ap biology saturday session 3 evolution as a process session 2 - macroevolution
TRANSCRIPT
AP BiologySaturday Session 3
Evolution as a ProcessSession 2 - Macroevolution
Question 1
BClue: biological species
concept = offspring
SpeciesMale and Female Blue Footed Boobies
Question 2
CClue: April and May
Pre-zygotic and post-zygoticbarriers
Prezygotic barriers impede mating or hinder fertilization if mating does occur
Postzygotic barriers prevent a hybrid zygote fromdeveloping into a viable, fertile adult
REDUCED HYBRIDVIABILITY
REDUCED HYBRIDFERTILITY
HYBRID BREAKDOWN
HABITAT ISOLATION TEMPORAL ISOLATION BEHAVIORAL ISOLATION MECHANICAL ISOLATION GAMETIC ISOLATION
Reducedhybrid
viability
FertilizationViable,fertile
offspring
Reducedhybridfertility
Hybridbreakdown
Matingattempt
Gameticisolation
Fertilization
Mechanicalisolation
Behavioralisolation
Temporalisolation
Habitatisolation
Individualsof
differentspecies
Question 3
AClue: mules
Pre-zygotic and post-zygoticbarriers
Prezygotic barriers impede mating or hinder fertilization if mating does occur
Postzygotic barriers prevent a hybrid zygote fromdeveloping into a viable, fertile adult
REDUCED HYBRIDVIABILITY
REDUCED HYBRIDFERTILITY
HYBRID BREAKDOWN
HABITAT ISOLATION TEMPORAL ISOLATION BEHAVIORAL ISOLATION MECHANICAL ISOLATION GAMETIC ISOLATION
Reducedhybrid
viability
FertilizationViable,fertile
offspring
Reducedhybridfertility
Hybridbreakdown
Matingattempt
Gameticisolation
Fertilization
Mechanicalisolation
Behavioralisolation
Temporalisolation
Habitatisolation
Individualsof
differentspecies
Question 4
DClue: designate
Ecological Species concept
Microorganismsand other
detritivores
Tertiaryconsumers
Secondaryconsumers
Detritus Primary consumers
Sun
Primary producers
Heat
Key
Chemical cycling
Energy flow
Phylogenetic Species concept Percent of Amino Acids That Are
Identical to the Amino Acids in aHuman Hemoglobin Polypeptide
100%
95%
87%
69%
54%
14%
Rhesus monkey
Species
Human
Mouse
Chicken
Frog
Lamprey
Question 5
D
.
Time
Gradualism model Punctuated equilibrium model
Question 6
BClue: Radiation =
spread out
Galapagos Islands
Galapagos Islands close up
Darwin’s Galapagos Island finches
Math Grid In Solution
• The correct answer is 839.7 fire ants/month
• N = K/15 = 15000/15 = 1000 • Rmax = 0.9
• K = 15000• • dN/dt = rmax N (K-N)
• K• dN/dt = (0.9)(1000)(15000-1000/15000) = (0.9) (1000) (0.933)
= 839.7 fire ants/month
Short Free Response 14 points possible
Discussion of allopatric speciation being the evolution of species by the reproductive isolation associated with some geologic barrier (1 pt.)Discussion on example – ring species, adaptive radiation on islands, etc. (1 pt.)
Discussion of sympatric being the evolution of one species from an existing within the same area. (1 pt.)Discussion of one species evolving as a result of competition or another driving force causing change such as allopolyploidy or autopolyploidy. (1 pt.)
Modes of Speciation
Allopatric speciation Sympatric speciation
Autopolyploidy
Failure of cell division in a cell of a growing diploid plant after chromosome duplication gives rise to a tetraploid branch or other tissue.
Gametes produced by flowers on this tetraploid branch are diploid.
Offspring with tetraploid karyo-types may be viable and fertile—a new biological species.
2n = 64n = 12 4n
2n
Allopolyploidy
Species B2n = 6
Species A2n = 4
Normal gameten = 3
Normal gameten = 3
2n = 10
Unreduced gametewith 4 chromosomes
Unreduced gametewith 7 chromosomes
Hybrid with7 chromosomes
Viable fertile hybrid(allopolyploid)
Meiotic error;chromosomenumber notreduced from2n to n
Short Free Response 24 points possible
• Discussion of first and second experiment – reproduction by cross-fertilization, DNA sequencing, karyotyping (1 pt. each)
• Discussion of outcome support – living viable, reproductive offspring, DNA sequences being identical, possessing the same number of chromosomes. (1 pt. each)