ap biology chapter 35 plant anatomy ap biology basic anatomy root shoot (stem) leaves
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AP Biology
Chapter 35
Plant Anatomy
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AP Biology
Basic anatomy root shoot (stem) leaves
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AP Biology
Expanded anatomy root
root tip root hairs
shoot (stem) nodes internodes apical buds axillary buds flowers
leaves veins
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AP Biology
Shoots Shoots consist of stems, leaves & buds Stems
nodes = points at which leaves are attached
internodes = stem segments between nodes
Buds growth of shoot
terminal or apical bud = at tip of plant axillary bud = in nodes on stem
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AP Biology
Modified shootsstolons (strawberries) rhizome (ginger)
tuber (potato) bulb (onion)
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AP Biology
Roots Roots anchor plant in soil, absorb
minerals & water, & store food fibrous roots (1)
mat of thin roots that spread out monocots
tap roots (2) 1 large vertical root also produces many small lateral,
or branch roots dicots
root hairs (3) increase absorptive
surface area
2
1
3
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AP Biology
Leaves Function of leaves?
photosynthesis energy production CHO production
gas exchange transpiration simple vs. compound
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
Stomates Function of stomates?
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AP Biologysucculent leaves
Modified leavestendrils (peas) spines (cacti)
colored leaves (poinsetta)
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AP Biology
Both systems depend on the other roots receive sugars
& other nutrients from photosynthetic parts
shoot system depends on water & minerals absorbed from the soil by roots
Interdependent systems
water
sugars
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AP Biology
Putting it all together Obtaining raw materials
sunlight leaves = solar collectors
CO2
stomates = gas exchange
H2O uptake from roots
nutrients uptake from roots
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AP Biology
Plant tissues Dermal
“skin” of plant single layer of tightly
packed cells that covers & protects plant
Vascular transport materials
between roots & shoots xylem & phloem
Ground everything else: storage,
photosynthetic bulk of plant tissue
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AP Biology
Plant cell types in tissues
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AP Biology
Plant cell types in tissues Parenchyma
“typical” plant cells = least specialized photosynthetic cells, storage cells tissue of leaves, stem, fruit, storage roots
Collenchyma unevenly thickened primary walls = support
Sclerenchyma very thick, “woody” secondary walls = support rigid cells that can’t elongate dead at functional maturity
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AP Biology
Parenchyma Parenchyma cells are relatively unspecialized, thin,
flexible & carry out many metabolic functions all types of cells develop from parenchyma
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AP Biology
Collenchyma Collenchyma cells have thicker primary walls &
provide support help support without restraining growth remain alive in maturity
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AP Biology
the strings in celery stalksare collenchyma
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AP Biology
Sclerenchyma Thick, rigid cell wall
lignin (wood) cannot elongate mostly dead at maturity
Support cells xylem vessels tracheids fibers
rope fibers sclereids
nutshells seed coats grittiness in pears
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AP Biology
Vascular tissue Transports materials in roots, stems & leaves Xylem
carry water & minerals up from roots
tube-shaped dead cells only their walls provide a system
of microscopic water pipes
Phloem carry nutrients throughout plant
sugars (sucrose), amino acids… tube-shaped living cells
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AP Biology
Xylemdead cells water-conducting cells of xylem
tracheids
vesselelements
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AP Biology
Xylem Dead at functional maturity Cell elongated into tubes
tracheids long, thin cells with tapered ends walls reinforced with lignin = support thinner pits in end walls allows water flow
vessel elements wider, shorter, thinner walled & less tapered perforated ends walls allows free water flow
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AP Biology
Phloem: food-conducting cells sieve tube elements & companion cells
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AP Biology
Phloem: food-conducting cells sieve tube elements & companion cells
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AP Biology
Phloem Living cells at functional maturity
lack nucleus, ribosomes & vacuole more room: specialized for
liquid food (sucrose) transport
Cells sieve tubes
end walls, sieve plates, have pores to facilitate flow of fluid between cells
companion cells nucleated cells connected to the sieve-tube help sieve tubes
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AP Biology
Phloem sieve plate
sieve tubes
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AP Biology
Vascular tissue in herbaceous stems
dicottrees & shrubs
monocotgrasses & lilies
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AP Biology
Root structure: dicot
xylemphloem
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AP Biology
Root structure: monocot
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AP Biology
AnyQuestions?