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Unit #1 – Renaissance and Reformation

Lesson #7aEnglish Reformation

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Essential questions

1. Why did Henry VIII break with Rome and start the Church of England?

2. Why was Henry VIII so desperate for sons?

English Reformation

1. Henry VIII broke England from Church 2. What was his goal?3. How was his intent different than Luther?

Henry VII 1. 1509-15472. HENRY TUDOR3. Wars of the Roses – needed to legitimize line4. Married Elizabeth of York5. Austere - Crown was broke6. Four kids – married into monarch families

1. Margaret – Scotland (prevent invasion)2. Arthur – Spain ($$ and power) – Catherine of Aragon3. Mary – nobility (nobility)4. Henry – same as Arthur

York vs. Lancaster

Motivations for Henry

1. Why did he have to have a son?2. Why did he have to have a SECOND son?3. How did the way his dad became king affect

his actions when he became king?

Catherine of Aragon • Daughter to Ferdinand and Isabella• Married to Arthur• He died, she lived• Betrothed the Henry – He was 11, she was 18– Wedding was 6 years later– Pope gave special dispensation to marry his SIL– Henry had always wanted her

WHY WAS CATHERINE OF ARAGON UNFIT FOR HENRY VIII?

Henry the warrior• Henry VIII – vision of a glorious warrior• Expanded Navy• Planned to invade France– Alliances with Spain and HRE (1510)– Alliance with Pope Julius II – Anti-Fr. Holy League

• Invaded France (1513) – Battle of Spurs– Henry personally led troops– Won some battles and French land– Julius died (1513) – Leo recalled troops– Louis just went home

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Why did Henry want to win glorious battles?

Second half of monarch• Henry VIII became obsessed with having sons• “The King’s Great Matter” (1525-1534)• Married 14 years to Catherine (9 yrs.

Betrothed)• Had a cute relationship – romantic• He did have affairs– Mary Bollen (sister to Anne Boleyn)– Bessy Blount – had a son (Henry Fitzroy)

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Divorce from Catherine

• Catherine had several failed pregnancies– 1510 – still born– 1511 – Henry (survived 2mo.)– 1514 – miscarriage– 1516 – MARY – 1519 – still born (body now exhausted)

• Almost 40 years old• Final pregnancy produced Mary• Henry needed sons – requested divorce (1527)

(42)• Pope refused

Why would the Pope refuse?

Henry desperate for legitimate son

• Catherine was done with kids• Mary Bollen – had a son and daughter• Anne refused to have an affair• Pope refused to grant a divorce

Henry’s options in 1522

• Marry off Mary – hope she’d have a son– But, she was young – only 11

• Just declare Mary the next monarch– But, England had no history of this

• Legitimize one of his sons– Gave Henry Fitzroy title “Duke of Richmond”– Not accepted by other royals

• Find a new wife

WHAT’S HENRY’S BEST OPTION?

Henry was refused an annulment• Usually only granted with a lack of

consummation• However… • The Pope refused…• REASONS:–Catherine was the aunt of the HRE– The Pope was under the “protection” of the

HRE (HRE had captured the Papal States)– The pope had already granted special

dispensation

Solution the The King’s Great Matter• Act of Supremacy• Problems…– Henry was a loyal Catholic– “Defense of the Seven Sacraments– Went to mass several times/day

• Would alienate England• Would alienate the King from Catholics– Including Thomas More

Anne Boleyn • Sister to Mary – Henry’s mistress (1521-1526)• Educated, sophisticated, French trained• Henry expressed interest as early as 1525• Refused to be a mistress• Intrigued the King

• Finally gave in• Pregnant with Henry’s child when married• Married Henry Jan 1533

Act of Supremacy

• Anne gave birth to Eliz. In Sept.• Henry was still married to Catherine• Four months later, marriage was annulled by

Archbishop of Canterbury• Parliament legislated Act in 1534• CHURCH OF ENGLAND was born

The Church of England

• “Anglican”• No doctrinal changes under Henry• Henry closed down monasteries• Sold the land to supporters• Executed all who opposed him– Including Thomas More

• Wrote Six Articles

IN WHAT WAYS WAS HENRY NOT AT ALL SELFISH WITH THIS

MOVE?

Life with Anne • Henry passionately adored Anne• Until…• She gave birth to a daughter• Then… several miscarriages 1534-1536• Final pregnancy miscarried in 1536 when Anne

heard Henry had fallen off a horse• Henry banished Anne• Moved Jane Seymour in• Anne arrested for treason and incest• Executed 1536

Jane Seymour

• Gave birth to a son• Then died• Henry heartbroken• Advisors recommended he marry again• And from a Protestant region• Cromwell found Anne of Cleves

• “no better than a Flanders mare”

Anne of Cleves• Henry married her sight unseen• At the wedding, he was unenthused– She smelled– She was unattractive– She was not at all cute or sexy

• Henry was already eying up Catherine Howard• He never consummated marriage to Anne• Granted a divorce• Anne given Anne Boleyn's family castle• Cromwell decapitated, skull boiled, and impaled on

London Bridge• Anne remained friends with Henry

Catherine Howard• Young, cute, sexy and energetic• First cousin to Anne Boleyn – totally

undisciplined• Had affairs – aunt sent her to court• Henry fell for her – ~19 (UNK)– “pathetic infatuation (he was 50… and fat)– “a rose without a thorn”

• Married Henry in a year• Henry found a new youth…• … then… she had another affair

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Fate of Catherine Howard

• Henry refused to believe• Was given proof – and devastated• Executed both men– Culpepper (friend of Henry) beheaded– Derehem – drawn and quartered– Heads displayed at “traitors gate” to she could see

them when she entered• She was executed… was only 21

Catherine Parr

• Sixth wife• She was a widow– The “most married queen in English history”– Henry was 3rd of four husbands

• She had no interest in him• She was to marry Thomas Seymour (Jane’s

brother)• Intelligent, kind, respectful, conversational• Reconnected Henry to his daughters• Act of Succession

Henry VIII• At this point – extremely fat (400#) – 54” waist• Open wound on leg• Likely type II diabetes, and head wound• Obesity and mood swings• “Defender of the Faith” (1523)– Defense of the Seven Sacraments (1521)– Commissioned English Bible – Closed monasteries (1536)– Six Articles (1539) (supported Catholic docrine)

Six Wives of Henry VIII

• Catherine of Aragon– Mary Tudor

• Anne Boleyn – Princes Elizabeth

• Jane Seymour– Edward

• Anne of Cleves• Catherine Howard• Catherine Parr

- DIVORCED

- BEHEADED

- DIED

- DIVORCED - BEHEADED

- SURVIVED

Edward VI

Mary I

Elizabeth I

Issue of Henry VIII• Edward VI– Raised as a true Protestant– Reformed the Church of England– Died young

• Jane Grey– Jane of Nine Days

• Mary I– Bloody Mary

• Elizabeth I– Queen Bess – The Virgin Queen

Edward VI• 1547-1553• Book of Common Prayer (1549)• Dismantled images and altars• Destroyed stained glass, shines, statues• Vestments prohibited• Clergy encouraged to marry• Processions banned• DOCTRINE BECAME PROTESTANT– Justification by Faith– Denied transubstantiation– Supremacy of Scripture; reduced to two sacraments

Mary I• 1553-1558• Eliminated Jane• Repealed Act of Supremacy• Restored the Church• Reversed Edward’s changes• Married Philip II of Spain 1554 (prince)• Banned Protestants• Killed 287 Protestants• “Bloody Mary”• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England (scroll to family tree)

Elizabeth I• 1558-1603 (45 years)• Mom was Anne Boleyn• Elizabethan Settlement– Act of Supremacy – 1559– Act of Uniformity – 1559– Return to Edward’s church

• Refused to marry Philip II• Supported Dutch rebellion against Spanish

control (7,000 English troops to Netherlands)

Elizabeth I• Politique: put political leadership in front of

religious beliefs• Tolerant of Puritans (purify the church)• Repelled Spanish Armada (1588)• Executed Mary, Queen of Scots