Community Ecology: Structure, Species Interactions, Succession, and Sustainability

Community Ecology: Structure, Species Interactions, Succession, and Sustainability

G. Tyler Miller’sLiving in the Environment

13th Edition

Chapter 8

G. Tyler Miller’sLiving in the Environment

13th Edition

Chapter 8

Dr. Richard ClementsChattanooga State Technical Community CollegeDr. Richard ClementsChattanooga State Technical Community College

Key ConceptsKey Concepts

Community structureCommunity structure

Roles of speciesRoles of species

Species interactionsSpecies interactions

Changes in ecosystemsChanges in ecosystems

Stability of ecosystemsStability of ecosystems

Community Structure: Appearance and Species DiversityCommunity Structure: Appearance and Species Diversity

Stratification

Species diversity

Species richness

Niche structure

Edge effects

Fig. 8-2p. 166

BiodiversityBiodiversity

LatitudeLatitude

DepthDepth

PollutionPollution

Theory of island biogeographyTheory of island biogeography

BiodiversityBiodiversity

LatitudeLatitude

Depth Depth

Pollution Pollution

Theory of island biogeography Theory of island biogeography

Fig. 8-3 p. 167Fig. 8-3 p. 167

Ants Birds

BiodiversityBiodiversity

Latitude Latitude

DepthDepth

Pollution Pollution

Theory of island biogeography Theory of island biogeography

Sp

ecie

s d

iver

sity

Sp

ecie

s d

iver

sity

2525

2020

1515

55

1010

0000 2,0002,000 4,0004,000 6,0006,000

Depth (meters)Depth (meters)

00 2,0002,000 4,0004,000 6,0006,000

Depth (meters)Depth (meters)

2525

2020

1515

55

1010

00

CoastCoast Deep SeaDeep Sea CoastCoast Deep SeaDeep Sea

SnailsSnails Tube wormsTube worms

Biodiversity - DepthBiodiversity - DepthBiodiversity - DepthBiodiversity - Depth© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

BiodiversityBiodiversity

Latitude Latitude

Depth Depth

PollutionPollution

Theory of island biogeography Theory of island biogeography

Number of individuals per diatom speciesNumber of individuals per diatom species

Nu

mb

er o

f d

iato

m s

pec

ies

Nu

mb

er o

f d

iato

m s

pec

ies UnpollutedUnpolluted

streamstream

PollutedPollutedstreamstream

Biodiversity - PollutionBiodiversity - PollutionBiodiversity - PollutionBiodiversity - Pollution

BiodiversityBiodiversity

Latitude Latitude

Depth Depth

Pollution Pollution

Theory of island biogeographyTheory of island biogeography

HighHigh

LowLow

Rat

e o

f im

mig

rati

on

Rat

e o

f im

mig

rati

on

or

exti

nct

ion

or

exti

nct

ion

Equilibrium numberEquilibrium number

Immigration and extinction ratesImmigration and extinction rates

Number of species on islandNumber of species on island

(a)(a)

© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

The number of The number of species on an species on an island is island is determined by determined by the interplay the interplay between the between the immigration immigration rate and rate and extinction extinction rate.rate.

HighHigh

LowLow

Rat

e o

f im

mig

rati

on

Rat

e o

f im

mig

rati

on

or

exti

nct

ion

or

exti

nct

ion

Small islandSmall island

Effect of island sizeEffect of island size

Number of species on islandNumber of species on island

(b)(b)

Large islandLarge island

© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

Small island Small island low low immigration immigration and high and high extinction - extinction - low diversitylow diversity

Large island Large island high high immigration immigration and low and low extinction - extinction - high high diversitydiversity

HighHigh

LowLow

Rat

e o

f im

mig

rati

on

Rat

e o

f im

mig

rati

on

or

exti

nct

ion

or

exti

nct

ion

Far islandFar island

Effect of distance from mainlandEffect of distance from mainland

Number of species on islandNumber of species on island

(c)(c)

Near islandNear island

© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

When an When an island is island is far away far away “small” - “small” - low low diversitydiversity

When an When an island is island is close close “large” - “large” - high high diversitydiversity

100100

5050

2525

12.512.5

6.256.25

00 2,0002,000 4,0004,000 6,0006,000 8,0008,000 10,00010,000

Distance from New Guinea (kilometers)Distance from New Guinea (kilometers)

Nu

mb

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f sp

ecie

s (p

erc

enta

ge

of

sam

ple

stu

die

d)

Nu

mb

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f sp

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s (p

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enta

ge

of

sam

ple

stu

die

d)

NEW GUINEANEW GUINEA

Distance from mainlandDistance from mainlandDistance from mainlandDistance from mainland

© 2004 B

roo

ks/Co

le – Th

om

son

Learn

ing

© 2004 B

roo

ks/Co

le – Th

om

son

Learn

ing

100

1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000

Area (square miles)

Nu

mb

er o

f am

ph

ibia

n a

nd

rep

tile

sp

ecie

s

10

SABA MONTSERRAT CUBA

Hispaniola

Puerto Rico

Jamaica

Cuba

Montserrat

Saba

Redonda

Island SizeIsland SizeIsland SizeIsland Size

© 2004 B

roo

ks/Co

le – Th

om

son

Learn

ing

General Types of SpeciesGeneral Types of Species

NativeNative

Non-native (exotic or alien)Non-native (exotic or alien)

IndicatorIndicator

KeystoneKeystone

General Types of InteractionsGeneral Types of InteractionsGeneral Types of InteractionsGeneral Types of Interactions

CompetitionCompetitionCompetitionCompetition

PredationPredationPredationPredation

Symbiosis (living together)Symbiosis (living together)Symbiosis (living together)Symbiosis (living together)

Species Interactions: CompetitionSpecies Interactions: Competition

Intraspecific competitionIntraspecific competition

Interspecific competitionInterspecific competition

Interference competitionInterference competition

Exploitation competitionExploitation competition

Competitive exclusion principleCompetitive exclusion principle

Resource partitioningResource partitioning

High

Low

Rel

ati

ve

po

pu

lati

on

den

sity

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Days

Each species grown alone

Parameciumaurelia

Parameciumcaudatum

No CompetitionNo CompetitionNo CompetitionNo Competition

High

Low

Rel

ati

ve

po

pu

lati

on

den

sity

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Days

Both species grown together

Parameciumaurelia

Parameciumcaudatum

Competitive ExclusionCompetitive Exclusion

Resource PartitioningResource Partitioning

Fig. 8-9 p. 175; Refer to Fig. 7-13 p. 152 & Fig. 8-10 p. 175Fig. 8-9 p. 175; Refer to Fig. 7-13 p. 152 & Fig. 8-10 p. 175

WarblersWarblers

Species Interactions: PredationSpecies Interactions: Predation

PredatorPredator

PreyPrey

Prey acquisitionPrey acquisition

Predator AvoidancePredator AvoidanceRefer to Fig. 8-11 p. 177Refer to Fig. 8-11 p. 177

Symbiotic Species Interactions: Parasitism Symbiotic Species Interactions: Parasitism

ParasiteParasite

HostHost

EndoparasitesEndoparasites

EctoparasitesEctoparasites

Symbiotic Species Interactions: MutualismSymbiotic Species Interactions: Mutualism

Reproductive mutualism: pollinationReproductive mutualism: pollination

Nutritional mutualism Nutritional mutualism

Nutritional/protection mutualismNutritional/protection mutualism

Fig. 8-12 p. 179Fig. 8-12 p. 179

Symbiotic Species Interactions: CommensalismSymbiotic Species Interactions: Commensalism

Indirect: i.e., small plants growing in shade of larger plants

Indirect: i.e., small plants growing in shade of larger plants

Direct: i.e., epiphytes, remoras

Direct: i.e., epiphytes, remoras

Fig. 8-13 p. 180Fig. 8-13 p. 180

Ecological Succession: Communities in TransitionEcological Succession: Communities in Transition

Primary successionPrimary succession

Secondary successionSecondary succession

Pioneer speciesPioneer species

Successional speciesSuccessional species

Primary SuccessionPrimary Succession

Fig. 8-14 p. 180

Secondary SuccessionSecondary Succession

Fig. 8-15 p. 181

Succession and WildlifeSuccession and Wildlife

Fig. 8-16 p. 182Fig. 8-16 p. 182

The Rate of SuccessionThe Rate of Succession

Refer to Table 8-1 p. 182Refer to Table 8-1 p. 182

FacilitationFacilitation

InhibitionInhibition

ToleranceTolerance

Ecological Stability and SustainabilityEcological Stability and Sustainability

Refer to Table 8-2 p. 193Refer to Table 8-2 p. 193

DisturbanceDisturbance

Climax communityClimax community

InertiaInertia

ConstancyConstancy

ResilienceResilience

Precautionary principlePrecautionary principle