ap 2013 environmental management 11

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Marc De Witte 2013

*

Business and Ethics

for an

ecological and sustainable world


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1. Definitions

2. Historical approach

3. Stakeholders Environmental Organisations

4. Most largest environmental problems

5. Globalisation and Environment

6. Forecast

7. The Gap8. Sustainability

9. EMS Planning process

10.Time Frame : Evolutions in a competitive world

11.Very specific environmental realisations

12.Environment

13.Problem Posing

14.Conclusion


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*Environmental Management : a purposefulactivity with the goal to maintain and improve the state of

an environmental resource affected by human activities.

It is NOT the management of the environment as

such, but rather the management of the interaction

and impact of human societies on the environment.

*Environmental Resource Management : aims toensure that ecosystems services are protected andmaintained for equitable use by future human generations,

and also, maintain ecosystem integrity as an end in itself

by taking into consideration ethical, economic, and

scientific (ecological) variables.


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*Sustainable Management : is the application ofsustainable practices in the categories of businesses,

agriculture, society, environment, and personal life by

managing them in a way that will benefit currentgenerations and future generations.

*Waste Management : is the collection, transport,processing or disposal, managing and monitoring of waste

materials. It is a distinct practice from resource recovery

which focuses on delaying the rate of consumption of

natural resources.

*Resilience Management : captures all aspects ofmanagement focus and effort that would endeavour toavoid undesirable collapse of any magnitude


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2.1. ENVIRONMENTAL EVOLUTION

* Environmental evolution = Environmental Movement

(Industrial Revolutions of 18th and 19th centuries + lack of

standards for industrial products and processes in theearly 20th century)

* 1919 : the petroleum and allied industries established the American

Petroleum Institute (API)

* 1970s : the creation of environmental laws and regulations :

- 1988 : the Responsible Care program (ChemicalManufacturers Association) and

- 1993 : the Strategies for Todays Environmental Partnership(STEP) program adopted by the American PetroleumInstitute

* 1987 : the Brundtland Commission published Our Common Future, areport which first used the term sustainable developmentand called on industry to develop effective environmentalmanagement systems.


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2.2. CONVENTIONS

* 1992 : Rio De Janeiro : the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development(UNCED) and also the Convention on Climate Change

a) To report annually on environmental records, as well as the use of energy resources forbusiness, industries and authorities,

b) To adopt and report on the implementation of codes of conduct promoting bestenvironmental practice (cfr. Responsible Care)

* 1990 the European Commission draft of a regulation on environmental management and auditing.1993, the Eco-Management and Audit Regulation (1836/93/EC) was adopted with the Eco-Managementand Audit Scheme - EMAS : specifications for voluntary environmental management systems forcompanies doing business in the European Union.

* The Coalition of Environmentally Responsible Economies (CERES). Principles include acceptance of anenvironmental mission statement and a commitment to the production of environmental reports.

* 1991 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC) formally established the Strategic Advisory Group on the Environment (SAGE) todevelop recommendations regarding international standards for environmental management.

* 1993, ISO created Technical Committee 207 to develop an international EMS standard, along withother standards on environmental management tools and techniques.

* 1996, the ISO 14001 environmental management system specification . This is to support ISOguidance standards on environmental performance, evaluation, environmental labeling andenvironmental auditing .


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2.2. CONVENTIONS


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Parties; Countries with binding targets

Parties; Developing countries without binding targets

States not Party to the Protocol

Signatory country with no intention to ratify the treaty, with no binding targets

Countries that have denounced the Protocol, with no binding targets

Parties with no binding targets in the second period, which previously had targets

Date 2 February 2013,


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2.3. ACCIDENTS

Agricultural

Nuclear

Air/Land/Water

Biodiversity

Industrial

Oil Industry

Human Health

Mining


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2.3. ACCIDENTS

* 2.3.1. Agricultural - Aral Sea 1989 - 2008


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2.3. ACCIDENTS

* 2.3.2. Human Health - 9/11


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2.3. ACCIDENTS

* 2.3.3. Mining

Largest mining truck in the world. One load canfuel a power plant for an entire day


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2.3. ACCIDENTS

* 2.3.4. Oil Industry - Exxon Valdez 1989


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2.3. ACCIDENTS

* 2.3.5. Industrial : Bhopal disaster 1984


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2.3. ACCIDENTS

* 2.3.6. Biodiversity


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2.3. ACCIDENTS

* 2.3.7. Air/land/water - Kuwait oil fires 1991


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2.3. ACCIDENTS

* 2.3.8. Nuclear - Chernobyl Disaster 1986


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3.1. Stakeholders

Public

Sector

Private

Sector

Civil

Society


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3.1. Stakeholders


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Intergovernmental organisations

WORLDWIDE

* Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)

* United Nations Environment Programma(UNEP)

* Earth System Governance Project

* Global Environment Facility (GEF)

REGIONAL

* European Environment Agency (EEA)

* Partnerships in Environmental Management for

the Seas of Eats Asia (PEMSEA)

LOCAL

* Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI)

Governmentalorganisations

Non-governmental

organisations

INTERNATIONAL

Greenpeace

World Preservation

Foundation (WPF)

World Wide Fund

for Nature (WWF)

CONTINENTAL

NATIONAL

3.2. Environmental organisations


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* Acid Rain

* Air Pollution

* Global Warming

* Hazardous Waste

* Ozone Depletion

* Smog

* Water Pollution

* Overpopulation


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4.1. Acid Rain= any form of precipitation like

rain, fog, snow, or hail that contains

harmful substances such as nitrogen and sulfur oxides

* Sources : industry, transportation, and

a variety of power plants

* Effect : damage to plants, humans, and buildings

small particles in the air caused more than

350.000 premature deaths within the 25countries of the European Union in 2000

toxic groundwater and corrosion of materials

indirect spread of a variety of insect transmitted

diseases such as malaria

* Consequence : up to great distances in the atmosphere,even from continent to continent.

* Solution : initially building very tall chimneys

shipping industry is taking steps to reduce emissions :

containerships Triple E


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4.1. Acid Rain


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4.2. Air Pollution := is contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by

any chemical, physical or biological agent that

modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere

* Sources : chemicals (carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide),

particulates or biological materials in the atmosphere

Also household combustion devices, motor vehicles, industrial facilitiesand forest fires

* Effect : discomfort, disease, or death to humans, damage to other living organisms

such as food, crops, or damage to the environment (natural or built)..

* Consequence : can cause adverse health effects and harms human health

and the environment Also possibility to premature mortality, impact on life

expectancy and respiratory and other diseases, which can be fatal.* Solution : Reduction of previous mentioned causes . Emissions of many air pollutants

decreased substantially but the concentrations are still too high, and

air quality problems persist

* Classification of Pollutants :

Form : solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases( natural or man-made)

Primary pollutants are directly emitted from a process, such as- ash from a volcanic eruption,

- carbon monoxide gas from a motor vehicle

- sulphur dioxide released from factories

Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly

- ground level ozone - photochemical smog

some are both primary and secondary : emitted directly andformed from other primary pollutants


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4.2. Air pollutionMajor primary pollutants produced by human activity :

* Sulfur oxides (SOx) : by volcanoes and various industrial processes (coal and

petroleum)

* Nitrogen oxides (NOx) especially emitted from high temperature combustion, and

during thunderstorms by electric discharge

* Carbon monoxide (CO)- non-irritating but very poisonous gas. It is a product by

incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood

* Carbon dioxide (CO2) - a colourless, odorless, non-toxic greenhouse gas

sources : combustion, cement production, and respiration.

* Volatile organic compounds - VOCs are an important outdoor air pollutant :Methane.

Other hydrocarbon VOCs : benzene, toluene and xylene

* Particulates, particulate matter (PM), atmospheric particulate matter, or fine

particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas.Natural : originating from volcanoes, dust storms, forest and

grassland fires, living vegetation, and sea spray.

Human : activities such as the burning of fossil fuels in vehicles,

power plants and various industrial processes

* Toxic metals - lead, cadmium and copper.

* Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - harmful to the ozone layer emitted from products

currently banned from use.* Ammonia (NH3) - emitted from agricultural processes. Used a precursor to

foodstuffs and fertilizers.

* Odors - from garbage, sewage, and industrial processes

* Radioactive pollutants - produced by nuclear explosions, nuclear events, war

explosives, and natural processes such as the radioactive decay of radon


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4.2. Air Pollution


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4.3. Global Warming= the rise in the average temperature of Earth's atmosphere and oceans

since the late 19th century

is more accurately described as climate change* Sources : - increasing concentrations of greenhouse gas emissions

- burning of fossils fuels and deforestation

- global emissions of carbon dioxide

* Effect : occurrence of what researchers call extreme weather

long, drawn out droughts, super typhoons, and torrential rain

severe droughts, drying up forests, killing crops, and using up important water reserves

heat waves and dehydration due to the lack of water sources for animals, plants and people

* Consequence : Super typhoons in South East Asian countries, Pakistan, and the United States

the way water travels through the atmosphereincreased heat and higher temperatures

other areas like the Antarctic get a temporary cooling

* Solution : Catastrophic situation,

Coal fuel > < nuclear > < alternative energy ?????

* Remark : the air becomes overly saturated

= perfect recipe for torrential rain fall, development of hurricanes

death, destruction, high speed winds and severe floodings

decline of emissions in the developed countries is more than matched by continued growth

in developing countries like China and India

the sea levels are gradually rising due to the melting of the polar ice caps : this brings :

- strong winds and hurricanes that can push the water deeper in land

- phenomene of methane belch, by melting of ice caps this can also cause a sudden releasing

all of the trapped gas in the ice that has been encapsulated there for centuries


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4.3. Global Warming


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4.4. Hazardous Waste

= waste that poses substantial or potential threats to

public health or the environment and may be found in

different physical states such as gaseous, liquids, or solids

* Source : hazardous household and industrial waste , mainly coming from industrial chemical production

* Effect : hazardous waste is special type of waste : depending on the physical state of the

waste, treatment and solidification processes might be required

To be found in :

- automotive products : gasoline, antifreeze, batteries

- oil-based paints and thinners

- garden products such as pool chemicals, pesticides, herbicides- household cleaning products.

* Consequence :

- cannot be disposed of by common means like other by-products of everyday lives

- presents immediate or long-term risks to humans, animals, plants, or the environment

- requires special handling for detoxification or safe disposal

- mixing of hazardous substances is banned in order to prevent risks for the environment and

human health

* Remark : classification into hazardous and non hazardous waste is based on the system for

the classification and labelling of dangerous substances and preparations

* Solution : using green, natural products and reduction of specific contaminated packaging


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4.5. Ozon Depletion

= the result of a complex set of circumstances and chemistry

* Source : hazardous household and industrial waste , mainly coming

from industrial chemical production : chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).

* Effect : two distinct but related phenomena

- a steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total

volume of ozone in Earths stratosphere (the ozone layer)

- a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone over Earth'spolar regions : the ozone hole

* Consequence : the "good" ozone layer extends upward from about 6 to 30 miles and

protects life on Earth from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays .

Now natural shield is gradually depleted by man-made chemicals.

* Solution : stop the full production of it and ban the products

(See also Montreal Protocol 1987 - Freon gas)


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4.5. Ozon Depletion


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4.6. Smog

= a combination of smoke and fog

and is a type of air pollutant

* Source : a mixture of smoke and sulfur dioxide from large

amounts of coal burning in an area

* Effect : the smog from London , see 19 and 20th century

the modern smog (Los Angeles) is more from vehicular

emission, internal combustion engines and

industrial fumes in reaction with sunlight

(photochemical smog)Smog can form in almost any climate where industries or

cities release large amounts of air pollution, such as smoke or gases

* Consequence : ground-level ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and carbon

monoxide harms human health

inflame breathing passages,

decrease the lungs' working capacity, shortness of breath,

pain when inhaling deeply, wheezing, and coughing

nose irritation drying out the protective membranes of the nose and throat

* Solution : reduction of emissions, less coal burning, etc.

- careful activities and operations during warm and sunny weather

- geologic basins

- densely populated cities or urban areas


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4.6. Smog


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4.7. Water Pollution= any chemical, physical or biological change in the quality of water

that has a harmful effect on any living thing that drinks

or uses

or lives (in) it

* Source : contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater)

when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies withoutadequate treatment to remove harmful compounds

2 sorts of sources :

- point sources : they discharge pollutants at specific locations through pipelines or

sewers into the surface water ( factories, sewage treatment plants,

underground mines, oil wells, oil tankers and agriculture)

- nonpoint sources : cannot be traced to a single site of discharge ( acid depositionfrom the air, traffic, or pollutants that are spread through

rivers or that enter the water through groundwater)

= hard to control because the perpetrators cannot be traced

* Effect : affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water

damages not only individual species and populations, but also the natural biological communities

* Consequence : several classes of water pollutants ( bacteria, viruses, protozoa , parasitic worms , water-

soluble inorganic pollutants, such as acids, salts and toxic metals) will make water

unfit to drink and will : - cause the death of aquatic life

- deplete the water's oxygen supply (algae and plants)

- kill fish and, when found in drinking water, kill young children

- ause cancer, birth defects and genetic damage

* Solution : change of habits - provide cleaning installations and protection systems


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4.7. Water Pollution


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4.8. Overpopulation :

= an undesirable condition where

an organisms numbers exceed the carrying capacity of its habitat

* Source : medical advancements and increases in agricultural productivity

* Effect : - an increase in births,

- a decline in mortality rates,

- an increase in immigration,

- an unsustainable biome and depletion of resources

*Consequence : will be even more than global warming the biggest single challenge facing the planet

It refers to the relationship between the human population and its environment, the

Earth, or smaller geographical areas such as countries.

* Remark : The population has been growing continuously since the end of the Black Death,

around the year 1400, although the most significant increase has been in the last 50 years

According to projections, the world population will continue to grow until at least 2050,

with the population reaching 9 billion in 2040.

* Solution : ??????

Birth control


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4.8. Overpopulation


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4.9. Rainforest Destruction : (Deforestation)= removal of a forest or stand of trees where

the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use

2 types of forests disappear :

- tropical rainforests are warm and wet, are found in the tropis, i.e. in the equatorial zone

- temperate forests which also cover a large part of the globe, only occur in few regionsaround the world

* Source : - wood for both timber and making fires,

- agriculture for both small and large farms,

- land for poor farmers who dont have anywhere else to live

- grazing land for cattle,

- pulp for making paper,

- road construction,

- extraction of minerals and energy

- expanding urban areas

* Effect : lot of countries are suffering by lack of trees (wood) and especially in rapidly growing

economies it will have a serious negative effect on the economic balance.

BUT also : threat by climate change

* Consequence :

- contributor to global warming

- causes an enhanced greenhouse effect

- affects the water cycle

- increases rates of soil erosion

- responsible for the extinction of many species of wildlife

* Solution : today being destroyed because the value of rainforest land is perceived as only the value of

its timber by short-sighted governments, multi-national logging companies, and land owners.


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4.9. Rainforest Destruction : (Deforestation)


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4.9. Rainforest Destruction : (Deforestation)

ap 2013 environmental management 11

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