Promote individual freedomsPromote individual freedoms
Constitution Remedies the Constitution Remedies the Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation
Creates FederalismCreates Federalism– A balance between the national and state A balance between the national and state
governmentsgovernments National government could taxNational government could tax Congress could regulate commerce Congress could regulate commerce
between the states and foreign nationsbetween the states and foreign nations
Constitution Remedies the Constitution Remedies the Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation
Article II created an executive Article II created an executive department to enforce lawsdepartment to enforce laws
Article III created a national judiciary with Article III created a national judiciary with lower courts established by Congresslower courts established by Congress
Constitution Remedies the Constitution Remedies the Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation
Only the national Only the national government could government could coin moneycoin money
States are States are represented based represented based on population in the on population in the House of Reps and House of Reps and equally in the Senateequally in the Senate
Constitution Remedies the Constitution Remedies the Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation
Bills need a simple majority in the Bills need a simple majority in the House and SenateHouse and Senate
2/3 of Congress and ¾ of the states 2/3 of Congress and ¾ of the states are necessary to amend the are necessary to amend the ConstitutionConstitution
Basic Principles of the Basic Principles of the ConstitutionConstitution
Limited governmentLimited government Popular sovereigntyPopular sovereignty Separation of powersSeparation of powers Checks and balancesChecks and balances FederalismFederalism
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Chapter 3: FederalismChapter 3: Federalism
FederalismFederalism
Delegated powersDelegated powers– Expressed powers given to the national governmentExpressed powers given to the national government
Implied powersImplied powers– Powers that may be reasonably inferred from the Powers that may be reasonably inferred from the
Constitution (Necessary and Proper Clause)Constitution (Necessary and Proper Clause) Inherent powersInherent powers
– Powers that exist from the national government Powers that exist from the national government because the government is sovereignnt 10)because the government is sovereignnt 10)
FederalismFederalism
Concurrent powersConcurrent powers– Belong to both the states and national governmentsBelong to both the states and national governments
Reserved powersReserved powers– Powers that belong to the states (Amendment 10)Powers that belong to the states (Amendment 10)
National SupremacyNational Supremacy
Article IV Supremacy Article IV Supremacy ClauseClause
– McCulloch v. Maryland McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Federal law is (1819) Federal law is supreme over state lawsupreme over state law
– Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) National supremacy over National supremacy over interstate commerceinterstate commerce
Federalism TodayFederalism Today Dual Federalism (1789-1932) Dual Federalism (1789-1932)
– Layer cake federalism: National and state have Layer cake federalism: National and state have power within their own sphere of influencepower within their own sphere of influence
Cooperative Federalism (1932-1968)Cooperative Federalism (1932-1968)– Marble cake federalism: National and state work Marble cake federalism: National and state work
togethertogether
Federalism TodayFederalism Today
New Federalism New Federalism (Nixon, Reagan, (Nixon, Reagan, Bush 41)Bush 41)– Devolution of Devolution of
national power national power to the statesto the states
Fiscal FederalismFiscal Federalism
Grant in aidGrant in aid– Money and resources provided by the national Money and resources provided by the national
government to state and local projects and programsgovernment to state and local projects and programs Categorical grantsCategorical grants
– Grants that have specific purpose defined by lawGrants that have specific purpose defined by law Block grantsBlock grants
– General grants which can be used for a variety of General grants which can be used for a variety of purposespurposes
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Chapter 7: Public Opinion and Chapter 7: Public Opinion and Political Socialization Political Socialization
Political SocializationPolitical Socialization
The process in which citizens acquire The process in which citizens acquire a sense of political identitya sense of political identity– Family and home lifeFamily and home life– EducationEducation– Demographic factors (age, sex, race, Demographic factors (age, sex, race,
religion)religion)– Mass mediaMass media– Historical events Historical events
Public OpinionPublic Opinion
A collection of shared attitudes of A collection of shared attitudes of many different people in matters many different people in matters relating to politics, public issues, or relating to politics, public issues, or making of public policy.making of public policy.
Measuring Public OpinionMeasuring Public Opinion
1930’s Gallup 1930’s Gallup developed developed polling:polling:– Random Random
SamplingSampling– valid questionsvalid questions– Controlling how Controlling how
the poll is takenthe poll is taken– Analyzing and Analyzing and
reporting resultsreporting results
Political IdeologyPolitical Ideology
A set of beliefs about politics and A set of beliefs about politics and public policypublic policy
Political SpectrumPolitical Spectrum
Liberal: supports active Liberal: supports active government in promoting government in promoting individual welfare and social individual welfare and social rightsrights
Conservative: promotes a Conservative: promotes a limited government role in limited government role in helping individuals, helping individuals, supports traditional lifestylesupports traditional lifestyle
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Chapter 9: Political PartiesChapter 9: Political Parties
Political PartiesPolitical Parties
An association of people who seek to An association of people who seek to control the government through common control the government through common principle.principle.
Two Party System: There are several parties Two Party System: There are several parties but only two major parties compete and but only two major parties compete and dominate electionsdominate elections
Minor Parties: sometimes can “upset” the Minor Parties: sometimes can “upset” the electionelection
What do Parties do?What do Parties do?
Recruit candidatesRecruit candidates Nominate and support candidates for Nominate and support candidates for
officeoffice Educate the electorateEducate the electorate Organize the government (majority Organize the government (majority
vs. minority)vs. minority)
Party IdentificationParty Identification
IdeologyIdeology IncomeIncome RaceRace ReligionReligion Region of countryRegion of country
EducationEducation OccupationOccupation GenderGender Family traditionFamily tradition Marital statusMarital status
Why a Two Party SystemWhy a Two Party System
British heritageBritish heritage
Federalist/Anti-FederalistFederalist/Anti-Federalist
Electoral systemElectoral system
Election lawsElection laws
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Chapter 10: Campaigns, Chapter 10: Campaigns, Nominations, and ElectionsNominations, and Elections
Political ParticipationPolitical Participation
Voting in electionsVoting in elections Discussing politics and attending political Discussing politics and attending political
meetingsmeetings Forming interest groups and PACsForming interest groups and PACs Contacting public officialsContacting public officials Contributing money to a candidate or Contributing money to a candidate or
political partypolitical party Running for officeRunning for office Protesting government decisionsProtesting government decisions
Low Voter TurnoutLow Voter Turnout
Voter turnout is higher for Presidential Voter turnout is higher for Presidential elections elections
Lower turnout for midterm electionsLower turnout for midterm elections Lower when compared to other Lower when compared to other
nationsnations
Low Voter TurnoutLow Voter Turnout
No perceived differences between No perceived differences between candidate or partycandidate or party
Mistrust of the governmentMistrust of the government ApathyApathy Lack of political efficacyLack of political efficacy
Types of ElectionsTypes of Elections Primary Election: voters Primary Election: voters
choose candidates from choose candidates from their partytheir party
Closed primary: only voters Closed primary: only voters who are registered in the who are registered in the party may vote to choose party may vote to choose the candidatethe candidate
Open primary: voters may Open primary: voters may vote to choose the vote to choose the candidate of either party, candidate of either party, whether they belong to that whether they belong to that party or notparty or not
Types of ElectionsTypes of Elections Blanket primary: Blanket primary:
voters may vote voters may vote for candidates of for candidates of either partyeither party
Runoff primary: Runoff primary: when no candidate when no candidate from a party from a party receives a majority receives a majority of the votes, the of the votes, the top two candidates top two candidates face each otherface each other
Electoral CollegeElectoral College
President and Vice-President and Vice-President are chosen by President are chosen by the 538 electoral votesthe 538 electoral votes
States use a winner take States use a winner take all method all method
Majority candidate (270) Majority candidate (270) is declared winner.is declared winner.
If no winner is declared If no winner is declared the House of the House of Representatives chooses Representatives chooses the President and the the President and the Senate chooses the Vice-Senate chooses the Vice-PresidentPresident
Campaign FinanceCampaign Finance
Federal Election Campaign Act (1971)Federal Election Campaign Act (1971)– RestrictedRestricted
Amount spent on campaign advertisingAmount spent on campaign advertising Required disclosure of contributions and Required disclosure of contributions and
expendituresexpenditures
Federal Election CommissionFederal Election Commission– Enforces the FECAEnforces the FECA– Created public financing for presidential Created public financing for presidential
candidatescandidates
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Chapter 8: Interest GroupsChapter 8: Interest Groups
Interest GroupsInterest Groups
Raise awareness and stimulate Raise awareness and stimulate interest in public affairs interest in public affairs
Serve as a link between members Serve as a link between members and the governmentand the government
Provide information to the Provide information to the governmentgovernment
Provide channels for political Provide channels for political participationparticipation
STOPSTOP
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Chapter 12: CongressChapter 12: Congress
CongressCongress
Article I of the US Constitution creates Article I of the US Constitution creates a bicameral legislature consisting of a bicameral legislature consisting of the House of Representatives and the the House of Representatives and the SenateSenate
The current structure was a result of The current structure was a result of the Connecticut or Great Compromise the Connecticut or Great Compromise reached at the Constitutional reached at the Constitutional ConventionConvention
House of RepresentativesHouse of Representatives MembershipMembership
– 435 members apportioned by 435 members apportioned by populationpopulation
Term of OfficeTerm of Office– 2 years; entire House elected every 2 2 years; entire House elected every 2
yearsyears QualificationsQualifications
– At least 25 years oldAt least 25 years old– Citizen for 7 yearsCitizen for 7 years– Must live in state where district is Must live in state where district is
locatedlocated ConstituenciesConstituencies
– smaller, by districtsmaller, by district PrestigePrestige
– Less prestigeLess prestige
House of RepresentativesHouse of RepresentativesGetting ElectedGetting Elected
Apportionment: distribution among the Apportionment: distribution among the states based on the population of each states based on the population of each statestate
Reapportionment: the redistribution of Reapportionment: the redistribution of Congressional seats after the census Congressional seats after the census determines changes in population determines changes in population distribution among the statesdistribution among the states
House of RepresentativesHouse of RepresentativesGetting ElectedGetting Elected
Congressional districting: the drawing by Congressional districting: the drawing by state legislatures of congressional state legislatures of congressional districts for those states with more than districts for those states with more than one representativeone representative
Gerrymandering: drawing congressional Gerrymandering: drawing congressional districts to favor one political party or districts to favor one political party or group over anothergroup over another
House of RepresentativesHouse of Representatives LeadershipLeadership
– Speaker of the HouseSpeaker of the House Presiding officer and most powerful memberPresiding officer and most powerful member Assigns bills to committeeAssigns bills to committee Controls floor debatesControls floor debates Appoints party members to committeesAppoints party members to committees
– Majority LeaderMajority Leader Assistant to the SpeakerAssistant to the Speaker Helps plan party’s legislative programHelps plan party’s legislative program Directs floor debatesDirects floor debates
– Minority LeaderMinority Leader Major spokesperson for the minority partyMajor spokesperson for the minority party Organizes opposition to the majority partyOrganizes opposition to the majority party
House of RepresentativesHouse of RepresentativesHow a Bill becomes a LawHow a Bill becomes a Law
A bill is introducedA bill is introduced The bill goes through committeeThe bill goes through committee The rules committee sets terms The rules committee sets terms
of debate for the billof debate for the bill The bill is debated by the HouseThe bill is debated by the House A vote is taken. Bills that pass go A vote is taken. Bills that pass go
to the Senateto the Senate Conference committee resolves Conference committee resolves
any differences between House any differences between House and Senate Billand Senate Bill
Resolved bill is voted on in the Resolved bill is voted on in the HouseHouse
If approved, sent to the PresidentIf approved, sent to the President
US SenateUS Senate
Membership: 100 members (2 Membership: 100 members (2 from each state)from each state)
Term of office: 6 years; staggered Term of office: 6 years; staggered terms with one-third of the Senate terms with one-third of the Senate elected every 2 yearselected every 2 years
Qualifications: Qualifications: – At least 30 years of ageAt least 30 years of age– Citizen for 9 yearsCitizen for 9 years– Must live in stateMust live in state
Constituencies: Larger, entire stateConstituencies: Larger, entire state Prestige: More prestigePrestige: More prestige
US SenateUS Senate
Getting ElectedGetting Elected– Members were Members were
originally chosen by originally chosen by the state legislatures the state legislatures in each statein each state
– Since 1913, the 17Since 1913, the 17thth Amendment allows the Amendment allows the direct election of direct election of senators by the people senators by the people of the stateof the state
US SenateUS Senate
LeadershipLeadership– US Vice President US Vice President
Presiding officer of the Senate. Presiding officer of the Senate. Cannot debate and only votes to break a tieCannot debate and only votes to break a tie
– President pro temporePresident pro tempore Senior member of the majority partySenior member of the majority party A ceremonial positionA ceremonial position
– Majority leaderMajority leader The most influential member of the SenateThe most influential member of the Senate The majority party’s spokespersonThe majority party’s spokesperson
– Minority leaderMinority leader Performs the same role as the House minority Performs the same role as the House minority
leaderleader
US SenateUS SenateHow a Bill becomes a LawHow a Bill becomes a Law
A bill is introducedA bill is introduced The bill goes through committeeThe bill goes through committee No rules committee!No rules committee! The bill is debated by the SenateThe bill is debated by the Senate A vote is taken, where the bill is passed or defeated. A vote is taken, where the bill is passed or defeated.
Bills that pass the Senate are sent to the HouseBills that pass the Senate are sent to the House Conference committee resolves any differences Conference committee resolves any differences
between House and Senate Billbetween House and Senate Bill Resolved bill is voted on in the SenateResolved bill is voted on in the Senate If approved, sent to the PresidentIf approved, sent to the President
Congressional OverrideCongressional Override
If the President vetoes the bill then it If the President vetoes the bill then it is returned to the Congress, where is returned to the Congress, where they may override the veto by a two-they may override the veto by a two-thirds vote in each house.thirds vote in each house.
Types of CommitteesTypes of Committees
StandingStanding– A permanent committee that deals with specific A permanent committee that deals with specific
policy matters (agriculture, energy…)policy matters (agriculture, energy…) SelectSelect
– A temporary committee appointed for a specific A temporary committee appointed for a specific purpose (Senate Watergate Committee)purpose (Senate Watergate Committee)
Types of CommitteesTypes of Committees
JointJoint– Made up of members of both Houses (Joint Made up of members of both Houses (Joint
Committee on the Library of Congress)Committee on the Library of Congress) ConferenceConference
– A temporary committee of members from both A temporary committee of members from both Houses, created to resolve differences in the Houses, created to resolve differences in the House and Senate versions of the billHouse and Senate versions of the bill
Roles of Members of Roles of Members of CongressCongress
PolicymakerPolicymaker RepresentativeRepresentative Constituent servantConstituent servant Committee memberCommittee member Politician/Party memberPolitician/Party member
House of House of Representatives/SenateRepresentatives/Senate
Incumbency Effect: the tendency for office Incumbency Effect: the tendency for office holders to easily get reelectedholders to easily get reelected– Name recognitionName recognition– Credit claiming (bringing positive results to the Credit claiming (bringing positive results to the
district or state)district or state)– Casework for constituents (helped constituents solve Casework for constituents (helped constituents solve
problems)problems)– More visible to constituentsMore visible to constituents– Media exposureMedia exposure– Fundraising abilitiesFundraising abilities– Experience in campaigningExperience in campaigning– Voting recordVoting record
Powers of CongressPowers of Congress
Legislative PowersLegislative Powers– Expressed powers: Powers specifically Expressed powers: Powers specifically
granted to Congress, mostly found in Article granted to Congress, mostly found in Article I, Section 8 of the ConstitutionI, Section 8 of the Constitution
– Implied powers: powers which may be Implied powers: powers which may be reasonably suggested to carry out the reasonably suggested to carry out the expressed powers; found in Article I, Section expressed powers; found in Article I, Section 8, Clause 18, “necessary and proper”8, Clause 18, “necessary and proper”
– Limitations of powers: power denied Limitations of powers: power denied Congress in Article I, Section 9 and the 10Congress in Article I, Section 9 and the 10thth AmendmentAmendment
Powers of CongressPowers of Congress Electoral powers: selection of the President by Electoral powers: selection of the President by
the House and Vice-President by the Senate the House and Vice-President by the Senate upon the failure of the electoral college to upon the failure of the electoral college to achieve a majority voteachieve a majority vote
Amendment powers: Congress may propose Amendment powers: Congress may propose amendments by 2/3 votes of each houseamendments by 2/3 votes of each house
Powers of CongressPowers of Congress Impeachment: Impeachment:
– House may bring charges, or House may bring charges, or impeach, the President, Vie-impeach, the President, Vie-President, or any civil officer by a President, or any civil officer by a simple majoritysimple majority
– Senate holds the trial and acts as a Senate holds the trial and acts as a jury with a 2/3 vote needed to find jury with a 2/3 vote needed to find guiltguilt
Executive powers of the Senate: Executive powers of the Senate: – Must approve appointees by the Must approve appointees by the
Executive Branch by a simple Executive Branch by a simple majoritymajority
– Must approve treaties by a 2/3 voteMust approve treaties by a 2/3 vote Investigation/oversight powers: Investigation/oversight powers:
investigate matters falling within investigate matters falling within the range of its legislative the range of its legislative authorityauthority
Legislative TacticsLegislative Tactics
Filibuster or Cloture: in the Senate only, Filibuster or Cloture: in the Senate only, unlimited debate in an attempt to stall action unlimited debate in an attempt to stall action on a bill; cloture is the method by 60 votes to on a bill; cloture is the method by 60 votes to end a filibusterend a filibuster
Legislative TacticsLegislative Tactics
Pork barrel legislation: an attempt to provide Pork barrel legislation: an attempt to provide funds and projects for a member’s home funds and projects for a member’s home state or districtstate or district
Legislative TacticsLegislative Tactics
Logrolling: an attempt by members to gain Logrolling: an attempt by members to gain support of other members in return for their support of other members in return for their support on the member’s legislationsupport on the member’s legislation
Influences on CongressInfluences on Congress
ConstituentsConstituents Other lawmakers and staffOther lawmakers and staff Party influencesParty influences PresidentPresident Lobbyists and interest groupsLobbyists and interest groups
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Chapter 13: The PresidencyChapter 13: The Presidency
President of the United President of the United StatesStates
Article II of the Constitution Article II of the Constitution establishes the many responsibilities establishes the many responsibilities and functions of the Presidentand functions of the President
Term and TenureTerm and Tenure– 4 year term4 year term– 2 terms (10 year max) 222 terms (10 year max) 22ndnd Amendment Amendment
President of the United President of the United StatesStates
Formal QualificationsFormal Qualifications– Natural born citizenNatural born citizen– At least 35 years oldAt least 35 years old– Resident of the US 14 years prior to electionResident of the US 14 years prior to election
Informal, many presidential candidates share Informal, many presidential candidates share several characteristicsseveral characteristics– Political or military experiencePolitical or military experience– Political acceptabilityPolitical acceptability– MarriedMarried– White maleWhite male– ProtestantProtestant– Northern European ancestryNorthern European ancestry
Succession and DisabilitySuccession and Disability
The Constitution provides that if the The Constitution provides that if the President can no longer serve in office President can no longer serve in office the Vice-President will carry out the the Vice-President will carry out the powers and duties of the officepowers and duties of the office
2525thth Amendment Amendment– The Vice-President becomes President if The Vice-President becomes President if
the office of the president becomes the office of the president becomes vacantvacant
– The President will nominate a new Vice-The President will nominate a new Vice-President, with approval of a majority President, with approval of a majority from both houses of Congressfrom both houses of Congress
Impeachment and RemovalImpeachment and Removal The Constitution gives the The Constitution gives the
House of Representatives the House of Representatives the authority to bring charges authority to bring charges against the President or Vice-against the President or Vice-President for “Treason, Bribery, President for “Treason, Bribery, or other High Crimes and or other High Crimes and Misdemeanors.”Misdemeanors.”
Once charges are brought the Once charges are brought the Senate holds the trial. The Senate holds the trial. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Chief Justice of the Supreme Court presides over the trialCourt presides over the trial
Conviction requires a 2/3 voteConviction requires a 2/3 vote
Electoral College SystemElectoral College System 1212thth Amendment Amendment
– An electoral college elects the President and Vice-An electoral college elects the President and Vice-President separatelyPresident separately
– If a majority is not reached the House votes on the If a majority is not reached the House votes on the top 3 candidates for President and the Senate votes top 3 candidates for President and the Senate votes on the top 2 candidates for Vice-Presidenton the top 2 candidates for Vice-President
The Vice-PresidencyThe Vice-Presidency
Presides over the Senate, Presides over the Senate, casting tie-breaking votescasting tie-breaking votes
Help determine Help determine presidential disability presidential disability under the 25under the 25thth Amendment and take Amendment and take over presidency if over presidency if necessarynecessary
Has the same formal Has the same formal qualifications as the qualifications as the PresidentPresident
Presidential PowersPresidential Powers
Executive powersExecutive powers– Enforces laws, treaties, and court Enforces laws, treaties, and court
decisionsdecisions– Issues executive orders to carry out Issues executive orders to carry out
policiespolicies– Appoints officials, removes officialsAppoints officials, removes officials– Assumes emergency powersAssumes emergency powers– Presides over cabinet and executive Presides over cabinet and executive
branchbranch
Presidential PowersPresidential Powers
Military powersMilitary powers– Serves as Serves as
commander in commander in chiefchief
– Has final Has final decision making decision making authority in authority in matters of matters of national and national and domestic domestic defensedefense
– Provides for Provides for domestic orderdomestic order
Presidential PowersPresidential Powers
Legislative PowersLegislative Powers– Gives annual State of the Union messageGives annual State of the Union message– Issues annual budget and economic reportsIssues annual budget and economic reports– Signs or vetoes billsSigns or vetoes bills– Proposes and influences legislationProposes and influences legislation– Calls for special sessions of CongressCalls for special sessions of Congress
Presidential PowersPresidential Powers
Diplomatic PowersDiplomatic Powers– Appoints ambassadors Appoints ambassadors
and other diplomatsand other diplomats– Negotiates treaties and Negotiates treaties and
executive agreementsexecutive agreements– Meets with foreign leadersMeets with foreign leaders– Accords diplomatic Accords diplomatic
recognition to foreign recognition to foreign governmentsgovernments
– Receives foreign Receives foreign dignitariesdignitaries
Presidential PowersPresidential Powers
Judicial PowersJudicial Powers– Appoints members of the federal Appoints members of the federal
judiciaryjudiciary– Grants reprieves, pardons, and amnestyGrants reprieves, pardons, and amnesty
Presidential PowersPresidential Powers
Party PowersParty Powers– Leader of the partyLeader of the party– Chooses vice presidential Chooses vice presidential
nomineenominee– Strengthens the party by Strengthens the party by
helping members get helping members get elected (coattails)elected (coattails)
– Appoints party members to Appoints party members to government positions government positions (patronage)(patronage)
– Influences policies and Influences policies and platform of partyplatform of party
Limitations on Presidential Limitations on Presidential PowersPowers
Congressional ChecksCongressional Checks– Override presidential vetoOverride presidential veto– Power of the pursePower of the purse– Power of impeachmentPower of impeachment– Approval powers over appointeesApproval powers over appointees– Legislation limiting the president’s power (War Legislation limiting the president’s power (War
Powers Act)Powers Act)
Limitations on Presidential Limitations on Presidential PowersPowers
Judicial ChecksJudicial Checks– Judicial review of executive actionJudicial review of executive action
Political checksPolitical checks– Public opinionPublic opinion– Media attentionMedia attention– popularitypopularity
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Chapter 14: The BureaucracyChapter 14: The Bureaucracy
The BureaucracyThe Bureaucracy
A systematic way of organizing a A systematic way of organizing a complex and large administrative complex and large administrative structure.structure.– Hierarchical authority: similar to a Hierarchical authority: similar to a
pyramid with the top having authority pyramid with the top having authority over those belowover those below
– Job specialization: each worker has Job specialization: each worker has defined duties and responsibilities, a defined duties and responsibilities, a division of labor among workersdivision of labor among workers
– Formal rules: established regulations and Formal rules: established regulations and procedures which must be followedprocedures which must be followed
History and GrowthHistory and Growth Beginnings: standards Beginnings: standards
for office included for office included qualifications and qualifications and political acceptabilitypolitical acceptability
Spoils system: practice Spoils system: practice of giving offices and of giving offices and government favors to government favors to political supporters political supporters and friendsand friends
Reform movement: Reform movement: competitive exams competitive exams were tried and failed were tried and failed due to inadequate due to inadequate funding from Congressfunding from Congress
History and GrowthHistory and Growth Pendleton Act: Civil Pendleton Act: Civil
Service Act of 1883, Service Act of 1883, replaced the spoils replaced the spoils system with a merit system with a merit systemsystem
Hatch Act of 1939: Hatch Act of 1939: prohibits government prohibits government employees from engaging employees from engaging in political activities while in political activities while on dutyon duty
Civil Service Reform Act of Civil Service Reform Act of 1978: created the office of 1978: created the office of Personnel Management to Personnel Management to recruit, train, and recruit, train, and establish classifications establish classifications and salaries for federal and salaries for federal employed employed
OrganizationOrganization
The federal bureaucracy is divided The federal bureaucracy is divided into four basic typesinto four basic types– Cabinet departments (15 executive Cabinet departments (15 executive
departments)departments)– Independent executive departments Independent executive departments
(NASA, Small Business Administration)(NASA, Small Business Administration)– Independent regulatory agencies Independent regulatory agencies
(Securities and Exchange Commission, (Securities and Exchange Commission, Federal Reserve Board)Federal Reserve Board)
– Government corporations (Tennessee Government corporations (Tennessee Valley Authority, US Postal Service)Valley Authority, US Postal Service)
Influences on the Federal Influences on the Federal BureaucracyBureaucracy
Executive influences: appointing the right Executive influences: appointing the right people, issuing executive orders, affecting people, issuing executive orders, affecting the agency’s budgetthe agency’s budget
Congressional influences: influencing Congressional influences: influencing appointments, affecting the agency’s appointments, affecting the agency’s budget, holding hearings, rewriting budget, holding hearings, rewriting legislationlegislation
Iron triangles: alliances between Iron triangles: alliances between bureaucratic agencies, congressional bureaucratic agencies, congressional committees, and interest groupscommittees, and interest groups
Executive Office of the Executive Office of the PresidentPresident
White House OfficeWhite House Office National Security CouncilNational Security Council Office of Management and BudgetOffice of Management and Budget Office of Faith Based and Community Office of Faith Based and Community
InitiativesInitiatives Office of National Drug Control PolicyOffice of National Drug Control Policy Office of Policy DevelopmentOffice of Policy Development Council of economic AdvisorsCouncil of economic Advisors Office of US trade RepresentativeOffice of US trade Representative
Executive DepartmentsExecutive Departments
StateState TreasuryTreasury DefenseDefense InteriorInterior JusticeJustice AgricultureAgriculture CommerceCommerce LaborLabor
Health and Human Health and Human ServicesServices
Housing and Urban Housing and Urban DevelopmentDevelopment
TransportationTransportation EnergyEnergy EducationEducation Veterans affairsVeterans affairs Homeland SecurityHomeland Security
STOPSTOP
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Chapter 15: The JudiciaryChapter 15: The Judiciary
The Federal Court SystemThe Federal Court System
The US has a dual court system of The US has a dual court system of courts-a federal court system and courts-a federal court system and the court system of the 50 statesthe court system of the 50 states
Article III of the Constitution states Article III of the Constitution states that there shall be a Supreme Court that there shall be a Supreme Court and that Congress may establish a and that Congress may establish a system of inferior courtssystem of inferior courts
JurisdictionJurisdiction Original jurisdictionOriginal jurisdiction
– Lower courts have the authority to hear cases Lower courts have the authority to hear cases for the first time.for the first time. District Court conducts trials, evidence is District Court conducts trials, evidence is
presented, and juries determine the outcome of presented, and juries determine the outcome of the casethe case
Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in cases Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in cases involving representatives of a foreign government, involving representatives of a foreign government, and certain types of cases where a state is a partyand certain types of cases where a state is a party
JurisdictionJurisdiction Appellate jurisdictionAppellate jurisdiction
– Courts that hear reviews or appeals of Courts that hear reviews or appeals of decisions from the lower courtsdecisions from the lower courts Court of AppealsCourt of Appeals Supreme CourtSupreme Court
Structure of the Judicial Structure of the Judicial SystemSystem
District CourtsDistrict Courts– Created by the Congress in the Judiciary Act of 1789. Created by the Congress in the Judiciary Act of 1789. – There are 94 District Courts There are 94 District Courts – Decide civil and criminal casesDecide civil and criminal cases
Structure of the Judicial Structure of the Judicial SystemSystem
Court of AppealsCourt of Appeals– Created by Congress in 1891Created by Congress in 1891– There are 13 US Court of AppealsThere are 13 US Court of Appeals– Decide appeals from the District CourtsDecide appeals from the District Courts
Structure of the Judicial Structure of the Judicial SystemSystem
Supreme CourtSupreme Court– Created by Article III of the ConstitutionCreated by Article III of the Constitution– Most of its cases are appeals from the US Court of Most of its cases are appeals from the US Court of
Appeals and State Supreme CourtsAppeals and State Supreme Courts– Has original and appellate jurisdictionHas original and appellate jurisdiction
Judicial SelectionJudicial Selection
The President appoints all federal The President appoints all federal judges with confirmation from the US judges with confirmation from the US SenateSenate
There are no formal qualifications There are no formal qualifications Serve a life termServe a life term Federal judges may be removed Federal judges may be removed
through impeachmentthrough impeachment
Supreme Court SelectionSupreme Court Selection
Presidents only make appointments to Presidents only make appointments to the Supreme Court if a vacancy occurs the Supreme Court if a vacancy occurs during their term of officeduring their term of office
When making appointments, Presidents When making appointments, Presidents often consider:often consider:– Party affiliationParty affiliation– Judicial philosophyJudicial philosophy– Race, gender, religion, regionRace, gender, religion, region– Judicial experienceJudicial experience– Political ideologyPolitical ideology– AcceptabilityAcceptability
The Supreme Court at WorkThe Supreme Court at Work
The term of the Supreme Court The term of the Supreme Court begins on the first Monday in October begins on the first Monday in October and generally lasts until June or July and generally lasts until June or July of the following year.of the following year.
Accepting CasesAccepting Cases
Cases that are accepted must pass the Cases that are accepted must pass the rule of fourrule of four: four of the nine justices : four of the nine justices must agree to hear the case.must agree to hear the case.– Writ of certiorari: an order by the court Writ of certiorari: an order by the court
directing the lower court to send up the directing the lower court to send up the records of a case for reviewrecords of a case for review
– Certificate: a lower court may ask the Certificate: a lower court may ask the Supreme Court about a rule of law or Supreme Court about a rule of law or procedures in specific casesprocedures in specific cases
Briefs and Oral ArgumentsBriefs and Oral Arguments
Once a case reaches the Supreme Court, Once a case reaches the Supreme Court, lawyers for each party to the case file a lawyers for each party to the case file a written briefwritten brief– Written briefs include: detailed statements of Written briefs include: detailed statements of
the facts of the case supported by relevant the facts of the case supported by relevant facts and citations from previous casesfacts and citations from previous cases
Briefs and Oral ArgumentsBriefs and Oral Arguments
Interested parties may be invited to Interested parties may be invited to submit amicus briefs (friends of the court) submit amicus briefs (friends of the court) supporting or rejecting arguments of the supporting or rejecting arguments of the casecase
Oral arguments allow both sides 30 Oral arguments allow both sides 30 minutes to present their positions to the minutes to present their positions to the justicesjustices
Writing OpinionsWriting Opinions
Once the Supreme Court has made a decision Once the Supreme Court has made a decision in a case, the decision is explained in a written in a case, the decision is explained in a written statementstatement– Majority opinion: a majority of the justices agree on Majority opinion: a majority of the justices agree on
the decision and its reasonsthe decision and its reasons– Concurring opinion: a justice who agrees with the Concurring opinion: a justice who agrees with the
majority opinion but not the reasoning behind the majority opinion but not the reasoning behind the decisiondecision
– Dissenting opinion: a justice or justices who disagree Dissenting opinion: a justice or justices who disagree with the majority opinionwith the majority opinion
Majority opinions become precedent in deciding Majority opinions become precedent in deciding future casesfuture cases
Judicial ActivismJudicial Activism
Holds that the court should play an Holds that the court should play an active role in determining national active role in determining national policiespolicies
The philosophy advocates applying The philosophy advocates applying the Constitution to social and the Constitution to social and political questionspolitical questions
Judicial RestraintJudicial Restraint
Holds that the court should avoid Holds that the court should avoid taking the initiative on social and taking the initiative on social and political questions.political questions.
Operating strictly within the limits of Operating strictly within the limits of the Constitutionthe Constitution
AP Government ReviewAP Government ReviewUnit 5Unit 5
Politics and Public Policymaking
AP GovernmentAP GovernmentReviewReview
Chapter 16: Domestic and Chapter 16: Domestic and Economic PolicyEconomic Policy
Agenda-Setting
Recognizing an issue as a problem which must be addressed as a part of the political agenda.
Problems are brought to the political agenda by:– Citizens– Interest groups– The Media– Government Entities
Formation/Adoption/Implementation
Formation: finding ways to solve the problems
Adoption: adopting a plan of action to solve the problem; may require legislation
Implementation: executing the plan of action by appropriate agency or agencies
Policy Evaluation
Analysis of policy and its impact upon the problem
Judging the effectiveness of policy
Domestic Policy
Crime Prevention: FBI, DEA, & ATF Education: States run education but
since the creation of the Department of Education (1979) the Fed has used
grants and vouchers as influence Energy: The study of alternative and
renewable sources of fuel. Regulates nuclear waste.
Domestic Policy
Health Care: Medicare (elderly), Medicaid (poor),
CDC, VA, FDA
Social Welfare: Social Security, Housing Programs,unemployment benefits
Economic Policy
Raising Revenue: income tax, cooperate tax, estate tax,
customs Government Spending
– Discretionary Spending Defense, Education, Student Loans, Scientific
Research, Environmental Clean-up, Law Enforcement, Disaster Aid, Foreign Aid
– Nondiscretionary Spending Interest of the national debt, social welfare
programs
Economic Policy
Federal Budget: Proposed each year (fiscal year is October 1 through September 30)– Proposals
Each federal agency must submit a budget request to the Office of Management and Budget.
The President submits a budget proposal to Congress based on the OMB
The Congress proposes its own budget based on the advise of the Congressional Budget Office
Economic Policy
The budget must be passed by Congress and signed by the President by September 15.
Failure to pass a budget could lead to the federal government to shut down.
AP GovernmentAP GovernmentReviewReview
Chapter 4: Civil LibertiesChapter 4: Civil Liberties
Civil Liberties
Constitution– Writ of habeas corpus: you must be
brought before the court and informed of charges against you
– No bills of attainder: you cannot be punished without a trial
– No ex post facto laws: laws applied to acts committed before the laws’ passage are unconstitutional
– Trial by jury
Civil Liberties
Bill of Rights– Freedom of religion, speech, press,
petition, and assembly– No unreasonable search and seizure– Protections against self-incrimination
and double jeopardy– Protections in criminal procedures
Civil Liberties
14th Amendment– Provided for the expansion of the Bill of
Rights to the states and local governments
– Incorporation Legislation
– Laws that set limits or boundaries on one person’s rights over another person
Courts– Judicial review
Freedom of ReligionEstablishment Clause
Congress cannot: – Establish a national religion– Favor one religion over another– Tax citizens to support any one religion
Freedom of ReligionEstablishment Clause
Please know the following Supreme Court cases– Engle v. Vitale– Lemon v. Kurtzman
Freedom of ReligionFree-Exercise Clause
Guarantees the right to practice any religion or no religion at all
Freedom of Speech
Pure Speech: the most common form of speech, verbal speech
Symbolic Speech: using actions or symbols to convey an idea
Speech Plus: verbal and symbolic speech used together
Freedom of Speech
Know these cases– Schenck v. United States– Gitlow v. New York– Tinker v. Des Moines– Texas v. Johnson
Freedom of Assembly
The government is allowed to set limits on assembly to protect the rights and safety of others
Property Rights
The due process clause of the 5th and 14th Amendments provide for the protection of private property by guaranteeing :life, liberty, or property, without due process of the law”
Right to Privacy
The Constitution makes no mention of a “right to privacy,” however the Supreme Court has interpreted several rights that may fall under the category of privacy– Griswold v. Connecticut– Roe v. Wade
Fourth AmendmentSearch and Seizure
Know these cases– Mapp v. Ohio
Fifth AmendmentSelf-Incrimination
Know this case– Miranda v. Arizona
Sixth AmendmentRight to an Attorney
Know these cases– Gideon v. Wainwright
AP GovernmentAP GovernmentReviewReview
Chapter 5 & 6: Civil RightsChapter 5 & 6: Civil Rights
Civil Rights
Are the positive acts of government, designed to prevent discrimination and provide equality before the law
The Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment prevents the states from discriminating against citizens.
Civil Rights Movement
13th Amendment abolished slavery 14th Amendment defined citizenship
and provided due process and equal protection
15th Amendment provided that all males 21 and older could vote
24th Amendment outlawed the poll tax in federal elections
Civil Rights Movement
Black codes: state laws passed to keep freed slaves out of politics (literacy test, poll tax, registration tests)
Civil Rights Act of 1876: outlawed racial segregation in public places
Civil Rights Movement
Jim Crow Laws: created segregation in schools, public transportation, and hotels
Plessy v. Ferguson: separate but equal facilities are constitutional
Civil Rights Movement
Brown v. Board of Education: overturned Plessy v. Ferguson, separate but equal is unconstitutional
Civil Rights Movement
Civil Rights Act of 1964: prohibited discrimination in employment and in places of public accommodations
Voting Rights Act of 1965: outlawed discriminatory tests in voter registration
The Women’s Movement
19th Amendment gave women the right to vote
Equal Pay Act of 1963: made it illegal to base a person’s pay on their gender, race, religion, or national origin
People with Disabilities
The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990forbids employers from discriminating against people with disabilities
Affirmative Action
A policy designed to correct the effects of past discrimination.
University of California v. Bakke (1978): the court ruled that affirmative action was constitutional but that Bakke had been denied equal protection because the university used race as the sole criteria for admissions