Chapter 18 The Expansion of EuropeSection 1 Working the Land and Agricultural Revolution

(Wikipedia)Open Field System

-Common Lands-Open Communal Lands, Divided into long narrow strips-Little to no innovation or change-Open meadows for pasture of animals

Blight Picture For 1,000 Years 1 Acre yielded a few bushels of wheat Floods, Droughts, Harsh Winters, Crop Failure was devastating Famine foods such as Bark, Grass, and who knows what else wrecked digestive systems Famine -> Lower Immunity -> More Disease -> Death 1/3 of a Village could die in 1 Year

-3 Field Rotation-Inefficiently combats soil exhaustion (lack of nitrogen)Ex -Field 1 Wheat Field 2 Oats/Barley Field 3 Fallow (Idle)

Each year what’s grown on each field is rotated

-Output-Barely Sustained Population-Failed 2/10 Times causing famine-People malnourished and heavily taxed

So Scientists and Philosophes, you want to talk about change, progress, and betterment of society how about you start with the most basic necessity: food!

Advances during the Agricultural Revolution 1650-1850-Stemming from Scientific Revolution

Netherlands and England-Initial Leaders of the Agricultural Revolution: Netherlands

-Merchant society with a large population that must be fed-Commercialized agriculture and used many advancements to maximize production

-English studied success of Netherlands and incorporated their advancements themselves

1. New form of Crop Rotation a. Crop rotation was not new but using all available land at one time wasb. Crop rotation would rotate Nitrogen Exhausting (Grains) with Nitrogen Restoring (Turnips, Clover, etc)

i. Thus all land could be maximally usedii. Animals could then eat clover and turnips and animals could be eaten later

c. 4 Crop Rotation was introduced in England by Charles “Turnip” Townshendi. He literally really liked turnips

2. Dutch Drainage System Produces More Farmable Landa. Drains large swamps and flooded areasb. Very rich soilc. Implemented in England by Dutch Engineer Cornelius Vermuyden with Great Success

https://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/351/351-08.htm

3. Selective Breeding by Robert Bakewella. Literally only allowed the animals with the most desirable characteristics to breed togetherb. Therefore greatly improved the overall yield from animals

c. Produced more meat and manure (manure was not for consumption but fertilizer)

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4. New Agricultural Technologya. Seed Drill invented by Jethro Tull

i. More optimal than scattering by handb. Iron Plow, Robert Ransomec. Threshing Machine, invented by Andrew Meikle in Scotlandd. Even the steam engine will be implemented in the 1850’s

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5. Enclosure Movementa. Despite these advancements, the Open Field System was ineffectiveb. Real Progress came when large tracts of land were bought up and enclosed with fencesc. This allowed for farmers to implement these innovations which greatly improved productivity.

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Negatives of Enclosure Movement and Agricultural Revolution-Eliminated the common lands that many peasants depended on-Forced many peasants off the land as less workers were needed

-many move to cities and poor houses-Overall Proletarianization: peasants become landless wage workers

Overall Result of Agricultural Revolution and Enclosure Movement1. Altered Society

a. Common Lands eliminated b. Migration to Cities c. Women adversely effected (especially single women)d. Proletarianization

2. Cottage Industry Emerged 3. Increased Food, Lower Prices = European Population Explodes

Section 2 Population Explosion

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Obstacles to Population Growth?

-PEOPLE DIE

3 Main Causes of Death

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Apocalypse_vasnetsov.jpg -Famine-Disease-Warfare

New Pattern in 18th CenturyEuropean Population Rose SubstantiallyWhy?

1. They made more babies2. They died less

a. Disappearance of Black Deathb. Improved Sanitation and Health

i. Water Improved

ii. Sanitation in Towns Improvediii. Better fed Better Immune System

c. Safeguarded food supplyi. Improved transportation (roads and canals)

ii. More nutritious foods (American potato and corn)iii. Agricultural Efficiency

Between 1700 and 18000 European Population went from 120 million to 190 million