“universe, earth, oceans and atmosphere”€¦ · the big bang theory - the theory that the...
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“ Universe, Earth, Oceans and Atmosphere”
Get ready to have your mind blow n!
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Quick Quiestion#1 How do you think the universe was created? http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/ess05_vid_microwave/
Quick Quiestion#3 How Big is the universe? http://scaleofuniverse.com/
Quick Quiestion#2 How can we tell how far away stars are, or what they are made of? http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/phy03_vid_hubble2/
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I. The Origin of the Universe
A. The Big Bang Theory -
The theory that the universe began as a point and has
been expanding ever since.
• Our universe is thought to have begun
as an infinitesimally small, infinitely hot,
infinitely dense, something called a
singularity (which scientist don’t fully
understand! Thought to be the core of
a black whole)
• The tiny, dense sphere expanded
and cooled , forming a gigantic
expanding cloud that moved and
condensed and formed billions of
galaxies
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I. The Origin of the Universe
• A few minutes after the Big Bang the first atomic nuclei
formed
• Thousands of years later “our” elements formed
• The first element produced was hydrogen/helium/lithium
• These and other elements in clouds formed gravity, stars,
and galaxies
• The galaxies continue to move outward today
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Quick Quiestion#4 Explain in your own words how the universe was created.
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II. The Origin of the Solar System
A. The “ Protoplanet Hypothesis”
• 5 billion years ago, a great cloud of gas and dust rotated in
space
• Most of the cloud’ s material gathered in the center, causing it
to shrink and rotate faster into a d isk shape
• The compression made the interior so hot that hydrogen
fusion began and the sun was born
• Masses surrounding the sun separated into rings and collected
to become planets
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A. Earth
• was created when from mass surrounding the sun
• Initially one, hot sphere, the interior grew hotter and melted to
form layers of the earth and magnetic fields were formed
B. Age of the Earth
• Earth is estimated to be 4.6 billion years old!
C. Evidence Supporting Age of Earth
• Oldest rocks on Earth are dated 3.96-3.8 billion years old
• Evidence of 4.1-4.2 billion year old crust in Australia
• Moon rocks found to be approx. 4.6 billion years old
III. The Origin of the Earth
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D. Conditions on Early Earth
• The early Earth was an uninhabitable, hot ball of molten lava
with a uniform mix of minerals and elements
• Over time, the magma d ifferentiated :
heavy elements sank toward the center (iron)
lighter elements accumulated toward the top (silica)
• 3 d istinct layers formed: hot rad ioactive core, molten mantle and a
thin, brittle crust
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Quick Quiestion#5 Draw a visual that shows the layers of the earth.
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Quick Quiestion#6 What do you think came first? Oceans or continents?
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A. Formation of Crust
• Geologists hypothesize that Earth’ s crust formed as a result of
the cooling of the upper mantle
• Approximately 2 billion years ago, small pieces of continental
crust collided and fused together forming “ supercontinents”
• Today, slabs of crust move, collide and subduct due to the
cycling mantle below, yield ing the current position of the
continents
IV. The Origin of Continents
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A. Possible Sources of Water
• Outgassing of water vapor from volcanoes condensed to form
liquid water
• Ice comets landed and melted to form water
V. The Origin of the Oceans
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Quick Quiestion#7 How was water created?
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A. Earth’s Early Atmosphere
• Contained mostly hydrogen (H), helium (He), methane (CH4) and
ammonia (NH3)
• Outgassing from volcanoes produced water vapor (H2O),
carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N) and carbon monoxide (CO)
• Earth’s early atmosphere did NOT contain oxygen (02)!
VI. The Origin of the Atmosphere
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B. Oxygen in the Atmosphere
• Large mounds of billions of cyanobacteria called stromatolites
dominated the shallow oceans of early Earth
• Through photosynthesis, these bacteria produced enough
oxygen to change the composition of Earth’ s early atmosphere
• Iron oxides in red sed imentary rocks ind icate oxygen was
plentifu l in Earth’ s atmosphere 1.8 billion years ago
• These rocks are referred to as “ red beds”
2.1 billion year old Neguanee Formation, Michigan
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Quick Quiestion#8 What do you think the significance of oxygen formation was?
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C. Significance of Oxygen in the Atmosphere
• Respiration for animals
• Forms ozone (O3) gas that protects against UV radiation from the
Sun