ap gov mid-term review textbook sections[1]

8/7/2019 AP Gov Mid-Term Review Textbook Sections[1]

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AP Gov & Politics Mid-Term Review

concepts

Chapter I

A. two ques. on which your textfocuses

a. who governs? And to

what ends?B. aver. income tax rate

a. 21%

C. political power

a. Power-the ability of oneperson to get another

person to act in

accordance with the first

persons intentionsD. Aristotle

a. Definition of democracyis the rule of many

E. Majoritarian politics

a. Marxist view-view that

the government isdominated by capitalists

b. Power Elite view-view

that the government isdominated by a few top

leaders, most of whomare outside of governmentc. Bureaucratic view-view

that the government is

dominated by appointedofficials

d. Pluralist view-the belief

that competition among

all affected interestsshapes public policy

F. Pluralism

a. Pluralist view-the beliefthat competition among

all affected interests

shapes public policyG. Foreign affairs approach

a. During certain periods in

our history we have taken

an active interest in the

outside world as well as

looking inward

Chapter 2

A. Constitutional conventiona. Delegates assembled at

Philadelphia to revise the

Articles; adjourned fourmonths later having

written a wholly new

constitution

A. Amer. Revolution goala. Sought to protect the

traditional liberties and

do be an independent

nationB. Articles of confederation & state

governmentsa. AOC- a weak constitution

that governed America

during the Revolutionary

WarC. John Hancock as pres. 1785

a. Never showed up to take

the job as he was electedto the meaningless office

of president under theAOCD. Assembly of PA govt pro/con

a. Pennsylvania: radically

democratic, but trampledminority rights--

government was too

strong

E. Shays Rebelliona. 1787 rebellion in which

ex-Revolutionary War

soldiers attempted toprevent foreclosures of

farms as a result of high

interest ratesF. Great Compromise

a. Plan to have a popularity

elected House based on

state population and a


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state-selected Senate,

with two members for

each stateG. A Republic

a. A government in which

elected representativesmake the decisions

H. Concurrent powers/ enumerated

powersa. Concurrent powers-

powers shared by the

national and state

governmentsb. Enumerated powers-

Powers given to the

national government

alonec. Reserved powers- Powers

given to the stategovernment alone

I. Federalism

a. Government authority

shared by national andstate governments

J. Slavery v. Constitution1. Slavery was addressed in

three provisions of the

Constitution0

a0) House of Representatives

apportionmentthe

three-fifths

compromise

b) Congress

could not prohibit slave trade before

1808

c) Fugitive

slave cause

10. Necessity of

compromise: the

Constitution would not havebeen ratified and slavery

would have continued under

the Articles of

Confederationwith no

prospective challengepossible

20. Legacy: civil war, social

and political catastrophe

Chapter 3

A. Confederation

a.A. Wording of Constitution

a. Elastic language inArticle I: necessary

and proper clause0

10. Precise definitions of

powers are politicallyimpossible due to

competing interests, e.g.,

commerce

2. Hamiltons view: national

supremacy since the

Constitution was the

supreme law of the land

3. Jeffersons view: states

rights with the people as

ultimate sovereign; the

national government was

likely to be the principal

threat to individuals

liberties

B. Madison v. Hamilton views ofgovt

a. Hamiltons view: national

supremacy since theConstitution was thesupreme law of the land

b. Madisons view:

C. Civil War issuesD. McCulloch v. Maryland

a. McCulloch v.

Maryland(1819)settled two questions0

a0) Could

Congress charter a

national bank? Yes,

even though thispower is not

explicitly in the

Constitution

because of the

necessary andproper (elastic)

clause


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b) Could

states tax such a

federal bank? No,

because national

powers weresupreme and

therefore immune tostate challenge.

E. Federal govt income 19th cent

and early 20th

a.

F. Mandates

a. Terms set by the nationalgovernment that states

must meet whether or not

they accept federal grants

G. AFDC and Medicaid

a. 1. AFDC andMedicaid had operated

as entitlements

b. 20.

Republicans in104th Congress

proposed making these

and other programs

block grantsc. 30. AFDC did

actually become a

block grant

d. 40. Devolutionbecame part of the

national political

agenda

e. 50. Some

evidence that

devolution in welfare

programs continued

from states to

localities, localities to

non-profit and privateorganizations

H. Devolutiona. The effort to transfer

responsibility for many

pubic programs andservices from the federal

government to the states

Chapter 4

A. Political conflict

a. political culture- a

coherent way of thinkingabout how politics and

government ought to be

carried outA. Freedom in the marketplace

a.

B. Swedes v. US1. Swedes tend to

favor equal pay and top

limit on incomes

60. Americans favor

economic freedom over

equality

70. Americans are less

likely to think that hard

work goes unrewarded80. Americans are less

likely to think that

government should

guarantee citizens a basicstandard of living

C. confidence in pol. Institutionsa.

D. religiosity: US v. Eur.1. Religious beliefs

have played an important

role in American politics

a. The FirstGreat Awakening (1730s-

40s) transformed political

life of colonies

b. Break with

England-language of

Declaration of

Independence

c. Religious

leaders central to anti-

slavery movement

90. Both liberals and

conservatives have and douse the pulpit to promote

political change (civil rights

leaders, Moral Majority of

the 80s, Christian Coalition

of the 90s)100. Candidates for

national office in most other

contemporary democracies


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rarely mention religion;

drastically different in the

U.S.

E. Early church influence son govt

F. Family influence on govta. Family instills the

ways we think about

world and politics0

a0) Greater

freedom of children

and equality among

family members

b) leads to

belief in rights and

acceptance of diverse

views in decision-

making

G. Reagan era/trust in gov.

H. Political efficacy

a. A belief that you can takepart in politics (internal

efficacy) or that the

government will respondto the citizenry (external

efficacy)

I. Insulation of courts form public

opinion

Chapter 5

A. Espionage and Sedition Actsa. Sedition Act of 1798,

following the French Revolution

b. Espionage and SeditionActs, directed against

German Americans in

World War I

A. Bill of Rightsa. First 10 amendments of

the Constitution

B. Libel

a. Writing that falselyinjures another person

C. Flag burninga. There may be no law that

bans flag-burning

D. Wall of separation

a. Court ruling that

government cannot be

involved with religion

Chapter 6

A.19th

Amendment- States thatA. Civil rights Move-ment of the

60s- Blacks were being

segregated up until the 1960s andthen they realized that they

needed to start the civil rights

movement to gain them more

political and life freedoms fromthe segregation they faced. They

did this by allying white political

elites, and by shifting the

struggle to a policy-making deal.Once they finally got what they

wanted, the blacks wanted tomake everything equal for

themselves and all.

B. Plessey v. Ferguson- Plessey was

one-eighth black and refused tosit in the black railroad cars

and was convicted. He appealed

it to the Supreme Court whichthan claimed that Separate-but-

Equal was constitutional

because if one race be inferiorto the other socially, the

Constitution cannot put them on

the same plane.C. Brown v. Board of Ed.-

unanimous Supreme Court ruling

that Plessy v. Fergusian was

dead. in the field of publiceducation the doctrine of

separate but equal had no

place because separate butequal facilities are inherently

inequal. Landmark decision.

Blacks and Whites attendeed thesame schools now.

Chapter 7


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A. Family influence on party choice-

the majority of young people identify

themselves with the party theirparents associate with. 60 percent of

adults still associate with the parties

their parents did.A. Sources of cleavage in public

opinion- Race, Sex, Income,

Occupation, Religion, Region,Education.

B. Liberal defined in FDRs time-

referred to his political program-

one that called for an activenational government that would

intervene in the economy, create

social welfare programs, and

help certain groups (such asorganized labor) acquire greater

bargaining power.C. Political classifications/

conservative, populist, etc.-

a. Pure Liberals- want

government to reduceeconomic inequality,

regulate business, tax the

rich heavily, cure theeconomic cause of crime,

allow abortions, protect

the rights of the accused,and guarantee the

broadest possible

freedoms of speech andpress. Most likely young,

college-educated,

nonreligious.

b. Pure Conservatives- wantthe government to cut

back on the welfare state,

allow the market toallocate goods and

services, keep taxes low,

lock up criminals, andcurb forms of conduct

they regard as antisocial.

Most likely an older

person, white, high

income, and live in the

Midwest.

c. Populists- liberal oneconomic matters, and

conservative on social

ones. Want a governmentthat will reduce economic

inequality and control

business, but they alsowant the gov. to regulate

personal conduct, lock up

criminals, and permit

school prayer. Most likelyolder, poor educated,

low-income, religious,

female, live in the South

or Midwest.d. Libertarians-

Conservative oneconomic matter, but

liberal on social ones.

Want a small, weak

government that has littlecontrol over the economy

or personal lives of

citizens. Most likelyyoung, college educated,

white, higher incomes, no

religion, and live in theWest.

Chapter 8A. previously Disenfranchised

groups-

B. voter participation groups-

a. Inactivists-(22%) rarelyvote to never vote and do

not talk of politics. Most

likely young, low income,little education, mostly

African American.

b. Activists- (11%)participate in all forms of

politics. Most likely

middle-aged, high income

and well educated.


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c. Voting Specialist- people

who vote, but not much

more. Most likely hadlittle education and

income, and older.

d. Campaigners- Vote andlove to participate. They

have a passion for

sticking to their party andcampaigning around.

e. Communalists- They are

just like the Campaigners,

except that they tend tobe more temperate. They

like to take their problems

to the local government

and work out theirproblems in the

community.f. Parochial Participants-

Do not vote at all, and do

not participate in

anything political.However, they are willing

to contact local officials

about specific, often,personal problems.

C. Decline in Voter Turnout- before

the 1900s the voter turnout wasaround 70 and even 80 percent!

And since the 1900s, the turnout

has never reached 70% even 50%some years. One view reason as

to why, is that the competition

between the 2 major parties

declined since the 19th centuryand the parties settled down in

their respective regions and

didnt fight for politics likebefore. Another theory is that the

voting ratios are more apparent

than real, because fraud votingwas easily accomplished up until

the later 20th century. And this is

why the numbers are higher

before then.

I. Chapter 9

A. p. 198, 200, 201, 202, 203, 205,

207, 209

II. Chapter 10

A. p. 231, 232, 234, 235, 237, 244,245, 250, 254, 255, 256, 258,

259, 260

III. Chapter 11

A. p. 265, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271,

272, 274, 275, 278, 282

Chapter 9

B. Weakness of Parties Today-

Weaker in the categories or a setof leaders, a label, and an

organization.C. Decentralization of parties- split

tickets, voting for candidates of

different parties for various

offices in the same election,increased over the years as

opposed to straight tickets,

voting for candidates who are allof the same party.

D. Who chooses candidates?- At

the (Republican and Democratic)national conventions, the national

committees and national

congressional campaigncommittees,

E. Founders view of political

parties- disliked them.

F. Organization of pol. Parties- Firstpolitical party was made in 1790s

after the following of Jefferson.

They were called theRepublicans.

G. National party conventions

H. Jacksonian era party system- ranfrom the bottom up. They got rid

of caucuses and this was a huge

step from switching systems

from the Founding Fathers


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original party system. Invention

of the party conventions were

made in this Jacksonian era.I. Modern Republican party

J. Three clearest critical alignment

periodsK. National conventions

Chapter 10

A.Early 19th century- party chose

pres. Candidates, how?-

B. Elections w/largest voter turnoutC. % of House incumbents who win

reelection

D. 1911 House size fixed at 435

E. Candidate tactics: generalelection v. primary

F. Funding for congressional v.pres. campaigns

G. Campaign reform act of 2002

H. Party identification: factor in

determining how people voteI. Retrospective voting

J. Democrat strong hold on

Catholics, southerners and unionmembers lost

K. 1896 to 1932/ Republican

dominationL. 1964 election impact on social

assistance programs

M. 1980 election impact on taxes,spending, and regulatory

practices

Chapter 11A. causes of factions according to

Madison

B. interest access to govt in USC. periods in which interest groups

expanded most rapidly

D. growth of public interest groupsin 60s

E. institutional interest

groups/examples

F. institutional interestgroups/lobbying

G. US participation in religious

assoc.s v. that of Eur.

H. Solidary reasons for joining PTAI. Materials benefits

J. Purposive membershiporganizations

K. Ralph Nader/ auto safety

testimony

L. Hostile administration allowsincreased effectiveness of public

interest lobbies

M. Social movements, size ofN. Peak year of unions in US

O. Corporations make up what

percent of interest groups in DCP. Campaign finance reform so f

1973

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