Paper #3

Your Task: Define the Hero Archetype

▪ An archetype, also known as universal symbol, may be a character, a theme, or situation that seems to represent universal patterns of human nature.

▪ With this paper, you will attempt to define the archetypical hero.

Chicago Style Title Page

▪ The title should be centered a third of the way down the page.– Use all capitals for the title.– For subtitles, end the title line with a

colon and place the subtitle on the line below the title.

▪ Your name, the class information, and the date should follow several lines later (2/3 down) as shown.

In-Text Citation in Chicago Style: Footnotes

▪ To add a footnote in most word processors, simply press Ctrl+Alt+F

▪ Alternately, use the footnote function in Microsoft Word or Google Docs.– Google docs: “Insert” menu -> “footnote” – Microsoft Word: “References” menu -> “Insert Footnote”

▪ Use the “manual cite” option on the Chicago/Turbian citation generator to produce footnotes & a bibliographic reference.

▪ Place footnote citations throughout your paper, and include a bibliographic list at the end of your paper.

When to Add Footnotes

▪ Include a footnote each time you use a source, whether through a direct quote or through a paraphrase or summary.

▪ The first note for each source should include all relevant information about the source: author’s full name, source title, and facts of publication.

▪ If you cite the same source again, the note need only include the surname of the author, a shortened form of the title (if more than four words), and page number(s).

▪ If citing multiple sources in the same footnote, separate citations with semicolons.

▪ For multiple consecutive citations from the same source, use Ibid.– Ibid. is Latin, short for ibidem, which means "in the same place“– Used to provide an endnote or footnote citation for a source that was cited in the preceding endnote or footnote. – To find the ibid. source, one must look at the reference preceding it. – The previous reference should be within the same paragraph or page. – Notice that ibid. is an abbreviation where the last two letters of the word are not present; thus, it always takes a period

(full stop) in both American and British usage.– If you use the same source but a different page number, the corresponding note should use “Ibid.” followed by a

comma and the new page number(s).

So, what’s going in this paper?

▪ Microcycle 9– The Epic of Gilgamesh complied, edited, and translated by Babylonian Shin-Leqi-

Unninni– The Iliad by the Greek poet Homer– The Aeneid by the Roman poet Virgil

▪ Microcycle 10– Beowulf by an anonymous Anglo-Saxon poet referred to by scholars as the “Beowulf

poet” ▪ We read the translation by Seamus Heaney.

▪ Microcycle 11– The Tragedy of Macbeth by William Shakespeare

▪ Microcycle 12– The Tragedy of Hamlet by William Shakespeare

Chicago/Turabian Style▪ The bibliography provides an alphabetical list of all sources used in a given

work, is usually placed at the end of the work

▪ Begin with a centered “Bibliography” heading.

▪ Leave two blank lines between “Bibliography” or “References” and your first entry.

▪ Leave one blank line between remaining entries.

▪ Include all sources cited within the work arranged alphabetically by author’s last name. – If no author or editor is listed, the title or keyword by which the reader would

search for the source may be used instead.

▪ All entries in the bibliography will include the author (or editor, compiler, translator), title, and publication information.

▪ The author’s name is inverted in the bibliography, placing the last name first and separating the last name and first name with a comma; for example, John Smith becomes Smith, John.

▪ Titles of books and journals are italicized. Titles of articles, chapters, poems, etc. are placed in quotation marks.

▪ The year of publication is listed after the publisher or journal name.

▪ In a bibliography, all major elements are separated by periods.

▪ Use a hanging indent of 1/2“ for citations spanning multiple lines.

Spacing & Block Quotations

▪ Text should be consistently double-spaced, with the following exceptions:– Block quotations, table titles, and figure captions should be single-spaced.

▪ A prose quotation of five or more lines should be blocked.▪ A blocked quotation does not get enclosed in quotation marks.▪ An extra line space should immediately precede and follow a blocked quotation.▪ Blocked quotations should be indented .5” as a whole.

▪ Notes and bibliographies should be singled-spaced internally; however, leave an extra line space between note and bibliographic entries.

Chicago StyleBlock Quotations

▪ Quotations of more than five lines require block format.

▪ a block quotation…– begins on its own line– is indented ½” from the left margin– is not enclosed in quotation marks– has one footnote – is single-spaced (unlike the rest of the

paper)

Composing an Introductory Paragraph

▪ 1. The Hook– Begin your paper by creating interest in your topic. – An essay hook is the first one or two sentences of your paper.– Options include a quotation from one of the authors with explanation, a humorous anecdote, a rhetorical

question, an interesting fact, a common misconception, a statistic, or just a few bold assertions about your topic.

▪ 2. Overview of Research– In this part you have to make clear what the context is.

▪ Define relevant concepts related to your thesis.▪ Introduce the names of the authors and the works you will be discussing in your paper. This is a preview of the structure of

your paper – name the authors and works in the order in which they will appear in your paper.

▪ 3. Thesis Statement– Your thesis statement will be one compound-complex sentence that identifies your main idea and previews the

rest of your paper. – Your thesis should make a claim with which people can disagree, and your paper should defend that claim with

evidence.– Place your thesis at the end of your introduction paragraph.

Composing Your Overview of Research

▪ The overview of research section follows your hook and precedes your thesis statement in your introductory paragraph.

▪ In this section, set the context for your readers by reviewing the topic in a general way.– Define the basic concepts relevant to your thesis:

▪ the epic hero and its subtypes the Greek hero and Roman hero ▪ the tragic hero▪ the stages of the heroic quest

– Identify the authors and works that your paper will analyze.

▪ Close this portion by explaining why the topic is important or why readers should care about it. – This should lead into your thesis statement.

The Evolving Hero Concept

▪ The term hero is derived from the Greek word heros or íroas, meaning a person who faces adversity or demonstrates courage in the face of danger.

▪ The Epic Hero– Description: noble birth, supernatural strength and courage, superior warrior, travels

over vast setting, faces supernatural forces, tempted by women, ventures to the underworld, triumphs in the end

– Subtypes:▪ The Greek hero (individualistic, they fight for their own reputation) ▪ The Roman hero (selfless, they fight for causes outside themselves)

▪ The Tragic Hero– Description: noble birth, possesses a tragic flaw, hubristic (excess pride, disrespect

for natural order), has an epiphany or makes a discovery, is subject to fate, offers audiences catharsis

Epic Hero Subtypes

▪ The Greek hero: – exists in a “shame culture,” an other-directed culture in which one’s worth is based

on how one’s peers value him; therefore, a hero’s worth is based on the prizes awarded him

– considerations for family and community come after that for one’s own reputation– heroism for the ancient Greeks was an individualistic quest, and the hero’s ultimate

loyalty is always to himself, not to his family, nation, or even his gods– the fall of an enemy is as tragic as that of a friend or leader– this concept bequeathed an idea of personal heroism that hasn’t disappeared

▪ The Roman hero:– The Roman concept of Pietas implies four levels of responsibility: to the gods, to the

state, to the family, and to fellow human beings.▪ Pietas includes knowing your place in the larger scale of things.

– must give up art, beauty, and personal happiness to become an agent of destiny

Stages of the Heroic Quest

▪ the call to adventure

▪ the aid of mentors

▪ the crossing of thresholds

▪ the trials and tribulations

▪ the supreme ordeal

▪ the road back

▪ the revitalization of the community

Composing a Thesis

▪ With this paper, you will attempt to define the archetypical hero.

▪ Based on the research you have done thus far (reading some of the most significant works of Western literature), how do you define the term hero?

▪ Your answer is your thesis.

▪ In order to help you with this process, start by entering in some basic information into a thesis statement generator.

Composing Your Thesis Statement▪ 1) Enter in your topic, position, qualification, and reason into the thesis generator

– Topic = the general category the paper is about (phrase)– Position = the one common characteristic about your topic you think is true (independent clause)– Qualification = exception(s) to the common characteristic, other possible interpretations (independent

clause)– Reason = the evidence you will present in your paper in support of your position (independent clause)

▪ 2) Choose a subordinate conjunction to use with your qualification (making this a dependent clause).– Although, provided, though, while, even though, even if, as, whether, etc.

▪ 3) Choose a means of joining your independent clause about the position you are taking to the independent clause about the reason or evidence.– ; – ; (conjunctive adverb or transitional phrase) – , (FANBOYS)

▪ 4) Read & refine the syntax of your resulting statement until it expresses a clear claim.

End of Activities for 4/10/17

Composing a Hook

▪ Begin your paper by creating interest in your topic.

▪ An essay hook is the first one or two sentences of your paper.

▪ Options include…– a quotation from one of the authors with explanation– a humorous anecdote– a rhetorical question– an interesting fact– a common misconception– a statistic– just bold assertion about your topic

Composing Transitions

▪ Transitions are the mortar that holds the essay together.

▪ Without logical progression of thought, the reader is unable to follow your reasoning.

▪ Transitions should wrap up the idea from the previous paragraph and introduce the idea that is to follow in the next paragraph.

▪ Identify a similarity or difference between the two works and use this as your bridge in topics.

▪ Utilize the link on classroom to access transitional words and phrases listed by category of use.

Revising Your Body Paragraphs

▪ Each body paragraph should include the following:– A summary of the plot of the work in question– Your interpretation of the theme of the literary work– Definitions and specific examples of literary devices used in the literary work

followed by explanation as to the effect on the theme

▪ You should review the summaries you wrote as we read the selections and make sure that you have included each of the above.

▪ If you are missing any of the above, return to your notes on the literary work and the lectures on them.

▪ Another option to add in anything you missed from the above would be to consult a secondary source. – Be sure to cite any secondary sources using a footnote and a bibliographic citation.

Composing a Conclusion

▪ The conclusion leaves the most immediate impression on the mind of the reader.

▪ Do not introduce any new information into the conclusion.

▪ Synthesize the information presented in the body of the essay. – Restate why the topic is important.– Review the literary works and their authors.– Restate your thesis in an original way.

▪ Break up your thesis. Write it as 2-3 sentences instead of one.▪ Paraphrase your wording. Replace some of your words with synonyms and change the

sentence order around.

▪ Finish your paper by including a poignant closing thought that refers back to your hook or indicates that more research that should be completed in light of your work.