ap chapter 05
TRANSCRIPT
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Colonial Society on
the Eve of Revolution
1700-1775
American Pageant Chapter 5
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Conquest by the Cradle
―Lusty‖ population growth
1700
300,000 people total
20,000 of total--black
1775
2.5 million people total
500,000 of total—black
400,000 each of white immigrants & black slaves
The rest—natural fertility
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Conquest by the Cradle
Political Consequences
Ratio of Americans to English increased from 1/20 to 1/3 from 1700 to 1775
By 1775:
Largest colonies:
VA, MA, PA, NC, MD
4 ―Cities‖
Philadelphia
New York
Boston
Charleston
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A Mingling of the Races—by 1775
6% German (150,000)
Pennsylvania (1/3 of pop.)
Lutheran
Industry & prosperity
7% Scots-Irish (175,000)
Scottish Lowlanders moved unsuccessfully to Ireland
Pennsylvania (1000s came in early 1700s)
Frontier—squatters
Paxton Boys--1764
Led revolt against Quaker oligarchy’s lenient policy toward Indians
Regulator Movement—Rebellion in NC
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A Mingling of the Races—by 1775
5% Other European groups
I.E. French, Swedes, Dutch, Welsh, Irish, Swiss, Jews, etc.
Felt little loyalty to English crown
20% African--largest in the South
South owned 90% of slaves
Most diverse in the world
New England—least diverse
Outside New England—1/2 of population were non-English
African American community“What then is an American,
this new man?” Michel-
Guillaume (Jean) de Crevecoeur
wrote about America’s diverse
population.
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The Structure of Colonial Society
Compared to Europe
Equality—no titled nobility
By 1775—some social
stratification
Worries of
―Europeanization‖ of
America
Merchant ―princes‖ in N.E.
& middle colonies
Church seating by social
rank
10% of Boston held 2/3 of
wealth
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The Structure of Colonial Society
Poverty—New England
War—created orphans &
widows
Public charity & Almshouses (Better than England--1/3 of pop. in squalor)
N.E.—Divided land= smaller
farms—younger sons &
daughters hired out as wage
laborers
Homeless
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The Structure of Colonial Society
Poverty--South
Great planters—large # of
slaves
Widening gap
―Poor whites‖
Tennant farmers
A Tidewater Plantation
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The Structure of Colonial Society
Poverty—Servants & Slaves
Swelling lower class:
Indentured Servants—volunteered & forced ―jayle birds‖
Slavery
Large population of slaves in South
Some legislatures (SC) tried to limit import
British authorities vetoed—wanted cheap labor, especially in West Indies
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Clerics, Physicians, & Jurists
Ministry
most honored profession
By 1775—had less influence
Physicians
Poorly trained
Not well-respected
Epidemics
Small pox—inoculation 1721 (Cotton
Mather)
Diphtheria
Law Profession
―Noisy windbags‖, ―troublesome rogues‖,
―drunkards‖ and ―brothel keepers‖
Became more respected with time
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Workaday America
Agriculture
90% of pop.
Chesapeake—Tobacco (added
wheat)
Middle colonies—‖Bread Basket‖
New England
Fishing (cod)
Commerce
Commerce & Land speculation=
Quick $
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Workaday America
Triangular
Trade
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Workaday America
Manufacturing
Limited
MA & RI—‖kill devil‖ rum
Beaver hats
Iron
Valley Forge in PA
Lumber—shipbuilding (1/3 of
British Merchant Marine)
Household manufacturing
Spinning
weaving
Making beaver hats
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Workaday America
Naval Stores
Highly valued items—retain
mastery of the seas
Tar
Pitch
Rosin
Turpentine
Timber—some reserved for
masts, etc. Heavy fines for
cutting.
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Workaday America
Trade Imbalance
Needed new foreign markets
Fast growing American pop. vs. slow growing
British pop.
Tobacco—British re-exporters
Molasses Act—1733
Pressure from British West Indies
Stop colonists trade with French West Indies
Americans needed cash from F.W.I. to buy
goods from the British
Colonists bribed & smuggled to get around act
Foreshadows future crisis
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Horsepower & Sailpower
Roads
1700s roads connect larger
cities
Terrible conditions
Travel slow
Waterways
Rivers main transportation
Population grew on banks of
navigable rivers
Slow & undependable but
cheap & pleasant
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Horsepower & Sailpower
Taverns
Gossip, information,
public opinion
―Cradles of democracy‖
Postal service
Mid-1700s
Slow, infrequent, no
secrecy
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Dominant Denominations
By 1775--Two tax supported churches
Anglican (Church of England)
South colonies
Faith--less fierce & more worldly
College of William & Mary
More loyal to Crown
Congregational
New England
Preachers talked of revolution from pulpit (also Presbyterianism)
Religious toleration continues to develop
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The Great Awakening
1700s—religiously less fervent
New liberal ideas
Arminians —individual free will not divine decree determines salvation
Great Awakening 1730s-1740s
Jonathan Edwards
Northampton, MA
―Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God‖
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The Great Awakening
George Whitefield—new evangelical style of preaching
Drama
Human helplessness and divine omnipotence
Roaring revival meetings
Old lights (intellectual) vs. New Lights (emotive)
Other denominations, i.e. Presbyterians & Baptists increased in #
First spontaneous mass movement of American People
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Schools & Colleges
England —only wealthy educated
New England More interested in Education—due to religion (i.e.
Bible reading)
Focused on boys—many educated in England
universities
Early on had many primary & secondary schools
South & Middle: some elementary; rich used
tutors
Religious & ―classical‖ education:
orthodoxy
University of Pennsylvania –Benjamin
Franklin—1st American college with no church control
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Art, Literature, & Architecture
America still heavily influenced by Old World
Art:
John Trumball, Benjamin West, John Singleton
Copely—had to travel to England for training
Charles Wilson Peale—portraits (George
Washington)
Architecture: Old world style modified
Literature: Also old world style; exception
Phyllis Wheatley —slave girl & poet
Benjamin Franklin: Literature & science of
note
Poor Richards Almanac; electricity; bifocals
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Art, Literature, & Architecture
Charles Wilson Peale’s
self portrait
Trumball’s ―Declaration of Independence‖
Red-bricked
Georgian
architecture
used at
Williamsburg,
VA
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Colonial Press
Americans too poor to buy books but
some had private libraries
Pamphlets, leaflets, journals,
newspapers: very common
John Peter Zenger:
Newspaper printer; criticized NY royally-
appointed governor.
Defend by Alexander Hamilton in court
against charge of ―seditious libel;‖
Freedom of the press: ―It is the cause of
liberty!‖
Zenger found not guilty by jury: victory for
freedom of the press
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Politics
Governments of colonies: variety (8 of 13 had royally
appointed governors)
Almost all had two-house legislatures
Upper house—appointed or elected
Lower house—popular vote (property)
Power of the Purse: Colonial assemblies would not pay
royally governors if they did not yield to their wishes
Cradle of self-government
Voting: still had religious or property requirements
Colonies: Not democratic yet—but ahead of Old World in
tolerance, education, economic opportunity, freedom of the press,
assembly and religion.