ap biology january 30, 2012 bellringer: complete the logical and spatial puzzles on the handout...
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AP Biology
January 30, 2012 BellRinger:
Complete the logical and spatial puzzles on the handout from Thursday
Objective: Determine functions and activities to stimulate
various parts of the brain Differentiate between the various stages in cell
communication
Homework: Complete chp 48 notes
AP Biology
Evolution of vertebrate brain
Shark
Frog
Cat
Bird
HumanSpinal cord
Hind: Medulla oblongata
Optic tectum
Hind: Cerebellum
MidbrainFore: CerebrumOlfactory tract
Crocodile
hindbrain
forebrain
forebrain
forebraindominant cerebrum
AP Biology
Human brain
AP Biology
The cerebral cortex controls voluntary movement and cognitive functions
Each side of the cerebral cortex has four lobes Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe Occipital lobe
Parietal lobe
Frontalassociation
area
Speech
Smell
Hearing
Auditoryassociation
areaVision
Visualassociation
area
Somatosensoryassociation
area
Reading
Speech
Taste
Som
atos
enso
ry c
orte
x
Mot
or c
orte
x
Figure 48.27
AP Biology
Palm Press Activity Do not move your feet! Yoga pose What area of your brain is active? Label/color on your brain map
AP Biology
The Cerebellum Is important for coordination and error
checking during motor, perceptual, and cognitive functions
Is also involved in learning and remembering motor skills
AP Biology
Which part of my brain is active? Attention & alertness? What else does the part of the brain
do? Label/color on your brain map
AP Biology
The Brainstem The brainstem consists of three parts
The medulla oblongata, the pons, and the midbrain
AP Biology
Brainstem The medulla oblongata
Contains centers that control several visceral functions
The pons Also participates in visceral
functions The midbrain
Contains centers for the receipt and integration of several types of sensory information
AP Biology
The Diencephalon The embryonic diencephalon develops into
three adult brain regions The epithalamus, thalamus, and
hypothalamus
AP Biology
Which part of my brain is active? Fight or flight? What controls the breathing/heart rate
changes associated with the response? Why do we have this response – especially
to loud noises? Label/color on your brain map
Listen to someone speak and express themselves in a foreign language
Which part of the brain takes in all sensory input (except smell)
AP Biology
The epithalamus Includes the pineal gland and the
choroid plexus The thalamus
“Central operator” Is the main input center for sensory
information going to the cerebrum and the main output center for motor information leaving the cerebrum
The hypothalamus regulates Homeostasis Basic survival behaviors such as
feeding, fighting, fleeing, and reproducing
AP Biology
Emotion Cards No words, facial expressions only Which part of your brain is active? What would happen if we were unable
to interpret this nonverbal communication?
Are some people better than others? Label/color on your brain map
AP Biology
Emotions The limbic system
Is a ring of structures around the brainstem
Figure 48.30
HypothalamusThalamus
Prefrontal cortex
Olfactorybulb
Amygdala Hippocampus
AP Biology
This limbic system includes three parts of the cerebral cortex The amygdala, hippocampus, and olfactory
bulb These structures interact with the
neocortex to mediate primary emotions And attach emotional “feelings” to survival-
related functions
AP Biology
Circadian Rhythms The hypothalamus also regulates circadian
rhythms Such as the sleep/wake cycle
Animals usually have a biological clock Which is a pair of suprachiasmatic nuclei
(SCN) found in the hypothalamus
AP Biology
Short Term Memory Which part of the brain was stimulated
during the memory game? What part of your brain would be
involved if this information was to be stored in your long term memory?
Label/color on your brain map
AP Biology
Arousal and Sleep A diffuse network of neurons called the
reticular formation Is present in the core of the brainstem
Midbrain Sight/Sound reflexes
Figure 48.24
Eye
Reticular formationInput from touch,
pain, and temperature receptors
Input from ears
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A part of the reticular formation, the reticular activating system (RAS) Regulates sleep and arousal
AP Biology
Midbrain & Hindbrain How can we see the “ancientness” of
these areas of the brain in the functions that these parts control?
AP Biology
Logic Puzzle What part of the brain was stimulated when
you were solving these puzzles? What is the difference in the way your brain
handles detailed, sequential information (logic problem) compared to the way it handles spatial information?
What connects these 2 parts? Put them together – write your full name in
cursive backwards (mirror image) Label/color on your brain map
AP Biology
Cerebrum Most highly evolved structure of
mammalian brain Cerebrum divided
hemispheres left = right side of
body right = left side of
body Corpus callosum
major connection between 2 hemispheres
AP Biology
Lateralization of Brain Function Left hemisphere
language, math, logic operations, processing of serial sequences of information, visual & auditory details
detailed activities required for motor control
Right hemisphere pattern recognition, spatial
relationships, non-verbal ideation, emotional processing, parallel processing of information
AP Biology
AP Biology
The Cerebral Hemispheres
Cerebral Cortex and Functional Regions Motor Areas
frontal lobe What would you do to activate this area? Which parts of your body do you think have
the most motor control?
Sensory Areas parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes Think back to the sensory lab…which parts
of the body were the most sensitive to touch?
AP Biology
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AP Biology
Learning Check What area of the brain is generally
regarded as the area that “makes us human?” What area is so different in our brains?
AP Biology
In all vertebrates, the nervous system Shows a high degree of cephalization and
distinct CNS and PNS components
Figure 48.19
Central nervoussystem (CNS) Peripheral nervous
system (PNS)
Brain
Spinal cord
Cranialnerves
GangliaoutsideCNS
Spinalnerves
AP Biology
Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain & Spinal cord form the
central nervous system
The brain provides integrative power Controls complex behavior of
vertebrates
The spinal cord integrates simple responses
to certain kinds of stimuli conveys information to and
from the brain
AP Biology
The brain & spinal cord are hollow The central canal of the spinal cord and the
four ventricles of the brain contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Gray matter
Whitematter
Ventricles
Figure 48.20
AP Biology
The Peripheral Nervous SystemPeripheral
nervous system
Somaticnervoussystem
Autonomicnervoussystem
Sympatheticdivision
Parasympatheticdivision
Entericdivision
Figure 48.21
AP Biology
The PNS transmits information to and from the CNS
The PNS can be divided into two functional components Somatic nervous system
Carries signals to & from skeletal muscles
Autonomic nervous system Carries signals to and from
internal organs and glands
AP Biology
PNS- Somatic Nervous System The somatic nervous system
Includes the cranial nerves and spinal nerves
Cranial nerves originate in the brain terminate mostly in organs of the
head and upper body
Spinal nerves originate in the spinal cord extend to parts of the body below
the head
AP Biology
PNS The autonomic nervous system
Regulates the internal environment, in an involuntary manner
Is divided into the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions
AP Biology
The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions Have antagonistic effects on target organs
Parasympathetic division Sympathetic division
Action on target organs: Action on target organs:
Location ofpreganglionic neurons:
brainstem and sacralsegments of spinal cord
Neurotransmitterreleased by
preganglionic neurons:acetylcholine
Location ofpostganglionic neurons:
in ganglia close to orwithin target organs
Neurotransmitterreleased by
postganglionic neurons:acetylcholine
Constricts pupilof eye
Stimulates salivarygland secretion
Constrictsbronchi in lungs
Slows heart
Stimulates activityof stomach and
intestines
Stimulates activityof pancreas
Stimulatesgallbladder
Promotes emptyingof bladder
Promotes erectionof genitalia
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Synapse
Sympatheticganglia
Dilates pupilof eye
Inhibits salivary gland secretion
Relaxes bronchiin lungs
Accelerates heart
Inhibits activity of stomach and intestines
Inhibits activityof pancreas
Stimulates glucoserelease from liver;inhibits gallbladder
Stimulatesadrenal medulla
Inhibits emptyingof bladder
Promotes ejaculation and vaginal contractionsSacral
Location ofpreganglionic neurons:
thoracic and lumbarsegments of spinal cord
Neurotransmitterreleased by
preganglionic neurons:acetylcholine
Location ofpostganglionic neurons:some in ganglia close totarget organs; others ina chain of ganglia near
spinal cord
Neurotransmitterreleased by
postganglionic neurons:norepinephrine
Figure 48.22
AP Biology
The sympathetic division Correlates with the “fight-or-flight” response
The parasympathetic division Promotes a return to self-maintenance
functions- “rest and digest”
The enteric division Controls the activity of the digestive tract,
pancreas, and gallbladder
AP Biology
Summary Differentiate between the CNS and PNS