APFIZZIX

APFIZZIX

Ch 29-31 PPT Lesson Thingee

Atomic & Nucular “Theory”

© 2015 D Taylor

Schedule Remaining• Atomic/Nucular (Ch 29 - 31)• 3 wks on learning “PHYSICS”• 6 wks on AP PHAKETS.• Srs on Internship

–Exit Exam (Final X) by ~5/22• Exempt if taking Nat’l Exam• OPTIONAL

–Bye Bye

Intro Stuff – Ch29•Elements

–90 Naturally occurring. Y?–H was the 1st (14BYA)–“Rest” formed in stars

•>Fe in supernovae–Basic building blocks of matter…

Intro Stuff• Electron

–Sorta discovered by Volta and Franklin•Although Ben never flew the kite!

–JJ Thompson 1887•Plum pudding

Overall Atomic History

• ~400 BC: Democritus– “By convention bitter, by convention sweet, but in

reality atoms and void.“– Druggee; used opium leaf

• 1704 AD: Uncle Newton–Proposed a mechanical universe with small

solid masses in motion.• Wood is wood parts…• Water is water parts…

Overall Atomic History

• 1803 AD: John Dalton–Matter is composed of tiny indivisible

particles called atoms. –All atoms of the one element are identical

but are different from the atoms of other elements.

–Chemical reactions consist of rearranging atoms in simple whole number ratios.

Overall Atomic History

• 1859 J. Plucker –Built the first CRT gas discharge tubes

("cathode ray tube").• 1869Dmitri Mendeleev

–Arranged elements into 7 groups with similar properties.  He discovered that the properties of elements  "were periodic functions of the their atomic weights".  This became known as the Periodic Law.  

Overall Atomic History

• 1894 G.J. Stoney–Proposed that electricity was made of

discrete negative particles he called electrons . 

Overall Atomic History

• 1896: JJ Thomson–Nobel 1906

• Cathode Rays–Calculated q/m (1.76 x 1011)–Identified “small negative bodies”–He called them “corpuscles”

Overall Atomic History

• 1903 Nagaoka–Postulated a "Saturnian" model of the

atom with flat rings of electrons revolving around a positively charged particle.

+ -

Overall Atomic History

• 1905 Albert Einstein (3/14/1879 : Day)–The “Wonder Year” (Annus Mirabilis papers)–Published 4 papers that turned science

on it’s proverbial head…• Photoelectric Effect: Quantized light• Brownian Motion : Explained molecular

motion & EXISTENCE of atoms• Special Relativity : ‘c’ is fixed• Mass/Energy Equivalency: the famous

equation E=mc2

Overall Atomic History

• 1909: James Millikan–Nobel 1923–Oil Drop Experiment

• Found charge, thereby the mass of electron

• Details later

Overall Atomic History• 1911: Ernest Rutherford• Proposed a nuclear model of the atom in

which: – a very small positively charged nucleus

containing most of the mass of the atom – a very large volume around the nucleus in

which electrons move – a nucleus containing positively charged protons – number of protons equal to the number of

electrons• NAMED & nuclear radiations

Overall Atomic History• 1911: Ernest Rutherford

–Postulated the existence of a neutral particle in the nucleus to make up for the calculated mass deficiency in the atoms studied.

• 1914 H.G.J. Moseley– Using x-ray tubes, determined the charges on the

nuclei of most atoms. He wrote "The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus". This work was used to reorganize the periodic table based upon atomic number instead of atomic mass.

Overall Atomic History• 1913: Niels Bohr (Nobel 1922)• Proposed a 'planetary' model for the

hydrogen atom: – Electrons move around the nucleus in fixed orbits (like

planets around the sun). An electron in a particular orbit has constant energy.

– An electron can absorb energy and move to a higher energy orbit of larger radius. (excited electrons)

– An excited electron can fall back to its original orbit by emitting energy as radiation.

– Electrons can only exist in certain discrete energy levels.

Overall Atomic History• 1927 Heisenberg (Nobel 1932)

–Described  atoms by means of formula  connected to  the frequencies of spectral lines. Proposed Principle of Indeterminancy - you can not know both the position and velocity of a particle.

• 1932: James Chadwick–Found Rutherford’s proposed Neutron.

Overall Atomic History• ~400 BC: Democritus• 1803 AD: John Dalton

Mendeleev’s 1st PD

Mendeleev - 1871

Mendeleev - 1871

http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/media/magazine/articles/28-3-setting-the-table.aspx

Thomson PP Model - 1898

Intro Stuff•John Millikan - 1909

–Oil drop experiment. Nobel ‘23•Webpage DEMO

mgEq

FF

F

gE

0

PHET Simulation

Intro Stuff•John Millikan

Intro Stuff•John Rutherford Scattering - 1911

•Webpage

Intro Stuff• John ‘Neils’ Bohr - 1913

–Planetary model•Dense nucleus

–P & N•Orbiting electrons

Bohr (Neils) Model

• “Planetary” model–Each ‘quantum’ represents a

new ‘orbit’–Nucleus at the center–However,…

IT. IS. WRONG.

Problem w/Bohr Model…

Bohr Model

• Bohr’s model was able to–Account for observed spectral lines–Calculate the radius of H atoms

• DID NOT account for–Atoms other than H!–Why energy was quantized!

• His idea of electrons moving in fixed orbits like planets was quickly abandoned, but still taught 102 yr later.

Chadwick Neutrons - 1932

• Nobel 1935

“Mysterious Radiation”Thought to be before.

Heavy N Nucleusii

Neutral – No B DeflectionBut, NO PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT

DeBroglie Theory - 1924

• Nobel 1929• Suggested electrons have

wave properties, might even be waves.–Represented by a standing wave–DEMO–Therefore, each e- path must be a

whole (integral) number of ’s

deBroglie Explanation ofBohr Atomic Model - LINK

Section 27-13

DeBroglie Theory - 1924

• Wavelengths of all particles are

• = wavelength• h = Planck’s Constant• m = mass (kg)• v = velocity (m/s)

mv

h

DeBroglie Theory - 1924

• Calculate of H e-

mx

smxkgxs

mkgx

mv

h

10

631

234

103.3

102.2101.9

106.6

Schroedinger’s Theory - 1932

• Nobel 1933 w/Dirac• Fully described motion, energy, and

placement of electrons in one equation.–MUCH too difficult to show you without

having your head explode… –So here it is…

Intro Stuff• Line Spectra

–LINK THINGEE•Thru X-Rays

IR?

UV?

Spectral Lines

Red Shift?

91-122 nm365-656 nm

820-1875 nm

3000-4000 nm

Visible Light =400-700 nm

Radio

IR

VisibleUV

Ch27 Specifics

Planck’s Blackbody Radiation

peak

mKxT

31090.2

• Surface Temp of Sun

Planck’s Blackbody RadiationWein’s Law

Kmx

mKx

mKxT

peak

600010500

1090.2

1090.2

9

3

3

• Surface Temp of Sirius

Planck’s Blackbody RadiationWein’s Law

KTnm

mKxT

000,10300

1090.2 3

Planck’s Quantum Hypothesis

hfE

seVx

sJxh

15

34

1014.4

10626.6

Photoelectric Effect

Photoelectric Effect

• Discovered by Heinrich Hertz in 1897 (Nobel 1925)– Originally called “Hertz Effect”

• In 1899, J. J. Thomson investigated ultraviolet light. Thomson deduced that cathode rays consisted of negatively charged particles, later called electrons, which he called "corpuscles".

Photoelectric Effect

• The answer was finally provided in 1905 by Albert Einstein (who else?) who suggested that light, at least sometimes, should be considered to be composed of small bundles of energy or particles called photons.

Photoelectric Effect

• Einstein (‘05) theorized that the energy in each quantum (photon) of light was equal to the frequency of the light multiplied by a constant, h, later called Planck's (Nobel 1918) constant.

• 1915 : Millikan showed that Einstein's prediction was correct.– 10 years AFTER Big Al showed the math and

predicted existence of photons.• Al: Nobel 1921

Photoelectric Effect

o

ooMax

hf

WhfKEFor you, Ross!

Phet Sim…

PhotoElectric Example?• What is the speed of an ejected electron

from a Na surface of = 2.28 eV when illuminated by = 410 nm?

smx

kgx

eVnmsmx

eVsx

m

Wc

hv

Wc

hmv

WhfKE

o

o

ooMax

5

31

815

2

101.5

1011.9

28.2410

/1031014.42

2

2

1

E, m, & P of photons• Relativity? Yep.• Rest mass:

• Energy:

• Momentum:

0m

hfKE

???

h

c

hf

c

EP

Pccv

PmcE

22

Photon P: EX 27-6• 1019 photons emitted per second from 100W

light bulb are all shot at a black piece of paper and absorbed. Find the Pper-photon and Ftotal.

NF

smkgx

t

hN

t

PF

smkgx

nm

sJxhP

8

27119

2734

10

103.1sec10

103.1500

1063.6

Photon Interaction / Pair Production• PhotoEffect: photon knocks e- out of atom

and photon disappears.• Photon knocks e- into higher state and photon

disappears.• **Photon scatters from e- giving some E to e-

and photon loses E. (Compton Scattering)• Pair Production: Photon actually creates

matter.

Honors / APFIZZIX

Honors / APFIZZIX

Ch H24/AP30 PPT Lesson Thingee

Nuclear FIZZIX

Intro Stuff•THE Nucleus–Why are they there?

Nuclear STRONG Force!

Intro Stuff•Nuclear Radiation–Alpha,

42He

Intro Stuff•Nuclear Radiation–Beta,

e

Intro Stuff•Nuclear Radiation–Gamma,

Photon

Not-So-Intro Stuff•- decay & release of Energy:–- (electron) is NOT in the parent nucleus and is NOT an orbital e-!

Not-So-Intro Stuff•- decay–No P+ + e-

–HUH?

Particles:

• Quarks (1967; Murray Gell Mann)–Charges of -1/3 or +2/3–Makes Hadrons [nucleons best

known]–Nucleons (Fermionic Hadrons)

• 3 Quarks each• Proton = uud

– u has +2/3, d has -1/3

• Neutron = udd

- Energy release

ePaTh 01

23491

23490

- Energy release

MeVE

MeVu

uu

27.0

5.9311

00029.004330.23404359.234

04330.23404359.234

Y?

eVxE

JxeVJxE

xkgxE

mcE

kgxu

8

1910

2827

2

27

10315.9

106022.11049449.1

109979.21066054.1

1066.11

MeVu 5.9311

EX 30-3 pg 838• Find mass defect of He nucleus

032980.4

)007825.1(2)008665.1(2

2242

uu

mmHe Hn

EX 30-3 pg 838• Find mass defect of He nucleus

• However…

032980.4

)007825.1(2)008665.1(2

2242

uu

mmHe Hn

umHe 002603.4

EX 30-3 pg 838• Missing mass?

• Where is it? What happened to it? What the WHAT?– Energy: KE or radiation– Called Binding Energy (Energy needed to break

the nucleus apart.)

MeVuMeVu

uuu

3.285.931030377.0

030377.0002603.4032980.4

EX 30-6 pg 843• Disintegration Energy of UTh?

uHe

uTh

uU

HeThU

ThU

002603.4

028731.228

037146.232

?

42

22890

23292

42

22890

23292

22890

23292

EX 30-6 pg 843• Disintegration Energy of UTh?

MeV

uMeVuE

u

uum

uU

u

uuHeTh

4.5

5.931005812.0

005812.0

031334.232037146.232

037146.232

031334.232

002603.4028731.228

23292

42

22890

Intro Stuff•Nuclear Radiation–Human exposure

Natural

Medical

Weapons

Nuke Plants

KnotesEXAM #7 THIS WEEK

B & Atomic/Nuclear Intro Shtuff MG: Tuesday SA: FRIDAY!

Background radiation:24+27+28+40+200 =319 mrem = 3.19 mSv= 3180 Sv

Doses• The following is a graphical

representation of human radiation absorption.

• Just in case the numbers are confusing…

• Based on radiation data provided by the lead nuclear reactor operator at Reed College, Oregon– http://reactor.reed.edu/

http://xkcd.com/radiation/

http://xkcd.com/radiation/

http://xkcd.com/radiation/

Note: FOR A YEAR!!!

http://xkcd.com/radiation/

Note: 36.5 Sv FOR A YEAR!!!

http://xkcd.com/radiation/

Note: A COAL PLANT!!!

http://xkcd.com/radiation/

http://xkcd.com/radiation/

http://xkcd.com/radiation/

http://xkcd.com/radiation/

http://xkcd.com/radiation/

Doses (Wiki: Sieverts)

• 0 – 0.25 Sv (0 - 250 mSv): None• 0.25 – 1 Sv (250 - 1000 mSv): Some people feel nausea

and loss of appetite; bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen damaged.

• 1 – 3 Sv (1000 - 3000 mSv): Mild to severe nausea, loss of appetite, infection; more severe bone marrow, lymph node, spleen damage; recovery probable, not assured.

• 3 – 6 Sv (3000 - 6000 mSv): Severe nausea, loss of appetite; hemorrhaging, infection, diarrhea, skin peels, sterility; death if untreated.

• 6 – 10 Sv (6000 - 10000 mSv): Above symptoms plus central nervous system impairment; death expected.

• Above 10 Sv (10000 mSv): Incapacitation and death.

Intro Stuff•Half Life–Time it takes for ½ of radioactive material to “disappear”.

tN

N

eNN

o

to

ln

AP B: Don’t need this math…

AP B: Don’t need this math…1

2

ln 2 0.693T

And finally….And finally….

2mcE

Derivation of E=mc2Derivation of E=mc2

Yum-Yum Physics!

E=mc2 meaning?

• Energy/Matter EQUIVALENCY.• Matter changes to Energy &

Verse Visa• THEY ARE THE SAME THING!

Strange World of Sub-Atomic Particles

Thing SizeAtom 1x10-10m (1)

“PROTON” 1x10-15m (1 fm)

Quark < 1x10-19m (1/10,000 th P)

String < 1x10-35m

Particle Adventure

• Online Atomic/Nuclear tutorial• Completed as HOMEWORK!

–Keep an eye on EITHER• DS.com• Giancoli HW Site

–Specific duedates–GRADED!

Honors / APFIZZIX

Honors / APFIZZIX

Ch 25/30 PPT Lesson Thingee

Nuclear Energy

Fuels that Produce Electricity in the U.S.

Comparison ChartONLINE…

Fishin’ or Fooshun?

•Fission–Splitting of nuclei

•Fusion–QT Movie

Stuff Advantage(s) Disadvantage(s)

COAL *Inexpensive*Easy to recover (in U.S. and Russia)

*Requires expensive air pollution controls (e.g. mercury, sulfur dioxide)*Significant contributor to acid rain and global warming*Requires extensive transportation system*Dangerous to mine(Chile, W VA… 200 deaths per year…)

Stuff Advantage(s) Disadvantage(s)

NUCLEAR(Fission)

*Fuel is inexpensive*Energy generation is the most concentrated source*Waste is more compact than any source*Extensive scientific basis for the cycle*Easy to transport as new fuel*No greenhouse or acid rain effects

*Requires larger capital cost because of emergency, containment, radioactive waste and storage systems*Requires resolution of the long-term high level waste storage issue in most countries*Potential nuclear proliferation issue

Stuff Advantage(s) Disadvantage(s)

HYDRO(Water)

*Very inexpensive once dam is built*Government has invested heavily in building dams, particularly in the Western U.S.

*Very limited source since depends on water elevation*Many dams available are currently exist (not much of a future source[depends on country])*Dam collapse usually leads to loss of life*Dams have affected fish (e.g. salmon runs)*Environmental damage for areas flooded (backed up) and downstream

Stuff Advantage(s) Disadvantage(s)

WIND *Wind is free if available. As it turns out, the US has many areas available.*Good source for periodic water pumping demands of farms as used earlier in 1900's*Generation and maintenance costs have decreased significantly. Wind is proving to be a reasonable cost renewable source.*Well suited to rural areas. Examples include Mid-Columbia areas of Oregon and Washington, western Minnesota, Atlantic Ocean off Cape Cod.

*Need 3x the amount of installed generation to meet demand*Limited to windy areas. *Limited to small generator size; need many towers.*Highly climate dependent - wind can damage equipment during windstorms or not turn during still summer days.*May affect endangered birds, however tower design can reduce impact..

Stuff Advantage(s) Disadvantage(s)

Gas/Oil *Good distribution system for current use levels*Easy to obtain (sometimes)*Better as space heating energy source

*Very limited availability as shown by shortages during winters several years ago & now*Considered to be major contributor to global warming*Very expensive for energy generation*Large price swings with supply and demand*Liquified Natural Gas storage facilities and gas transmission systems have met opposition from environmentalists.

Stuff Advantage(s) Disadvantage(s)

SOLAR *Sunlight is free when available*Costs are dropping.

*Limited to southern areas of U.S. and other sunny areas throughout the world (demand can be highest when least available, e.g. winter solar heating)*Does require special materials for mirrors/panels that can affect environment*Current technology requires large amounts of land for small amounts of energy generation

Stuff Advantage(s) Disadvantage(s)

BIOMASS *Industry in its infancy*Could create jobs because smaller plants would be used

*Inefficient if small plants are used (<10%)*Considered to be THE significant contributor to global warming because fuel has low heat content

Stuff Advantage(s) Disadvantage(s)

Refuse *Fuel can have low cost*Could create jobs because smaller plants would be used*Low sulfur dioxide emissions

*Inefficient if small plants are used*Could be significant contributor to global warming because fuel has low heat content*Flyash contains metals like mercury, arsenic, cadmium and lead*Contain dioxins and furans in air and ash releases

Stuff Advantage(s) Disadvantage(s)

H *Combines easily with oxygen to produce water and energy

*Very costly to produce*Takes more energy to produce hydrogen then energy that could be recovered. (NEGATIVE efficiency!)

Stuff Advantage(s) Disadvantage(s)

Fusion *Hydrogen and tritium could be used as fuel source(Plentiful in ocean water)*Higher energy output per unit mass than fission by 106*Low radiation levels associated with process than fission-based reactors

*Breakeven point has not been reached after ~40 years of expensive research and commercially available plants not expected for at least 35 years.(closest is PPPL, NJ. 98% BE)

Leptons & Taus & Quarks! Oh, MY!

• Types of Quarks–Up / Down–Top / Bottom–Charm / Strange