ap biology 2005-2006 animal behavior modified from slideshow by kim foglia chapter 51

AP Biology 2005-2006

Animal Behavior Modified from slideshow by Kim Foglia

Chapter 51.

What is behavior? Behavior

everything an animal does & how it does it link between animal & its environment

innate = inherited or developmentally fixed

learned = develop during animal’s lifetime

http://i.ytimg.com/vi/oYmzdvMoUUA/0.jpg

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/L/LearnedBehavior.html

Types of behaviors Innate behaviors

automatic, fixed, “built-in” despite different environments, all

individuals exhibit the behavior triggered by a stimulus

Learned behaviors modified by experience

variable triggered by a stimulus

AP Biology

Proximate and Ultimate Questions Proximate questions: focus on

environmental stimuli that trigger a behavior, as well as the genetic, physiological, and anatomical mechanisms underlying a behavioral act Often are “how” questions

Example: How does day length influence breeding?

2005-2006

AP Biology

Ultimate questions: address the evolutionary significance of a behavior Often “why” questions

Ex: Why did natural selection favor this behavior and not a different one?

2005-2006

AP Biology

Ethology The scientific study of how animals

behave Four questions to be answered to fully

understand any behavior:

2005-2006

AP Biology

What is the evolutionary history of the behavior?

How does this behavior contribute to the fitness of the organism?

What is the mechanistic basis of behavior, including chemical, anatomical, and physiological mechanisms?

How does the development of the animal influence behavior?

2005-2006


Innate behavior Fixed action patterns (FAP)

sequence of behaviors essentially unchangeable & usually conducted to completion once started

sign stimulus releaser that triggers FAP

male sticklebacks exhibit aggressive territoriality

attack on red belly stimuluscourt on swollen belly stimulus


Fixed Action Pattern

courtship display in sticklebacks

Example: FAPEGG ROLLING IN GEESE

If egg rolls away from the nest, the goose automatically rolls the egg back to the nest with a repeated, specific action.

When the female notices an egg outside the nest (signstimulus), she begins the repeated movement to drag the eggwith her beak and neck.

If, while the goose is rolling the egg back to the nest, theegg slides off to the side or is removed by an observer, thegoose continues to repeat the stereotypic movements, untilshe reaches the nest. She’ll then relocate the missing eggand begin the process all over again.

FAP in humans?

YAWNING- lasts around 6 seconds Just try stopping in mid-yawn. You

can’t. Once you begin to yawn, this

instinctive, hard-wired response must run its course, from beginning to end.

We are triggered to yawn when we see another

person (or animal) yawning.

Even seeing the word ‘yawn’ can trigger yawning

See video

http://local.brookings.k12.sd.us/krscience/youtubevideos/DO_NOT_WATCH_this_video.wmv

OTHER EXAMPLES OF FAP

Mating dances

Gulls pecking red spot on mom’s beakstimulates regurgitation

Human baby graspinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_action_pattern

http://lh6.ggpht.com/_bUTjf-hNPDk/R6tc9enBOzI/AAAAAAAAAbA/Fz2Rc68SM8Q/j0408981.jpg

http://i.ytimg.com/vi/oYmzdvMoUUA/0.jpg

http://local.brookings.k12.sd.us/krscience/youtubevideos/Blue_Footed_Booby_Mating_Dance.avi


Directed movements Taxis

change in direction automatic movement toward (positive taxis) or

away from (negative taxis) a stimulus phototaxis chemotaxis

Kinesis change in rate of

movement in response to a stimulus


Migration Complex behavior, but still under

genetic control “migratory restlessness” seen in birds bred &

raised in captivity

migrating western sandpipersMonarchmigration


Migration

Bobolink Golden plover

Summernestingrange

Winterrange

Summernestingrange

Winterrange

Following ancient fly-ways navigate by sun, stars, magnetic fields


Imprinting Learning at a specific critical time

forming social attachments both learning & innate components

Konrad Lorenz was “mother” to these imprinted graylag goslings


Imprinting for conservation Conservation biologists have taken advantage of imprinting by young whooping cranes as a means to teach the birds a migration route. A pilot wearing a crane suit in an ultralight plane acts as a surrogate parent.

Imprinting

Wattled crane conservation

teaching cranes to migrate


Learned behavior Associative learning

learning to associate 1 feature of the environment (stimulus) with another operant conditioning

trial & error learning

classical conditioning stimulus &

reward/punishment

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.




Operant conditioning Skinner box




Classical conditioning Ivan Pavlov’s dogs

connect reflex behavior to associated stimulus


Habituation Loss of response to

stimulus “cry-wolf” effect learn not to

respond to repeated occurrences of stimulus


Thinking & problem-solving Do other animals think?

tool use

problem-solving

crow


Do other animals think & plan?


Social behaviors Contests for resources

develop as evolutionary adaptations agonistic behaviors

threatening & submissive rituals symbolic, usually no harm done


Social behaviors Dominance hierarchy

social ranking within a group pecking order


Social behaviors Altruistic behavior

reduces individual fitness but increases fitness of recipient

kin selection

How can this be of adaptive value?

Belding ground squirrel


Social behaviors Territoriality

nesting in birds


Territoriality


Mating & parental behavior Genetic influences

changes in behavior in different stages of mating pair bonding competitor aggression

Environmental influences modifies behavior

quality of diet social interactions learning opportunities


Social interaction requires communication

Pheromones chemical signal that stimulates a

response from other individuals alarm pheromones sex pheromones


Pheromones

Spider using moth sex pheromones, as allomones, to lure its prey

The female lion lures male by spreading sex pheromones, but also by posture & movements

Female mosquito use CO2 concentrations to locate victims

marking territory


Pheromones

Human pheromones?


Honeybee communication Honey bee dance

to communicate location of food source Bee waggle dance


Auditory communication Bird song

species identification & mating ritual mixed learned & innate critical learning period

Insect song mating ritual & song innate, genetically

controlled

Red-winged blackbird


Social behaviors Cooperation

Pack of African dogs hunting

wildebeest cooperatively

White pelicans “herding” school

of fish


Any Questions??

ap biology 2005-2006 animal behavior modified from slideshow by kim foglia chapter 51

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