ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti

ekonomikisa da biznesis fakulteti

sadoqtoro programa: biznesis administrireba

aleqsandre miqelaZe

sadisertacio naSromi

“fulis gaTeTrebis globaluri problema da

saqarTvelos gamowvevebi“

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: SoTa SaburiSvili

ekonomikis doqtori,

Tsu asocirebuli profesori

Tbilisi

2018

ავტორის სტილი დაცულია

2

Sinaarsi

Sesavali .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 

Tavi I. fulis gaTeTrebis problema globalizaciis pirobebSi .................................... 14 

1.1.  Semosavlebis legalizaciasTan dakavSirebuli samecniero

Sexedulebebis sistematizacia ......................................................................................................................... 14 

1.2.  fulis gaTeTrebis socialur-ekonomikuri aspeqtebi ................................................... 30 

1.3.  fulis gaTeTrebis fazebi, meTodebi da xerxebi .............................................................. 34 

Tavi II. fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis saerTaSoriso gamocdileba ... 51 

2.1. saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi .. 51 

2.2. fulis gaTeTrebasTan brZolis gamocdileba qveynebis mixedviT ..................... 63 

2.3. eleqtronuli valutebi, rogorc axali gamowveva fulis gaTeTrebis

winaaRmdeg brZolaSi .................................................................................................................................................. 72 

2.4. axali teqnologiebis roli fulis gaTeTrebis gamosavlenad ........................... 83 

Tavi III. fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Taviseburebebi

saqarTveloSi ......................................................................................................................................................................... 93 

3.1. fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis instituciuri sistema da

samarTlebrivi baza saqarTveloSi ............................................................................................................. 93 

3.2. fulis gaTeTrebaze moqmedi faqtorebi saqarTveloSi .............................................. 112 

3.3. saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa

da masTan dakavSirebuli faqtebis mimoxilva ............................................................................... 128 

Tavi IV. kvlevis meTodologia da monacemTa analizi ............................................................. 135 

4.1. kvlevis meTodologia .................................................................................................................................... 135 

4.2. hipoTezebis Semowmeba .................................................................................................................................... 138 

daskvna ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 174 

gamoyenebuli literatura ...................................................................................................................................... 185 

3

cxrilebis nusxa

cxrili 1. Savi fulis gaTeTrebis etapebi

cxrili 2. Savi fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg arsebuli ZiriTadi

saerTaSoriso dokumentebi

cxrili 3. deklarirebis moTxovnebi qveynebis mixedviT

cxrili 4. jinis koeficientis maCvenebeli saqarTveloSi 2006.-2016ww.

cxrili 5. ofSorebidan ganxorcielebuli pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi

saqarTveloSi 2003.-2015ww. (aTasi aSS dolari)

cxrili 6. miRebuli angariSgebaTa statistikuri monacemebi 2016w.

cxrili 7. Savi fulis gaTeTrebisa da mSp-s indeqsirebuli maCvenebeli

post-socialisturi qveynebisaTvis 2012.-2016ww.

cxrili 8. Savi fulis gaTeTrebisa da investiciebis indeqsirebuli

maCvenebeli post-socialisturi qveynebisaTvis 2012-2016ww.

cxrili 9. Savi fulisa da pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis indeqsirebuli

maCvenebeli post-socialisturi qveynebisaTvis 2012.-2016ww.

cxrili 10. Savi fulis, korufciis da mSp-s zrdis indeqsirebuli

maCvenebeli post-socialisturi qveynebisaTvis 2012.-2016ww.

cxrili 11. Savi fulis, korufciis da investiciebis indeqsirebuli

maCvenebeli post-socialisturi qveynebisaTvis 2012.-2016ww.

cxrili 12. Savi fulis gaTeTrebis, korufciis da puis indeqsirebuli

maCvenebeli post-socialisturi qveynebisaTvis 2012.-2016ww.

grafikebis nusxa

grafiki 1. saqarTvelos jinis koeficienti samomxmareblo xarjebis

mixedviT 2004.-2016ww.

grafiki 2. jinis koeficienti post-sabWoTa qveynebSi 2010.-2015ww.

grafiki 3. pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi saqarTveloSi 2012.-2016ww. (mln

aSS dolari)

sqemebis nusxa

sqema 1. kvlevis modeli

sqema 2. ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlis wyaroebi

4

sqema 3. Savi fulis gaTeTrebis riskis done TiToeul etapze

sqema 4. Savi fulis mimRebi obieqtebi

sqema 5. meTodebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba damnaSaveebis mier Savi fulis

gaTeTrebis ganTavsebis etapze

sqema 6. meTodebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba damnaSaveebis mier Savi fulis

gaTeTrebis danawevrebis etapze

sqema 7. meTodebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba damnaSaveebis mier Savi fulis

gaTeTrebis integraciis etapze

sqema 8. fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis miznebi

sqema 9. fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis meqanizmebi

sqema 10. saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba CarTuli fulis gaTeTrebis

winaaRmdeg brZolaSi

sqema 11. sxvadasxva qveynis organizaciuli erTeulebi, romlebic

pasuxismgebelni arian fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolaze

sqema 12. faqtorebi, romlebic xels uwyoben fulis gaTeTrebas

saqarTveloSi

diagramebis nusxa

diagrama 1. 10 wamyvani qvelmoqmedi qveyana bolo 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi

diagrama 2. ofSorebidan gancxorielebuli pirdapiri ucxouri

investiciebi saqarTveloSi 2002.-2016ww. (aSS dolari)

diagrama 3. saqarTvelos erovnuli antikorufciuli sistemis institutebi

2011.-2015ww.

diagrama 4. safinanso seqtoridan miRebuli angariSgebaTa statistikuri

monacemebi, 2016w.

diagrama 5. arasafinanso seqtoridan miRebuli angariSgebaTa statistikuri

monacemebi, 2016w.

diagrama 6. finansuri monitoringis samsaxurSi Sesuli informaciis

saerTo moculobis cvalebadobis tendencia 2014.-2016ww.

diagrama 7. samarTaldamcavi organoebisTvis gadagzavnili saqmeebis

raodenobis dinamika 2014.-2016ww.

5

Sesavali

Temis aqtualuroba. fulis gaTeTreba XXI saukunisaTvis axali

movlena ar aris. biznes-operatorebis nawili yovelTvis cdilobda

Semosavlebis WeSmariti wyaros damalvas. Tumca, Tu es problema XX

saukunis 80-ian wlebamde mxolod Sidasaxelmwifoebriv doneze

ganixileboda, dResdReobiT man saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba SeiZina,

vinaidan fulis gaTeTrebis Sedegad kriminalebis xelSi Tavs iyris

ekonomikuri Tu politikuri Zalaufleba, romelic saSiSia qveynis rogorc

socialuri, aseve ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis da finansuri bazris

mTlianobis rRvevaSi gamoixateba.

XXI saukuneSi komunikaciis Tanamedrove saSualebebma gaaiola

kontaqti ucxoel partniorebTan da gaamartiva saerTaSoriso garigebebis

ganxorcielebis procedura. amasTanave, Tanamedrove teqnologiebma axali

stimuli misca rogorc kanonier samewarmeo, aseve danaSaulebrivi

saqmianobis ganviTarebas, rac xels uwyobs Crdilovani sferos warmoqmnasa

da erovnuli ekonomikis deformirebas. eWvqveS dgeba fulad-sakredito

politikis warmatebiT ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba. saqarTvelos sakmaod

saintereso geografiuli mdebareoba aqvs. igi evropisa da aziis

gadakveTaze mdebareobs da vinaidan fulis gaTeTrebis sqemebi ZiriTadad

transnacionaluri xasiaTisaa, arsebobs am sqemebSi qarTuli ekonomikis

CarTvis safrTxec. saxelmwifos mxridan aucilebelia gaazrebuli

reagireba, raTa qveynis ganviTareba ar Seferxdes. es mizani qmnis

saWiroebas SevimuSavoT Tanamedrove midgomebi da sxvadasxva RonisZiebebi

ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis winaaRmdeg brZolisTvis, romelic

daeyrdnoba kvlevas da iqneba ufro efeqtiani aRniSnuli problemis

aRmofxvrisaTvis.

fulis gaTeTrebaze arsebulma literaturulma analizma dagvanaxa,

rom aRiniSneba empiriuli naSromebis simwire, romlebic swavloben fulis

gaTeTrebas, korufciasa da pirdapir ucxour investiciebs Soris

damokidebulebas saqarTveloSi, rac zrdis kvlevebis ganxorcielebis

saWiroebas. amrigad, aRniSnuli sakiTxebis detaluri ganxilva

mniSvnelovnad daexmareba rogorc zedamxedveli organoebis, ise kerZo

6

seqtoris TanamSromlebs ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis faqtebis

gamovlenasa da aRkveTaSi.

naSromis mecnieruli damuSavebis done. fulis gaTeTrebis sqemebis

tipologiasa da principebs, romlebiTac xelmZRvaneloben damnaSaveebi

ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis operaciebis dagegmvisas, qarTul

akademiur wreebSi jer ar daTmobia saTanado yuradReba, xolo fulis

gaTeTrebasa da korufcias, jinis koeficients da investiciebs Soris

damokidebulebis analizi arcerT empiriul kvlevaSi ar aris

warmodgenili. winamdebare naSromSi gamoyenebulia raodenobrivi kvlevis

meTodebi. wamyvani mecnierebis naSromebis analizis da sinTezis Sedegad

Camoyalibda hipoTezebi, romlebic Semowmda monacemebis damuSavebiT.

amrigad, midgoma, romelsac efuZneba naSromi, gulisxmobs arsebuli

Teoriis (hipoTezis) empiriuli kvlevis saSualebiT Semowmebas. kvleva

atarebs pozitiur xasiaTs, romelSic gamoyenebulia sxvadasxva

analitikuri xerxebi.

kvlevis mizani da amocanebi. kvlevis mizania saqarTveloSi fulis

gaTeTrebis ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri aspeqtebis

kompleqsuri Seswavla da rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba aRniSnuli problemis

prevenciis da aRmofxvris mizniT.

kvlevis miznidan gamomdinare, dasmulia Semdegi amocanebi:

fulis gaTeTrebis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva mecnierTa Sexedulebebis

Seswavla;

fulis gaTeTrebis ZiriTadi saerTaSoriso sqemebis analizi;

fulis gaTeTrebas, korufciasa da ekonomikur zrdas,

investiciebsa da pirdapir ucxour investiciebs Soris damokidebulebis

Seswavla;

saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi normebisa da institutebis

analizi da fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTis saerTaSoriso standartebis

kvleva;

Tanamedrove teqnologiebis analizi, romlebic mimarTulia

fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad;

7

saqarTveloSi Savi fulis gaTeTrebis problemis warmomSobi

mizezebisa da sirTulis kvleva;

saqarTveloSi fulis gaTeTrebis aRmkveTi sakanonmdeblo bazis

analizi da saqarTveloSi fulis gaTeTrebis aRmkveTi saxelmwifo

politikis kvleva;

rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis

aRkveTis xelSewyobis mizniT.

kvlevis hipoTeza. Sesabamisi samecniero literaturis analizma

gviCvena, rom sadisertacio naSromSi gamokveTili miznis misaRwevad,

mizanSewonilia Semdegi hipoTezebis Semowmeba.

h1: post-socialistur qveynebSi Savi fulis gaTeTreba uaryofiTad

aisaxeba ekonomikur zrdaze;

h2: post-socialistur qveynebSi Savi fulis gaTeTreba uaryofiTad

aisaxeba investiciebze;

h3: post-socialistur qveynebSi Savi fulis gaTeTreba uaryofiTad

aisaxeba pirdapir ucxour investiciebze;

h4: post-socialistur qveynebSi fulis gaTeTreba da korufcia

uaryofiTad aisaxeba ekonomikur zrdaze;

h5: post-socialistur qveynebSi fulis gaTeTreba da korufcia

uaryofiTad aisaxeba investiciebze;

h6: post-socialistur qveynebSi fulis gaTeTreba da korufcia

uaryofiTad aisaxeba pirdapir ucxour investiciebze. 

kvlevis sagani, obieqti da modeli. kvlevis sagans warmoadgens

fulis gaTeTrebis problemis Teoriuli, meTodologiuri da praqtikuli

sakiTxebis erToblioba da fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis

saerTaSoriso da adgilobrivi gamocdileba. kvlevis obieqtia

saqarTveloSi arsebuli Savi fulis gaTeTrebis problema, misi zogadi

zemoqmedeba da damokidebuleba biznesis garemosTan, romelic SeiZleba

davajgufoT saerTo socialuri, ekonomikuri, saxelmwifo-politikuri,

samarTlebrivi, teqnologiuri Tu sxva niSnebis mixedviT.

kvlevis modeli. naSromis kvlevis modeli warodgenilia sqema 1-Si,

romelic ikvlevs Savi fulisa da ekonomikuri maCveneblebis

urTierTkavSirs.

8

kvlevis meTodi. naSromSi gamoyenebulia raodenobrivi kvlevis

meTodebi. arsebuli Teoriebisa da mecnierebis naSromebis analizisa da

sinTezis Sedegad Camoyalibda hipoTezebi, romlebic Semowmda empiriuli

kvlevis gamoyenebiT.

sqema 1. kvlevis modeli

 

naSromis Teoriuli safuZveli. literaturis analizma gamoaaSkarava,

rom ganviTarebadi qveynebi, umetes SemTxvevaSi, ufro metad zaraldebian

fulis gaTeTrebis SedegebiT, vidre ganviTarebuli. fulis gaTeTreba zians

ayenebs qveynis ekonomikur mdgomareobas, amcirebs ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

dones da negatiurad moqmedebs finansur institutebsa Tu bazrebze.

istoriuli faqtebis moZiebiT vlindeba yvela is negatiuri zemoqmedeba,

romelic SeiZleba fulis gaTeTrebam moutanos saxelmwifos. xSir

SemTxvevaSi, fulis gaTeTrebas Tan sdevs korufciis maRali donec, rac

aseve negatiurad aisaxeba rogorc qveynis ekonomikaze, ise mosaxleobaSi

Semosavlebis gadanawilebis uTanabrobis donisa da fulis gaTeTrebis

masStabebis zrdaze. fulis gaTeTrebis maRali done xSirad eWvis qveS

ayenebs qveynis reputacias saerTaSoriso asparezze, vinaidan is asaxavs

qveyanaSi korufciis maRal dones. aRniSnuli faqti uaryofiTad moqmedebs

potenciur investorebze, radgan ganviTarebadi qveynebi, romlebic

xasiaTdebian ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebisa da korufciis maRali

doniT, naklebad izidaven pirdapir ucxur investiciebs. fulis gaTeTrebis

Hh2

h3

h6

Hh1

ekonomikuri zrda

Hh4

Hh5

Savi fulis gaTeTreba investiciebi

pirdapiri ucxouri

investiciebi

9

winaaRmdeg aqtivobebi unda moicavdes sabanko aqtivobebis, gadasaxadebis

gadaxdis monitorings, statistikuri angariSebis damuSavebas da

sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmnas, rac dadebiTad imoqmedebs qveynis ekonomikur

zrdaze.

naSromis mecnieruli siaxle. Savi fulis gaTeTrebis fenomens da

masze moqmedi faqtorebis retrospeqtiul analizs, axali teqnologiebis

rols fulis gaTeTrebis gamosavlenad qarTul akademiur wreebSi aqamde

jer ar daTmobia saTanado yuradReba, xolo misi kavSiris analizi

ekonomikur zrdasTan, korufciasTan, investiciebsa Tu pirdapir ucxour

investiciebTan arcerT empiriul kvlevaSi ar aris warmodgenili.

sadisertacio naSromi warmoadgens siaxlis matarebels da kontributors

arsebuli codnis Sesavsebad. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare naSromis

mecnieruli siaxleebia:

sistematizirebulia msoflios sxvadasxva mecnieris Tu

saerTaSoriso organizaciis, samarTlebrivi dokumentebis gansazRvreba

Savi fulis gaTeTrebis Sesaxeb Semdegi ori jgufis mixedviT: a) fulis

gaTeTreba, rogorc procesi, da b) fulis gaTeTreba, rogorc mizani;

gamovlenilia Savi fulis negatiuri zemoqmedeba investiciebze,

pirdapir ucxour investiciebsa da ekonomikur zrdaze;

erTmaneTisgan Tvisebrivad gamijnulia fulis gaTeTrebis

fazebi da meTodebi, romlebic moicavs ganTavsebas, danawevrebasa da

integracias da gamovlenilia maTi riski fulis gaTeTrebis TiToeul

etapze;

gamovlenilia Savi fulis mimRebi yvelaze aqtualuri obieqtebi,

romelic xasiaTdeba fuladi saxsrebis brunvis maRali maCvenebliT. esenia:

finansuri institutebi, saTamaSo biznesi, valutis gadamcvleli jixurebi,

antikvaruli, saiuvilerio maRaziebi, Tu sxv.;

gamovlenilia Tanamedrove meTodebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba

damnaSaveebis mier Savi fulis gaTeTrebis ganTavsebis etapze: “smerfingi” -

wvrili banknotebis gadaqceva maRali Rirebulebis aqtivad, operaciebis

struqturireba naRdi fuliT, sxv.;

10

gamovlenilia Tanamedrove meTodebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba

damnaSaveebis mier Savi fulis gaTeTrebis danawevrebis etapze:

eleqtronuli gadaricxva, virtualuri valutebis SeZena, sxv. aseve,

gamovlenilia Tanamedrove meTodebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba damnaSaveebis

mier Savi fulis gaTeTrebis integraciis etapze: uZravi qonebis gayidva,

gaTeTreba onlain saTamaSo platformebis meSveobiT, garigeba fasTa

cvlilebiT, sxv.;

gamovlenilia saqarTveloSi fulis gaTeTrebaze moqmedi

saerTo socialuri, saxelmwifo-politikuri, ekonomikuri, samarTlebrivi

niSnebis mqone mizezebi da pirobebi:

dadgenilia, rom Savi fulis gaTeTreba zemoqmedebs post-

socialistur qveynebSi ekonomikur zrdaze, investiciebisa da pui-s

moculobaze, amasTanave, misi Sedegi ufro Zlieria, rodesac zemoqmedebisas

gaTvaliswinebulia korufcia.

naSromis praqtikuli mniSvneloba. kvlevis Sedegebi mniSvnelovania

fulis gaTeTrebis problemis SeswavliT dakavebuli mecnierebisaTvis an

sxva dainteresebuli pirisaTvis. kvlevis procesSi gamovlenilia im zogadi

da specialur faqtorTa erToblioba, romlebic gavlenas axdenen ukanono

Semosavlis legalizaciis procesze. amasTanave, gamovkveTeT sadisertacio

TemisTvis saintereso 6 Teoriuli mosazreba, davadgineT fulis

gaTeTrebis maCvenebelze calke da erTianad moqmedi faqtorebis zegavlena,

ris Sedegadac, CavatareT empiriuli kvleva da miviReT an uarvyaviT

CvenTvis saintereso konkretuli Teoriuli mosazrebebi. miRebuli Sedegebi

adekvaturad da miznobrivad pasuxobs fulis gaTeTrebis problemis

gadaWras da mniSvnelovan rols Seasrulebs aRniSnuli sakiTxiT

dainteresebuli pirebis kvlevebSi. aseve, gaanalizebulia saerTaSoriso

samarTlebrivi normebi, standartebi, Tanamedrove teqnologiebis roli

aRniSnul problemasTan sabrZolvelad, saqarTveloSi fulis gaTeTrebis

aRmkveTi sakanonmdeblo baza da SemuSavebulia rekomendaciebi ukanono

Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis mizniT.

naSromis publikacia da aprobacia. naSromis ZiriTadi Sedegebi

gamoqveynebulia Semdeg SromebSi:

11

1. “Tanamedrove teqnologiebis roli fulis gaTeTrebaSi” (iteas

saerTaSoriso samecniero Jurnali, maisi, 2018); (inglisur enaze)

2. “fulis gaTeTrebis zemoqmedeba socialuri kapitalis

formirebasa da pui-s mozidvaSi“ (buRaltruli aRricxva, samecniero-

praqtikuli Jurnali, saqarTvelos profesional buRalterTa da

auditorTa federacia, ianvari, 2018);

3. “fulis gaTeTrebasTan brZolis saerTaSoriso da erovnuli

gamocdileba“ (Jurnali saqarTvelos ekonomika, Tebervali, 2018);

4. “Savi fuli da misi zemoqmedeba mdgrad ekonomikur

ganviTarebaze” Jurnali saqarTvelos ekonomika, Tebervali, 2018); (inglisur

enaze)

5. “bitkoini saqarTvelos Savi fulis gaTeTrebis sqemebSi”

(Jurnali ekonomikisa da biznesis Sesaxeb, dekemberi, 2017); (inglisur enaze)

6. “fulis gaTeTrebis meTodebi da axali teqnologiebis roli

mis gamosavlenad” (Jurnali saqarTvelos ekonomika, agvisto, 2017);

7. “fulis gaTeTrebis faqtoruli analizi” (Jurnali ekonomika da

biznesi, tomi X, N2, 2017).

naSromis moculoba da struqtura. naSromi moicavs kompiuterze

nabeWd 197 gverds. naSromi Sedgeba Sesavlis, oTxi Tavisa da daskvniTi

nawilisgan. mas Tan erTvis gamoyenebuli literaturis sia.

pirveli Tavi “fulis gaTeTrebis problema globalizaciis

pirobebSi” Sedgeba sami paragrafisgan. pirvel paragrafSi, “Semosavlebis

legalizaciasTan dakavSirebuli samecniero Sexedulebebis

sistematizacia“ ganxilulia ukanonod miRebuli SemosavlebisaTvis

kanonieri saxis micemis Sesaxeb adgilobrivi da ucxoeli mecnierebis

konceptualuri Sexedulebebi.

meore paragrafSi, “fulis gaTeTrebis socialur-ekonomikuri

aspeqtebi“ mimovixilavT Savi fulis gaTeTrebis efeqtebs qveynis mdgrad

ekonomikur ganviTarebaze, mis zegavlenas investiciebze da gamovavlenT

rogorc aRniSnuli danaSaulis negatiur Sedegebs saxelmwifosaTvis, ise

kavSirs sxva aralegalur aqtivobebTan.

mesame paragrafi “fulis gaTeTrebis fazebi, meTodebi da xerxebi”

miznad isaxavs legalizaciis meqanizmebis unificirebuli meTodis

12

gamovlenas da mis detalur ganxilvas TiToeul etapze.

meore Tavi “fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis saerTaSoriso

gamocdileba“ warmodgenilia Semdegi oTxi paragrafiT. pirvel paragrafSi,

“saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi“

ganxilulia saerTaSoriso gamocdileba ukanonod miRebuli fuladi

saxsrebis legalizaciasTan. aRniSnul qveTavSi gavecnobiT, fulis

gaTeTrebasTan mebrZoli saerTaSoriso organizaciebsa Tu gaerTianebebs,

romlebic dakavebulni arian aRniSnul problemasTan brZoliT.

meore paragrafi “fulis gaTeTrebasTan brZolis gamocdileba

qveynebis mixedviT“ eZRvneba ukanonod miRebuli fuladi saxsrebis

legalizaciasTan dakavSirebul saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis Seswavlas.

aRniSnuli kvleva moicavs sxvadasxva qveynis samecniero JurnalSi,

publikaciebSi, qveynebis normatiuli aqtebis mimoxilvas.

mesame paragrafSi “eleqtronuli valutebi, rogorc axali gamowveva

fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi” yuradReba gamaxvilebulia

eleqtronul valutebze, romlebic dResdReobiT axal gamowvevas

warmoadgens fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi CarTuli

organizaciebisaTvis.

meoTxe paragrafSi “axali teqnologiebis roli fulis gaTeTrebis

gamosavlenad“ ganvixileT Tanamedrove teqnologiebi, romlebic xels

uwyoben ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis legalizaciis faqtebis

gamovlenasa da maT Semdgom prevencias.

mesame Tavi “fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Taviseburebebi

saqarTveloSi” warmodgenilia sami qveTaviT. pirvel paragrafSi “fulis

gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis instituciuri sistema da samarTlebrivi

baza saqarTveloSi” ganvixilavT saqarTveloSi fulis gaTeTrebis

winaaRmdeg brZolis Taviseburebas. mimovixilavT rogorc sakanonmdeblo

bazas, aseve, sxvadasxva specializebul institutebsa da aRniSnul

problemasTan sabrZolvelad SemuSavebul dokumentebs. paragrafi gvaZlevs

informacias saqarTveloSi ukanono saqmianobidan miRebuli fuladi

saxsrebis legalizaciis winaaRmdeg brZolis Taviseburebis Sesaxeb.

meore qveTavSi “fulis gaTeTrebaze moqmedi faqtorebi

saqarTveloSi” mimoxilulia saqarTveloSi fulis gaTeTrebis gamomwvev

13

mizezebs da gamovavlenT fulis dabandebisaTvis mimzidvel sferoebs.

gavaanalizebT ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlis legalizaciaze moqmed

faqtorebs, romlebic dajgufebulia sxvadasxva niSnis mixedviT.

mesame paragrafis “saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli ukanono

Semosavlis legalizaciisa da masTan dakavSirebuli faqtebis mimoxilva”

mizania ukanasknel wlebSi ganxorcielebuli ukanono Semosavlis

legalizaciisa da masTan dakavSirebuli faqtebis analizi.

meoTxe Tavi “kvlevis meTodologia da monacemTa analizi” daeTmo

kvleviT nawils, sadac sxvadasxva meTodebis gamoyenebiT ganxorcielda

monacemTa analizi da Semowmda hipoTezebi, romlis Sedegebic gamotanilia

naSromis daskvniT nawilSi. pirvel paragrafSi, “kvlevis meTodologia“

ganxilulia kvlevis strategia da kvlevis dizaini.

meore paragrafSi, “hipoTezebis Semowmeba” Segrovebuli monacemebiT

SevamowmeT hipoTezebi da gamovitaneT Sesabamisi daskvnebi.

14

Tavi I. fulis gaTeTrebis problema globalizaciis pirobebSi

1.1. Semosavlebis legalizaciasTan dakavSirebuli samecniero

Sexedulebebis sistematizacia

mocemul paragrafSi ganxilulia Savi fulis gaTeTrebis Teoriul-

meTodologiuri aspeqtebi, misi evolucia, sxvadasxva adgilobrivi da

ucxoeli mecnieris konceptualuri Sexedulebebi. analizis Sedegad

gamoikveTa Savi fulis gaTeTrebis problemis istoria warmoSobidan

Tanamedrove etapamde.

Savi fulis gaTeTreba iseve, rogorc danaSaulis sxva saxeebi,

xasiaTdeba warmoSobisa da Semdgomi ganviTarebis istoriiT. am movlenis

genezisis Seswavla mogvcems saSualebas, SevimuSavoT yvelaze zusti

gansazRvreba danaSaulebrivi gziT mopovebuli saxsrebis legalizaciis

Sesaxeb.

ukanonod miRebuli Savi fulis gaTeTreba pirvelad dafiqsirda

CineTSi tanis dinastiis ayvavebis periodSi (618–907 ww.), rodesac daiwyes

e.w. mfrinavi Savi fulis gamoyeneba (fei-Cien). dResdReobiT, cnobilia misi

mravalferovneba, romelic atarebs saxelwodebas “xandi” (pakistani),

“xukuani” (honkongi), “ksavilaadi” (somali), “feikvani” (tailandi), “padala”

(filipinebi)1. amierkavkasiaSi, xSirad gamoyenebadia arabuli warmoSobis

sityva “havala”, romelic aris fulis gadacemis uZvelesi meTodi da ukve

saukuneebia rac gamoiyeneba. fuladi tranzaqciebi havalas brokerebsa da

momxmareblebs Soris yovelgvari xelSekrulebebis gareSe xorcieldeboda.

sistema ndobis faqtorzea damyarebuli. sityva “havala” iTagmneba rogorc

“gadacema”. aRniSnuli sistemis mTavari principi Suamavlebis daxmarebiT

Tanxis gacemaa. msgavsi praqtika ukve mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi

ZiriTadad arabeTsa da aziis qveynebSi gamoiyeneboda2. zogierT qveyanaSi es

xerxi sesxis gacemis legitimur saSualebasac ki warmoadgens. Tumca,

fulis gaTeTrebis maRali riskis arsebobis gamo mTavrobebs ar moswonT

fulis brunvis msgavsi forma, radgan ver xerxdeba Tanxebis kontroli da

                                                            1Иванов А., Экономические Индикаторы Эффективности Системы Противодействия Отмыванию Доходов, Полученных Преступным Путем И Финансированию Терроризма, 2016, С.15 2Ladányi É., Kobolka I., The Hawala System, 2016, P.415-418

15

dabegvra. havala aseve moiazreba, rogorc “aziuri sqema”, “arasabanko

gadaricxvebis sistema”, romelic erTiandeba erToblivi saxelwodebiT

`fuladi gadaricxvebis sistema”3. m. patrikis da h. sandhus mosazrebiT

havala aris sistema, romelic Camoyalibda aziaSi. misi roli Savi fulis

gaTeTrebaSi dResac aqtualuria4.  istoriuli faqtebis mimoxilviT

vaskvniT, rom Savi fulis gaTeTrebis meTodebs, maT Soris aralegaluri

saxsrebiT tranzaqciebs, aqvs Rrma istoriuli safuZvlebi. Savi fulis

gaTeTreba istoriulad dakavSirebulia mekobreebis epoqasTan. XVII

saukuneSi, mekobreebi, romlebic itacebdnen savaWro xomaldebs, moparul

saxsrebs xarjavdnen maT mierve daarsebul qalaqebsa da saxelmwifoSi.

amasTanave, iyo SemTxveva, rodesac inglisis dedofali elisabed I

mfarvelobda mekobreebs. magaliTad, Ciles, perusa da panamis mZarcvelebi-

f. dreiki (1540–1596) da r. xokinsi (1652–1622) oficialurad ricxavdnen

moparuli saxsrebis garkveul wils inglisis xazinaSi. inglisma 1612 wels

ganaxorciela ukanono saqmianobidan miRebuli Semosavlebis mflobel

damnaSaveTa amnistireba. saxelmwifom sruli Sewyaleba gamoucxada

mekobreebs im pirobiT, rom isini Sewyvetdnen danaSaulis Cadenas da

amasTanave, sruliad SeinarCunebdnen miRebul Semosavlebs5.

termini `binZuri fuli” (ing. Dirty Money) da “Savi fulis recxva” (ing.

Money Laundering)-warmoiSva aSS-Si 1920-ian wlebSi6, rodesac amerikis

SeerTebulma Statebma miiRo me-18 Sesworeba konstituciaSi, romlis

mixedviT, aSS-s teritoriaze ikrZaleboda alkoholuri sasmelis warmoeba

da realizacia. kriminalebma daiwyes alkoholuri sasmelebis Crdilovani

warmoeba da maTi aralegaluri gayidva. aRniSnuli saqmianobidan miRebuli

Semosavali aSS-Si milionebs utoldeboda. aralegalurma warmoebam

masobrivi korufciac ki moicva.7 beWdviTi saxiT, termini “fulis

gaTeTreba” pirvelad 1973 wels aSS-s prezident riCard niqsonisa da

“uotergeitis” skandalTan dakavSirebiT gamoCnda. 1972 wels prezidentis

                                                            3Зимин О.В., Хавала Для Нелегала, 2007, С.74-77. 4 Patrick M., and Harjit S., The Hawala Alternative Remittance System And Its Role In Money Laundering, 2001, P.1 5 Цветков И., Пираты: Легеды И Реалии, Архенгольц Ф. История Морских Разбойников Среди Земноморья И Океана, 1991, С.368 6 Данилова Н. А., О Противодействии Легализации (Отмыванию) Доходов, Полученных Преступным Путем, 2008, С.25-30. 7 Тер-Аванесов И.Г., Легализация Денежных Средств Или Иного Имущества, Приобретенных Преступным Путем, 2005, С.15-16

16

postze xelmeored arCevisaTvis niqsonma Seqmna saarCevno komiteti,

romelmac momavali saarCevno kampaniisaTvis finansuri bazis farulad

Seqmna daiwyo. uotergeitSi demokratiuli partiis nacionaluri komitetis

Stabis gatexvis Semdeg aRmoCnda, rom komitetSi gaTeTrebuli fuli

Sedioda8. pirovneba, romelmac SeimuSava fiskaluri organoebisaTvis

Semosavlebis damalvis meTodebi, iyo meier lanski. kriminaluri sqema

gulisxmobda Semdegs: ukanono saqmianobiT miRebuli Savi fuli Tavsdeboda

sruliad kanonier organizaciebSi, romelic aerTianebda ramdeni fiqtiur

kompanias. aRniSnuli kompaniebi gadaaadgilebdnen Semosavlebs sabanko

angariSebs Soris kvalis arevis mizniT, gaTeTrebis bolo stadiaze ki Savi

fuli mepatrones ubrundeboda “gaTeTrebuli” saxiT9. miuxedavad imisa, rom

aralegaluri saqmianobidan miRebuli Semosavlebis legalizacia finansur

sferoSi erT-erTi umZimesi danaSaulis formaa, XX saukunamde aRniSnuli

danaSauli damoukideblad ar ganixileboda10. samoqalaqo enciklopediuri

leqsikonis ganmartebiT, legalizacia aris ukanono SemosavlisaTvis

kanonieri saxis micema, romelic moicavs SeZenas, gamoyenebasa da gadacemas,

agreTve, misi namdvili warmoSobis, mesakuTris an mflobelis, qonebrivi

uflebebis damalvas, SeniRbvas an aRniSnuli qmedebis Cadenis mcdelobas11.

ukanono saqmianobiT dagrovil kapitals aqvs SeniRbuli warmomavlobis

istoria12. Tumca, aseTi Semosavali ar SeiZleba iwodebodes kanonierad.

zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, gaTeTrebis, SeniRbvis mTliani procesi ar

SeiZleba iwodebodes legalizaciad. SeiniSneba Seusabamoba leqsikonebSi

mocemul gansazRvrebas da realurad arsebul movlenas Soris. analogiur

pozicias emxrobian a. SaSkova da o.i. iakimovi, romlebic Tvlian, rom

saWiroa aRniSnuli terminis gamoyenebaze uaris Tqma mocemuli movlenis

ganxilvisas13. aucilebelia aRniSnuli movlenis procesebis Rrma analizi

da maTi kompleqsurad ganxilva, rogorc iuridiuli, aseve, ekonomikuri,

                                                            8 Gerth J., Richard Il And Organized Nixon Crime, New York, 1972, P.43 9 Робинсон Д., Всемирная Прачечная: Террор, Преступления И Грязные Деньги В Оффшорном Мире, 2004, С.539 10 Карлеба В.А., Исторические, Правовые И Криминологические Аспекты Противодействия Легализации (Отмыванию) Преступных Доходов В России, 2004, С.62 11saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli biblioTeka, http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gwdict/index.php?a=term&d=6&t=22650 12 Шашкова А.В., Зарождение понятия «Легализация, Доходов, Полученных Преступным Путем», 2011, С.27-32 13 Антипова О Н., Борьба С Отмыванием Денежных Средств, 2012, С.542.

17

socialuri da politikuri aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT. amasTanave,

zogierTi mecnieris azriT, ukanono saqmianobiT miRebulma fuladma

saxsrebma unda miiRon kanonieri saxe da legalizebulis statusi, raTa

uzrunvelyofil iqnas ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlis warmomavlobis

dafarva da ar daeqvemdebaros konfiskacias. Semosavlebi, miRebuli

kanonsawinaamRdego qmedebebiT, ar SeiZleba aRiarebul iqnas kanonierad,

magram rTuli finansuri maqinaciebis ganxorcieleba xels uwyobs

damnaSaves, SeniRbos miRebuli Semosavlebis wyaro da warmoadginos

legalurad14. zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, rom sruliad

safuZvliania termini “legalizaciis” gamoyeneba aRniSnul movlenasTan

dakavSirebiT. amasTanave, qarTul literaturul sivrceSi sakmaod rTulia

moviZioT termini `garecxva” legalizaciis sinonimad. i.g. ter-avanesovis

mixedviT, aRniSnuli sityva warmoadgens barbarizms da dRevandelobamde

mxolod damnaSaveTa wreebSi gamoiyeneboda15. analogiur pozicias eyrdnoba

n. makarova16. n. ivakina xazs usvams terminis zusti formulirebis

saWiroebas17.

terminis “Savi fulis gaTeTreba” gamoyeneba legalizaciis sinonimad

iwvevs kritikas avtorTa erT jgufSi. o. u. iakimovi erT-erTi

mecnierTagania, romelic aRniSnuli danaSaulis aRwerisaTvis emxroba

gaTeTrebis gamoyenebas samecniero literaturaSi da ar aRiarebs mas

legalizaciis sinonimad18. termini “legalizacia” bunebrivia ufro

misaRebia iuridiuli formiT, vidre “gaTeTreba” an “garecxva”. Tumca,

mecnierTa mier zemoT moyvanili mosazrebebi gvaZlevs safuZvels,

davaskvnaT, rom aRniSnuli terminebi erTmaneTs ar ewinaaRmdegebian, magram

erTi unificirebuli terminis SemoRebis miznad dasaxva ar aris swori.

gansazRvrebis zusti formulirebisaTvis aucilebelia, ganvixiloT

ucxoeli da adgilobrivi eqspertebis mier SemoTavazebuli ganmartebebi.

danaSaulebrivi gziT miRebuli Semosavlebis legalizaciis ganmarteba

                                                            14 Быстрова Ю. В., Этимологическое Значение Термина «Легализация (Отмывание) Доходов Или Иного Имущества, Добытых Преступным Путем», 2010, С.115-128. 15 Тер-Аванесов И Г., Легализация Денежных Средств Или Иного Имущества, Приобретенных Преступным Путем, 2005, С.15 16 Макарова Н., Налоговые Преступления, Легализация (Отмывание) Денежных Средств, 2000, С.183-186. 17 Ивакина Н., Русский Язык Российского Права, Российская Юстиция, 2000, С.26-28. 18 Якимов, О. Ю., Легализация Имущества, Приобретенного Заведомо Преступным Путем: Региональное Состояние, Возможности И Пути Противодействия На Местном Уровне, 2004, С.68-79

18

uaxloes warsulSi iqna mocemuli. kriminaluri sferodan, maT Soris

narkobiznesidan miRebuli Semosavlebis legalizeba evropaSi 1980-iani

wlebidan iRebs sawyisebs19. Savi fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg terminTa

ganmartebebi da pirveli meqanizmebi masTan sabrZolvelad arsebobda

rogorc daniaSi, ise did britaneTsa da safrangeTSi20. Tumca, aSS aris

pirveli im qveyanaTa Soris, romelmac gadamWreli zomebi miiRo aRniSnuli

problemis prevenciis mizniT. swored aSS-m gamoavlina, rom organizebuli

danaSaulis arsebobisaTvis aucilebelia naRdi fuladi masebi, vinaidan

aseTi resursisaTvis kvalis damalva ufro martivia kriminaluri

sferosaTvis21. aRniSnulma faqtma ganapiroba naRdi Savi fulis mimoqcevis

aRricxvianobis Sesaxeb kanonis miReba. e.a. ivanovi amtkicebs, rom termini

“Savi fulis gaTeTreba” miRebuli iyo narkobiznesis aqtiurobis donis da

aRniSnuli saqmianobidan miRebuli Semosavlebis damalvis faqtebis zrdis

Sedegad22.

eqspertebi gansxvavebulad gansazRvraven “ukanonod miRebuli

Semosavlebis legalizacias”, romelic damokidebulia gaTeTrebis

procesze an mis saboloo mizanze. gvaqvs SesaZlebloba avtorTa arsebuli

Sexedulebebi gavyoT or jgufad: Savi fulis gaTeTreba-rogorc procesi,

meore jgufi-rogorc mizani.

fulis gaTeTreba, rogorc procesi

o.u. iakimovi amtkicebs, rom “gaTeTrebis” qveS aucilebelia,

vigulisxmoT “moqmedebaTa kompleqsi, romelic gamiznulia miRebuli

SemosavlebisaTvis kanonieri saxis micemaze, gamoyenebasa da mis Semdgom

gankargvaze”. umetes SemTxvevaSi, aseTi qoneba miRebulia mZime danaSaulis

Cadenis Sedegad23.

v.d. lariCevis formulirebiT, Savi fulis gaTeTreba aris “procesi,

romlis drosac danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Sedegad miRebuli Savi fuli

                                                            19 Алешкина И., Предмет Доказывания И Особенности Оценки Доказательств При Расследовании Преступлений, Связанных С Легализацией (Отмыванием) Денежных Средств Или Иного Имущества, Приобретенного Незаконным Путем, 2002, С.9 20 Delmas-Marty M., Les Grands Sistemes De Politique Criminelle, 1992, P.308 21 Отмывание Денег В Нарушение Формотчетности По Наличным Операциям, 1995, С.380 22 Иванов Э. А., Система Международно-Правового Регулирования Борьбы С Легализацией «Отмыванием Доходов», Полученных Преступным Путем, 2004, С.53 23 Якимов О. Ю., Легализация Имущества, Приобретенного Заведомопреступным Путем: Региональное Состояние, Возможности И Пути Противодействия На Местном Уровне, 2004, С.68-79

19

gaedineba sabanko sistemis meSveobiT imgvarad, rom SeuZlebelia am

saxsrebis ukanono warmomavlobis dadgena“24. am kategoriis danaSaulis

didi nawili dakavSirebulia korufciasTan, TaRliTobasTan, informaciuli

teqnologiebis gamoyenebasTan.

g. boskoviCis azriT, Savi fulis gaTeTrebis meTodebSi SeiZleba,

gamoyenebul iyos rogorc sabanko sferoSi ganxorcielebuli sxvadasxva

tipis operaciebi, aseve arasabanko operaciebi, romlebic dakavSirebuli

iqneba eleqtronul valutasTan, saerTaSoriso vaWrobasTan da sxv.25.

r. klaesensis azriT, Savi fulis gaTeTrebis bunebidan gamomdinare

aqtivobebi gansxvavdeba qveynebis mixedviT, Tumca, tendencia erTia: Savi

fulis gamTeTreblebi cdiloben Tanxebis gatanas iseTi tipis qveynebSi,

sadac sustia ukanonod miRebuli fuladi saxsrebis winaaRmdeg arsebuli

sakanonmdeblo baza26.

j.b. veldis mixedviT kriminalistebi da Savi fulis gamTeTreblebi

kvlav ganagrZoben axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebas boroti ganzraxviT.

amasTanave, kriminalistebi aqtiurad iyeneben sxvadasxva qveynis

kanonmdeblobaSi arsebul xarvezebs fulis efeqtianad gaTeTrebisaTvis27.

j. madingeris azriT, fulis gamTeTreblebis saboloo mizania aseTi

gziT miRebuli Semosavlebis Tavisuflad gankargva, romelic SesaZlebelia

sxvadasxva meTodebis kombinaciiT28.

j. treham aRniSna, rom Savi fulis gaTeTreba aris saxsrebis

SeniRbvis mcdeloba, romelsac xels uwyobs Crdilovani ekonomikis

arseboba da sxva qveynebidan rTulad identificirebadi wyaros mqone

investiciebis Semodineba. is aseve aRniSnavs, rom tranzituli ekonomikis

mqone qveynebi xasiaTdebian Savi fulis gaTeTrebis maRali doniT29.  

                                                            24 Ларичев В.Д., Мошенничество В Сфере Страхования: Предупреждение, Выявление, Расследование, 2005, С.160 25 Boskovic G., Types Of Money Laundering And Suppression Methods, Police Academy, Belgrade, 2003, P.31 26 Claessens R., Research Paper On Ethics, Corporate Values And Prevention Of Money Laundering, The Serbian Banks Association, Belgrade, 2006, P.35 27 Weld Jean B., Current International Money Laundering Trends And Anti-Money Laundering Co-Operation Measures, Resource Material Series, 2011, P. 37-47 28 Madinger J., Money Laundering a Guide for Criminal Investigators, 2011, http://shodh.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/3140/3/03_literature%20review.pdf 29Trehan J., Crime and Money Laundering: The Indian Perspective, 2004, http://shodh.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/3140/3/03_literature%20review.pdf

20

m. milenoviCis azriT, Savi fulis gaTeTreba aris organizebuli

danaSaulis saxe, romelic ar SeiZleba, ganixilebodes calkeuli qveynis

problemad. qveynisaTvis Savi fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg sxvadasxva

meTodebis miReba ki, rogoricaa Savi sia fulis gamTeTreblebTa,

kriminalTa, organizebuli kriminaluri Tu teroristuli dajgufebebisa

da maTi wevrebis Sesaxeb iseve, rogorc sxvadasxva samTavrobo Tu

saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier informaciis arseboba xels Seuwyobs

aRniSnuli problemis prevencias30.  

n. Cengis mosazrebiT, Savi fulis gaTeTreba aris procesi, romlis

drosac erToblivi dajgufeba sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyenebiT cdilobs

Semosavlis realuri wyaros damalvas. Tumca, aRniSnulis ganxorcieleba

SesaZlebelia ara mxolod calkeuli individebis gamoyenebiT, aramed

Tanamedrove teqnologiebis CarTviTac31. 

j. robinsonma xazi gausva Savi fulis gaTeTrebis arss da gamokveTa

misi saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba. misi azriT, Savi fulis gaTeTreba aris

aqtivobaTa kompleqsi, romelic scdeba adgilobriv sazRvrebs32. 

g. smitisa da h. volkeris azriT, Savi fulis gaTeTrebis mTavari arsi

aris misi gamoyenebis kanonieri uflebis mopoveba, romelic SesaZlebelia

sxvadasxva meTodebis gamoyenebiT. amasTanave, gamTeTreblebi iyeneben,

rogorc sabanko operaciebs, aseve, naRd fuls33.

g. pembertonis azriT, Savi fulis gaTeTrebis problema arsebobs da

es msoflio masStabis problemaa. kriminalebi kargad floben informacias

Savi fulis gaTeTrebis Sesaxeb da mis minimalur donemde dasayvanad

gamoiyeneben sxvadasxva meTodebs34.

m. silkmenisa da v. iovanoviCis mosazrebiT, Savi fulis gaTeTreba

aris aqtivobaTa kompleqsi, romelic mimarTulia wyaros realuri arsis

SesaniRbad. amasTanave, procesebSi CarTulni arian aramxolod kriminalebi,

                                                            30Milenovic M., Research Paper on Money Laundering, Pulse Magazine On Corruption, Centre For Management, Belgrade, 2004, P.1-6 31Cheng N., the Effectiveness of Money Laundering Investigations in Fighting Transnational Crime: A Comparison of the United States and Hong Kong, 2012, P.6-7 32Robinson J., The Laundrymen: Inside Money Laundering, The World's Third-Largest Business, Arcade Publishing, New York, 1998, P.4 33Russell G., and Walker J., the Illegal Movement of Cash and Bearer Negotiable Instruments: Typologies and Regulatory Responses, 2010, https://aic.gov.au/publications/tandi/tandi402 34Pemberton G., Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Vancouver Integrated Proceeds Of Crime Section, Money Laundering In Securities Markets, 2000, P.1-2

21

aramed saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebic. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare,

aucilebelia, problemis kompleqsurad Seswavla da mis winaaRmdeg

brZolisaTvis codnis da kvalifikaciis amaRleba35.  s. smitisa da d.

eriqsonis mosazrebiT kriminalistebi gamoiyeneben sxvadasxva meTodebs

aralegaluri wyaros Sesaxeb realuri informaciis SesaniRbad.

aRniSnulisaTvis gamoiyeneba rogorc personali, aseve, ofSoruli zonebi

da sxvadasxva kvalifikaciis individebi36. 

d. jelikos kvlevis mixedviT, Savi fulis gaTeTrebis aqtivobebi

jgufuri danaSaulis xasiaTisaa, romlis winaaRmdegac aucilebelia

makontrolebeli organoebis gaZliereba, finansuri da sxva sistemebis

danergva, ganaxleba da Sida makontrolebeli organoebis datreningeba

aRniSnul problemasTan sabrZolvelad”37. 

germaneli avtori k. kotke Savi fulis gaTeTrebaSi gulisxmobs

sxvadasxva samarTaldarRveviT miRebuli Semosavlebis gamoyenebis

process38.

a.v. korotkovis gansazRvrebiT, ukanono Semosavlis legalizacia

aris “saxsrebis warmomavlobis dafarvis procesi im mizniT, rom ukanono

Semosavlebi kanonieri saxiT, moZravi an uZravi qonebis SeZenis, legalur

ekonomikur saqmianobaSi investirebiT da sxva meTodebis gamoyenebiT

CarTul iqnas ekonomikur brunvaSi oficialuri saxiT”39.

v.m. alievis azriT, Savi fulis gaTeTreba aris “negatiuri socialuri

movlena, romlis safuZveli Semosavlebis warmomavlobis bunebis,

materialuri keTildReobis an maTTan dakavSirebuli uflebebis namdvili

kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb informaciis dafarvis procesia”40.

                                                            35Sikman, M., & Jovanovic, V., The Concept of Money Laundering As a Manifested Function of Organized Crime. Security, Police, Citizens, Mia Republic Srpska-Department Of Police Education, Banja Luka, N. 1-2/10, 2010, P.81-100 36Smith, S. L., And Ericson D., Money Laundering Monitor, U.S. Department Of Justice, Criminal Division, Asset Forfeiture & Money Laundering Section, 2008, P.3 37Zeljkodj B., Contemporary Tendencies in Money Laundering Methods: Review of the Methods and Measures for Its Suppression, 2011, P.10, 15-17 38Kottke K., Schwarzgeld-Was Tun? Handbuch Für Das Scharzgeld-Steuerrecht; Entstehung, Unterbringung, Aufdeckung, Legalisierung Von Unversteuerten Geldern. Häufe, Freiburg, 1999, P.26-27 39Коротков И. В., Уголовно-Правовые И Криминологические Аспекты Борьбы Против Легализации (Отмывания) Незаконных Доходов, 2004, С.54-62 40Алиев В. М., Криминологическое И Уголовно-Правовое Исследование Легализации Доходов Добытых Пресупным Путем, 2001, С.17.

22

k. hinterseris mixedviT, termini “Savi fulis garecxva” gulisxmobs

sxvadasxva meTods, romelTa daxmarebiTac damnaSaveebi niRbaven ukanonod

miRebuli Savi fulis wyaros da sakuTrebis uflebas iseT garigebebSi

monawileobiT, romlebic am fuls warmoaCens kanonieri wyaroebidan

miRebulad41.

danaSaulebrivi Semosavlebis legalizaciis calkeuli konkretuli

niSnebi mohyavs n. a. lopaSenkos, romlis azriTac “Savi fulis gaTeTreba

aris procesi, romelic Sedgeba ramdenime etapisagan: finansuri

operaciebisa da garigebebis formiT gamoxatuli Tanamimdevruli

qmedebebisagan, romelTa mizanicaa danaSaulebrivi saxsrebis araCrdilovan

ekonomikur brunvaSi CarTva da am saxsrebis warmomavlobisTvis kanonieri

saxis micema”42. ganmartebebi umeteswilad asaxaven problemis ZiriTad

Sinaarss. Tumca, naklebi yuradReba eTmoba gaTeTrebis process. m.n.

zacepini Semosavlebis legalizacias gansazRvravs rogorc

“danaSaulebrivi gziT mopovebuli qonebrivi faseulobebis CarTvas

legalur ekonomikur brunvaSi, raTa daifaros maTi warmomavloba43”.

sainteresoa, aseve n. kepulaZisa da r. sulamaniZis naSromi Temaze “ukanono

Semosavlebis legalizacia-Savi fulis gaTeTreba”. aRniSnuli naSromi

xazs usvams saxelmwifos rols aRniSnul problemasTan sabrZolvelad da

terminis dazustebis aucileblobas44.

grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universitetis samarTalmcodneobis

doqtoris s. asaniZis SexedulebiT “ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis

legalizacia aris ukanono gziT miRebuli qonebis warmoSobis wyaros

Sesaxeb cnobebis ganzrax damaxinjeba, romelic xorcieldeba maTi

legalur ekonomikur brunvaSi CarTvis gziT, raTa daifaros maTi

marTlsawinaaRmdego miRebis faqti da uzrunvelyofil iqnas am qonebis

Tavisuflad gankargvis SesaZlebloba“45.

                                                            41Hinterseer K., The Wolfsberg Anti–Money Laundering Principles, Journal Of Money Laundering Control, 2001, P.25-41 42Лопашенко А., Преступления В Сфере Экономической Деятельности, 1997, С.359-363. 43Зацепин М.Н., Безопасность Предпринимательства: Криминологические И Уголовно-Правовые Проблемы. Екатеринбург. 1995. С.192 44kepulaZe n., sulamaniZe r., ukanono Semosavlebis legalizacia–Savi fulis gaTeTreba, 2015, gv.4-5 45asaniZe s., ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis (Savi fulis GgaTeTrebis) kriminologiuri daxasiaTeba, 2012, gv.22

23

gaTeTrebuli Savi fuli warmoadgens SeniRbul, warmomavloba

dakargul saxsrebs, romelic miRebulia aralegaluri saqmianobidan, xolo

sabanko sistemis gamoyenebiT gadanawilebulia ramdenime angariSze.

amasTanave, aRniSnul TanxasTan dakavSirebiT, ganxorcielda rigi operacia,

garigeba, raTa ukanonod miRebuli saxsrebi aRreuliyo kanonier

saxsrebSi46. mocemul gansazRvrebaSi zustad aris warmodgenili gaTeTreba,

rogorc procesi. Tumca, aqcenti gakeTebulia mxolod fuladi saxsrebis

gaTeTrebaze da ar aris naxsenebi, rom aseve SesaZlebelia arafuladi

saxsrebis gaTeTrebac.

v.a. tarani Savi fulis gaTeTrebas ganixilavs, rogorc procedurebs,

romlis Sedegad Savi fuli sabanko dawesebulebebsa Tu sxva sakredito-

finansur sferoebSi gaivlis im mizniT, rom maT saboloo stadiaze mieceT

kanonieri Semosavlis saxe47. avtorebi ar azusteben ekonomikuri

saqmianobis seqtorebs, romlebic gamoiyeneba ukanonod miRebuli

Semosavlebis legalizaciisaTvis.

m. levi aRniSnavs, rom Savi fulis gaTeTreba aris kriminaluri

saqmianoba, romelic xorcieldeba saerTaSoriso finansuri operaciebis

gamoyenebiT, maT Soris, valutis gadacvliT. saxsrebi miRebulia ZarcviT,

korufciiT, narkotikebis yidva-gayidviT da sxv. gaTeTrebis saboloo

mizans ki arsebuli saxsrebis sufTa fulad gardaqmna warmoadgens48. m.

levi Savi fulis gaTeTrebis procesebisTvis iTvaliswinebs mxolod

finansur operaciebs da swored aq vlindeba aRniSnuli ganmartebis

naklovaneba. realurad, damnaSaveTa dajgufeba sakuTar instrumentebad

legalizaciisaTvis gamoiyenebs arasafinanso seqtorebsac.

s. g. lovkis mixedviT, “ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis gaTeTrebis

procesi gulisxmobs sxvadasxva sferoebis gamoyenebiT ukanono

saxsrebisaTvis legitimuri statusis miniWebas“49. avtori samarTlianad

aRniSnavs, rom legalizacia moicavs ukanono Semosavlebis kanonier

                                                            46U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment, Information Technologies for Control of Money Laundering, Washington, Dc: U.S. Government Printing Office, September 1995. P.12-16 47Щегорцев В.А., Таран. В.А., Мировая Экономика, Мировая Финансовая Система, Международный Финансовый Контроль, 2005, С.345 48Larry B., Lambert. Underground Banking and National Security, California, 1996, P.3 49Ловкий С.Г., Документирование Деятельности Организованных Групп, Занимающихся Легализацией (Отмыванием) Денежных Средств Или Иного Имущества, Приобретенных Незаконным Путем, 2001, С.20

24

ekonomikur saqmianobebSi CaSvebas. Tumca, ar aris mocemuli meTodebi,

romelTa daxmarebiTac xdeba am Semosavlebis ekonomikur saqmianobaSi

CarTva da legitimuri statusis miniWeba.

v. a. nikulinis poziciiT, ukanono saqmianobiT miRebuli fuladi

saxsrebis legalizacia “warmoadgens materialuri Rirebulebis mqone

aqtivebisaTvis kanonieri formis miRebis saboloo etaps”50. aRniSnuli

gansazRvrebidan gamomdinare, v. a. nikulini iTvaliswinebs ukanonod

miRebuli Semosavlebis legalizaciis mxolod ukanasknel stadias, im

dros, rodesac TviT procesi mravaletapian proceduras warmoadgens.

v. u. emi Tvlis, rom “gaTeTrebis procesi sruldeba ukanonod

miRebuli SemosavlebisaTvis kanonieri saxis micemiT, rodesac ukve

SesaZlebeli xdeba miRebuli aralegaluri Semosavlebis kanonierad

gamoyeneba”51. analogiur pozicias efuZneba k. v. tetiukovic52. aRniSnuli

gansazRvrebebi ar moicavs ukanonod miRebuli SemosavlebisaTvis kanonieri

saxis micemis yvela etaps. Tu aRniSnuli gansazRvrebiT vixelmZRvanelebT

da ar mimovixilavT Savi fulis gaTeTrebis safexurebs, aRniSnuli

procesis gamokvlevisas damnaSavis mimarT pasuxismgeblobis aRZvra rTuli

iqneba.

fulis gaTeTreba, rogorc mizani

mecnierTa meore jgufi legalizacias ganixilavs ara rogorc

process, aramed mizans, romlis miRwevasac cdiloben borotmoqmedni.

1984 wels aSS_Si organizebul danaSaulTan dakavSirebiT Semdgar

saprezidento komisiaze gamoyenebul iqna Semdegi formulireba “Savi

fulis gaTeTreba aris procesi, romlis Sedegadac imaleba misi arsi,

ukanono warmomavloba an ukanono Semosavlebis gamoyeneba im mizniT, rom

aralegalurad miRebuli Semosavlebi SeiniRbos ise, rom mas sabolood

kanonieri warmomavloba mieces”53. aRniSnulis analogiur gansazRvrebas

gvTavazobs C. goridemi, romelic legalizacias warmoadgens rogorc

                                                            50Никулина В.А., Правовые Аспекты Соучастия В Легализации Незаконных Доходов, 2000, С.17 51Эм В.Ю., Уголовно-Правовая И Криминологическая Характеристика Легализации (Отмывания) Денежных Средств Или Иного Имущества, Приобретенных Преступным Путем, 2004, С.9 52Тетюков К.В., Легализация Преступных Доходов Уголовно-Правовые И Криминологические Аспекты, 2003, С.18 53William R., Schroeder, Money Laundering. A Global Threat And The International Community’s Response, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 2001, P.1-7

25

meTodebis erTobliobas, gamiznuls realuri wyaros SeniRbvaze da/an

sakuTrebis uflebis, Semdgomi gankargulebis uflebis mopovebaze54.

germaneli mecnierebi, maT Soris x. kerneri da e. daxi, romlebic

aRniSnul sferos ukve ramdenime welia Seiswavlian, aRniSnaven, rom Savi

fulis gaTeTreba iyofa or stadiad.

pirvel stadiaze, sxvadasxva meTodebis gamoyenebiT,

xorcieldeba ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis damalva;

meore etapze xdeba regularuli Semosavlebis miReba55.

mocemuli gansazRvrebiT, damnaSavis ZiriTadi mizania Semosavlebis

damalva maTi Semdgomi gamoyenebis mizniT. realuri mizani ki, romelic

gulisxmobs kriminaluri saqmianobidan miRebuli SemosavlebisaTvis

kanonieri saxis micemas, gamokveTili araa. msgavs gansazRvrebas iZleva

profesori b. v. volJekini, romelic gaTeTrebas mimoixilavs rigi

finansuri operaciebis ganxorcielebiT. finansuri operaciebi mimarTulia

ukanonod miRebuli SemosavlebisaTvis warmomavlobis damalvaze, raTa

aralegaluri saxsrebi uproblemod ganTavsdes biznesSi SemdgomSi mogebis

miRebis mizniT56. Tumca, zogierTi mecnieri, maT Soris, a. groSevi da z.

txaiSaovi, sapirispiros amtkiceben. isini Tvlian, rom ukanono

Semosavlebis ganTavseba legalur biznesSi ar warmoadgens damnaSaveTa

pirvelad mizans57.

l.karCmeri sakuTar naSromSi aRniSnuli danaSaulis gamokvlevis

dros termins Semdegnairad gansazRvravs-aralegaluri saqmianobiT

miRebuli Savi fulis gaTeTreba aris procesi, romelic gamiznulia

miRebuli Semosavlebis wyaros damalvasa da SemdgomSi mis konvertaciaze

im mizniT, rom miRebuli ukanono Semosavlebis wyaros aRmoCenis

SesaZlebloba minimumamde iqnas dayvanili, xolo TviT Semosavlebs

legaluri saxe mieceT58.

                                                            54Goredema C., Money Laundering In East And Sothern Africa: A Preliminary Overview Of The Threat, 2002, P.4-5 55Кернерх Х., Дах. Э., Отмываниеденег: Путеводитель По Действующему Законодательству И Юридической Практике, 1996, С.36-37. 56Волженкин Б.В., Экономические Преступления, 1999, С.107 57Грошев А., Тхайшаов З., Понятие Легализации (Отмывания) Денежных Средств Или Иного Имущества В Отечественному Головном Праве, 2006, С.3-7. 58Karchmer C. L., Strategies For Combating Narcotics Wholesalers, Investigative Approaches That Work, Washington, D.C. Police Executive Research Forum, 1992

26

k. borani Tvlis, rom “Savi fulis gaTeTreba es aris procesi,

romlis Sedegad individi malavs arsebul ukanonod miRebuli

Semosavlebis wyaroebs im mizniT, rom SemdgomSi kriminals hqondes misi

Tavisuflad gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba”59.

m. n. zacepini amtkicebs, rom “gaTeTreba” gulisxmobs arsebuli

ukanono saqmianobidan miRebuli qonebis kanonier saqmianobaSi CarTvas im

mizniT, rom daifaros misi ukanono warmomavloba60. gansazRvrebaSi ar aris

dazustebuli, romeli meTodebiT aris SesaZlebeli aRniSnuli miznis

miRweva.

Savi fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis globaluri

gamocdilebisa da sxvadasxva meTodebis Seswavlis Sedegad, d. v. besedinma

Camoayaliba sakuTari gansazRvreba: “legalizacia gulisxmobs procesebis

erTobliobas, romelic moicavs SeTanxmebebs, finansur da sxva tipis

operaciebs. aRniSnuli qmedebebi gamiznulia ukanonod miRebuli

Semosavlebis kanonier ekonomikur saqmianobaSi CarTvaze, raTa mas

sabolood legitimuri saxe mieces”61.

o. l. peduni ukanono qmedebebiT miRebuli Savi fulis gaTeTrebis

qveS gulisxmobs process, romlis farglebSi, Semosavlebi Tavsdeba

safinanso institutebSi, raTa SemdgomSi investirdes kanonier ekonomikur

saqmianobaSi. sxvadasxva procesebis gamoyenebiT, danaSaulebrivi kapitalis

mimoqceva saboloo etapze uzrunvelyofs kriminalisTvis gaTeTrebuli

resursebis mibrunebas misi Semdgomi gamoyenebis mizniT62. warmatebul

formulirebas gvTavazobs i. v. radzevanovskaia, romelic efuZneba

evropeli mecnierebis naSromebs. misi mosazrebiT, “legalizacia

moxsenebulia, rogorc procesi an qmedebaTa kompleqsi, romlis farglebSi

ukanono Semosavlebi, saxeSecvlili, ramdenime meTodis gamoyenebiT

                                                            59Boran C., Money Laundering, American Criminal Review USA, 2003, P.847-871 60Зацепин М.Н., Безопасность Предпринимательства: Криминологические И Уголовно-Правовые Проблемы, 1995, С.192 61Беседин Д.В., Международно-Правовое Сотрудничество Государств В Борьбе С Легализацией Преступных Доходов, 2005, С.29 62Педун О.Л., Легализация Денежных Средств Или Иного Имущества, Приобретенных Преступным Путем, 2004, С.11

27

legalur biznesSi CarTvis gziT gardaisaxeba legalur saxsrebad”. aseTi

qmedebebi gamiznulia kanonsawinaaRmdego warmomavlobis SesaniRbad63.

interpolis biuletenSi Savi fulis gaTeTreba ganimarta

Semdegnairad: “Savi fulis gaTeTrebis mizania ukanono qmedebebis Sedegad

miRebuli Savi fuliT maqinaciebis imgvarad warmoeba, rom miRebis wyaro

aRmoCndes kanonieri”64. saerTaSoriso samarTalSi termini “danaSaulebrivi

saqmianobidan miRebuli Semosavlis legalizacia” pirvelad gaeros 1988

wlis venis “narkotikuli saSualebebisa da fsiqotropuli nivTierebebis

ukanono brunvis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb” konvenciaSi gamoiyenes65.

konvenciis Tanaxmad, Semosavlis legalizaciaSi igulisxmeba operaciaTa

kompleqsi, romelic miznad isaxavs Semosavlebis warmomavlobis dafarvas.

moqmedebebis qveS igulisxmeba:

qonebis gadacema an konversia, Tu cnobilia, rom aseTi qoneba

miRebulia ukanono saqmianobis Sedegad an Tu pirovneba CarTulia aseT

aqtivobebSi iseve, rogorc realuri wyaros, warmoSobis istoriis,

adgilmdebareobis damalva;

qonebis, fuladi saxsrebis gadaadgileba, Tu cnobilia, rom

aRniSnuli Semosavali miRebulia kanonsawinaaRmdego saqmianobis Sedegad.

aseve, Semosavlis miReba, floba da gamoyeneba, Tu cnobilia, rom

aRniSnuli qoneba miRebulia ukanono saqmianobaSi monawileobis miRebis

Sedegad;

Tanamonawileoba an/da arakanonier SeTanxmebaSi monawileobis

miReba; zedamxedveloba, Tanamzraxveloba, an/da konsultaciis gaweva miznis

misaRwevad66.

termini SemoRebul iqna 1990 wlis 8 noembers evropis sabWos

xelSekrulebis safuZvelze “ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis gaTeTrebis,

gamovlenis da amoRebis Sesaxeb”, romelmac aRiara “narkobiznesidan da

sxva aralegaluri saqmianobidan miRebuli Semosavlebi ukanonod”. 1988

wlis 19 dekembris konvenciaSi miTiTebulia damnaSaveTa qmedebebi, romelic

                                                            63Радзевановская Ю.В., Легализация (Отмывание) Денежных Средств Или Иного Имущества, Приобретенных Преступным Путем (Уголовно-Правовая И Криминологическая Характеристика), 2005, С.11 64Interpol, http://www.interpol.int/crime-areas/financial-crime/money-laundering 65United Nations, United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic In Narcotic Drugs And Psychotropic Substances, 1988, P.2-3 66Ramaswamy J., Overview of Asset Forfeiture and Money Laundering Program, 2013, P.1-2

28

gamoarCevs Savi fulis gaTeTrebas sxva saqmianobisagan. evropis konvenciis

mixedviT da finansuri qmedebis specialuri jgufis gansazRvrebiT (FATF):

“aralegalurad miRebuli Savi fulis legalizacia aris procesi, romelic

uzrunvelyofs ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis ganTavsebas da SemdgomSi

finansur-sakredito sistemaSi gadatanas. aseve, SesaZlebelia aRniSnuli

saxsrebiT nebismieri sxva qonebis SeZena. gaTeTrebis saboloo etapi ki

kriminals saSualebas aZlevs damoukideblad, kanonierad gamoiyenos

aRniSnuli saxsrebi survilisamebr”67. arsebuli saerTaSoriso konvenciebi

saxelmwifosagan iTxoven ukanono SemosavlebisaTvis Semdegi aqtivobebis

mikuTvnebas:

konversia, an Semosavlebis gadatana, Tu cnobilia, rom aseTi

qoneba miRebulia ukanono saqmianobis SeniRbvis, damalvis Sedegad. aseve,

daxmarebis gaweva im pirovnebisaTvis, romelic CarTulia aralegalur

saqmianobaSi;

miRebuli Semosavlebis realuri wyaros, adgilmdebareobis

damalva an SeniRbva misi Semdgomi gankargvis uflebis mopovebis mizniT, Tu

cnobilia, rom aseTi qoneba warmoadgens Semosavals ukanono saqmianobidan.  

saerTaSoriso konvenciebi, reglamentebi, romlebic dadgenilia

ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis legalizaciis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad,

xazs usvamen aRniSnuli problemis mniSvnelobas. danaSauli xorcieldeba

etapobrivad da ZiriTadad damokidebulia droiT monakveTebSi Casatarebel

operaciebze.  

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT ukanono Semosavlis legalizacia

ganmartebulia, rogorc ukanono SemosavlisTvis kanonieri saxis micema,

SeZena, gamoyeneba, gadacema an sxva moqmedeba, agreTve misi namdvili

warmoSobis, mesakuTris an mflobelis an/da qonebrivi uflebebis damalva

an SeniRbva an/da aseTi qmedebebis Cadenis mcdeloba68. legalizaciis sagani

ar moicavs mxolod danaSaulebriv Semosavlebs, am formulirebis

mixedviT, samarTlebrivi regulirebis sferoSi moqceulia sxva

samarTaldarRvevebidan miRebuli Semosavlis legalizaciac.

                                                            67Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, Supplement To Authentication In An Internet Banking Environment, P.1-20 68http://www.kavkasreestri.ge/download/kanonebi/kanoniukanonoshemosavlis.pdf, muxli 2. terminTa ganmarteba (25.02.2004, 3422), gv.1

29

gansazRvrebaSi miTiTebulia ara mxolod ukanono Semosavlis SeZena,

gamoyeneba, gadacema, aramed xazgasmulia misi namdvili warmoSobis wyaros

damalva an SeniRbvac. ucxoeli eqspertebis mier SemoTavazebuli

ganmartebebidan vnaxeT, rom aqcenti keTdeba arakanonieri saqmianobidan

miRebul Semosavalze, romelic mocemul ganmartebaSi ar aris

gaTvaliswinebuli. saWiroa, aRvniSnoT, rom miTiTebul ganmartebaSi ar

aris asaxuli konkretuli meTodebi, romlis daxmarebiTac xdeba

legalizacia da ar aris aqcentirebuli borotmoqmedis mizani, romlis

miRwevasac cdilobs individi Semosavlis ukanono wyaros damalvis dros.

ZiriTadad, yvela definicia, romelic gansazRvravs “Semosavlebis

legalizebas” efuZneba evropis konvencias, romlis Tanaxmad

“Semosavlebis” qveS igulisxmeba nebismieri ekonomikuri sargebeli

miRebuli ukanono saqmianobis Sedegad. ekonomikuri sargebeli “SeiZleba

Sedgebodes materialuri sakuTrebisagan, romelic SesaZlebelia

gamosaxuli iyos uflebiT moZrav an/da uZrav qonebaze da uflebriv

dokumentebze, romliTac dasturdeba aRniSnul qonebaze sakuTrebisa da

gankargvis ufleba”69.

e. n. kondrati aRniSnavs, rom “legalizaciisaTvis gamoiyeneba iseTi

meTodebi, finansuri operaciebi, romlis Sedegad ukanono Semosavlebi

sakuTar pirvandel wyarosTan wyveten kavSirs, icvlian warmomavlobas da

xdebian sruliad kanonieri”70.

davadgineT, rom ar arsebobs Savi fulis gaTeTrebis erTiani gageba,

vinaidan avtorTa erTi jgufi ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis qveS

moicavs procesebs, sxvadasxva manipulaciebs, romlis daxmarebiTac

ukanonod miRebul Semosavlebs eZleva legaluri saxe. sxva avtorebi Savi

fulis gaTeTrebas ki ganixilaven rogorc damnaSavis saboloo mizans,

romlis Sedegad ukanaskneli iZens legalur statuss da gamodis

danaSaulebrivi gziT miRebuli Semosavlebis kanonieri mflobeli. zemoT

moyvanili gansazRvrebebidan ramdenime moicavs ekonomikur arss. Tumca,

dRemde ar aris siRrmiseulad Seswavlili Savi fulis gaTeTrebis

                                                            69Глушков В., Теневые Процессы В Экономике: Области Формирования И Динамика Распространения, 2008, С.48-56 70Кондрат Е.Н., Основные Способы Легализации (Отмывания) Преступных Доходов Результате Совершения Коррупционных Преступлений, 2011, С.61-66.

30

ekonomikuri mniSvneloba. Cven SevecadeT, SemogveTavazebina Cveneuli

interpretacia: “aralegaluri saqmianobidan miRebuli ekonomikuri

sargeblis legalizacia mravaletapiani ukanono qmedebaa, romelic

negatiurad aisaxeba sazogadoebasa da mTlianad saxelmwifos

mdgomareobaze. Savi fulis gaTeTreba warmoadgens finansuri

institutebisa da informaciul-teqnologiuri instrumentebis gamoyenebiT

fuladi Semosavlebis ganawilebis, SeniRbvis, gardaqmnis process, romlis

mizania realuri wyaros damalva, SemdgomSi ekonomikur-funqcionalur

seqtorSi dabandebis mizniT, raTa arsebulma Semosavlebma miiRon

legaluri saxe kanonieri gamoyenebisaTvis”.

1.2. fulis gaTeTrebis socialur-ekonomikuri aspeqtebi

aRniSnul qveTavSi mimovixilavT Savi fulis gaTeTrebis efeqtebs

qveynis mdgrad ekonomikur ganviTarebaze da gamovavlenT aRniSnuli

danaSaulis kavSirs sxva aralegalur aqtivobebTan.

Savi fulis gaTeTrebis efeqtebis Sesaxeb arsebobs gansxvavebuli

mosazrebebi. zogierTi mocemuli kontrargumenti damajereblad gveCveneba,

magram SesaZloa, mcdari aRmoCndes da sakmaod saSiSi gardamavali

ekonomikis qveynebisaTvis. danaSaulebrivi gziT mopovebuli Savi fuli

axali danaSaulis Cadenas xmardeba, rac ekonomikis moSlas uwyobs xels71.

debuleba imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos Savi fulis gaTeTrebasTan brZola xels

uSlis saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis ekonomikur ganviTarebas, FATF-is

xelmZRvanelobis azriT, mcdaria. “sainvesticio SimSilis” pirobebSi

aralegaluri investiciebis mozidvam qveynis ekonomikas SesaZlebelia

mxolod droebiTi dadebiTi Sedegebi moutanos72.

Savi fulis zegavlena investiciebze. Savi fulis gaTeTrebis

problemis SeswavliT dakavebulma mecnierma o. okunkolam, romelmac

Seiswavla Savi fulis gaTeTrebis efeqtebi investiciebze, daaskvna, rom

Savi fulis gaTeTrebasa da sxva finansur danaSauls negatiuri

zemoqmedeba aqvs qveynis ekonomikur zrdasa da finansur stabilurobaze,

rac qmnis qveynebis urTierTTanamSromlobis saWiroebas aRniSnuli

                                                            71Malkin L., Elizuv Y., The Dilemma of Dirty Money, World Policy Journal, #3, 2008, P.38-47 72janaSia j., XXI saukunis gamowveva, 2002, gv.229-231

31

problemis negatiuri efeqtebis Sesamcireblad, romelic moicavs, magram ar

Semoifargleba, mxolod investiciebiT, samuSao adgilebiTa da axali

teqnologiebis danergviT73. grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universitetis

doqtor n. osaZis naSromSi “transnacionaluri danaSaulobis ekonomikur

formebTan brZolis problemebi“ Savi fulis gaTeTrebis

transnacionaluri xasiaTis tendenciebis kvlevisas dadginda, rom

saqarTveloSi aralegaluri Savi fulis arseboba da am saxsrebiT

investiciebis ganxorcieleba auaresebs mdgradi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

temps74.

a. aiodegis mixedviT Savi fulis gaTeTreba zemoqmedebs ekonomikur

zrdasa da finansur stabilurobaze. vinaidan, safinanso institutebi

mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben investiciebze, maT xeli unda Seuwyon Savi

fulis gaTeTrebis problemis Semcirebas resursebis mikvlevadobis

efeqturobis gazrdiT75.

a. idovum gamoikvlia, rom Savi fulis gaTeTrebas aqvs negatiuri

Sedegebi investiciebze, romelic moqmedebs mdgradi ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis zrdis tempze da safrTxis qveS ayenebs qveynis politikur

stabilurobasa Tu sazogadoebis usafrTxoebas76.

Savi fulis zegavlena pirdapir ucxour investiciebze. UNCTAD-is

mixedviT, pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi xels uwyobs adgilobrivi

biznesis ganviTarebas, saeqsporto konkurentunarianobis, dasaqmebulTa

raodenobisა da teqnologiuri SesaZleblobebis amaRlebas. Sedegad,

saxelmwifo maqsimalurad unda cdilobdes Seqmnas iseTi sainvesticio

klimati, romelic xels Seuwyobs investiciebis mozidvas77. pirdapiri

ucxouri investiciebi izrdeba, rodesac investorebs sjeraT, rom

saxelmwifo aqtiurad ebrZvis Savi fulis gaTeTrebis problemas.

amasTanave, Savi fulis gaTeTreba zemoqmedebs aramxolod erovnul

                                                            73Okunlola O., Money Laundering: A Threat To Sustainable Democracy In Nigeria, Journal Of Economics And Sustainable Development, 2014, P.91 74janaSia j., XXI saukunis gamowveva, Tbilisi, 2002, gv.5-6 75Aluko A., The Impact Of Money Laundering On Economic And Financial Stability And On Political Development Of Developing Countries, University Of London, London, 2011, P.107 76Idowu A., Anti-Money Laundering Policy And Its Effects On Bank Performance In Nigeria. Business Intelligence Journal, 2012, P.367-373 77United Nations Conference On Trade And Development, World Investment Report: Investor Nationality: Policy Challenges, 2016, P.116

32

Semosavalze, aramed pirdapir ucxour investiciebzec. Savi fulis

gaTeTreba ekonomikasa da biznesSi ganxilvis erT-erT aqtualur Temad

rCeba. sainteresoa mosazreba, rom iuridiuli normebis simkacrem SeiZleba

gamoiwvios investiciebis araTu mozidva, aramed qveynidan gatana78.

Savi fulis zegavlena ekonomikur zrdaze. b. bartletis kvlevis

Sedegad dadginda, rom Savi fulis gaTeTreba negatiurad zemoqmedebs

qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze, rac xels uSlis ekonomikur zrdas da

amcirebs qveynis mwarmoeblurobis dones, ukanono fondebs ki danaSaulisa

da korufciis sferoSi gadaisvris, ris Sedegadac mcirdeba ucxouri

investiciebis done da ekonomikuri aqtivoba79. arsebuli literaturis

analizma aseve gamoaSkarava Savi fulis kavSiri aramxolod mTlian Sida

produqtTan an pirdapir ucxour investiciebTan, aramed korufciis

maCveneblebTanac.

Savi fuli da korufcia. o. okunlola erT-erTi pirvelTagania,

romelmac aRmoaCina dadebiTi damokidebuleba korufciasa da Savi fulis

gaTeTrebas Soris. “Savi fulis gaTeTreba aris finansuri danaSauli,

romelsac negatiuri zegavlena aqvs ekonomikis ganviTarebaze,

gansakuTrebiT investiciebze”80. a. jeini kvlevebze dafuZnebiT gamoTqvams

mosazrebas, rom Savi fulis gaTeTreba arRvevs finansuri institutebis

funqcionirebas korufciiTa da saxelmwifo qonebis aramiznobrivi

flangviT, romelic xorcieldeba korumpirebuli pirisa da kriminalis

mier.“ anti-korufciuli da Savi fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis

meqanizmebis aqtiurad gamoyeneba zrdis investiciebis Semodinebis

maCveneblebs. korufcia SesaZloa, gamovlindes, politikosebis

gamdidrebiT, sajaro sikeTis miTvisebiT da ekonomikuri araefeqturobiT.

korufcia itacebs saxelmwifos rols resursebis gadanawilebaSi, riTac

vnebs makroekonomikur maCveneblebs81. z. drabeki da v. paini aRniSnaven, rom

investiciebi SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos korufciis doneze. orive

eqspertis mosazrebiT, arsebobs Savi fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg

                                                            78Ihsan I., & Razi A., Money Laundering - A Negative Impact On Economy, 2012, P.2-8 79Bartlet B. L., The Negative Effects Of Money Laundering On Economic Development, Platypus Magazine, December, 2002, 80Okunlola O. C., Money Laundering: A Threat To Sustainable Democracy In Nigeria, Journal Of Economics And Sustainable Development, 2014, P.91 81Jain A.K., Corruption: A Review. Journal Of Economic Surveys, 2001, 15, (1)

33

ramdenime iuridiuli dokumenti, romelsac SeuZlia gaTeTrebis procesebis

Seferxeba da aRniSnuli problemis donis Semcireba82. k. Canderi aseve

fiqrobs, rom arastabiluroba, korufciis maRali done da susti

sakanonmdeblo sistema biznes operatorebs kapitalis gatanisken ubiZgebs83.

a. marhubim Seiswavla damokidebuleba korufcias, fasebis donis,

Semosavlebis gadanawilebis efeqtebs Soris. misi azriT, korufcia zrdis

inflacias84. m. jonstonis kvlevis Sedegad ki dadginda, rom korufcia

zrdis inflaciasa da Semosavlebis gadanawilebas85. p. keeferma da s. kneqma

Seiswavles korufciis fenomeni da socialuri faqtorebi evrokavSiris

ramdenime qveyanaSi. kvlevebma daadgina, rom korufciam SeiZleba gamoiwvios

Semosavlebis araTanabari gadanawileba86. s. guptas, h. avudis da a. Termes

kvlevis mixedviT, korufcia da Savi fulis gaTeTreba xels uwyobs

siRaribis donis zrdas87. s. rouz-akermani sakuTar kvlevaSi amtkicebs, rom

korufciam da Savi fulis gaTeTrebam SeiZleba, gamoiwvios ekonomikuri

keTildReobis araracionaluri gadanawileba, rac iwvevs zogierTi

jgufisaTvis meti sargeblis miRebas, vidre sxvebisTvis88. korufcia zrdis

Semosavlebis uTanabrobas da aferxebs ekonomikis ganviTarebas. maRali

korufciis done zrdis Semosavlebis gadanawilebis uTanabrobas da

moqmedebs jinis koeficientze. korufciis zemoqmedeba Semosavlebis

uTanasworobas Soris gasaTvaliswinebelia. saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebma

SesaZlebelia, gamoiyenon sakuTari SesaZleblobebi aRniSnul

problemasTan dakavSirebiT. s. brijitma gamoikvlia, rom Savi fulis

gaTeTreba negatiurad zemoqmedebs ekonomikaze, rac zrdis finansuri

danaSaulisa da terorizmis dafinansebis SesaZleblobebs. Tu qveyanas

eqneba SesaZlebloba dasZlios Savi fulis gaTeTrebis problema, sxva

finansuri danaSauli da terorizmi, qveynis socialuri mdgomareoba

                                                            82Drabek Z., And Payne W., The Impact Of Transperency On Foreign Director Investment, Staff Working Paper, Geneva: World Trade Organization, 1999, Erad-99-02, 83Chander K., What Is Capital Flight? The World Economy, Vol. 25, 2002, P.341-58 84Fahim A., Al-Marhubi, Corruption And Inflation, 1999, P.27 85Johnston, M., Corruption, Inequality, And Change, Corruption, Development And Inequality, London: Routledge, 1989, P.13-37 86Keefer, P. And Knack, S., Why Don’t Poor Countries Catch Up? A Crossnational Test of an Institutional Explanation, Economic Inquiry 35, 1997, 590-602. 87Gupta, S., Davoodi, H., And Alonso-Terme, R., Does Corruption Affect Income Inequality And Poverty?” Economics of Governance 3: 2002, 23-45. 88Rose-Ackerman S., Corruption And Government: Causes, Consequences, And Reform, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, P.9

34

gaumjobesdeba89. zogierTi mecnieris azriT, mZime adgilobrivi fiskaluri

politikisaTvis Tavis aridebis mizniT, xSirad investorebs gaaqvT

kapitali sxva qveyanaSi90. aucilebelia, yuradReba gavamaxviloT

sagadasaxado sistemis mniSvnelobaze. qveynebSi arsebuli gansxvavebuli

sagadasaxado sistema erT-erTi faqtoria, romelic xels uwyobs kapitalis

gatanas sxva qveyanaSi, zustad amitom aris, rom sagadasaxado oazisebi

sakmaod efeqtianad izidaven ucxour investiciebs. saintereso kvleva aris

aseve warmodgenili j. Bradas mier, romelmac daaskvnes, rom pui-s 10%

aralegalur nakads warmoadgens91. arakanonieri gziT miRebuli fuladi

nakadebis moculoba, romelic gadaadgildeba ganviTarebadi qveynebidan,

SesaZlebelia, meti iyos vidre erTi trilioni aSS dolari wlis

ganmavlobaSi. mkvlevrebis azriT, qveynidan Savi fulis, kapitalis gatana

dakavSirebulia warmoSobis realuri wyaros damalviT, xolo ukanono

Semosavlebis legalizaciis procesze politikuri da organizaciul-

samarTlebrivi xasiaTis faqtorebis arseboba amcirebs aRniSnuli

problemis dones92.

Savi fulis gaTeTrebas aqvs sxvadasxva negatiuri efeqti qveynis

mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis. Tu mimovixilavT j. makdouelisa da j. novisis

kvlevas, SegveZleba gamovkveToT fulis gaTeTrebis negatiuri Sedegebi:

kerZo seqtorisaTvis legitimuri Ziris gamoTxra, kontrolis Semcireba

saxelmwifo struqturebSi, ekonomikuri stabilurobis rRveva, ekonomikuri

dovlaTis Semcireba, Tu sxv.93

1.3. fulis gaTeTrebis fazebi, meTodebi da xerxebi

am paragrafSi ganxilulia Savi fulis gaTeTrebis fazebi,

unificirebuli meTodebi da xerxebi. M

miuxedavad legalizaciis meqanizmebisa da sqemebis

                                                            89Yikona S., Slot B., Geller M., Hansen B., El Kadiri F., Ill-Gotten Money And The Economy, Experiences From Malawi And Namibia, 2011, P.16 90Commission Communication Com 254, Concerning the Need to Develop a Coordinated Strategy to Improve the Fight against Fiscal Fraud, 2006 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A52007AE0406 91Brada J.C., Et Al., Illicit Money Flows As Motivates For Fdi: Evidence from a Sample Tradition Economics, 2010, P.2 92FATF, The Use Of The FATF Recommendations To Combat Corruption, 2013, P.147 93Mcdowell J., And Novis G., The Consequence Of Money Laundering And Financial Crime, Economic Perspective, 2001, P.6-8

35

mravalferovnebisa, maTi safuZveli praqtikulad erTi teqnologiaa.. am

teqnologiis arsi ki Semdegia: moaxdinos arsebuli saxsrebis investireba

ise, rom aqtivebis wyarom eWvi ar gamoiwvios. dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad

aucilebelia ukanonod miRebuli resursis sxva saxis aqtivSi investireba.

teqnologiur operacias, rodesac pirvelad xdeba ukanono aqtivis

investireba, “ganTavseba” ewodeba.

sqema 2. ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlis wyaroebi

wyaro: a.n. litvinenko, e.u. kovaliova, ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis

legalizacia.

kriminaluri dajgufeba cdilobs, maleve gadavides meore-

“danawevrebis” fazaze. ukanono Semosavlebis mowyveta warmoSobis

wyarosgan mimarTulia kvalis arevaze, finansur operaciaSi legaluri da

aralegaluri aqtivebis SerwymiT. “danawevrebis” fazis Semdeg Savi fulis

gamTeTrebelTa qmedebebis gamomJRavneba rTuldeba. dgeba ukanaskneli

etapi, rodesac damkveTma unda miiRos Tavisi ukanono Semosavali

“legaluri” aqtivebis saxiT. kriminalistebis mier gasaTeTrebeli aqtivebi

partiebad iyofa da sxvadasxva sferoSi investirdeba.

cxrili 1. Savi fulis gaTeTrebis etapebi

ganTavseba danawevreba integracia

msxvili savaluto Tanxis formireba

dabali Rirebulebis mqone

banknotebiT

fuladi saxsrebis gadaadgileba sabanko angariSebze garigebis safuZvelze, raTa SeiniRbos

fuladi saxsrebis adgilmdebareobis da sakuTrebis

warmoSobis wyaro

gaTeTrebuli fuladi saxsrebis

ekonomikur aqtivobebSi

CarTva sxvadasxva finansuri

wyaroebi

narkobiznesi

iaraRis arakanonieri warmoeba da Semdgomi gayidva

trefikingi

danaSauli Tanamedrove teqnologiebis sferoSi

saxsrebis (maT Soris sabiujeto) arakanonieri gzebiT miTviseba

36

didi odenobiT ukanono valutis

konvertacia saeWvo formebSi

fiqtiuri pirebis angariSis gamoyeneba

instrumentebisa da garigebebis gamoyenebiT

Savi fulis deponireba ofSorul bankebSi, romlebic

regulirdeba Senatanebze informaciis gaucemlobis mkacri

kanonebiT

araoperirebadi da saeWvo korporaciebis gamoyeneba

wyaro: a.n. litvinenko, e.u. kovaliova, ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis

legalizacia.

Semdgom fazaze danawevrebuli aqtivebi konsolidirdeba

damkveTisaTvis mosaxerxebeli formiT. am etapma “integraciis” saxelwodeba

miiRo. “integraciis” stadiaze aralegaluri Semosavlebi ideba msoflio

sabanko sistemaSi keTilsindisierad naSovni saxsrebis saxiT94.

gaTeTrebis bazisuri sqemis samfaziani modeli amJamad yvelaze

gavrcelebulia samecniero literaturaSi. Tumca, Savi fulis gaTeTrebis

sqemebi mravalferovania. am sqemebis teqnologiebis Seswavla mniSvnelovani

Teoriuli da praqtikuli amocanaa, vinaidan maszea damokidebuli ukanono

Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis strategiis SerCeva.

gaTeTrebis analogiuri qmedebebi Sua saukuneebis evropaSi iyo

cnobili. vaWrebi mevaxSeebTan, molaparakebis safuZvelze procents

ixdidnen jarimis saxiT. mevaxSe xels uwyobda vaWars, gaeTeTrebina

aralegalurad miRebuli saxsrebi. vaWari ki vadagadacilebis periodSi

mevaxSes jarimebis saxiT awvdida solidur Tanxas95.

m. lanskim aseve aRmoaCina Sveicariis bankebis danomrili angariSebis,

bahamis ofSorebisa da saTamaSo biznesis upiratesobebi vinaidan miRebuli

Semosavali ar eqvemdebareba saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT dabegvras, miRebuli

Semosavlis wyaros identificireba saxelmwifos prioritetul interesTa

                                                            94Australian Government, Australian Transaction Reports And Analysis Centre, Introduction To Money Laundering, 2008, P.4 95Dr. Uribe R., Changing Paradigms On Money Laundering, Anti-Money Laundering Unit, America, Cicad/Oas, 2003, P.1

37

sferos scildeba. yvela did qveyanas aqvs Tavisi e.w. samalavi, sadac isini

fuls aTeTreben da gadasaxadebs malaven96.

sqema 3. Savi fulis gaTeTrebis riskis done TiToeul etapze

wyaro: a.n. litvinenko, e.u. kovaliova, ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis

legalizacia

sqema 4. Savi fulis mimRebi obieqtebi

                                                            96xaCiZe n., ofSorebi: yvela qveynis arCevnebis dafinansebis wyaro, anu vin vis ebrZvis ofSorul omSi; Tbilisi, 2016, gv.9

aRreva

integracia

maRali riski

maRali riski

saSualo riski

saSualo riski

Seqmna

konsolidacia

ganTavseba

realizacia

maRali riski

38

wyaro: a.n. litvinenko, e.u. kovaliova, ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis

legalizacia

biznesis sfero, romelic xasiaTdeba fuladi saxsrebis brunvis maRali

maCvenebliT

megobrebi da axloblebi

sadilero kompaniebi

obieqtebi

finansuri institutebi

turistuli saagentoebi

valutis gadamcvleli jixurebi

servisis mimwodebeli kompaniebi

39

sqema 5. meTodebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba damnaSaveebis mier Savi fulis gaTeTrebis ganTavsebis etapze

wyaro: a.n. litvinenko, e.u. kovaliova, ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis legalizacia

meTodebi

“smerfingi” – naRdi fulis gadaqceva

finansur instrumentad

wvrili banknotebis gadaqceva Zvirad Rirebul aqtivad

korespondentuli urTierTobebis

gamoyeneba bankebs Soris

ukanonod miRebuli Savi fulis gadaricxva

sazRvargareT

operaciebis struqturireba naRdi fuliT

sakanonmdeblo xarvezebis borotad

gamoyeneba yalbi kvalis Seqmna

koleqtiuri angariSebis gamoyeneba

tranzituli angariSebis gamoyeneba

finansur institutebze kontrolis daweseba

garantiebis gamoyeneba

gacvliTi saqmianoba

40

sqema 6. meTodebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba damnaSaveebis mier Savi fulis gaTeTrebis danawevrebis etapze

wyaro: a.n. litvinenko, e.u. kovaliova, ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis legalizacia

meTodebi 

qonebis yidva-gayidva

fuladi saxsrebis

gadaqceva finansur

instrumentad

Cekebis,

gadaricxvebis

gamoyeneba,

obligaciebisა da aqciebis SeZena,

sxv.

fulis ganTavseba

SesaZen aqtivebSi,

romelic SeiZleba

gaiyidos qveynis

SigniT an gareT

fondebis

eleqtronuli

gadaricxva

eleqtornuli

saSualebebis

gamoyeneba.

aRniSnuli meTodis

sirTules warmoadgens:

siswrafe, kvalis

damalvis maRali

xarisxi

Savi fulis

gadaricxva sxva

fondebis angariSze

fiqtiuri

garigebebis

gamoyenebiT

41

sqema 7. meTodebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba damnaSaveebis mier Savi fulis gaTeTrebis integraciis etapze

wyaro: a.n. litvinenko, e.u. kovaliova, ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis legalizacia

meTodebi

uZravi qonebis

gayidva

gaTeTreba kazinosa da

latariis meSveobiT

transfertuli

fasebi – Semosavali,

rogorc gansxvaveba

fiqtiur da realur

fass Soris

Savi fulis ganTavseba

SesaZen aqtivebSi,

romelic SeiZleba

gaiyidos qveynis

SigniT an gareT

sakuTrebis deponireba

sabanko angariSebze

garigeba fasis

matebiT

fiqtiuri kompaniebi

da yalbi kreditebi

garigeba fasTa

SemcirebiT

qvemoT mocemulia legalizaciis ZiriTadi meTodebi:

ukanono Semosavlis legalizacia sabanko sistemis gamoyenebiT

msoflio finansur sistemaSi bankebs centraluri adgili ukaviaT.

transnacionalur bankebs aqvT sakmaod farTo qseli filialebisა da

Svilobili bankebis saxiT mTel msoflioSi. globaluri da msxvili

transnacionaluri bankebi akontroleben mTeli sabanko aqtivebis

daaxloebiT 85%-s97. Semdegi donea adgilobrivi bankebi, romlebsac ucxour

bankebTan aqvT farTo sakorespondento urTierTobebis qseli. msoflio

sabanko sistemis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani jgufia ofSoruli bankebi. maT

gareSe praqtikulad arc erTi transnacionaluri bankis operaciebi ar

tardeba. Savi fulis gaTeTrebis sakiTxis mkvlevris p. bernaskonis azriT,

gamTeTreblis mizania hqondes sabanko angariSi Seulaxavi reputaciis mqone

bankSi. amisaTvis saWiroa, aralegaluri Savi fuli ganTavsdes damnaSavis

mier kontrolirebad, an patara moculobis bankis sabanko angariSze da

sakorespondento kavSirebis meSveobiT gadatanil iqnas msxvil, unaklo

reputaciis mqone bankSi, romlis angariSebzec ukanono Semosavlebi

kanonier saxes miiReben98. msxvili anonimuri sabanko sistemis naTel

magaliTad, romelic warmatebiT funqcionirebda 2002 wlamde, SeiZleba,

davasaxeloT avstriuli sistema “Semnaxveli wignaki“, romelic iZleoda

saSualebas, naRdi saxsrebi ganTavsebuliyo Semnaxvel wignakebze. is

ixsneboda garkveuli kodiT. koduri sityvis dasaxeleba sakmarisi iyo Savi

fulis gasanaRdeblad. arsebobda 26 milioni aseTi Semnaxveli wignaki,

romlebzec jamurad 50 miliard aSS dolarze meti inaxeboda99, Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT, rom avstriis mosaxleoba daaxloebiT 8.4 milionia,

sakmaod saintereso mignebaa100. saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mier

gamoxatulma negatiurma damokidebulebam avstriis xelisufleba aiZula,

gaeuqmebina anonimuri Semnaxveli wignakebis sistema. b. brexti ambobda: “Tu

gsurs Zarcva-iyide banki!“101. magaliTad, nauruSi 1990-ian wlebSi bankis

gaxsna daaxloebiT 6,500 aSS dolari Rirda102.

                                                            97http://www.allbanks.org/main/list/42.html 98Cambridge Study, Money Laundering, 2004, P.102-103 99Lilley P., Dirty Dealing, 2006, P.10-11 100http://www.austria.org/population/ 101Lilley P., Dirty Dealing, 2006, P.12 102Kochan N., The Washing Machine: How Money Laundering And Terrorist Financing Soils Us, 2011

 

43 

ukanono Semosavlis legalizacia arasabanko finansuri

institutebis meSveobiT

arasabanko finansuri institutebi-sadazRvevo kompaniebi, sapensio da

sxva fondebi iseve, rogorc fuladi gzavnilis sistemebi, mkacr

konkurencias uweven bankebs da aqtiurad gamoiyenebian ukanono Semosavlis

legalizaciisaTvis. Savi fulis gaTeTrebisaTvis sakmaod moqnili

instrumentia angariSsworebis centrebi, romlebic fulad davalebebs

asruleben. isini mosaxerxebelia rigi finansuri danaSaulebis Casadenad.

fulad davalebebs iyenebs daaxloebiT 30 milioni adamiani yovelwliurad

biznesis sawarmoeblad, aseve, ojaxebisaTvis Savi fulis gasagzavnad.

fuladi gzavnilebis seqtori sxva fuladi momsaxurebebis seqtorTan

SedarebiT didi ar aris, magram masze wvdoma gacilebiT martivi da iafia.

eleqtronuli fuladi gadaricxvebi da kriptovalutebi

axali meTodebi gulisxmobs internetiTa da telefoniT

ganxorcielebul gadaricxvebs. aSS-s federaluri finansuri organizaciis

eqspertTa sabWom SeimuSava saxelmZRvanelo saxelwodebiT “internetis

identifikacia sabanko garemoSi103“. dokumenti finansur organizaciebs

rekomendacias aZlevs, gamoiyenon klientis saidentifikacio monacemebi

iseTi formiT, rom misaRebi iyos am produqtebisa da maTi

momsaxurebisaTvis. bankebi finansuri sistemis erT-erTi elementia da is

Savi fulis gaTeTrebis sqemebSi gamoiyeneba.

Senatanebis danawevrebis teqnologia

saerTaSoriso moTxovnebis Sesabamisad, araerTi qveynis

sakanonmdeblo Tu normatiuli aqtiT ganisazRvra finansuri operaciebis

zRvruli limitebi (15,000 evro, 10,000 aSS dolari, 30,000 lari). am

limitebis farglebSi ganxorcielebuli operaciebis Sesaxeb savaldebulo

ar aris bankebis mier Sesabamisi saxelmwifo struqturisaTvis angariSgebis

formis miwodeba. imisaTvis, rom damnaSaveebma Tavi aaridon

ganxorcielebuli operaciebis Sesaxeb specialuri struqturebisaTvis

Setyobinebebis gagzavnas, Savi fuli iyofa mcire tranSebad.

birJebTan da safondo bazarTan dakavSirebuli Savi fulis

                                                            103Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, Supplement To Authentication In An Internet Banking Environment, P.1-12

 

44 

gaTeTrebis sqemebi

fasiani qaRaldebis bazarze operaciebis ganxorcieleba SeuZliaT

garkveul firmebs an sxva uflebamosil pirebs, magaliTad: brokerebs,

damoukidebel finansur konsultantebsa da sxv. yvelaze martivi da

gavrcelebulia e.w. dabrunebis meqanizmi, romelic Savi fulis gaTeTrebis

araerT sqemaSi gamoiyeneba. davuSvaT, danaSaulebriv dajgufebas

aralegaluri Savi fuli aqvs qveyanaSi, sadac ukanono Semosavlis

legalizaciis aRkveTis susti meqanizmebia. brokerTan dadebul

xelSekrulebaSi miTiTebulia, rom bazarze ganxorcielebuli

operaciebidan miRebuli Semosavali unda gadairicxos kargi reputaciis

mqone banksa da Savi fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis kontrolis

mkacri meqanizmebis mqone qveyanaSi. gaxsnil angariSze iricxeba

aralegaluri Savi fuli104.

Savi fulis gaTeTreba sadazRvevo meqanizmebis meSveobiT

sadazRvevo momsaxurebis msoflio bazari (sadazRvevo premiebis

moculobiT) Sefasebulia 5.0 trilion aSS dolarad105. sadazRvevo biznesi

metad mravalferovania. ukanono Semosavlebis mflobeli sadazRvevo

saagentosTan debs garigebas, romelic iTvaliswinebs sadazRvevo SemTxvevis

dadgomas. damnaSave sabanko angariSze aTavsebs Tanxas naRdi formiT, magram

banki, romelic icnobs sadazRvevo kompanias, ar amowmebs saxsrebis

warmoSobis wyaros. sadazRvevo SemTxvevis dadgomis Semdeg ki gaTeTrebuli

Savi fuli brundeba klientis angariSze. saWiroa mxolod Sesabamisi

sadazRvevo SemTxvevis dadgoma, romlis inscenirebac gamocdili Savi

fulis gamTeTreblisaTvis sakmaod martivia106. isini icnoben mzRvevels da

Tvlian, rom es kanonieri Savi fulia.

Savi fulis gaTeTreba arakomerciuli da saqvelmoqmedo

organizaciebis meSveobiT

saqvelmoqmedo da sxva arakomerciuli organizaciebi msoflio

ekonomikis mZlavri seqtoria. msoflioSi moqmedebs 610-ze meti

arakomerciuli, saqvelmoqmedo organizacia, romlebSic sakmaod soliduri

                                                            104Мельников В. Н., Мовсесян А. Г., Противодействие Легализации Отмывания Незаконных Доходов. Москва, 2007, С.169 105Global Insurance Market Opportunities, 2015, P.4 106 National Money Laundering Risk Assessment, 2015, P.11-12

 

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46 

wyaros Semowmebis gareSe. ofSoruli sabanko biznesi ofSoruli biznesis

yvelaze prestiJuli da rTuli seqtoria. sabanko dawesebulebebs wamyvani

adgili ukaviaT ofSorul finansur centrebSi, sadac saerTaSoriso sabanko

saqmianobisTvis Seqmnilia farTo SesaZleblobebi. ofSoruli bankebis

depozitebze arsebuli fuladi saxsrebis moculoba 21 trln. dolars

aRemateba110. ofSoruli kompaniebis upiratesobebis Sesaxeb mewarmeebisaTvis

kargadaa cnobili. rodesac saubaria ofSoruli biznesis upiratesobebze,

mxedvelobaSi aqvT misi anonimuroba da konfidencialuroba. britaneTis

mTavrobis monacemebiT, “arakeTilsindisieri“ ofSorebis gamo didi

britaneTi weliwadSi kargavs daaxloebiT 1 trilion dolars

gadasaxadebis saxiT111. rogorc klientebis, aseve kontragentebis saxiT,

qarTul sabanko seqtorSi yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba kviprosze, britaneTis

virjiniis kunZulebze, gibraltarsa da seiSelis kunZulebze

registrirebuli kompaniebi. m. lanski Tvlida, rom yvela transnacionaluri

finansuri sqema ZiriTadad ofSorebze gadis112. dResdReobiT, msoflioSi

daaxloebiT 100 ofSoruli zonaa, romelTa Soris umsxvilesad iTvleba

panama (registrirebulia daaxloebiT 400 aTasi kompania) da britaneTis

virjiniis kunZulebi (200 aTasze meti registrirebuli kompaniiT)113. axal

ekonomikur garemoSi Seiqmna msoflio ekonomikur istoriaSi unikaluri

SesaZlebloba “Crdilovani” ekonomikis ganviTarebisa da ukanono

Semosavlis legalizaciisaTvis. lankisTvis, ofSoruli biznesis erT-erTi

damaxasiaTebeli niSania konfidencialurobis problema114. aRniSnuli

garemoeba gamowveulia adamianebis mier gadasaxadebis Tavidan acilebis

surviliT, agreTve, sxvadasxva qveyanaSi saerTaSoriso vaWrobis

aqtivizaciisa da ucxouri kapitalis mizidvis mcdelobiT, romelic

efuZneba sxvadasxva saxis SeRavaTebis dawesebas. sxvadasxva saxis

SeRavaTiani pirobebi iqmneboda jer kidev finikielebis ayvavebis periodSi,

Semdgom Tavisufali vaWrobis centrad iqca aTenis pirveli sazRvao

kavSiris (delosis kavSiri, romelic C.w. 478–477 ww. aerTianebda egeosis

                                                            110Forbes, Super Rich Hide $21 Trillion Offshore, 2012 111Porteous K., Hudson M., And Chavkin S., The International Consortium Of Investigative Journalist, A Project Of The Center For Public Integrity, https://www.icij.org/blog/2013/04/release-offshore-records-draws-worldwide-response 112Richard Friman H., And Andreas P., The Illicit Global Economy And State Power, P.55 113Madinger J., Money Laundering: A Guide for Criminal Investigators. Third Edition, 2011, P.13 114Friman H. R., And Andreas P., The Illicit Global Economy And State Power, P.198-199

 

47 

zRvispira qalaqebsa da kunZulebs) dedaqalaqi-kunZuli delosi115.

ofSoruli iurisdiqciebi Savi fulis gaTeTrebis sqemebSi

ofSoruli iurisdiqciebi da ofSoruli bankebi Savi fulis

gaTeTrebis TiTqmis yvela sqemaSi gamoiyeneba. ofSori ewodeba teritorias,

sadac ucxoeli pirebis kuTvnili kompaniebi sargebloben gansakuTrebulad

SeRavaTiani sagadasaxado reJimiT. istoriulad, satrasto meqanizmi

namdvili mesakuTris vinaobis dasafarad gamoiyeneboda. Tanamedrove

msoflioSi iurisprudenciis sferoSi ingliselebis es udidesi miRweva

Sesabamisad Sefasda danaSaulebrivi samyaros mier. trasti-es aris

samarTlebrivi urTierToba, romelic warmoiSoba marwmuneblis mier

qonebis rwmunebulisaTvis sakuTrebaSi gadacemisas, raTa rwmunebuli

flobdes da marTavdes qonebas beneficiari marwmuneblis sasargeblod.

rwmunebuli flobs qonebas ara sakuTari mogebis miRebis mizniT, aramed

beneficiaris interesebisaTvis. trasti ZiriTadad im SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba,

rodesac aucilebelia qonebis izolireba misi mflobelis potenciuri

problemebisagan. Tumca, mflobels unda darCes garkveuli kontrolis, an

Semosavlis miRebis ufleba.

Savi fulis gaTeTrebis meqanizmebi brunvadi saxsrebis

gamoyenebiT

ganTavsebis fazaze Savi fulis gamTeTrebelma unda SeZlos naRdi

fulis gamoyeneba da anonimurobis dacva. rogorc ganvixileT, ukanono

Semosavlis legalizacia CikagoSi, samrecxaoebSi daiwyo. samrecxaos

biznesis arCeva ganapiroba im garemoebam, rom is dakavSirebuli iyo didi

odenobiT naRdi Savi fulis brunvasTan. samrecxao biznesis Semdeg

kriminalurma dajgufebam gadawyvita investiciebis ganxorcieleba rZis

warmoebaSi. dajgufebam daaarsa rZis kompania “midoumur deiri,” romelSic

aikrZala profkavSirebis saqmianoba. SemoiRes sortireba da akrZales

uxarisxo rZis gayidva CikagoSi. 1928 wels rZis warmoebis biznesis

Semosavalma 10 milion, xolo 1931 wels-50 milion amerikul dolars

miaRwia116. SeZenili standartebis Seusabamo rZe iZleoda SesaZleblobas,

dajgufebas mieRo damatebiTi Semosavali, romelic ukanono saqmianobidan

                                                            115Sharife K., Building Africa's Tax Havens, website: http://www.pambazuka.org/governance/building-africas-tax-havens 116William Tuohy J., The Milk Men, UK, 2001, P.1-2

 

48 

miRebul wyaros warmoadgenda, ris Semdegac legalizebul saxsrebs

urevdnen kvalis arevis mizniT. e. rebSerisa da v. valenkampas kvlevebiT,

danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis Sedegad mopovebuli fuladi saxsrebis

legalizaciisaTvis yvelaze aqtiurad Semdegi saxis organizaciebi

gamoiyeneba: barebi, sastumroebi, sxvadasxva kulturuli saRamoebis

momwyobi saagentoebi, antikvaruli maRaziebi, saiuvilerio maRaziebi,

momsaxurebis sfero, samSeneblo firmebi, dawesebulebebi, romlebic

vaWroben liToniTa Tu Zvirfasi qvebiT117. legalizaciis sqemebSi

lideroben is mimarTulebebi, romlebic anonimurobis dacvisa da didi

odenobiT naRdi Savi fuliT operirebis SesaZleblobas iZlevian. pirvel

rigSi, es aris saTamaSo biznesi, romlis didi nawilic xSirad

danaSaulebrivi dajgufebebis kontrols eqvemdebareba. 2015 wels msoflio

saTamaSo biznesis Semosavlebis moculobam 159,71 miliardi aSS dolari

Seadgina118. kazino pirveli arasabanko finansuri organizacia gaxda,

romlisganac Savi fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTis principebis Sesabamisi

specialuri programebis SemuSaveba moiTxoves. samarTaldamcavi organoebis

angariSebi cxadyofs, rom damnaSaveebi kazinoSi saxsrebs ZiriTadad

aralegaluri Savi fulis e.w. fiSkebze gadacvliT aTeTreben, ris merec

garkveuli periodi inaxaven maT. mogvianebiT damnaSaveebi fiSkebs cvlian

kazinos Cekze an fuladi saxsrebis romeliRac misamarTze miwodebas

iTxoven. aSS-s kazinodan miRebulma Semosavlebis moculobam 65,497 milioni

aSS dolari Seadgina119.

ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis miznebisaTvis metad popularulia

saerTaSoriso savaWro garigebebis dadeba. am mizniT umetesad gamoiyeneba

sportuli inventari, kompiuterebi, televizorebi, eleqtro aparatura,

avtomobilebi da sxv. ori yvelaze gavrcelebuli meTodi dakavSirebulia

saqonlis gadafasebasTan. sqema gadafasebis gamoyenebiT gulisxmobs iseTi

invoisis Sedgenas, romelic aRemateba Sesabamisi saqonlis realur

Rirebulebas. es importiors saSualebas aZlevs, gadaitanos fuladi

saxsrebi ofSorul zonaSi, rogorc importirebuli saqonlisaTvis

                                                            117Шашкова А.В, Международная И Национальная Практика Противодействия Коррупции И Отмыванию Незаконных Доходов. Практика Корпоративного Поведения, 2014, С.270 118http://www.statista.com/topics/1053/casinos/ globalcasinomarket 119http://www.statista.com/topics/1053/casinos/ U.S. casino market

 

49 

gadasaxdeli Tanxa. vinaidan kompania ar ixdis saSemosavlo gadasaxads

ofSorul zonebSi, isini realurze bevrad ufro maRal fass aweseben da

exmarebian fulis gaTeTrebaSi.

Zvirfasi liTonebisa da qvebis gamoyeneba ukanono Semosavlis

legalizaciisTvis

oqro da sxva Zvirfasi liTonebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi asrulebdnen

naRdi Savi fulis funqcias, amitom maTi gamoyeneba ukanono Semosavlis

legalizaciisaTvis savsebiT kanonzomieria. oqrosa da sxva Zvirfas

liTonebs aqvT upiratesoba-isini maRali faseulobis kompaqturi sagnebia.

oqro ,faqtobrivad, mTel msoflioSi iyideba naRd fulze. Savi fuli

yvelaze martivad maSin TeTrdeba, rodesac klienti ukanono gziT naSovni

saxsrebiT yidulobs gamyidvelisgan oqros. kriminaluri dajgufebebi

cdiloben, damalon oqros warmoSobis namdvili wyaro yalbi gadazidvis

dokumentebis Seqmnis gziT. es sqema maT xels uwyobT, ganaxorcielon

gadaricxvebi da gadaitanon aralegaluri saxsrebi. antverpenis (belgia)

almasis umsxviles bazarze yovelwliurad daaxloebiT 70 miliardi aSS

dolari xvdeba. am bazris tradiciaa garigebis dadebisas anonimurobis

dacva, rac idealur garemos hqmnis fulis gasaTeTreblad. FATF-ma

gamoavlina SemTxveva, rodesac adamianma SeiZina 2.4 milioni aSS dolaris

Rirebulebis saiuvilero nakeTobebi, risTvisac gadaixada naRdi fuli.

rogorc gairkva, mas ar hqonda mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili, arc

samsaxuri, xolo Tanxa miRebuli iyo narkotikebiT vaWrobidan120.

korumpirebuli pirebis roli Savi fulis gaTeTrebis sqemebSi

FATF yuradRebas uTmobs politikosebis rols ukanono Semosavlis

legalizaciis procesSi. im fuladi saxsrebis wyaro, romelic gavlenian

pirs surs gaaTeTros, SeiZleba, iyos korufciasTan dakavSirebuli

Semosavlebi. gavleniani politikuri pirebi xSirad iyeneben agentebs

finansuri operaciebis gansaxorcieleblad. am gziT gavleniani piri Tavs

aridebs makontrolebeli organoebis arasasurvel yuradRebas.

ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis ZiriTadi sqemebi

saqarTveloSi

ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis sqemebis tipebis dadgenisas

                                                            120FATF, Report Money Laundering And Terrorist Financing Through Trade In Diamonds, October 2013, P.114-115

 

50 

erovnuli Taviseburebebi umravles SemTxvevaSi ar gaiTvaliswineba. Tumca,

Cven ganvixilavT Savi fulis gaTeTrebis im calkeul meTodebs, romlebic

yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba saqarTveloSi. evropis sabWos Savi fulis

gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul RonisZiebaTa Semfasebel rCeul eqspertTa

mier saqarTvelos 2010 wlis gakeTebul SefasebaSi xazgasmulia swored

statistikuri monacemebis simwire da sagamoZiebo moqmedebebis srulyofisa

da ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis winaaRmdeg brZolis efeqtianobis

amaRlebis mizniT Savi fulis gaTeTrebis tipologiuri xerxebis

gamovlenis aucilebloba. ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis erT-erT

yvelaze martiv meTodad SesaZlebelia miviCnioT uZravi qonebis

yidva/gayidva. vinaidan savaldebulo ar aris nasyidobis xelSekrulebaSi

miTiTebuli Tanxis gadacemisa an miRebis faqtis dadastureba.

fulis gaTeTrebis erT-erTi moqnili meqanizmia finansuri

institutebis gamoyeneba, lombardebi, valutis gadamcvleli punqtebi da

bankebi. marTalia, isini ukve sakanonmdeblo regulirebis sferoSi arian

moqceulni, magram umetesad ar xdeba klientebis identificireba, rac karg

SesaZleblobas qmnis fulis gasaTeTreblad. sabanko seqtorSi aqtiurad

gamoiyeneba Semdegi meTodebi: saxsrebis danawevrebis teqnologia, kvalis

arevis meTodi da fiqtiuri garigebebis dadeba, magram invoisebisa da

kontraqtebis realurobis dadgena praqtikulad SeuZlebelia121. aseve, xdeba

fiqtiuri pirebis gamoyeneba tranzaqciebis gansaxocieleblad. unda

aRiniSnos, sakanonmdeblo gamonaklisiT efeqturad sargeblobis

SesaZleblobac. magaliTad, sabanko angariSze depozitis ganTavseba, Tanxis

odenobis miuxedavad ar ganekuTvneba savaldebulo reJimSi gadasacem

operaciaTa kategorias im mizeziT, rom aRniSnulma zomam ar gamoiwvios

sabanko sistemaSi naRdi fuladi resursis Sedinebis Semcireba.

mocemul TavSi gavecaniT Savi fulis gaTeTrebis sxvadasxva meTods

da gamovikvlieT, rom arsebobs erTi unificirebuli midgoma, romelic

gulisxmobs ganTavsebas, danawevrebasa da gaerTianebas. amasTanave,

gamovikvlieT, TiToeul etapze riskis done, vinaidan maszea damokidebuli

ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis strategiis SerCeva. vnaxeT, rom

Savi fulis gaTeTrebis sqemebs ZiriTadad ar axasiaTebT nacionaluri

                                                            121saqarTvelos kanoni, saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi

 

51 

Taviseburebebi da maTi tipebis dadgenisas amis gaTvaliswineba ar xdeba,

vinaidan ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciasTan dakavSirebuli yvela

garigebis umetesoba atarebs transnacionalur xasiaTs. aseve, mimovixileT

ofSoruli zonis upiratesobebi, Savi fulis gaTeTrebiT dainteresebuli

pirTaTvis da kvlevis safuZvelze gamovavlineT saqmianobis iseTi tipebi,

romlebic aqtiurad gamoiyeneba Savi fulis gasaTeTreblad.

Tavi II. fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis saerTaSoriso

gamocdileba

2.1. saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg

brZolaSi

am paragrafis mizania ukanonod miRebuli fuladi saxsrebis

 

52 

legalizaciasTan dakavSirebiT saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis Seswavla.

aRniSnuli kvleva moicavs fulis gaTeTrebasTan mebrZoli saerTaSoriso

organizaciebisa da gaerTianebebis gacnobas iseve, rogorc sxvadasxva

samecniero JurnalSi, qveynebis sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi saerTaSoriso

normativebis mimoxilvas.

XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolos da 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi

saerTaSoriso danaSaulis aRkveTis mizniT miRebul iqna zomebi122. 1989

wels parizSi “didi Svideulis“ warmomadgeneli qveynebis Sexvedraze

Seiqmna fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis finansur qmedebaTa

specialuri jgufi, Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF), romelic

moicavs 35 saxelmwifosa da or regionul organizacias-evrokomisiasa da

sparseTis yuris qveynebis TanamSromlobis sabWos123. FATF-is ofisi

ganTavsebulia ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis,

the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) SenobaSi, parizSi124.

fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg finansur qmedebaTa specialuri jgufi

Tavisi saqmianobis koordinirebas axdens gaerosTan, evrosabWosTan,

msoflio bankTan, evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankTan,

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondTan, interpolTan, saerTaSoriso

TanamSromlobis sabWosa da sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan125. FATF-is

struqturis samuSao jgufebi dakavebulni arian statistikis, ukanono

Semosavlis legalizaciis iuridiuli sakiTxebiTa da rekomendaciebis,

winadadebebisa Tu sxva normis SemuSavebiT. 1990 wlis TebervalSi FATF-ma

SeimuSava 40 specialuri rekomendacia, romelic miznad isaxavs erovnul

doneze fulis gaTeTrebis procesis aRkveTis xelSewyobas126. FATF ikvlevs

da axdens ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis ZiriTadi sqemebis

klasificirebas da periodulad afasebs, sruldeba Tu ara misi

rekomendaciebi. ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis winaaRmdeg brZolis

                                                            122Standard Chartered, Fighting Financial Crime, What Is Money Laundering? August, 2017, P.1 123Financial Action Task Force (FATF), website: http://www.fatf-gafi.org/faq/membercountriesandobservers/ 124The Organisation For Economic Co-Operation And Development (OECD), website: https://www.oecd.org/cleangovbiz/toolkit/moneylaundering.htm 125Institute Of International And European Affairs, Setting And Implementing Global Standards Against Money Laundering And Terrorist Financing, Dublin, Ireland, February, 2014, P.2-4 126International Standards On Combating Money Laundering And The Financing Of Terrorism & Proliferation, The FATF Recommendations, February, 2012, P.11-31

 

53 

efeqturobis Sefaseba FATF-is mier SemuSavebuli specialuri meTodikis

mixedviT xdeba. konkretulad ki, SeimCneva Tu ara Sida erovnul

kanonmdeblobaSi fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg progresi. FATF-is

saqmianobis erT-erTi mimarTulebaa im qveynebis monitoringi, romlebic

gamoiyeneba organizebuli danaSaulobis mier ukanono Semosavlebis

legalizaciisTvis da periodulad awyobs sxvadasxva qveyanaSi finansur,

iuridiul da sakanonmdeblo problemebze konferenciebs. FATF-is 40

rekomendacia ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis legalizaciis aRkveTis

iniciativiT 1990 wels SemuSavda. 1996 wels rekomendaciebi gadaixeda. imave

wels es rekomendaciebi moiwona 130-ze metma saxelmwifom127.

rekomendacia 1-3 eZRvneba fulis gaTeTrebis kriminalizacias,

romelic ixilavs fulis gaTeTrebas rogorc danaSauls, romelic

aucilebelia, gaTvaliwinebul iqnas yvela civilizebuli qveynis

kanonmdeblobaSi;

rekomendaciebSi 4-20 asaxulia normebi, romlebic exeba

finansuri organizaciebis meSveobiT ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa

da terorizmis dafinansebis aRkveTas;

rekomendaciebi 21-22 ganixilavs calkeuli zomebis miRebis

sakiTxs im qveynebTan mimarTebaSi, romelTa sakanonmdeblo meqanizmebi ar

Seesabameba FATF-is rekomendaciebs;

rekomendaciebi 23-25 exeba regulirebisa da zedamxedvelobis

sakiTxebs;

rekomendaciebi 26-32 moicavs kompetenturi organoebis

resursebsa da uflebamosilebas;

rekomendaciebSi 33-34 miTiTebulia iuridiuli pirebis

gamWvirvalobis uzrunvelsayofad misaRebi zomebi;

rekomendaciebSi 35-40 aRwerilia saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis

wesebi.

FATF‐is rekomendaciebis gavlena da mniSvneloba uzarmazaria. maT

aCvenes, rom saerTaSoriso sazogadoebas aqvs TviTorganizebis mZlavri

                                                            127FATF, International Standards On Combating Money Laundering And The Financing Of Terrorism & Proliferation, 2016, P.11-31

 

54 

meqanizmi, raTa aRkveTos fulis gaTeTreba da saerTaSoriso danaSauloba

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi da specialuri qvedanayofebi

aqtiurad monawileoben ekonomikuri danaSaulebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.

magaliTad, finansuri da maRalteqnologiuri danaSaulebis ganyofilebis

dakvirvebis obieqti fulis gaTeTrebasTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulebia128.

aRniSnuli danaSaulebi ZiriTadad plastikuri baraTebisa da sxva

teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT xorcieldeba.

sqema 8. fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis miznebi

wyaro: a.n. litvinenko, e.u. kovaliova, ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis

legalizacia

egmontis jgufi 1995 wels 9 ivniss Seiqmna. misi saxelwodeba

momdinareobs briuselSi egmontis jgufis pirveli Sekrebis adgilis-

egmont-arenbergis sasaxlis saxelwodebidan. egmontis jgufis mizania

qveynebis finansuri monitoringis uwyebebs Soris TanamSromlobis

koordinaciisa da informaciis urTierTgacvlis xelSewyoba. egmontis

jgufSi amJamad 155 qveynis finansuri monitoringis uwyebaa gaerTianebuli.

saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuri egmontis jgufis wevria

2004 wlis 23 ivnisidan da aqtiurad aris CarTuli jgufis saqmianobaSi.

egmontis jgufis struqtura moicavs umaRles mmarTvel organos masSi

gawevrianebuli sxvadasxva qveynebis finansuri monitoringis ufrosebis

generaluri asambleis saxiT, romelic sul mcire weliwadSi erTxel

ikribeba129. egmontis jgufis saqmianobas safuZvlad udevs qartia, biujeti

ki formirdeba wevri saxelmwifoebis yovelwliuri SenatanebiTa da

                                                            128Europol Interpol Cybercrime Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, October, 2015, P.5 129ssip saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuri, veb.gverdi: https://www.fms.gov.ge/geo/page/egmont-group

miznebi

sakanonmdeblo bazis SemuSaveba Savi fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad

adekvaturi administraciuli sistemis formireba, fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad makoordinirebuli organos gamoyofiT

finansur institutebze zedamxedvelobis gamkacreba, romelic miscems saeWvo an ukanono saqmianobis gakontrolebis SesaZleblobas

efeqturi saerTaSoriso meTodebis danergva fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad

 

55 

nebayoflobiTi SemowirulobebiT130. egmontis jgufTan TanamSromlobiTa

da gaeros iniciativis farglebSi fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTis xelSewyobis

mizniT, Seiqmna monacemTa saerTaSoriso baza, romelic moicavs ukanono

Semosavlis legalizaciasTan dakavSirebul danaSaulebis Sesaxeb

monacemebs131.

sqema 9. fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis

meqanizmebi

wyaro: a.n. litvinenko, e.u. kovaliova, ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis

legalizacia

fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTaSi mniSvnelovani roli ukavia

evropis sabWos, romelic 1949 wels q. londonSi Seiqmna dasavleT evropis

aTi saxelmwifos sagareo saqmeTa ministrebis mier am organizaciis

wesdebis xelmoweris Sedegad. 1949-1970 ww. organizaciaSi gawevrianda

dasavleT evropis kidev 8 saxelmwifo. 1990 wlamde evropis sabWo dasavleT

evropis saxelmwifoTa gaerTianebad rCeboda. 1989 wels man SemoiRo

qveynebisaTvis specialuri stumris statusis miniWebis instituti, riTac

xeli Seewyo am organizaciis arawevr saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobis

damyarebas. post-komunistur sivrceSi ganviTarebulma procesebma evropis

sabWos wevrTa Semadgenlobazec iqonia gavlena. q. venaSi, 1993 wels Catarda

wevri saxelmwifoebis samiti, sadac oficialurad dadasturda

organizaciis gafarTovebis politika: masSi gawevrianda socialisturi

banakis mravali saxelmwifo. dReisTvis damfuZnebeli 10 saxelmwifos

garda, sabWos wevri kidev 36 saxelmwifoa, maT Soris saqarTvelo. evropis

                                                            130Egmont, 15 Years Of Trust And Confidence, Annual Report, June 2009-July 2010, P.3 131International Money-Laundering Information Network/Anti-Money-Laundering International Database, United Nations Office On Drugs And Crime, website: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/money-laundering/imolin-amlid.html

meqanizmebi

iuridiuli da fizikuri pirebis finansuri da sagadasaxado aRricxva

sakuTari surviliT informaciis mowodeba fizikuri pirebis mier

adgilobrivi da ucxouri samarTaldamcavi organoebis operatiuli moqmedeba

profesiuli asociaciebis da TviTregulirebadi organizaciebis kontroli

fulis gaTeTrebis obieqtze zedamxedvelobis pasuxismgebeli piris gamoyofiT

kompaniebisa da bankebis gasvliTi kontroli

Sida auditoruli Semowmeba

 

56 

sabWo ganixilavs evropis Tanamegobrobis yvela umniSvnelovanes sakiTxs,

rogorebicaa: adamianis uflebebi, masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi,

TanamSromloba samarTlebriv dargSi, socialuri da ekonomikuri

sakiTxebi, ganaTleba da sxv.132

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa evropis sabWos fulis gaTeTrebis

winaaRmdeg mimarTul RonisZiebaTa Semfasebel rCeul eqspertTa komiteti

da ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis

winaaRmdeg mebrZoli evraziis jgufi, romelTa saqmianobaSic monawileobs

saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuri. evropis sabWos fulis

gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul RonisZiebaTa Semfasebel rCeul

eqspertTa komiteti-MONEYVAL moqmedebs evropis sabWos mandatiT. igi 1997

wels evropis sabWos wevri saxelmwifoebis iniciativiT Seiqmna. komitetis

miznad ganisazRvra fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRdeg brZolis saerTaSoriso

meqanizmebTan evropis sabWos wevri saxelmwifoebis erovnuli sistemebis

Sesabamisobis Sefaseba. Tavis saSemfaseblo saqmianobaSi MONEYVAL-is

komiteti FATF-is rekomendaciebsa da praqtikas eyrdnoba. 1999 wlidan

saqarTvelo evropis sabWos fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul

RonisZiebaTa Semfasebel rCeul eqspertTa komitetis wevria. komitetSi

saqarTvelos warmoadgenen saqarTvelos iusticiis saministro,

saqarTvelos prokuratura da saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis

samsaxuri, romelic xelmZRvanelobs saqarTvelos delegacias133.

MONEYVAL-is komiteti 30 wevrs aerTianebs. komitetis saqmianobis ZiriTadi

mizania fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis saerTaSoriso meqanizmebTan

evropis sabWos wevri saxelmwifoebis erovnuli sistemebis Sesabamisobis

Sefaseba134.

sabanko kontrolis ofSoruli jgufi daarsda XX saukunis

bolos oqtomberSi bazelis komitetis iniciativiT. Sexvedrebi da

sakiTxebis aqtiuri ganxilva umetesad weliwadSi erTxel xdeba. jgufi 17

saxelmwifos iniciativiT daarsda. dResdReobiT, axali monawileebi

                                                            132Council of Europe, website: https://www.coe.int/web/portal/home 133ssip saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuri, veb.gverdi: https://www.fms.gov.ge/geo/page/egmont-group 134Council Of Europe, Committee Of Experts On The Evaluation Of Anti-Money Laundering Measures And The Financing Of Terrorism, MONEYVAL: 15 Years Fighting Money Laundering In Europe, 2012, P.1-2

 

57 

jgufSi garkveuli pirobebis dakmayofilebis Semdeg miiReba, rac

damokidebulia Sesabamis saerTaSoriso standartebTan dakavSirebuli

iurisdiqciis valdebulebebze, aseve sawevro gadasaxadze. amJamad, jgufis

wevrebi arian 19 saxelmwifos sabanko zedamxedvelobis organo. ZiriTad

miznad ki dasaxelda:

saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba sazRvrispira regionuli sabanko

zedamxedvelobis saerTaSoriso standartebis SemuSavebasa da

ganxorcielebaSi;

jgufis wevr qveynebSi saerTaSoriso principebze dafuZnebuli

sabanko zedamxedvelobis standartebis danergva da jgufis wevri

saxelmwifoebis sabanko regulatorTa muSaobis ormxrivi Sefasebebis

Catareba.

saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba aqtiurad monawileobs Savi fulis

gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolisa da terorizmis dafinansebis sakiTxebSi

Sesabamisi saerTaSoriso standartebis gaumjobesebiT, FATF-is muSaobaSi

monawileobis miRebiT da maT mier SemuSavebuli standartebis danergviT.

jgufi aseve aqtiurad TanamSromlobs sabanko zedamxedvelobis bazelis

komitetTan da aqtiur rols TamaSobs saerTaSoriso standartebis

SeqmnaSi135.

1992 wlis 25 ivniss Savi zRvis auzis 11 qveynis: albaneTi,

somxeTi, azerbaijani, bulgareTi, saqarTvelo, saberZneTi, moldova,

rumineTi, ruseTis federacia, TurqeTi da ukraina (serbeTi SeuerTda 2004

wlidan) saxelmwifo da mTavrobaTa meTaurebma, evropaSi mimdinare

movlenaTa swrafi cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, bosforis gancxadebis

miRebiTa da stambolis deklaraciis xelmoweriT safuZveli Cauyares Savi

zRvis ekonomikur TanamSromlobas, rasac safuZvlad daedo helsinkis

daskvniT aqtSi, evropaSi usafrTxoebisa da TanamSromlobis organizaciis

mier miRebul dokumentebSi da saerTaSoriso samarTlis sxva sayovelTaod

aRiarebuli principebi. Tanamegobrobis mTavar miznebs warmoadgenda

regionis ekonomikuri ganviTareba da stabiluroba, wevri qveynebis xalxis

keTildReoba da Savi zRvis sivrceSi demokratiuli procesebis

xelSewyoba. Savi zRvis ekonomikur TanamSromlobam moaxerxa regionuli                                                             135The Group of International Finance Centre Supervisors, http://www.gifcs.org/index.php/about/history

 

58 

iniciatividan saerTaSoriso ekonomikur organizaciad gardaqmna.

gadawyvetilebis mimRebi mTavari regularuli organoa-sagareo saqmeTa

ministrTa sabWo, romlis sxdomasac win uswrebs ufrosi Tanamdebobis

pirTa komitetis Sexvedra. dargobrivi samuSao jgufebi, romlebic

atareben regularul Sexvedrebs, moicaven TanamSromlobis mraval sferos,

maT Soris organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolis sakiTxebze,

statistikisa da informaciis gacvlis sakiTxebze, mecnierebisa da

teqnologiebis sakiTxebze, sabanko da safinanso sakiTxebze,

institucionaluri ganaxlebisa da myari mmarTvelobis sakiTxebze, sabaJo

sakiTxebze, saorganizacio sakiTxebze da sxv.136 fulis gaTeTrebis

winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad ki Savi zRvis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis

farglebSi xelmoweril iqna Semdegi mravalmxriv SeTanxmebebi, maT Soris:

SeTanxmeba wevri qveynebis mTavrobebs Soris danaSaulTan,

gansakuTrebiT ki mis organizebul formebTan brZolaSi TanamSromlobis

Sesaxeb;

wevri qveynebis mTavrobebs Soris danaSaulTan, gansakuTrebiT

ki mis organizebul formebTan brZolaSi TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb

SeTanxmebis damatebiTi oqmi;

wevri qveynebis mTavrobebs Soris danaSaulTan, gansakuTrebiT

ki mis organizebul formebTan brZolaSi TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb

SeTanxmebis damatebiT oqmi terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb137. 

aziis wynari okeanis regionuli ofisi dafuZnda 1995 wels

avstraliis mTavrobis mxardaWeriT. sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan

TanamSromlobiT, samdivno aqtiurad muSaobs aziis qveynebTan da iRebs

pasuxismgeblobas fulis gaTeTrebis sawinaaRmdego politikisa da

iniciativebis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb. amasTanave, igi uzrunvelyofs fulis

gaTeTrebasTan brZolis efeqtiani meTodebis SemuSavebas. 1997 wlis

TebervalSi, fulis gaTeTrebis sakiTxze gamarTuli meoTxe ukanasknel

simpoziumis Sedegad, aziis/wynari okeanis jgufi oficialurad

Camoyalibda avtonomiur organod, romelic Tavdapirvelad aerTianebda 13

                                                            136saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministros oficialuri veb.misamarTi: http://www.mfa.gov.ge/MainNav/ForeignPolicy/MultilateralRelations/BSEC.aspx 137The Black Sea Economic Cooperation, www.bsec-organization.org 

 

59 

wevr qveyanas. 1997 wlidan moyolebuli aRniSnuli organo saerTaSoriso

savaluto fondis, msoflio bankis, gaeros narkotikebisa da danaSaulis

ofisis, gaeros terorizmis aRmasrulebeli direqtoris, aziis ganviTarebis

bankis, Tanamegobrobis samdivnos, interpolisa da sxva organizaciebis

aqtiuri mxardaWeriT swrafad izrdeba138.

ukanono Semosavlis legalizacias komerciuli organizaciebic

ebrZvian. 2000 wlis 30 oqtombers msoflios 11-ma wamyvanma bankma-Societe

Generale, Deutsche Bank AG, ABN, AMRO Bank N.V., Banco Santander Central Hispano S.A.,

Credit Suisse Group, UBS AG, HSBC da Barclays Bank-ma xeli moaweres sabanko

seqtorSi fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb sayovelTao direqtivebs

(Wolfsberg Anti-Money Laundering Principles-volfsbergis principebi)139.

volfsbergis principebis SemuSavebaSi monawileoba miiRo OECD-im da

Transparency International-ma, romlebic dakavebulni arian korufciis winaaRmdeg

globaluri brZolis sakiTxebiT.

sainteresoa ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis

dafinansebis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli evraziis jgufi-The Eurasian Group on

Combating Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism, (EAG), romelic 2004 wels

Seiqmna. misi ZiriTadi amocanebi moicavs ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis

winaaRmdeg brZolis sferoSi saerTaSoriso standartebis gavrcelebas,

finansuri dazvervis farglebSi erToblivi RonisZiebebis SemuSavebas,

ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis

winaaRmdeg brZolis efeqturobis Sefasebas, fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg

brZolis gamocdilebis gaziarebasa da TanamSromlobis programis

koordinacias140.

fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi aseve mniSvnelovan

rols asrulebs angariSsworebis saerTaSoriso banki141, fasiani

qaRaldebis komisiis saerTaSoriso organizacia, romelic aerTianebs 70-ze

                                                            138Asia / Pacific Group On Money Laundering, website: http://www.apgml.org/about-us/page.aspx?p=91ce25ec-db8a-424c-9018-8bd1f6869162 139The Wolfsberg Group, Nk, Wolfsberg Statement On The Suppression Of The Financing Of Terrorism, 2002, P.1 140Agreement on the Eurasian Group on Combating Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism, https://eurasiangroup.org/Agreement.pdf 141The BCBS Expands Its Guidelines On Anti-Money Laundering And Countering Terrorist Financing With A "General Guide To Account Opening", 2016, P.1-2

 

60 

meti qveynis saxelmwifo organos142, finansuri stabilizaciis forumi,

romelic SeimuSavebs zomebs msoflioSi finansuri stabilurobis dacvis

mizniT143.

sqema 10. saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba CarTuli fulis gaTeTrebis

winaaRmdeg brZolaSi

wyaro: a.n. litvinenko, e.u. kovaliova, ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis

legalizacia

Savi fulis gaTeTrebis problemis mogvarebis mizniT araerTi

konvenciaa miRebuli bolo aTwleulebis manZilze.

ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis winaaRmdeg brZolis

fuZemdebluri dokumentia 1988 wlis 20 dekembris “narkotikuli

saSualebebisa da fsiqotropuli nivTierebebis ukanono brunvis winaaRmdeg

brZolis Sesaxeb“ gaeros venis konvencia, romelSic daisva organizebuli

danaSaulobis winaaRmdeg brZolis sakiTxi144. konvenciaSi yuradReba eTmoba

ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis sferoSi saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis

sakiTxebs. monawileebs ekisrebaT valdebuleba, miiRon sakanonmdeblo

zomebi, romlis Tanaxmadac kompetentur organoebs ufleba eqnebaT gascen

gankarguleba komerciuli dokumentebis wardgenis Sesaxeb.

                                                            142Objectives And Principles Of Securities Regulation, International Organization Of Securities Commissions, May 2003, P.16 143Financial Stability Board, Press Releases, Further Action Agreed To Address Decline In Correspondent Banking Relationships, P.1-2, July, 2017 144United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic In Narcotic Drugs And Psychotropic Substances, United Nations, 1988, P.4

saerTaSoriso

organizaciebi

Savi zRvis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis

organizacia

egmontis jgufi

fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli azia-wynari okeanis

Tanamegobroba

sabanko kontrolis ofSoruli jgufi

fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul

RonisZiebaTa Semfasebel rCeul eqspertTa komiteti

fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg finansuri

zomebis mimRebi samuSao jgufi

fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg finansuri zomebis mimRebi karibis zRvis qveynebis samuSao jgufi

 

61 

1988 wlis dekemberSi “didi Svideulis” qveynebis centraluri

bankebis xelmZRvanelobam bazelSi miiRo deklaracia, e.w. bazelis

deklaracia, romelSic aisaxa is principebi, romliTac xelmZRvaneloben

sabanko sistemebi fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad145.

efeqturobisaTvis rekomendirebulia bankTan urTierTobis damyarebis

msurveli piris identificireba da finansuri garigebebis sferoSi moqmedi

sakanonmdeblo da normatiuli aqtebis dacvis aucilebloba.

ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRmkveTi ZiriTadi

saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqtia “danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis Sedegad

miRebuli Semosavlebis gamovlenis, amoRebisa da konfiskaciis Sesaxeb’’

evropis sabWos konvencia, miRebuli 1990 wlis 8 noembers strasburgSi,

romelic aaxlovebs ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis samarTlebriv

Sefasebas monawile qveynebis kanonmdeblobebSi da SeimuSavebs

saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis formebsa da procedurebs146.

2000 wels, palermoSi, gaeros samitze miiRes konvencia

“transnacionaluri organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolis

Sesaxeb”147, romlis mixedviT gaTvaliswinebulia sakuTrebis konfiskacia,

rodesac qoneba mopovebulia danaSaulebrivi gziT. agreTve, sabanko

saidumloebis ugulebelyofis aucilebloba, Tu finansuri operacia

dakavSirebulia aralegaluri kapitalis legalizebasTan. gaeros konvencia,

romelic miRebulia 2003 wels amyarebs mWidro samarTlebriv kavSirs

korufciasa da ukanono Semosavlis legalizacias Soris148.

“danaSaulebrivi gziT miRebuli Semosavlebis gaTeTrebis,

moZiebis, amoRebisa da konfiskaciis da terorizmis dafinansebis Sesaxeb“

evropis sabWos konvencia SemuSavebulia 2005 wlis 16 maiss. saqarTvelos

parlamentma misi ratificireba moaxdina 2013 wels. konvenciis monawilea 38

subieqti (maT Soris evrosabWos wevri 37 saxelmwifo da saerTaSoriso

organizacia evrokavSiris saxiT), romelTaganac, dRevandeli mdgomareobiT,

                                                            145The Basel Committee On Banking Supervision In Basel, Switzerland, A Set Of Minimum Capital Requirements For Banks, 1988, P.1-2 146Recommendation No. R (91) 12 Of The Committee Of Ministers To Member States Concerning The Setting Up And Functioning Of Arbitral Tribunals Under Article 42, Paragraph 2, Of The Convention Of 8 November 1990 On Laundering, Search, Seizure And Confiscation Of The Proceeds From Crime 147United Nations Office On Drugs And Crime, United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime And The Protocols Thereto, 2017 148United Nations Office On Drugs And Crime, United Nations Convention Against Corruption, New York, 2004, P.1

 

62 

25-s aqvs ratificirebuli149. varSavis konvencia efuZneba fulis gaTeTrebis

mimarTulebiT arsebul saerTaSoriso gamocdilebas, mxedvelobaSi iRebs

evropis sabWos 1990 wlis konvencias “danaSaulebrivi gziT miRebuli

Semosavlebis gaTeTrebis, moZiebis, amoRebisa da konfiskaciis Sesaxeb” da

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis generaluri asambleis mier 1999 wlis 9

dekembers miRebul saerTaSoriso konvencias “terorizmis dafinansebis

aRkveTis Sesaxeb" da misi mizania sazogadoebis dacvisaken mimarTuli

erTiani sisxlis samarTlis politikis ganxorcieleba. konvencia

avaldebulebs mxareebs miiRon iseTi sakanonmdeblo zomebi, romlebic

SesaZleblobas miscems “uzrunvelyon ukanono warmoSobis qonebis an am

danaSauliT miRebuli Semosavalis moZiebis, gamovlenis, amocnobis,

dayadaRebis, amoRebis da konfiskaciis SesaZlebloba, romelic mTlianad

an nawilobriv gamoiyeneba an gamoyofilia nebismieri gziT gamosayeneblad,

aralegaluri aqtivobebis dasafinanseblad da uzrunvelyos am mizniT

TanamSromloba maqsimaluri SesaZleblobis farglebSi“, “aucileblobis

SemTxvevaSi konfiskacia gaukeTon im saSualebebs da Semosavals an qonebas,

romelTa Rirebulebac Seesabameba am Semosavals da gaTeTrebul qonebas”,

“swrafad moaxdinon identificireba, gamoavlinon, yadaRa daadon an

amoiRon qoneba, romelic eqvemdebareba konfiskacias”, “finansuri dazvervis

samsaxurs an, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, nebismier sxva kompetentur

organoebs, rodesac arsebobs eWvi, rom garigeba dakavSirebulia fulis

gaTeTrebasTan, SeaCeros an uari eTqvas mimdinare garigebasTan

dakavSirebul Tanxmobaze imisaTvis, rom moaxdinos garigebis analizi“150.

konvencia aseve iTvaliswinebs finansuri dazvervis samsaxurebis

urTierTTanamSromlobis valdebulebas an sxva saeWvo garigebis droulad

SeCerebis Taobaze. uflebamosilma samsaxurebma, ucxo finansuri dazvervis

samsaxuris mier moTxovnis safuZvelze, unda SeaCeron Tanxmobis micemaze

mimdinare garigebasTan dakavSirebiT im vadiT da im pirobis Sesabamisad,

romelic gamoiyeneba erovnuli kanonmdeblobiT garigebebis gadavadebasTan

dakavSirebiT.

cxrili 2. Savi fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg arsebuli ZiriTadi                                                             149kvleviTi departamenti, kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis sainformacio uzrunvelyofis ganyofileba, 2015, gv.1-4 150varSavis konvencia, Tavi 5, muxli 47

 

63 

saerTaSoriso dokumentebi

weli dokumentis dasaxeleba

1957 evropuli konvencia eqstradaciis Sesaxeb

1959 evropuli konvencia “sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze urTierTTanamSromlobis Sesaxeb”

1990-miRebuli 1996-gadaxedili

FATF-is 40 rekomendacia

1988

gaeros konvencia “narkotikuli saSualebebisa da fsiqotropuli nivTierebebis ukanono brunvis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb”

1990 evropis sabWos konvencia “danaSaulebrivisaqmianobis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavlebis gamovlenis, amoRebisa da konfiskaciis Sesaxeb’’

1991 evropis sabWos direqtiva N91/308/EEC finansuri sistemebis fulis gaTeTrebis mizniT gamoyenebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb

wyaro: a.n. litvinenko, e.u. kovaliova, ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis

legalizacia

dResdReobiT arsebobs sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso dokumenti Tu

organizacia, romelic mimarTulia ukanonod miRebuli saxsrebisaTvis

legaluri saxis micemis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. aRniSnuli

dokumentebisa Tu organizaciebis ricxvi matulobs, rac xazs usvams

problemis aqtualurobas XXI saukuneSi.

2.2. fulis gaTeTrebasTan brZolis gamocdileba qveynebis mixedviT

fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg, sxvadasxva qveynis mier miRebuli

regulaciebi xels uwyobs aRniSnuli danaSaulis donis Semcirebas. fulis

gaTeTrebis mcdeloba msoflios nebismier qveyanaSi aris SesaZlebeli.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, aucilebelia, SevexoT fulis gaTeTrebis

winaaRmdeg brZolis ucxour gamocdilebas, romelic ganxiluli gvaqvs

qveynebis mixedviT.

terorizmis dafinansebisa da ukanono gziT miRebuli Semosavlebis

dokumentebiT, saeWvo garigebisa Tu operaciis SeCerebis vada

gansxvavebulad ganisazRvreba sxvadasxva qveyanaSi. Tumca, ZiriTadi

principebi msgavsia qveynis specifikis miuxedavad: finansuri monitoringis

samsaxuri uflebamosili xdeba, saeWvo garigebis Sesaxeb varaudis

 

64 

arsebobisas misces werilobiTi miTiTeba monitoringis ganmaxorcielebel

pirs garigebisa da operaciis SeCerebis an garigebaSi monawile pirebTan

dakavSirebuli nebismieri operaciis aRniSnuli periodiT SeCerebis,

SezRudvis Taobaze. konvenciis xelmomwer qveynebSi saeWvo garigebisa Tu

operaciis SeCerebis sakiTxebis regulaciebi (fulis ukanono moZraobisa da

terorizmis Sesaxeb kanonebi, sabanko saqmianobis Sesaxeb kanoni, sisxlis

samarTlis kodeqsiT da sxv.) mcirediT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan.

avstria fulis gaTeTrebis satranzito qveyanaa. fulis gaTeTrebis

aRkveTaSi avstriis erT-erT ZiriTad problemas yofili sabWoTa

respublikebidan da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebidan gaurkveveli

warmoSobis fondebis moZraobis kontroli warmoadgens. sabanko-safinaso

sfero avstriis bankis 1991 wels miRebuli normebiT, xolo sisxlis

samarTlis pasuxismgebloba “sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi“ 1993 wels

Setanili cvlilebebiT regulirdeba. limits zemoT arsebul finansur

operaciebs akontrolebs avstriis banki151.

aSS-Si dafiqsirebuli fulis gaTeTrebis faqtebidan 60-80%

narkotikebis realizaciis Sedegad miRebuli saxsrebis legalizaciaze

modis, rasac laTinuri amerikis qveynebTan geografiuli siaxlove

ganapirobebs. aSS-Si The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) 1990 wels

Seiqmna, romlis mizania kanonmdeblobaSi cvlilebebis Setanaze zewola da

sabanko saidumloebis Semcveli informaciis gaanalizeba152. bolo periodSi

aSS-s xelisuflebis mier gatarebuli aqtiuri RonisZiebebis Sedegad

fulis gaTeTrebis mravali faqti identificirda. aSS-m fulis gaTeTrebis

aRkveTis mimarTulebiT gaaZliera savaluto garigebaTa aRricxvis sistema,

gaaumjobesa sxva qveynebis samTavrobo finansur rgolebTan fulis

gaTeTrebis aRkveTis sferoSi TanamSromloba, saerTo sistemaSi moaqcia

saerTaSoriso da adgilobrivi sahaero reisebiT gadaadgilebul pirebze

informacia da gaaumjobesa aRricxvianobis sistema.

albaneTSi terorizmisa da fulis ukanono moZraobis sakiTxebi

calke procedurebiT ar regulirdeba. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi

aregulirebs braldebul pirebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. eWvmitanili

                                                            151European Banking Federation, Money Laundering Legislation, National Measures, Fraud Working Group, 2002, P.1-3 152Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, website: https://www.treasury.gov/about/history/Pages/fincen.aspx

 

65 

pirebisa da maTTan dakavSirebuli angariSebisa da garigebebis SeCerebis

Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRebs sasamarTlo, prokuroris mimarTvis

safuZvelze. sasamarTlo valdebulia gadawyvetileba miiRos 24 saaTis

ganmavlobaSi da misi moqmedebis vada ganisazRvreba 15 dRiT.

igive wesiT xdeba operaciis SeCereba bulgareTSic-prokurori

mimarTavs sasamarTlos saeWvo garigebis SeCerebis moTxovniT, romelic

sasamarTlom unda ganixilos 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi153.

belgiaSi erT-erT mniSvnelovan problemas warmoadgens mezobel

qveynebTan narkotikebiT vaWroba, romlis Sedegad warmoiqmneba Savi fuli.

amasTan, qveyanaSi gamoikveTa fulis gaTeTrebis Semdegi ZiriTadi meTodebi:

valutis gadacvla, sarTaSoriso gadaricxvebi, sabanko angariSebze fulis

Caricxvebi. belgiam sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi gaiTvaliswina

saerTaSoriso gamocdileba fulis gaTeTrebis sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebSi

da 1990 wlis 17 ivlisis aqtiT Seitana damateba, romlis safuZvelzec

fulis gaTeTrebis mfarvel pirebs sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba

daekisraT. 1993, 1994 da 1995 wlis aqtebiT Sevida damatebebi, romlebic

miznad isaxavdnen finansur sistemaSi fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTas da

TanamSromlobas avalebda finansur institutebs specialur

makontrolebel organoebTan. fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTis realuri

RonisZiebebis gatarebis mizniT Seiqmna damoukidebeli makontrolebeli

organo, romelsac farTo uflebebi gaaCnia: kontroli, regulireba da

sajarimo sanqciebis dakisreba154.

germaniaSi ukanono Semosavlis miRebis ZiriTadi nawili

dakavSirebulia narkotikebis brunvasTan, sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg Cadenil

danaSaulebebTan, sigaretisa kontrabandasTan, gayalbebasTan, iaraRiT

vaWrobasTan da sxva darRvevebTan. germaniaSi dsT-is da aRmosavleT

evropis qveynebidan didi Tanxebi Seedineba, romelTa warmomavlobac umetes

SemTxvevebSi gaurkvevelia. aRsaniSnavia, rom germaniaSi moqmedi

                                                            153niauri n., kvleviTi departamenti. kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis sainformacio uzrunvelyofis ganyofileba, 2015 154 European Banking Federation, Money Laundering Legislation, National Measures, Fraud Working Group, 2002, P.4-8

 

66 

kanonmdeblobiT 30,000 germanul markaze, igive 16,700 aSS dolarze meti

moculobis nebismieri finansuri operacia kontrols eqvemdebareba155.

dania narkotikebiT movaWre msxvil qveyanas ar warmoadgens, magram

aRniSnuli saqmianobis Sedegad amoRebuli Tanxebi soliduri masStabebis

aRmoCnda. daniaSi fulis gaTeTrebis sawinaaRmdego sistema, saxelmwifo

struqturebis mier gatarebul RonisZiebebTan erTad orientirebulia

kerZo struqturebTan TanamSromlobisa da kontrolis sistemazec.

qveyanaSi garkveuli sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi gatarda. 1993 wlis 1

ivlisidan ZalaSi Sesuli sakanonmdeblo aqtiT, romelic ZiriTadad

evrogaerTianebis direqtivas asaxavda, ganisazRvra finansuri

seqtorisaTvis sabaziso RonisZiebebi-operaciebis ganmaxorcielebeli

pirebis identifikacia, gadaricxvebi, sxvadasxva saxis operaciebze

dokumentaciis warmoebis aucilebloba da sxv. sakanonmdeblo aqtiT,

Seiqmna fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTis ofisi, romelic mTeli informaciis

akumulirebasa da monitorings axorcielebs. 1996 wels kanonmdeblobaSi

Setanili cvlilebebiT ukanono Semosavlis konfiskaciis sistema daixvewa

da gaaqtiurda. amasTan, sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba gaizarda im

pirebze, romlebic mfarveloben fulis gaTeTrebis RonisZiebebs156.

estoneTis siaxlove ruseTTan da narkotikebis Semotana

kontrabandisa da Savi fulis arsebobas ganapirobebs. 1999 wels

danaSaulis done 11%-iT gaizarda, maT Soris umetesi wili narkotikebiT

ukanono vaWrobaze modis. aRsaniSnavia, rom fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTis

mimarTulebiT estoneTSi gamkacrda samarTlebrivi regulireba, romlis

ZiriTad berkets fulis gaTeTrebis sawinaaRmdego sistema The Money

Laundering Prevention Act da sisxlis samarTlisa da administraciul kodeqsSi

Setanili cvlilebebi warmoadgens. gaTeTrebis mcdeloba isjeba 4-dan 10

wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT, SemoRebulia konfiskaciis sistemac157.

irlandiaSi narkotikebis ukanono brunvidan miRebuli Semosavali

ukanono Semosavlebis ZiriTad nawils warmoadgens. sxva ukanono

                                                            155 European Banking Federation, Money Laundering Legislation, National Measures, Fraud Working Group, 2002, P.20-23 156European Banking Federation, Money Laundering Legislation, National Measures, Fraud Working Group, 2002, P.9-11 157European Banking Federation, Money Laundering Legislation, National Measures, Fraud Working Group, 2002, P.92-95

 

67 

Semosavlebs warmoadgens: sameurneo danaSaulebebi, sigaretisa da spirtis

kontrabanda, terorizmi. irlandiis pirvel sakanonmdeblo nabijs

warmoadgens 1994 wlis kanoni, romliTac ganisazRvra safinanso

seqtorisaTvis saeWvo operaciebze informirebis sistema, pirebis

identifikacia da dokumentaciis Senaxva. fulis gaTeTrebis faqtebis

gamoZiebisa da aRkveTisaTvis 1995 wels policiaSi Seiqmna sagamoZiebo

ganyofileba. 1996 wels ki irlandiam ratifikacia gaukeTa da srulad

ganaxorciela venis da evrogaerTianebis SeTanxmebebi158.

italiaSi ukanono Semosavlis miRebis ZiriTadi wyaroa narkotikebis

ukanono brunvidan miRebuli Semosavlebi, gamomZalveloba da ukanono

danaSauli. bolo periodSi damnaSaveTa jgufis mier organizebuli fulis

gaTeTreba ufro rTuli meTodebiT xorcieldeboda, maT Soris

kvalificiuri konsultantebis an damoukidebeli organizaciebis

daxmarebiT. italiuri danaSaulebrivi organizaciebis

internacionalizacia arTulebs ukanono Semosavlebis aRmoCenas naklebad

kontrolirebadi ekonomikuri dargis mqone qveynebSi. fulis gaTeTrebis

aRkveTis mimarTulebiT italiaSi mTeli rigi sakanonmdeblo RonisZiebebi

ganxorcielda. 1991 wels SemoRebuli RonisZiebebi maqsimalurad amcirebda

warmomdgenze fuladi operaciebis SesaZleblobas da savaldebulo

kontrols aqvemdebarebda dawesebuli limiti 20mln. italiuri liris

odenobiT. 1993 wels miRebuli “fulis aRkveTis Sesaxeb“ kanoniT da 1997

wlis cvlilebebiT Seiqmna specialuri organo saxelwodebiT Ufficio Italiano

dei Cambi, romelsac italiis erovnuli banki Tavmjdomareobs. fulis

gaTeTrebis aRkveTisaTvis aRniSnul organos Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis

gatarebisa da administraciuli kontrolis uflebamosilebani mieniWa159.

latviis sakanonmdeblo organom 1997 wlis 18 dekembers miiRo kanoni

“danaSaulebrivi gziT miRebuli Semosavlebis gaTeTrebis prevenciis

Sesaxeb“, romelic 1998 wlis 1 ianvridan amoqmedda. aRniSnuli kanoniT,

fuladi saxiT ganxorcielebuli yvela garigeba, romelic 15,700 aSS

                                                            158Criminal Justice Act, Overview Of Irish Law On Money Laundering, 1994, P.1-15 159 European Banking Federation, Money Laundering Legislation, National Measures, Fraud Working Group, 2002, P.38-41

 

68 

dolars aRemateba eqvemdebareba kontrols160. fulis gaTeTrebis

makontrolebeli organoa fulis gaTeTrebis operaciebis gamovlenis

ofisi, sadac grovdeba Sesabamisi informaciebi, xolo danaSaulis niSnebis

arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, informacia generalur prokuraturas gadaecema.

litvaSi fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTis mimarTulebiT rigi

sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi ganxorcielda. 1997 wels miiRes kanoni “fulis

gaTeTrebis prevenciis Sesaxeb”. fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTaze

pasuxismgebeli organoebia litvis mTavroba, sagadasaxado policia,

litvis erovnuli banki da sabaJo departamenti. kanonis Sesrulebaze

pasuxismgebeli organoa litvis sagadasaxado policia. kanonmdeblobiT,

sainformacio bankSi grovdeba monacemebi garigebebze, romelTa

Rirebuleba aRemateba 12,500 aSS dolars, xolo valutis erTjerad

gadacvlaze 5,000 aSS dolari da sadazRvevo premiaze 2,500 aSS dolari161.

luqsemburgSi sakanonmdeblo regulirebiT, 1993 wels miiRes

finansuri seqtoris gamafrTxilebeli RonisZiebebi, romelic sadazRvevo

sferosac Seexo 1993 wlidan. aRniSnuli sistema saeWvo garigebebis Sesaxeb

informaciis prokuroris ofisisTvis miwodebas iTvaliswinebs, romelic

fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTisTvis gasatarebeli RonisZiebebis mTavari

koordinatori organoa. sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi 1992 wels

Setanili cvlilebebi am saxis danaSaulTaTvis sisxlis samarTlebriv

devnas da ukanono Semosavlis konfiskacias iTvaliswinebs162.

niderlandebSi narkotikuli saSualebebis realizacia da moxmareba

mowesrigebulia. niderlandebis samefoSi ukanono Semosavlebis sakmaod

didi raodenoba, daaxloebiT 5 miliardi dolaria generirebuli. fuli

TeTrdeba mewarmeebis mier sxva qveynebTan unaRdo angariSsworebis gziT.

niderlandebis samefoSi gasatarebel RonisZiebaTa Soris prioritetia sxva

qveynebTan TanamSromloba da informaciis gacvla. am RonisZiebebis

                                                            160 European Banking Federation, Money Laundering Legislation, National Measures, Fraud Working Group, 2002, P.102-106 161Law Of The Republic Of Lithuania On Amending Thelaw On Prevention Of Money Laundering, 1997 162European Banking Federation, Money Laundering Legislation, National Measures, Fraud Working Group, 2002, P.42-45

 

69 

ganmaxorcielebel organos iusticiis saministros ganyofileba Meldpunt

Ongebruikelijke Transacties warmoadgens163.

poloneTSi finansTa saministros finansuri gamoZiebis samsaxurs

unda ecnobos yvela tranzaqciis Sesaxeb, romelic aRemateba 15,000 evros an

warmoadgens saeWvo tranzaqcias. finansuri gamoZiebis samsaxuri

uflebamosilia, SeaCeros gadaricxvebi 72 saaTis ganmavlobaSi.

portugaliaSi ukanono Semosavlis ZiriTad wyaros narkotikebidan

miRebuli Semosavali warmoadgens. qveynis geografiuli mdebareoba,

CrdiloeT afrikis qveynebTan siaxlove narkotikebisa da fsiqotropuli

saSualebebis yvelaze did Semodinebas ganapirobebs. fulis gaTeTrebis

ZiriTad meTods ki ofSorul zonebTan angariSsworeba warmoadgens. fulis

gaTeTrebis aRkveTis mimarTulebiT pirveli RonisZiebebi 1993 wels

gatarda, 1998 wels ki gaamkacres sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba,

SemoiRes savaldebulo kontrolisa da ukanono Semosavlis konfiskaciis

SesaZlebloba164.

ruseTSi ukanono Semosavlis miRebis ZiriTadi nawili

dakavSirebulia narkotikebis brunvasTan, kontrabandasTan, korufciasTan

da sxvadasxva ekonomikur danaSaulebebTan. 2001 wels ruseTis federaciis

saTaTbiro organom–dumam miiRo kanoni “danaSaulebrivi gziT miRebuli

Semosavlebis legalizaciis aRkveTis Sesaxeb”, riTac aucilebeli gaxda

dadgenil limitze, fulad an sxva moZrav qonebaze 500,000, xolo uZrav

qonebaze 25,000,000 rusul rublze meti Rirebulebis operaciaze kontroli

finansuri monitoringis komitetis mier165.

saberZneTSi narkotikebis realizaciis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavlebi

ukanono gziT miRebuli Semosavlebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan wyaros

warmoadgens. fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTis kanonmdebloba miiRes 1995 wels,

romelic administraciul meTodebTan erTad moicavs konfiskaciis

                                                            163European Banking Federation, Money Laundering Legislation, National Measures, Fraud Working Group, 2002, P.46-50 164European Banking Federation, Money Laundering Legislation, National Measures, Fraud Working Group, 2002, P.56-58 165Federal Law, No. 115-Fz Of August 7, 2001, On Countering The Legalisation Of Illegal Earnings (Money Laundering) And The Financing Of Terrorism (With The Amendments And Additions Of July 25, October 30, 2002, July 28, 2004, November 16, 2005, July 27, 2006, April 12, July 19, 24, November 28, 2007, July 17, 2009) Adopted By The State Duma On July 13, 2001, Approved By The Federation Council On July 20, 2001

 

70 

procedurebs da TanamSromlobas sxva qveynis fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTis

mwarmoebel organoebTan166.

safrangeTi ekonomikuri stabilurobis, politikuri

adgilmdebareobisa da myari valutis arsebobis pirobebSi, fulis

gaTeTrebis msurvelTaTvis mimzidvel saxelmwifos warmoadgens. 1990 wlis

12 ivlisidan specialuri finansuri organos Traitement Du Renseignement Et

Action Contre Les Circuits Financiers Clandestins-is Seqmnis dRidan fulis

gaTeTrebasTan brZola safrangeTis prioritetia. safrangeTis dedaqalaq

parizSi Caeyara safuZveli specialur saerTaSoriso organizaciis FATF-is

Seqmnas. fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTis mimarTulebiT SemuSavda da daixvewa

sakanonmdelo baza. amasTanave, 1996 wlis 13 maiss miRebuli kanoni, romelic

exeboda narkotikebisa da fulis ukanono brunvis akrZalvas, am sferoSi

saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis ganviTarebasa da Semosavlebis

konfiskacias, fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTis gasakontroleblad iusticiis

saministros specialuri organo Seiqmna167.

werilobiTi, zepiri, eleqtronuli an satelefono saxiT aris

SesaZlebeli garigebis/operaciis SeCerebaze brZanebis gacema slovakeTSic.

amasTan, slovakeTSi, rumineTsa da CexeTSi saeWvo tranzaqciis gadavadebis

xangrZlivoba 48 saaTiT ganisazRvreba da monitoringis Sesabamisi

samsaxurebis moTxovniT, SesaZlebelia am periodis 72 saaTamde gagrZeleba.

72 saaTiani limitia dawesebuli sloveniis, serbeTisa da ukrainis

kanonmdeblobiTac. ukrainaSi avtorizebuli uwyeba uflebamosilia periodi

5-dRemde gadaavados.

fineTSi fulis gaTeTrebis meTodebidan gavrcelebulia

totalizatorebidan fulis ganaRdeba, rodesac mtkicebulebad momgebian

kuponebs iyeneben. fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTis mimarTulebiT fineTma

garkveuli sakanonmdeblo RonisZiebebi gaatara. 1998 wlis 1 martidan

ZalaSi Sesuli sakanonmdeblo aqtiT, gamoZiebaTa erovnul biuroSi Seiqmna

                                                            166 European Banking Federation, Money Laundering Legislation, National Measures, Fraud Working Group, 2002, P.24-28 167 European Banking Federation, Money Laundering Legislation, National Measures, Fraud Working Group, 2002, P.15-19

 

71 

fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTis saangariSsworebo palata, romelsac

gafarToebuli uflebebi mieca168.

xorvatiaSi saeWvo tranzaqciis safuZvliani eWvis arsebobis

SemTxvevaSi SeCerebis Sesaxeb werilobiT brZanebas gascems fulis

gaTeTrebis prevenciis ofisi. operaciis SeCerebis maqsimaluri periodi 72

saaTia. Tu werilobiTi brZanebis gacema SeuZlebelia garkveuli

garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, uwyeba uflebamosilia, gasces sityvieri

brZaneba, romelic aucileblad unda daadasturos werilobiT, sityvieri

brZanebis gacemidan maqsimum 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi169. ukanono Semosavlis

legalizaciis problemis gadaWrisas sazRvargareTis qveynebSi yuradReba

eqceva ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis nairsaxeobas

sqema 11. sxvadasxva qveynis organizaciuli erTeulebi, romlebic

pasuxismgebelni arian fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolaze

                                                            168 European Banking Federation, Money Laundering Legislation, National Measures, Fraud Working Group, 2002, P.12-14 169The Law On Prevention Of Money Laundering / I. General Provisions The Prevention Of Money Laundering P.6 https://www.imolin.org/doc/amlid/Croatia_Law%20on%20Prevention%20of%20ML.pdf

iaponia finansuri dazvervis iaponiuri ofisi

(Japanese Financial Intelligence Office, JAFIO)

kanada finansuri operaciebisa da angariSgebis analizis centri

(Financial Transaction and Report Analysis Center)

saberZneTi fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis specialuri komiteti

argentina finansuri informaciis komiteti

(Financial Information Unit, UIF)

brazilia finansuri saqmianobis makontrolebeli organo

(Council for Financial Activities Control, COAF)

meqsika

tranzaqciebis kvleviT dakavebuli generaluri direqtorati

(Attached General Directorate for Transaction Investigation, GDAIO) da

fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis saagento

(Credit and the Anti-money Laundering)

 

72 

wyaro: a.n. litvinenko, e.u. kovaliova, ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis

legalizacia

mocemul paragrafSi mimoxilulia ukanonod miRebuli fuladi

saxsrebis legalizaciasTan dakavSirebuli saerTaSoriso gamocdileba,

aseve, ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis gaTeTrebasTan mebrZoli

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi Tu qveynebis sakanonmdeblo aqtebi da

normativebi. aseve, mimovixileT FATF-is 40 specialuri rekomendacia,

romelic miznad isaxavs erovnul doneze fulis gaTeTrebis procesis

aRkveTis xelSewyobas. kvlevis Sedegad gamovlinda fulis gaTeTrebis

winaaRmdeg mebrZoli qveynebis gamocdileba da maTi gansxvavebebi170.

2.3. eleqtronuli valutebi, rogorc axali gamowveva fulis

gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi

aRniSnuli paragrafis mizania, gamoavlinos Tanamedrove

teqnologiebis roli ukanonod miRebuli SemosavlebisaTvis kanonieri

saxis micemis procesSi. yuradReba gamaxvilebulia eleqtronul valutebze,

romlebic axal gamowvevas warmoadgens fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg

brZolaSi CarTuli organizaciebisaTvis.

me-20 saukunidan masobrivad daiwyo kompiuterebis gamoyeneba.

kompiuterebi da internet-qselSi CarTuli sxva mowyobilobebi aadvileben

cxovrebas. Tumca, kiberdanaSaulis gavrcelebasac uwyoben xels171.

damnaSaves SeuZlia, seriozuli ziani miayenos aramxolod sabanko

dawesebulebebs, aramed pirdapir daemuqros saxelmwifo usafTxoebasa da

Tavdacvis unarianobas172. Tanamedrove teqnologiebis gamoyenebis Sedegad

amerikis SeerTebul Statebs 67 miliardi dolaris zarali aqvs

miyenebuli173. kompiuteruli danaSaulis saxeobaTa umravlesobas

warmoadgens: TaRliToba, narkotikuli saSualebebiTa da iaraRiT vaWroba,

kiber-terorizmi da sxv. damnaSaveebma, romlebic iyeneben maRal

                                                            170WyoiZe n., tomaraZe g., virtualuri/kriptografiuli valuta da misi Taviseburebebi, virtualuri valutebis regulireba, 2014, gv.41-49 171Internet and Electronic Crimes, National Institute of Justice USA, 11/05/2011, website: http://nij.gov/topics/crime/internet-electronic/welcome.htm 172Harley B., A Global Convention on Cybercrime? on March 23rd, 2010, http://www.stlr.org/2010/03/a-global-convention-on-cybercrime/ 173FBI 2005 Internet crime survey, http://www.digitalriver.com/v2.0- img/operations/naievigi/site/media/pdf/FBIccs2005.pdf

 

73 

teqnologiebs danaSaulis axali formebi da mimarTulebebi Seqmnes174.

virtualuri valutiT fulis gaTeTrebis meTodis ukeT aRsaqmelad

aucilebelia, aRvniSnoT eleqtronuli valutis Sesaxeb da gaverkvaT mis

warmoSobis mizezsa da ganviTarebis istoriaSi.

90–iani wlebidan internetis momxmareblebis raodenobis mkveTr

zrdasTan erTad gaCnda cifruli valutebi, romelTa meSveobiTac

virtualur sazogadoebaSi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis gacvla gaxda

SesaZlebeli. axali tipis virtualuri valutis e.w kriptografiuli

valutis gaCenam 2009 wels da misi popularobis zrdam gamowvevebis winaSe

daayena centraluri bankebi, romlebic cdiloben aRniSnulis gamoyenebiT

fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolas.

cifruli valutebi fulis ganviTarebis xangrZlivi istoriis

Tanamdrove etapia. valutebi tradiciulad or tipad iyofa: regulirebadi

valutebi, rogorebicaa centraluri bankis mier emitirebuli banknotebi da

monetebi, da araregulirebadi e.w lokaluri, kerZo fuli175. cifruli

formatis valutebSi SeiZleba, gamoiyos regulirebadi cifruli valutebi,

romelTa Soris gavrcelebulia komerciuli bankis fuli. amave kategorias

miekuTvneba eleqtronuli fulic, romelic warmoadgens moTxovnas misi

gamomSvebis mimarT, Senaxulia eleqtronulad da aRiarebulia gadaxdis

saSualebad gamomSvebis garda sxva pirebis mier.

evropis centraluri bankis klasifikaciis mixedviT ki “virtualuri

valuta aris araregulirebadi cifruli fulis tipi, romlis gamoSveba da

kontrolic xorcieldeba Semqmnelebis mier da gamoiyeneba virtualuri

sazogadoebis wevrebis mier“, rac amaRlebs gamoyenebis risks Savi fulis

gaTeTrebis miznebisaTvis. gamoiyofa virtualuri valutis 3 ZiriTadi sqema:

1. daxuruli virtualuri valutis sqema: virtualur valutas ar

aqvs kavSiri realur ekonomikasTan. aseTi valutebi ZiriTadad

TamaSebisaTvis gamoiyeneba;

2. calmxrivi virtualuri valutis sqema: virtualuri valuta

SesaZlebelia, SeZenil iqnas realuri valutis sanacvlod. Tumca,

ukugadacvla ar aris nebadarTuli;

                                                            174Mitcnick K., http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Mitnick 175http://bitcoin.emoney.ge/ka/2015/06/08/ვირტუალურიკრიპტოგრაფიუ/

 

74 

3. ormxrivi virtualuri valutis sqema: virtualuri valutis

yidva da gayidva SesaZlebelia realuri valutis an rogorc wesi, realuri

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sanacvlod SezRudvis gareSe176.

garda zemoT aRniSnulisa, cifruli valutebis klasifikaciisTvis

iyeneben uSualod gadaxdis procesSi CarTuli sandod miCneuli mesame

mxaris arseboba/ararsebobas (onlain da oflain sistemebi), an virtualuri

valutis sistemis centralizacias. onlain sistemis SemTxvevaSi cifruli

valutiT gadaxdis dros tranzaqciis ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebelia

mesame, sando mxaris monawileoba, raTa Semowmdes gadaxdili cifruli

valutis legitimuroba, oflain sistemis SemTxvevaSi ki gadaxdis momentSi

mimRebi mxolod nawilobriv amowmebs gadaxdis legitimurobas. saboloo

Semowmeba xorcieldeba tranzaqciis ganxorcielebis Semdgom mimRebisa da

cifruli valutis gamomSvebs Soris monacemebis gacvlis Semdeg. fulis

cifrulad Senaxvisa da eleqtronuli sagadaxdo sistemebis daarsebisTanave

gaCnda maTi arsebobis uzrunvelyofisTvis minimaluri moTxovnebis

Sesrulebis saWiroeba. kerZod:

1. danawevrebis SesaZlebloba, romelic Zalian mniSvnelovania

fulis gaTeTrebis aqtivobebSi CarTuli pirovnebebisaTvis;

2. transferis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba;

3. aninimuroba, romelic aseve Zalian mniSvnelovania fulis

gaTeTrebis aqtivobebSi CarTuli pirovnebebisaTvis.

centralizebuli sistemis dros valutis gamoSveba xorcieldeba

mesame mxaris mier, romelic mis mier danergili aRricxvisa da

usafrTxoebis sistemebis saSualebiT uzrunvelyofs CamoTvlili

moTxovnebis Sesrulebas. decentralizebuli sistemis SemTxvevaSi ki

cifruli valuta iqmneba winaswar gansazRvruli algoriTmiT da ar

arsebobs centraluri organo, romelsac SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos fulis

emisiaze. aseT valutas warmoadgens bitkoini da misi msgavsi virtualuri

valutebi. decentralizebuli sistemebis gaCenasTan erTad Cndeba termini

kriptografiuli valutebi, romlebic iyeneben kriptografiul meTodebs

tranzaqciebis ganxorcilebis, maTi ucvlelobis dacvis, ormagi gadaxdis

                                                            176Deborah L., Expanding Our Commitment to Facebook Credits, Facebook Developer Blog, February, 2010, https://developers.facebook.com/blog/post/2010/02/25/expanding-our-commitment-to-facebook-credits/

 

75 

Tavidan acilebisa da axali fulis Seqmnis kontrolisaTvis177. bitkoini

warmoadgens decentralizebul virtualur valutas oflain sistemiT,

romelic sakmaod kargi instrumentia fulis gasaTeTreblad178. amasTanave,

bitkoinis revoluciuri siaxle aris sistema, romelic uzrunvelyofs

ormagi gadaxdis Tavidan acilebas sando mesame mxaris gareSe rogorc

uSualod tranzaqciis dros, aseve misi dasrulebis Semdegac179. bitkoinis

qsels ar gaaCnia centraluri sando piri, romelic awarmoebda

centralizebul aRricxvas. amdenad, saWiroa meqanizmi, romelic

uzrunvelyofs ganxorcielebuli tranzaqciebis dadasturebas da Tavidan

aicilebs tranzaqciis avtoris mier ukanono aqtivobebis ganxorcielebas.

saerTo buRalteriis warmoeba damokidebulia im momxmareblebze,

romlebic TavianTi kompiuterebis gamoTvliTi simZlavreebis nawils

“gadascemen“ bitkoinis qselis gankargulebaSi, raTa moxdes

ganxorcielebuli tranzaqciebis rekonsilacia da Senaxva blokebis

jaWvSi180. miuxedavad decentralizaciisa, calkeuli momxmareblebis an

momxmarebelTa jgufis mier winaaRmdegobrivi tranzaqciebis generirebis

SemTxvevaSi isini SeiZleba, ar dadasturdnen manam, sanam qselis

momxmarebelTa umravlesoba icavs miRebul wesebs. rac naklebia bitkoinis

qselis monawileTa raodenoba, miT ufro martivia individebisTvis Savi

fulis gaTeTeTreba181. axal blokebs momxmareblebis umravlesoba

adasturebs. Sesabamisad, arsebobs e.w. 51%–iani Setevis saSiSroeba. kerZod,

Tu romelime momxmarebeli an maTi jgufi moaxerxebs simZlavreebis aseTi

wilis Tavmoyras, mas SeeZleba praqtikulad erTpirovnulad awarmoos

saerTo buRalteria, rac daasrulebs bitkoinis decentralizebul

struqturas da SesaZlebels gaxdis TaRliTuri tranzaqciebis

ganxorcilebas, romelic kidev ufro metad gaaiolebs kriminalistebis mier

fulis gaTeTrebis procedurebs. ganvlil periodSi arcerT monawiles ar

miuRwevia aseTi didi wilisaTvis. Tumca, iyo SemTxveva, roca mompovebelTa

ori gaerTianeba jamSi gamoTvliTi simZlavreebis 52%–s akontrolebda.

                                                            177Greenberg A., “Crypto Currency”, 2011, website: http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2011/0509/technology-psilocybin-bitcoins-gavin-andresen-crypto-currency.html, Retrieved 8 August 2014 178Brito J., Castillo A., Bitcoin, a Primer for Policemakers, Mercatur Center, 2013, P.3–4 179ECB, Virtual Currency schemes, 2012 180 Bohm P., Bitcoins Value is decentralization, 2011 181PWC, IFRS News, March 2017, P.1-9

 

76 

mompovebelTa gaerTianebebis wili saerTo simZlavreSi mudmivad

kontroldeba182. aRniSnuli aqtivobebi arTulebs fulis gaTeTrebis

faqtebis moxdebis identificirebis process. bitkoinebis anonimuroba

ganisazRvreba Semdegi mizezebiT: bitkoinebis misamarTebi ar efuZneba

identificirebas, aravin icis, Tu vin ganaxorciela transferi da

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, igi virtualuri valutaa, romelic yvelaze

xSirad gamoiyeneba fulis gasaTeTreblad. qvemoT mocemulia meTodebi,

romelic gamoiyeneba fulis gasaTeTreblad:

aRmrevebi-arseboben organizaciebi, romlebic xels uSlian

saxelmwifos fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. isini gamoiyenebian

aralegalurad miRebuli Semosavlebis kanonierTan aRsarevad, raTa moxdes

kvalis damalva. procesi iwyeba Tanxis anonimur pirTan gagzavniT, riTac

martivdeba fulis gaTeTrebis procesi; 

Rrma qseli-internetsivrce, romelic gansxvavdeba iseTi saZiebo

sistemebisagan rogoricaa Google, Yahoo, Tu sxv. mocemul sivrceSi

ganTavsebulia ukanonod miRebuli informaciis nawili. zogierTi

aralegaluri dokumentis garda, SesaZloa, moviZioT gasaidumlebuli

informacia;

abreSumis gza-yvelaze didi eleqtronuli Savi bazari qselSi,

romelic amoqmedda 2011 wlidan. misi daniSnulebaa msoflio masStabiT

narkotikuli saSualebebis gayidva. aRniSnuli yidva ki SesaZlebeli iyo

bitkoinis gamoyenebiT. abreSumis gzam Sewyvita funqcionireba 2013 wlis 11

oqtombers damaarseblebis dakavebis Semdeg183.

daxuruli virtualuri valutis sqemebi, romlebic moqmedebs

specifikur virtualur sazogadoebaSi da ar cdeba am farglebs, naklebad

relevanturia centraluri bankebis funqciebis SesrulebasTan. rac Seexeba

danarCen or sqemas, romelTac kavSiri aqvT realur ekonomikasTan,

situacia sxvagvaria. gansakuTrebiT iseTi virtualuri valutebi, romelTa

gadacvla ormxrivad aris SesaZlebeli realur valutaze, qmnis

spekulaciuri garemos Camoyalibebis SesaZleblobas da zrdis fulis

                                                            182WyoiZe n., tomaraZe g., virtualuri/kriptografiuli valuta da misi Taviseburebebi, virtualuri valutebis regulireba, 2014, gv.41-49 183Mikeladze A., Bitcoins within Georgia’s Money Laundering Scheme, 2017, P.12

 

77 

gaTeTrebis risks. xolo im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac virtualuri valutiT

SesaZlebelia realuri saqonlisa da momsaxurebis yidva, dgeba tradiciul

valutebTan konkurenciis sakiTxi184. evropis centraluri bankis

dokumentSi ganxilulia virtualuri valutis sqemebis SesaZlo

zegavlenebi centraluri bankis funqciebis Sesrulebaze, maT Soris,

fasebis stabilurobaze, finansur, sagadaxdo sistemis stabilurobaze.

aseve, dokumenti Seexo centraluri bankis potenciur reputaciul risks,

romelmac SesaZloa, gamoiwvios virtualuri valutis sqemebis

usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebulma incidentebma. evropis centraluri bankis

angariSSi mocemulia daskvnebi, rom arsebuli viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

virtualuri valutis sqemebi:

arastabiluria, magram ver Seuqmnis safrTxes ekonomikas

gayidvebis dabali moculobisa da momxmarebelTa simciris gamo;

dResdReobiT ar regulirdeba da ar aris raime saxelmwifo

struqturis zedamxedvelobis qveS. Tumca, monawileoba am sqemaSi

momxmareblebs ayenebs sxvadasxva, maT Soris samarTlebrivi riskis winaSe;

specifikuri sakanonmdeblo normebis ar arsebobis gamo

SeiZleba, warmoadgendes saxelmwifo struqturebis gamowvevas, radgan

aRniSnuli sqemebi SesaZloa, gamoyenebul iqnas kriminalebis, TaRliTebisa

da fulis gamTeTreblebis mier ukanono saqmianobisTvis.

Cven mogvyavs ramdenime faqtori, romelic virtualuri valutis

moculobis zrdis xelSemwyobia:

anonimurobis umaRlesi xarisxi sxva eleqtronuli gadaxdis

instrumentebTan SedarebiT, romelic miiRweva virtualuri valutiT

gadaxdis dros, rac idealur instruments warmoadgens fulis gaTeTrebiT

dainteresebuli individebisaTvis;

gadaxdis operaciebis pirdapiri da swrafi angariSsworeba,

romelic sWirdeba da sasurvelia virtualuri sazogadoebisTvis185.

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom virtualur valutis sqemebi gaagrZeleben

zrdas, evropis centraluri banki saWirod Tvlis, rom periodulad

Semowmdes sqemebis ganviTareba, raTa gadafasdes riskebi da amasTanave,

                                                            184Lo S., and Wang C., Bitcoin as Money? 2014, P.16 185Danmarks Nationalbank Monetary Review, Virtual Currencies, 1st Quarter, 2014, P.85

 

78 

Tavidan iqnas acilebuli ukanono saqmianoba, romelic Seaferxebs

calkeuli qveynebis ganviTarebas. virtualuri valuta, momxmareblebis

anonimuri xasiaTis gamo, SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos aralegalur

saqmianobaSi, maT Soris fulis gaTeTrebisTvis. samwuxarod, regulaciebi

ar aris kargad SemuSavebuli an gawerili. amgvari gamoyenebis Sedegad,

samarTaldamcavma organoebma SesaZloa gadawyviton “gadacvlis

platformis“ daxurva, rac SeuZlebels gaxdis momxmareblebis wvdomas

TavianT fulze an maT gamoyenebaze. am etapze, evropis centraluri banki

ganagrZobs virtualur valutasTan dakavSirebuli riskebis Sefasebas

imisaTvis, rom daadginos, SesaZlebelia Tu ara regulireba da unda

regulirdebodes Tu ara virtualuri valutebi.186 rogorc axali

teqnologiebis umravlesobam, virtualuri fulis gamoCenamac warmoSva

axali gamowvevebi finansuri institutebis zedamxedvelobisaTvis. mTavari

sirTule mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi srulyofilad ar jdeba valutis,

finansuri instrumentis an finansuri institutis miRebul gansazRvrebaSi

da martivad SeiZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli fulis gaTeTrebis miznebisaTvis.

mas gaaCnia, rogorc valutis, aseve sacalo sagadaxdo sistemis da

aqtivebis Tvisebebi187. amasTan, calke sirTules warmoadgens iseTi

virtualuri valutebis sqemebi, romelTac gaaCniaT decentralizebuli

struqtura, radganac realurad, ar arsebobs fizikuri an iuridiuli piri,

romelic, SesaZloa, pasuxismgebeli yofiliyo bitkoinis kanonier

funqcionirebaze, an misi an zedamxedvelis mier dadgenili wesebis

Sesrulebaze. regulatorebis midgomebi gansxvavebulia qveynebis mixedviT

da rac sainteresoa, TviT evrokavSiris qveynebs Sorisac.

erTmniSvnelovania, rom virtualur valutas didi yuradReba eqceva

saxelmwifo struqturebis mxridan da maT ganviTarebaze mimdinareobs

mudmivi monitoringi, raTa ar moxdes bitkoinis gamoyeneba ukanonod

miRebuli Semosavlebis legalizaciebis miznebisaTvis. sainteresoa

qveyanaTa damokidebuleba aRniSnul fenomenTan da maTi qmedebebi

kriptovalutiT Savi fulis gaTeTrebis donis SemcirebaSi.

aSS warmoadgens bitkoinebis erT-erT yvelaze did bazars. 2013

                                                            186EBA, Consumer Trends Report, 2014 187He D., Habermeier K., Leckow R., Haksar V., Almeida Y., Kashima M., Kyriakos-Saad N., Oura H., Saadi T., Stetsenko N., and Verdugo-Yepes C., Virtual Currencies and Beyond: Initial Considerations, 2016, P.9

 

79 

wlis oqtombris mdgomareobiT, es iyo pirveli qveyana, romlis

sasamarTlomac garkveuli ganmartebebi gaakeTa virtualur valutasTan

dakavSirebiT. bitkoini SesaZlebelia, gamoyenebuli iyos rogorc fuli.

misi saSualebiT SesaZlebelia saqonlis an momsaxurebis SeZena. is

SesaZlebelia, aseve gadaicvalos Cveulebriv fulze, rogoricaa aSS

dolari. Sesabamisad, bitkoini aris valuta an fulis forma188. aseve, unda

aRiniSnos, rom abreSumis gzis, e.w. “silq roudis” dayadaRebis

dokumentaciaSi naxsenebia, rom bitkoini aris “eleqtronuli valuta,

romelic gamoirCeva anonimurobis maRali xarisxiT“ da sakmaod kargi

instrumenti Savi fulis gaTeTrebisaTvis. FinCEN-is mier gamocemuli

saxelmZRvanelos safuZvelze sabanko saidumloebis aqti vrceldeba

pirebze, romlebic qmnian, inaxaven, cvlian, iReben an ricxaven virtualur

valutas. aRniSnuli pirebi dayofilebi arian sam kategoriad:

momxmareblebi, administratorebi, gadamcvlelebi. ”momxmareblebi“,

romlebic iZenen virtualur valutas da iyeneben mas realuri an

virtualuri saqonlis SesaZenad, ar warmoadgenen regulirebad pirebs.

“administratori“ an “gadamcvleli“, romelic iRebs da ricxavs

konvertirebad¬virtualur valutas, an yidulobs, an yidis virtualur

valutas nebismieri mizniT, warmoadgenen “fulis gadamcemebs/gadamgzavnebs“

da xvdebian FinCEN-is regulaciis qveS, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli

ukanono saqmianobaTa seria189. niu-iorkis Statis finansuri servisebis

departamentma 2014 wlis ivlisSi gamoaqveyna virtualuri valutis

regulaciis proeqti, romelic qmnis bitkoinis yovlismomcvel

regulatorul CarCos da moicavs momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis, fulis

gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolisa da usafrTxoebis wesebs virtualuri

valutis biznesebisTvis. axali tipis licenziebi saWiroea im pirebisaTvis,

romlebic:

awarmoeben iseT saqmianobebs, rogorebicaa virtualuri valutis

miReba da gadagzavna/gadacema klientebis saxeliT;

virtualuri valutis gadacvla, rogorc realur valutaze,

                                                            188Ellis S., 2013, P. 67 189FinCEN, Gudance: Application of FinCEN’s Regulations to Persons Administering, Exchanging, or Using Virtual Currencies, 07/10/2014, P.7-10

 

80 

aseve, virtualur valutaze Tu sxv.

am proeqtiT licenzireba ar sWirdebaT pirebs, romlebic iZenen an

floben virtualur valutas piradi miznebisTvis, virtualuri valutis

mompoveblebs, savaWro obieqtebs, romlebic hyidian saqonels da

momsaxurebas virtualur valutaze. BitLicense-is mqone pirebi valdebulebi

arian moaxdinon yvela momxmareblis identificireba, iqonion rezervi,

romlis Sesabamisi virtualuri valutis flobis ufleba eqnebaT,

SeimuSaon da gamoaqveynon momxmarebelTa gasaCivrebis politika, bolos ki

ganxorcieldeba usafrTxoebis auditi. aRniSnuli daexmareba bitkoinebis

saSualebiT fulis gaTeTrebis masStabebis Semcirebas190.

germaniis finansTa federalurma saministrom aRiara bitkoini

da mas uwoda “aRricxvis erTeuli“, “kerZo fuli“. vinaidan, virtualuri

valuta ar aris eleqtronuli fuli da arc gadaxdis kanonieri saSualeba

germaniaSi, maSin bitkoinebis gadaricxva unda ganixilebodes ara rogorc

fuladi saxsrebis gadaricxva, aramed rogorc saqonlis transferi,

romelic potenciurad unda daeqvemdebaros dRg-sa da saSemosavlo

gadasaxads. bitkoinebTan dakavSirebuli biznesi Tavisi biznes modelidan

gamomdinare, SesaZloa, saWiroebdes licenzias, radgan bitkoini

klasificirebulia rogorc finansuri instrumenti, ufro sworad ki

“aRricxvis erTeuli“. 2013 wlis dekemberSi dadasturda finansTa

saministros pozicia, rom bitkoini aris “aRricxvis erTeuli“ da

Sesabamisad, aris finansuri instrumenti germaniis sabanko aqtis

farglebSi. bitkoini ar aris gadaxdis kanonieri saSualeba da arc

eleqtronuli fuli evropuli da germaniis kanonmdeblobis farglebSi.

amave dros, ganmartavs, rom bitkoiniT gadaxdis ganxorcieleba da misi

mopoveba ar aris regulirebadi saqmianoba da ar saWiroebs licenzias191.

Tu bitkoinebis yidva–gayidva xdeba sxvis magivrad komerciuli mizniT,

maSin aseTi saqmianoba saWiroebs licenzirebas germaniis sabanko aqtis

                                                            190New York State Department of Financial Services New York Codes, Rules and Regulations Title 23. Department of Financial Services Chapter I. Regulations of the Superintendent of Financial Services Part 200. Virtual Currencies 191Aschenbeck-Florange T, Regulation of Bitcoins in Germany: First comprehensive statement on Bitcoins by German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin), 07/10/2014

 

81 

safuZvelze192. evropis bankebis saagentos mier momxmareblebis

gafrTxilebis gamoqveynebis Semdeg, 2014 wlis TebervalSi federalurma

finansurma dazvervis ganyofilebamac gamoaqveyna msgavsi gafrTxileba

virtualuri valutis momxmareblebisaTvis193.

2009 wlis ivnisSi CineTis vaWrobis saministrom kulturis

saministrosTan erTad gamosca pirveli oficialuri norma, romelic

aregulirebs virtualuri valutis gamoyenebas. am normis mixedviT,

virtualuri valutiT, romlis gadacvla realur fulze SesaZlebelia

gansazRvruli kursiT, dasaSvebia mxolod am valutis gamomSvebis

virtualuri saqonlisa an momsaxurebis SeZena. aseve, amave normiT aikrZala

virtualuri valutiT azartuli TamaSebi da arasrulwlovanebisTvis

virtualuri valutis miyidva194.  aRniSnuli RonisZiebebis mizezs

umetes¬wilad warmoadgenda im droisTvis CineTSi arsebuli virtualuri

valuta “QQ coins”,  romlis gamomSvebi iyo CineTis socialuri mediisa da

TamaSebis giganti Tencent.com.  aRniSnul sqemaSi daregistrirebuli iyo 220

mln momxmarebeli, romelic “QQ coin”-s iyenebda aramxolod virtualur

sivrceSi, aramed cvlida maT realur fulze da yidulobda realur

saqonelsa da momsaxurebas. zogierTis SefasebiT, aRniSnuli sqemis

daarsebidan mokle periodSi, man CineTis naRdi fulis ekonomikis 13%-s

miaRwia, ramac CineTis saxelmwifo struqturebis mxridan virtualuri

valutis realur finansur seqtorze SesaZlo zegavlenis SezRudvis

aucileblobis sakiTxi wamoWra195. vinaidan “QQ coins” virtualuri valutis

sqema iyo centralizebuli, Sesabamisad, masze SezRudvebis gavrceleba

martivi iyo. sxva situaciaa bitkoinebTan dakavSirebiT. am SemTxvevaSi

CineTis centraluri bankisa da sxva 5 saxelmwifo struqturis mier 2013

wlis dekemberSi gamoica erToblivi miTiTeba bitkoinTan dakavSirebiT,

romelSic aRniSnulia, rom bitkoini ar atarebs kanonieri gadaxdis

                                                            192Winheller, Winheller Rechtsanwälte und Steuerberater, Finanzaufsichtsrecht (BaFin-Lizenz), http:// www.winheller.com/bankrecht-finanzrecht/aufsichtsrecht-bafin-lizenz.html, 1 193Federal Financial Supervisory Authority, 2014, https://www.bafin.de/SiteGlobals/Forms/Suche/EN/Servicesuche_Formular.html;jsessionid=CD25F1D336243974C127E419F83365A2.2_cid363?nn=7844610&resourceId=7855386&input_=7844610&pageLocale=en&templateQueryString=bitcoin&language_=en&submit.x=0&submit.y=0 194Ministry Of Commerce Of People’s Republic Of China, China Bars Use Of Virtual Money For Trading In Real Goods, 06/10/2014 195A. Sines, Bitcoin is not Banned in China and What You Need to Know, 09/10/2014

 

82 

saSualebis Tvisebebs da Tavisi SinaarsiT ar warmoadgens valutas.

bitkoini aris virtualuri saqoneli da ar SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas

brunvaSi rogorc valuta, xolo finansur da sagadaxdo institutebs

ekrZalebaT nebismieri kavSiri bitkoinebTan. amave miTiTebiT, bitkoinebis

gadamcvlelebis veb-gverdebi valdebulni arian daregistrirdnen

telekomunikaciebis biuroSi da daeqvemdebaron fulis gaTeTrebis

sawinaaRmdego moTxovnebs196. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom CineTis centralur banks

tolerantuli damokidebuleba aqvs bitkoinis mimarT winamorbedi QQ coin‐

isgan gansxvavebiT, radgan aRniSnuli virtualuri valutis kavSiri

realur ekonomikasTan daSvebulia. gadasaxadebis saxelmwifo

administraciis mier gavrcelebuli informaciiT virtualuri valutis

vaWrobidan miRebuli mogeba CineTSi daeqvemdebareba saSemosavlo

gadasaxads197.

evropuli qveynebisa da aSS-sgan gansxvavebiT, tailandis

centralurma bankma gamoacxada bitkoini aralegalurad. informacia

gavrcelda tailandSi arsebuli kompaniidan, romelsac aqvs bitkoinebis

savaWro platforma. aRniSnulma kompaniam tailandis centralur bankSi

gamarTul Sexvedraze miiRo miTiTeba, rom bitkoini ar aris legaluri, ris

gamoc aRniSnulma kompaniam SeaCera saqmianoba. Tumca, sxva msgavsi

kompaniebi ganagrZobdnen saqmianobas tailandSi. mogvianebiT Bitcoin Co-m

centraluri bankidan miiRo werili, rom mas SeuZlia aRadginos saqmianoba,

Tumca, bitkoinis samarTlebrivi statusi kvlav gaurkveveli rCeba198. BOT-is

SezRudvasTan dakavSirebiT gakeTda SeniSvnebi, rom tailandis centralur

banks konstituciiT ar hqonda uflebamosileba aekrZala bitkoini. Tumca,

maRali anonimurobis gamo, mas SeunarCunda ufleba, areguliros valutis

operaciebi.

ruseTis finansTa saministrom gamoaqveyna cvlilebebis

kanonproeqti, romlis safuZvelzec ruseTis teritoriaze ikrZaleba

operaciebi fuladi surogatebis (romelic moicavs virtualur valutasac)

saSualebiT. aseve, amave kanonproeqtiT ikrZaleba fuladi surogatebis                                                             196http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/a-comparative-analysis-of-bitcoin-and-other-decentralized-virtual-currencies-legal-regulation-in-the-peoples-republic-of-china-canada-and-the-united-states 197Ye J., China Cracks Down on Virtual Currency For Real, 08/10/2014 198https://news.bitcoin.com/bank-of-thailand-bans-banks-from-cryptocurrency-activities/

 

83 

gamoSveba, maTi gamoSvebis mizniT programuli uzrunvelyofebis Seqmna da

gavrceleba199.

daskvnis saxiT unda aRiniSnos, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom bitkoiniT

gadaxdebis ganxorcielebisas aRar aris saWiro sando mesame mxaris

arseboba, mas axasiaTebs rigi sisusteebi, romlebic kiTxvis niSnis qveS

ayeneben misi rogorc virtualuri valutis sicocxlisunarianobas da

warmoSobs garkveul riskebs centraluri bankebis amocanebisaTvis

ebrZolon fulis gaTeTrebis problemas. momavalSi ra saxiT

transformirdeba kriptovaluta, amas regulatori, sakanonmdeblo sxdomebi

da centraluri bankebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi gviCvenebs.

araregulirebadi kriptovalutis gamoyenebis sqema, sakmaod gaumWirvalea.

Sedegad, rTuli saTqmelia, tranzaqciis Sesrulebisas ramdenad daculia

warmoSobis wyaros kanoniereba. virtualuri valutis samarTlebrivi

sakiTxi rig SemTxvevebSi gaurkvevelia. amasTanave, ar arsebobs

maregulirebeli centraluri organo da masTan dakavSirebuli finansuri

da samarTlebrivi riskebi mTlianad momxmarebelze gadadis. virtualuri

valutis anonimuroba da fsevdo-anonimuroba ki mimzidvels xdis mas

kriminaluri saqmianobisTvis, maT Soris, fulis gaTeTrebisTvis. miuxedavad

imisa, rom mimdinare etapze es riskebi ar uqmnian SesamCnev safrTxes

centraluri bankebis amocanebis ganxorcielebas, maTi gamoyenebis zrdis

SemTxvevaSi aucilebeli iqneba regulireba eleqtronuli fulis msgavsad,

vinaidan maRalia riski fulis gaTeTrebis masStabebs zrdis. mimdinare

etapze ar arsebobs erToblivi midgoma virtualuri valutebis

regulirebasTan dakavSirebiT. msoflios centraluri bankebi agrZeleben

TanamSromlobas erTiani midgomis Camosayalibeblad. eleqtronuli

danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZola saWiroebs sakiTxisadmi frTxil da

gaazrebul midgomas200.

2.4. axali teqnologiebis roli fulis gaTeTrebis gamosavlenad

am paragrafis mizania, ganvixiloT Tanamedrove teqnologiebi,

romlebic xels uwyoben ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis legalizaciis                                                             199https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2018/01/29/russias-newly-drafted-cryptocurrency-bill-crypto-not-cash/#7584a361646e 200Adler F., Mueller G, Laufer W. 2008. Criminology and Criminal Justice System. Edition 5th.

 

84 

faqtebis gamovlenasa da maT Semdgom prevencias.

fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis mravali teqnologia

damokidebulia kompiuterul mecnierebaTa sferoSi SemuSavebul teqnikaze.

amasTanave, bevri iyenebs kompiuterul grafikasa da maTematikis gamoTvliT

meTodebs. informaciis aRsaqmelad ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva

teqnologiebis narevi. amasTanave, monacemTa bazis grafikuli warmosaxva

kriminalistebs exmareba fulis gaTeTrebis faqtebis gamovlenaSi.

Tanamedrove teqnologiebi sruliad axal SesaZleblobebs gvTavazobs

dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad201.  arsebobs sxvadasxva teqnologia, romelic

sasargebloa informaciis gaanalizebisaTvis. aRniSnuli teqnologiebi

xSirad klasificirdeba im amocanebis mixedviT, romelsac kriminalisti

isaxavs. magaliTad, skriningis teqnologia moicavs rogorc codnaze

dafuZnebul sistemebs, ise kavSiris analizs. monacemTa bazis sistemebis

efeqtiani gamoyenebisaTvis aucilebelia gamosadegi informaciis mopoveba.

aRniSnuli warmoadgens fulis gaTeTrebis individualuri SemTxvevebis

gaanalizebis umartives gzas, romelic exmareba individebs, organizaciebs

Soris kavSiris dadgenaSi. zogierTi programuli paketi uzrunvelyofs

kavSiris analizs, bazebi ki profesionalebTan interviuebis Catarebis

safuZvelze an mravali sxvadasxva SemTxvevis gaanalizebiT iqmneba.

monacemTa damuSavebis teqnologia mravalmxrivia iseve, rogorc

statistikuri meTodebi. bolo aTwleulis manZilze mkvlevarebma

SeimuSaves mravali meTodi avtomaturi informaciis moZiebaze. umetes

SemTxvevaSi, informacia moicavs mravalferovan dakvirvebas, sadac yvela

dakvirveba warmoadgens erT obieqts, magaliTad, piri, angariSi, an sabanko

gadaricxva da Sedgeba mravali ricxvisa Tu simboluri cvladisgan.

analizi iwyeba erTi amxsneli cvladiT-magaliTad, fulis gaTeTreba.

danarCeni cvladebi ki warmoadgenen modelis damokidebul cvladebs,

romlebic iTvaliswineben sxva faqtorebis zemoqmedebas, rogoricaa

valuta, beneficiari, klientis tipi da sxva. naklebad zusti modelebi

ugulvebelyofilia. SeuZlebelia yvela SesaZlo modelis gacnoba.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare teqnologia, rogorc wesi, zRudavs modelebis

                                                            201Jiang, J., How to use graph technology to detect money laundering. Retrieved from Neo4j News: https://neo4j.com/news/use-graph-technology-detect-money-laundering/

 

85 

SesaZlo raodenobas, raTa arCeul iqnas zusti modeli. damxmare

modelebis ganviTareba ki individs aZlevs xelsawyoebs didi moculobis

informaciis Sesamowmeblad da gasaanalizeblad. konkretul SemTxvevaze

dafuZnebuli meTodebi ganapirobeben pirvelad momxdari SemTxvevebis

Senaxvis SesaZleblobas samomavlo analizisaTvis202.

fulis gaTeTrebis meTodebi swrafad icvleba da amitom fulis

gaTeTrebis TvalsazrisiT codnaze dafuZnebuli sistemebis ganviTareba

ufro metad aris saWiro. aseve, SesaZloa, rom yvela banks Tu arasabanko

instituts dasWirdes axali programuli paketis gamoyeneba. codnis

gaziarebis teqnika fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad naklebad

aris ganviTarebuli, vidre fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis

alternatiuli gzebi. fulis gamTeTreblebi mravaljeradad iyeneben

tranzaqciebs da sxvadasxva angariSs. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare SesaZloa,

Seiqmnas monacemTa centraluri baza, sadac gaziarebuli iqneba mravali

problemis gadaWris SemTxveva. informaciul agentebs ki SeiZleba

warmoadgendnen rogorc bankebi, aseve sxva finansuri institutebi.

amasTanave, aucilebelia sxvadasxva SemTxvevis gaanalizeba. magaliTad,

bankebi calsaxad upiratesobaSi arian garigebis da individualuri

angariSebis doneze fulis gaTeTrebis gamovlenaze. maT aqvT wvdoma

momxmarebelTa pirad informaciasTan da aseve, angariSis istoriis Sesaxeb,

romelic SeiZleba saeWvo warmomavlobis aRmoCndes. amis sapirispirod,

FinCEN saTanadod aris aRWurvili biznesisa da birJis sferoSi fulis

gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. maT aqvT agregirebuli monacemebi

samarTaldamcavebisa da komerciul wyaroebidan203. fulis gaTeTrebis

procesis gamosavlenad specialuri organoebi da analitikosebi xSirad

iyeneben sxvadasxva sainformacio portalze, cnobarebsa Tu saerTaSoriso

publikaciebSi regularulad gamoqveynebul informacias. investiciebis

kvalis Zieba ki saxelidan iwyeba. saxelebis kvleva gamoamJRavnebs, rom

kompaniebis Sesaxeb monacemebs Soris Cndeba organizebul danaSaulSi

CarTuli ramdenime piri. rodesac saqme pirebisa an kompaniebis kvlevas

exeba, onlain monacemTa bazebi uamrav SesaZleblobas iZleva. internetis

                                                            202Johnson, C. Using Case-Based Reasoning to Support the Indexing and Retrieval of Incident Reports 203U.S. Congress, O. O., Technologies for Detecting Money Laundering. In O. O. U.S. Congress, Technologies for Detecting Money Laundering, P. 51-71

 

86 

ganviTarebasTan erTad investiciebis wyaros gamoZiebiT dakavebuli

pirovnebebi iZieben informaciis did nakads, romlis gadasamuSaveblad

Tanamedrove programebs iyeneben, maT Sorisaa programa “12“, e.w.

“analitikosis wignaki“, romelic warmoadgens mowinave sagamoZiebo

analitikur programas204. aRniSnuli saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevars rTuli,

kompleqsuri bazebidan mopovebuli informacia martivad daakavSiros

erTmaneTTan da Seqmnas e.w. logikuri scenarebi. “12’’-is garda aseve

arsebobs kompiuteruli programebi, maT Soris NetMiner205, UCInet206, Pajek207, sxv,

romelic iZleva monacemebis informaciad gardaqmnis saSualebas da

kompaniebis saxelwodebebs, mowileTa raodenobas, vinaobas, misamarTebs,

dabadebis TariRebs ise gardaqmnis, rom saerTo saxelwodebebs Soris

xilul kavSirs adgens. amgvarad, kavSirebis dadgena, romelic analitikoss

gauWirdeboda monacemTa bazebis raodenobis gamo, dRes ukve SesaZlebelia

kompiuteruli programis meSveobiT. kompiuteruli programebis

SesaZleblobebi izrdeba, rodesac mas gamoiyeneben analitikosTa mier

Seqmnil monacemTa bazebSi. Groove funqcionirebs, rogorc damakavSirebeli

xidi da uzrunvelyofs gacvlisTvis dacul samuSao sivrces. kompaniis

Sesaxeb informacia qveynebSi xelmisawvdomia sajaro sainformacio

portalebze, qveynebis mixedviT, is SeiZleba iyos fasiani:

http://www.globalinvestigativejournalism.org-saitze daarqivebulia

masalebi, romelic moicavs informacias sxvadasxva qveyanaSi da ofSorul

samoTxeebSi moqmedi kompaniebis Sesaxeb208;

http://ebr.org-saitze mocemulia avstriis, niderlandebis,

estoneTis, fineTis, safrangeTis, germaniis, saberZneTis, irlandiis,

italiis, jersis, latviis, daniis, norvegiis, serbeTis, espaneTis, SvedeTis,

ukrainisa da didi britaneTis monacemTa bazebi. fasebi icvleba qveynebis

mixedviT209;

                                                            204radu p., International Center for Journalists, Advancing Quality Journalism Worldwide, fulis

kvaldakval, cifruli gzamkvlevi korufciis gamosavlenad, gv.22-25 205 NetMiner, Manual, Getting Started with NetMiner, CYRAM, 2008, P.28-29 206 Indian Institute of Technology Dyderabad, Global Initiative on Academic Network (GIAN), Certificate Course on SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS 17th-23rd December 2016, P.2 207 Batagelj V., and Mrvar A., Pajek-Program for Large Network Analysis, University of Ljubljana, 1999, P.1 208Global Investigative Journalism Network, website: https://www.gijn.org 209European Business Register, website: http://www.ebr.org

 

87 

http://www.lexisnexis/uk/business-veb-gverdi fasiania da iTxovs

xelmoweras. is sTavazobs xelmisawvdomobas mediaSi gamoqveynebul

masalebTan, kompaniebis registrebTan mraval qveyanaSi, sasamarTlo

saqmeebTan, finansur bazrebTan da mraval sxva saxis informaciasTan210;

http://www.dialog.com-veb-gveri iZleva wvdomas asobiT

gaerTianebul monacemTa bazasTan da saZiebo sistemasTan211.

calkeuli qveynis mixedviT, informaciis moZieba SeiZleba sajaro

reestrisa da saSemosavlo samsaxuris sainformacio portalebze.

magaliTad,

avstraliis fasiani qaRaldebisa da investiciebis komisia

uzrunvelyofs monacemTa bazas avstraliaSi daregistrirebuli kompaniebis

Sesaxeb http://www.asic.gov.au212.

azerbaijanSi kompaniebis Sesaxeb informaciis moZieba rTulia,

gansakuTrebiT komerciuli organizaciebis mflobelebis Sesaxeb.

informacia mmarTvelebis Sesaxeb ar aris sajarod xelmisawvdomi.

saxelmwifo struqturebi azerbaijanSi mudmivad uars amboben komerciuli

holdingebis aqcionerebis da mmarTveli sabWoebis Sesaxeb informaciiis

gacemaze, vinaidan maTTvis aqcionerTa saxelebi komerciuli saidumloa da

nebismieri informacia, dakavSirebuli aseT kompaniebTan konfidencialuria.

informacia aqcionerebis Sesaxeb erovnul sadepozito centrSia

ganTavsebuli. “erovnuli sadepozito centri’’ bankis rols TamaSobs da

informacia mowileTa Sesaxeb sabanko saidumlos warmoadgens213.

amerikis SeerTebul Statebs mravali monacemTa baza aqvs,

romlebic aqtiurad gamoiyeneba kompaniebis Sesaswavlad. magaliTad,

http://www.nass.org, sadac daregistrirebisas xeli migiwvdebaT qveynis 50

Statis kompaniaTa reestrze214. aseve, sainteresoa http://www.guidestar.org,

romelic iTxovs registracias215. is Zalzed sasargeblo eleqtronuli veb-

misamarTia maTTvis, vinc aSS–Si dafuZnebul, magram sazRvargareT moqmed

fondebs, arasamTavrobo da saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebs eZebs da maTze

                                                            210RELX Group, LexisNexis, website: http://www.lexisnexis.co.uk/en-uk/home.page 211ProQuest Research Database, website: http://www.proquest.com 212Austrian Securities and Investment Commission, website: http://www.asic.gov.au 213National Depository Center of the Republic of Azerbaijan, CJSC, website: http://aecsd.org 214National Association of Secretaries of State, website: http://www.nass.org 215GuideStar, website: http://www.guidestar.org/Home.aspx

 

88 

surs informaciis moZieba.

axali zelandiisTvis https://www.companiesoffice.govt.nz/companies

informaciis erT–erTi saukeTeso provaideria. sistema ufasoa da

xelmisawvdomia inglisur enaze216.

belgiur veb-gverdze arsebobs zogadi informacia kompaniebis

Sesaxeb. veb-gverdi http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/tsv/tsf.htm aseve iZleva

informacias kompaniebis Sesaxeb217. http://www.trendstop.be-ze ki ganTavsebulia

finansuri informacia belgiis 100 umsxvilesi kompaniis Sesaxeb218.

bosnia da hercogovinaSi kompaniis Sesaxeb Canawerebis mopoveba

SesaZlebelia. isini ZiriTadad ganTavsebulia bosniis sasamarTloebSi.

dokumentebi iZleva informacias mflobelTa Sesaxeb. aslebis gadaReba

fasiania. amasTanave, ramdenime sasamarTlom praqtikaSi danerga internet an

veb-gverdebze xelmisawvdomi monacemTa bazebiT sargebloba. Tumca, veb-

gverdebze arsebuli informacia ar iZleva srul suraTs219.

britaneTis virjiniis kunZulebiT sargebloben ofSoruli

kompaniebis formirebis dros. maT aqvT sakuTari reestri, saidanac

SesaZlebelia kompaniis wesdebis, direqtorTa Sesaxeb informaciis miReba.

Tumca, daregistrirebuli kompaniis beneficiari mflobeli korporaciul

CanawerebSi SesaZloa, ar dafiqsirdes.

veb-misamarTze htttp://www.guernseyregistry.com mocemulia informacia

guernsze daregistrirebuli kompaniebis Sesaxeb220. aRniSnuli kunZuli

gamoirCeva ofSoruli kompaniebis dafuZnebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

sasurveli garemoTi, romelic araerT fulis gamTeTrebels izidavs.

daniis veb-gverdi http://www.biq.dk mocemulia daniur enaze da

fasiania. amasTanave, SesaZlebelia erTkviriani ufaso wevrobis miReba221. aq

SesaZlebelia informaciis moZieba daniuri kompaniebisa da maTTan

dakavSirebuli pirebis Sesaxeb.

did britaneTSi informacia aqcionerebis, direqtorebisa da

finansuri angariSebis Sesaxeb ZiriTadad fasiania. cvlilebebi kompaniebis

                                                            216Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, website: https://www.companiesoffice.govt.nz/companies 217Belgisch Staatsblad, website: http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/tsv/tsf.htm 218Trends Top, Trends Business Information, in Search for Business, website: http://www.trendstop.be 219Registers of Business Entities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, website: https://bizreg.pravosudje.ba 220Guernsey Registry, website: htttp://www.guernseyregistry.com 221Søgning, website: https://data.biq.dk

 

89 

struqturaSi SesaZloa mikvleul iqnas monacemTa bazis, sakredito

valdebulebebis da sxvadasxva finansuri transaqciebis Sesaxeb monacemebis

miRebisas-http://www.companieshouse.co.uk/ddir222. amasTanave, SesaZloa informaciis

moZieba yvela diskvalificirebuli direqtoris Sesaxeb.

irlandiaSi informaciis miReba fasiania. kompaniebis

saregistracio ofisebi, reestri, biznes-saxelwodebebi SesaZloa, moiZebnos

Semdeg veb-misamarTze http://www.cro.ie223.

italiur veb-gverdze http://www.registroimprese.it informaciis moZieba

kompaniis Sesaxeb ufasoa224. monacemTa baza, agreTve xelmisawvdomia

evropis biznes reestris meSveobiT.

2004 wlidan moyolebuli kviprosi maqsimalurad cdilobs

fulis gaTeTrebis SemTxvevebis aRmofxvras. korporaciuli Canawerebis

mopoveba SesaZlebelia kompaniaTa reestris departamentis Semdeg veb-

misamarTze: http://www.mcit.gov.cy225. sainteresoa, rom oficialuri dokumentebi

SesaZloa, Seicavdes Secdomebs. kvipross praqtikulad ar aqvs kontroli

monacemebze.

latviaSi informacia xelmisawvdomia reestris meSveobiT:

http://www.lursoft.lv226.

lixtenSteini mwir monacemebs sTavazobs kompaniebis Sesaxeb da

arasodes gascems informacias mflobelebis Sesaxeb. kompaniis Sesaxeb

informacia SesaZlebelia, inaxos Semdeg veb-gverdze: http://www.oera.li227. Zieba

mimdinareobs saxelwodebisa da registraciis nomriT. gansazRvruli

formis Sevsebis Semdeg SesaZlebelia Canawerebis miReba. informaciis

miReba fasiania.

luqsemburgis savaWro reestrs fasiani momsaxureba aqvs -

http://www.rcsl.lu228. sasargeblo resursi luqsemburis kompaniebis Sesaxeb

monacemebis mosapoveblad aris Semdegi veb-gverdi: http://www.etat.lu, romelic

                                                            222Companies House, Registrar of Companies (England and Wales), website: www.gov.uk 223Companies Registration Office, website: https://www.cro.ie 224The business register of the Italian Chambers of Commerce, website: http://www.registroimprese.it 225Republic of Cyprus, The Ministry of Energy, Commerce Industry and Tourism, website: http://www.mcit.gov.cy 226Lursoft, website: http://www.lursoft.lv 227Landesverwaltung, Furstentum Liechtenstein, website: http://www.oera.li 228Registre de Commerce et des Societes, website: https://www.rcsl.lu

 

90 

moicavs oficialuri Canawerebis nakrebs229. kompaniis saxelwodebis

mixedviT SesaZlebelia monacemebis mopoveba http://legilux.public.lu230.

makedoniis kompaniebis Sesaxeb monacemebi Tavmoyrilia

http://www.crm.com.mk-ze, sadac informacia ganTavsebulia makedoniur enaze

2008 wlidan daregistrirebuli kompaniebis Sesaxeb231. wina wlebSi

daregistrirebuli kompaniebis Sesaxeb informaciis mosapoveblad

aucilebelia reestris ofisidan informaciis gamoTxova.

ofSoruli kompaniebis formirebisTvis erT-erTi mimzidveli

adgilmdebareobaa menis kunZuli, romelTa korporaciuli Canawerebi

SesaZlebelia, moiZebnos veb-gverdze: http://www.fsc.gov.im232. Zieba

SesaZlebelia saxelwodebiT an kompaniis registraciis nomriT.

holandiis savaWro reestri onlain reJimSi iZebneba veb-gverdze

http://www.kvk.nl, informaciis umetesoba ufasoa233.

norvegiaSi kompaniis Sesaxeb informacia biznes-reestris

meSveobiTaa xelmisawvdomi: http://www.brreg.no234.

rumineTSi Canawerebi ganTavsebulia veb-gverdze http://www.onrc.ro,

sadac SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva tipis Ziebis ganxorcieleba saxelebisa da

misamarTebis, saregistracio nomris, aqcionerebis da administratoris

saxelebis CaTvliT235. monacemTa bazasTan daSvebisTvis saWiroa xelmowera.

kompaniis istoria buqarestis reestris saTao ofisSi moipoveba da

miRebuli kakonmdeblobiT piradi monacemebi aqcionerTa Sesaxeb

xelmiuwvdomelia.

ruseTSi ramdenime saZiebo resursi arsebobs, romelic iZleva

informacias kompaniebis Sesaxeb. maT Soris http://www.egrul.ru, romelzec

xelmowera aucilebelia236. veb-gverdi iZleva informacias kompaniebis

damfuZneblebis da finansuri angariSebis Sesaxeb. aseve, SesaZlebelia

informaciis moZieba imis Taobaze, Tu ra kompaniebi Seiqmna ama Tu im piris

                                                            229Le Guvernement Du Grand-Duche De Luxembourg, website: http://www.etat.public.lu/fr/index.php 230Le Guvernement Du Grand-Duche De Luxembourg, website: http://legilux.public.lu 231Централен Регистар На Република Македониjа, website: http://www.crm.com.mk 232Isle of Man, Financial Services Authority, Lught-Reill Shirveishyn Argidoil Ellan Vannin, website: https://www.iomfsa.im 233The Chamber of Commerce, Kamer van Koophandel, website: https://www.kvk.nl/english/ 234The Brønnøysund Register Centre, website: https://www.brreg.no/home/ 235Ministerul Justiției, Oficiul Național al Registrului Comerțului, website: https://www.onrc.ro/index.php/ro/ 236Russian Federation, Enquiry Service of Legal Entities, website: https://russianpartner.biz

 

91 

mier. aseve, sasargeblo veb-gverdi aris http://www.lin.ru, romlis daxmarebiTac

SesaZlebelia informaciis miReba msxvili kompaniebis Sesaxeb237. mocemul

gverdze ganTavsebuli informacia ar aris ganaxlebuli.

samxreT afrikaSi Canawerebi moipoveba kompaniebis reestridan,

romelic inaxeba vaWrobisa da mrewvelobis departamentSi

http://www.cipro.gov.za238. araoficialurad monacemebis mopoveba SesaZlebelia

http://www.legalcity.net-ze239.

safrangeTSi kompaniebis Sesaxeb informacia mocemulia

http://www.euridile.fr-ze240. kompaniis Sesaxeb sruli Canaweri SesaZloa 40

evromde Rirdes.

saqarTveloSi Canawerebi kompaniaTa Sesaxeb SesaZloa moiZebnos

finansTa saministros www.revenue.mof.ge-sa da sajaro reestris erovnuli

saagentos www.napr.gov.ge veb-gverdze241. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac

kompaniebis realuri mflobelebis ukan fiqtiuri pirebi dganan.

saqarTveloSi daregistrirebuli kompaniebis Sesaxeb Canawerebis moZieba

aseve SesaZlebelia http://www.dnb.com-ze242. monacemTa bazasTan

xelmisawvdomoba da sxvadasxva tipis saZiebo sistema mocemulia ufaso

saitze http://www.lexisnexis.com243.

slovakeTSi sxvadasxva tipis informaciis moZieba ufasoa

http://www.orsk.sk-ze244.

ukrainaSi kompaniebis Sesaxeb informaciis mopoveba

SesaZlebelia evropis biznes-reestris meSveobiT. kompaniebis Sesaxeb

informacia Tavmoyrilia http://www.smida.gov.ua245. monacemTa baza iZleva

informacias saaqcio sazogadoebebis, kompaniebis, maTi wliuri angariSebis

Sesaxeb. http://bank.gov.ua-ze mocemulia bankebis aqcionerTa monacemTa baza,

sadac asaxulia informacia im pirebis Sesaxeb, visac bankSi 10%–ze meti

                                                            237Legislation and Investment, website: http://www.lin.ru 238Companies and Intellectual Property Commission, a member of the dtl group 239Legal City, South Africa's premier online legal services portals, website: https://www.legalcity.net 240Les Greffes Des Tribunaux De Commerce, website: https://www.infogreffe.fr 241sajaro reestris erovnuli saagento. website: www.napr.gov.ge 242Dun and Bradstreet, Global Commercial Database, website: http://www.dnb.com 243LexisNexis, Legal and Professional, website: https://www.lexisnexis.com/en-us/gateway.page 244Ministry Of Justice Of The Slovak Republic, Business Register, On Internet, website: http://www.orsr.sk 245SMIDA, Ми робимо інформацію доступною, website: https://smida.gov.ua

 

92 

wili aqvs246. http://cna.com.ua aris monacemTa baza kompaniebis gakotrebis,

likvidaciis, kanondarRvevebis da sxva msgavsi saxis informaciis Sesaxeb.

aRniSnuli informaciis gamoTxova aris fasiani.

ungreTSi daregistrirebuli kompaniebis Sesaxeb informaciis

moZieba SesaZlebelia inglisur enaze http://www.adatbazis.com247.

finuri kompaniebis Sesaxeb informaciis moZieba SesaZlebelia

savaWro reestris oficialur veb-gverdze: http://www.ytj.fi. Tumca, monacemTa

baza ar moicavs finansur Canawerebs248.

CexeTis respublikis veb-gverdi http://portal.justice.cz uzrunvelyofs

ufaso informaciis mowodebas kompaniis saxelwodebis mixedviT249.

rodesac finansuri institutebi da saxelmwifo struqturebi

axorcieleben didi moculobis investiciebs Tanamedrove teqnologiebSi,

raTa moxerxdes klientebis Sesaxeb utyuari informaciis miReba,

damnaSaveebi maqsimalurad cdiloben alternatiuli gzebis moZiebas, ris

sapasuxodac saxelmwifo Tu saerTaSoriso organoebi imuSaveben sxvadasxva

teqnologiebs, romelic saSualebas miscems maT dainaxon kavSirebi

moTamaSeebs Soris da gamoavlinon saeWvo tipis SemTxvevebi, dakavSirebuli

fulis gaTeTrebasTan. Tu finansuri sistemebi ganagrZoben axali

kontrolis meqanizmebis danergvas, kriminalebi kvlav Seecdebian axali

alternatiuli gzis moZiebas fuladi saxsrebisaTvis. rogorc mocemul

paragrafSi gamovlinda, Tanamedrove teqnologiebi xels uwyoben ukanonod

miRebuli Semosavlebis legalizaciis faqtebis gamovlenasa da maT

Semdgom prevencias. aseve, gavecaniT informaciis didi nakadis

gadamamuSavebel analitikur programebs.

                                                            246Національний банк України, website: http://bank.gov.ua/control/uk/index 247BISNODE, Azokosadatok és üzletielemzések úttörőivagyunk, website: https://www.bisnode.hu 248The Business Information System, website: https://www.ytj.fi/en/index.html 249Ministerstvo Spravedlnosti České Republiky, website: http://www.justice.cz/Justice2/Uvod/uvod.aspx

 

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Tavi III. fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Taviseburebები

saqarTveloSi

3.1. fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis instituciuri sistema da

samarTlebrivi baza saqarTveloSi

mocemul TavSi ganvixilavT saqarTveloSi fulis gaTeTrebis

winaaRmdeg brZolis Taviseburebas. mimovixilavT sakanonmdeblo bazas,

sxvadasxva specializebul institutebs da aRniSnul problemasTan

sabrZolvelad SemuSavebul specialur dokumentebs.

bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi saerTaSoriso safinanso institutebis

da wamyvani industriuli qveynebis gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmeva mimarTulia

ukanono saqmianobiT miRebuli fuladi saxsrebis ara marto damalvis,

aramed am saxsrebiT danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis da terorizmis

dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolisaken. am viTarebaSi, saqarTveloSi e.w.

`fulis gaTeTrebis” aRkveTis Sesaxeb kanondeblobis SemuSavebis da

Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis gatarebis mcdeloba exmaureba msoflioSi

arsebul tendenciebs. garda amisa, Cvens qveyanaSi, sadac miaxloebiTi

statistikis mixedviT Crdilovani ekonomikis wili 60 procents Seadgens,

ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis winaaRmdeg brZolis problemebze

muSaoba Zalze aqtualuria250. saqarTvelos, rogorc evropis sabWos wevr

qveyanas, romelic miuerTda evropis sabWos 1990 wlis konvencias `fulis

gaTeTrebis, danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis Sedegad mopovebuli Semosavlebis

moZiebis, amoRebisa da konfiskaciis Sesaxeb” (strasburgis konvencia),

nakisri aqvs valdebuleba Seqmnas ukanono Semosavlebis legalizaciis

winaaRmdeg brZolis sferoSi prevenciuli sakanondeblo baza da gaataros

Sesabamisi RonisZiebebi. aRniSnuli sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmna agreTve

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis rekomendacia/moTxovnaa251. aRniSnuli

garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT Sesabamisi uwyebaTaSorisi komisiis mier

momzadda kanonproeqti `ukanono Semosavlebis legalizaciis aRkveTis

                                                            250danelia b., Crdilovani ekonomika 60 procents aWarbebs, statia, 2018, gv.1

http://for.ge/view.php?for_id=52242&cat=1 251saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, konvencia fulis gaTeTrebis,danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis Sedegad mopovebuli Semosavlebis moZiebis, amoRebisa da konfiskaciis Sesaxeb,

saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba da SeTanxmeba, 1990w., https://www.matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/1216554

 

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Sesaxeb” da sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis paketi. kanonproeqtis

SemuSavebisas nawilobriv gaTvaliswinebuli iyo, rogorc zemoaRniSnuli

konvenciis debulebebi, ise FATF-is 40 rekomendacia da 1991 wlis 10 ivnisis

91/308/EEC direqtiva finansuri sistemebis fulis gaTeTrebis mizniT

gamoyenebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb. seqtoruli qvejgufis mier, romelSic

GEPLAC-is eqspertebTan erTad monawileobdnen iusticiis saministros,

ekonomikis, mrewvelobisa da vaWrobis saministros, finansTa saministros

da erovnuli bankis warmomadgenlebi, Seswavlil iqna direqtivis 91/308/EEC

da strasburgis konvenciis moTxovnebi da momzadda kanonproeqtis

aRniSnul aqtebTan SedarebiTi analizi, romelmac kanonproeqtis mTeli

rigi xarvezebi da Seusabamobebi gamoavlina. am sferoSi saqarTvelos

kanondeblobis evropis kanondeblobasTan harmonizacia xels Seuwyobs

fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis meqanizmebis efeqtian amoqmedebas-

fulis gaTeTrebis yvela SesaZlo gzebis gadaketvas, gaTeTrebis

mcdelobis droul gamovlenas da aRkveTas da rac mTavaria, saSualebas

miscems Sesabamis organoebs ar dauSvan danaSaulebrivi gziT SeZenili

qonebis gankargva da uzrunvelyon misi saxelmwifosaTvis gadacema.

aRniSnuli RonisZiebebis mosalodneli Sedegi gamovlindeba Crdilovani

seqtoridan legalur seqtorSi fulis gadinebiT.

saqarTveloSi ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis

dafinansebis aRkveTis sistema arsebobis aT wels iTvlis. amJamad moqmedi

“ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb“

saqarTvelos kanoni 2003 wlis 6 ivniss iqna miRebuli da ZalaSia 2004 wlis

1 ianvridan252. swored aRniSnuli kanoni warmoadgens ukanono Semosavlis

legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis prevenciis erovnuli sistemis

mTavar samarTlebriv instruments. kanoni aregulirebs saqarTveloSi

ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis

gamovlenasa da aRkveTis xelSewyobasTan dakavSirebul urTierTobebs,

aseve saqarTvelosa da sxva saxelmwifoTa uflebamosil organoebsa da

saerTaSoriso organizaciebs Soris TanamSromlobis formebs. saqarTvelos

finansuri monitoringis samsaxurs xelmZRvanelobs ufrosi, romelsac

                                                            252saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba #236, fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolis strategia (2014-2017ww), q.Tbilisi, gv.1-2

 

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erovnuli bankis sabWosTan SeTanxmebiT, 4 wlis vadiT Tanamdebobaze

niSnavs da Tanamdebobidan aTavisuflebs saqarTvelos prezidenti.

samsaxuris ufross hyavs moadgile. samsaxuris SemadgenlobaSi Sedis

Semdegi struqturuli erTeulebi: analitikuri sammarTvelo,

administraciuli sammarTvelo, meTodologiis, saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebisa da iuridiuli sammarTvelo, informaciis miRebisa da

damuSavebis sammarTvelo. samsaxuri saqarTvelos prezidents weliwadSi

erTxel, momdevno saangariSo wlis 1 maisamde warudgens angariSs gaweuli

saqmianobis Sesaxeb253. samsaxuris dafinansebasTan dakavSirebiT unda

aRiniSnos, rom mis biujets samsaxuris ufrosis wardginebiT

yovelwliurad amtkicebs erovnuli bankis sabWo254. sistematuri

urTierToba aqvs sazedamxedvelo organoebTan, saqarTvelos erovnul

bankTan, saqarTvelos iusticiis saministrosa da saqarTvelos finansTa

saministrosTan, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze Seqmnili

buRalterTa saerTaSoriso federaciis wevr organizaciasTan255. ”ukanono

Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos

kanoni gansazRvravs saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris

amocanebsa da saqmianobis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs. sajaro samarTlis

iuridiuli piri-saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuri, rogorc

damoukidebeli organo monitoringis ganmaxorcielebeli pirebisgan iRebs,

aanalizebs da dasabuTebuli varaudis gaCenis SemTxvevaSi, rom garigeba

saeWvoa da xorcieldeba ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis an terorizmis

dafinansebis an sxva danaSaulis Cadenis mizniT, gadascems saTanado

informacias samarTaldamcav organoebs.256 bolo wlebSi finansuri

monitoringis samsaxuri kvlavac ganagrZobs intensiur TanamSromlobas

sazedamxedvelo organoebTan-saqarTvelos erovnul bankTan, saqarTvelos

iusticiisa da finansTa saministroebTan, saqarTvelos profesional

buRalterTa da auditorTa federaciasTan, saqarTvelos advokatTa

asociaciasTan. monitoringis ganmaxorcielebeli pirebis Semowmebis

                                                            253saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba N606, 2014, q.Tbilisi, Tavi 4, muxli 6 254Transparency International Georgia, 2014, website: http://www.transparency.ge/ge/blog/pinansuri-monitoringis-samsakhuri-pinansta-saministros-ar-unda-gadaetses 255Georgian Federation of Professional Accountants and Auditors, website: http://www.gfpaa.ge/site/index.php 256saqarTvelos kanoni “ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb” 2003, q.Tbilisi, muxli 10

 

96 

momzadebasa da inspeqtirebis SedegebTan dakavSirebiT sazedamxedvelo

organoebTan xorcieldeba informaciis urTierTgacvla ukanono

Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis sferoSi moqmedi

sakanonmdeblo bazis moTxovnebis Sesrulebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.

aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos erovnul banksa da ssip saqarTvelos

finansuri monitoringis samsaxurs Soris TanamSromlobis xelSewyobis

mizniT, 2016 wlis 5 agvistos gaformda memorandumi, romlis mizania

informaciis urTierTgacvlis, normatiuli bazisa da meTodologiuri

saxelmZRvaneloebis SemuSavebis procesSi mxareTa TanamSromlobis

gaRrmaveba257. 2016 wels gaformebuli memorandumiT ganaxlebul iqna

mxareTa Soris 2007 wlis 30 maiss gaformebuli SeTanxmebiT

gaTvaliswinebul sakiTxebze TanamSromlobis pirobebi.

2016 wels saqarTvelos finansuri montoringis samsaxuri aqtiurad

iyo CarTuli aseve korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolis uwyebaTSorisi

sakoordinacio sabWosa da fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis dafinansebis

winaaRmdeg brZolis strategiisa da samoqmedo gegmis SemmuSavebeli da

misi Sesrulebis koordinaciis ganmaxorcielebeli uwyebaTaSorisi sabWos

muSaobaSi. saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis gaRrmavebis TvalsazrisiT,

aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuri

agrZelebs kooperirebul saqmianobas ucxoel kolegebTan258. ucxo qveynebis

Sesabamis samsaxurebTan ormxrivi TanamSromlobis xelSewyobis mizniT,

saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris mier 2016 wlis

ganmavlobaSi urTierTgagebis memorandumebi gaformebul iqna yazaxeTis,

montenegrosa da monakos analogiur samsaxurebTan. 2017 wlis 1 ianvris

mdgomareobiT, saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxurs

TanamSromlobisa da informaciis urTierTgacvlis Sesaxeb memorandumi

gaformebuli aqvs 42 qveynis analogiur samsaxurTan259.

saangariSo wlis manZilze samsaxuri ganagrZobda TanamSromlobas

saerTaSoriso da ucxour organizaciebTan. 2016 wlis manZilze

saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuri aqtiurad iyo CarTuli

                                                            257saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuri, wliuri angariSi, 2016, q.Tbilisi, gv. 10-11 258saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuri, wliuri angariSi,2016, q.Tbilisi, gv.11 259saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuri, wliuri angariSi,2016, q.Tbilisi, gv.12

 

97 

evropis sabWos fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul RonisZiebaTa

Semfasebel rCeul eqspertTa (MONEYVAL) komitetis plenaruli sxdomebis

muSaobaSi. saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris

warmomadgeneli monawileobas iRebda sloveniis mexuTe raundis

saSemfaseblo misiaSi (organizatori-MONEYVAL-is komiteti, 2016 wlis 6–19

noemberi)260. ”ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis

Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonSi 2016 wlis 8 ivniss Setanili sakanonmdeblo

cvlilebebis Tanaxmad, im pirebisaTvis romlebic kanonmdeblobiT

dadgenili wesiT ewevian sabuRaltro an/da auditorul saqmianobis,

zemoaRniSnuli kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli moTxovnebis Sesrulebaze

zedamxedvel organod, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze Seqmnili

buRalterTa saerTaSoriso federaciis wevri organizaciis nacvlad,

ganisazRvra saqarTvelos finansTa saministros sistemaSi Semavali

saxelmwifo saqveuwyebo dawesebuleba buRaltruli aRricxvis,

angariSgebisa da auditis zedamxedvelobis samsaxuri. ”ukanono Semosavlis

legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonidan

gamomdinare, 2016 wlis manZilze gagrZelda muSaoba saqarTvelos

finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris mier teroristTa da terorizmis

xelSemwyob pirTa siebis ganaxlebis mimarTulebiT. saqarTvelos finansuri

monitoringis samsaxuris mier saangariSo wlis manZilze gaeros Sesabamisi

komitetis gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze mudmivad xdeboda cvlilebebi da

damatebebi teroristTa da terorizmis xelSemwyob pirTa siebSi.

zemoaRniSnuli brZanebebi gamoqveynda saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macneSi,

saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris veb-gverdze da miewoda

monitoringis ganmaxorcielebel pirebs. aRniSnuli cvlilebebisa da

damatebebis mizania gaeros al-qaidasa da Talibanis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli

sanqciebis komitetebis mier damtkicebul siebTan adgilobrivi

kanonmdeblobis sruli Tavsebadobis uzrunvelyofa261. 2016 wels

saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxurma monitoringis

ganmaxorciebel pirebisTvis am ukanasknelTa mier maTze kanonmdeblobiT

dakisrebuli valdebulebebis Sesrulebis xelSewyobis uzrunvelsayofad

                                                            260Egmont, Annual Report, 15 Years of Trust and Confidence, 2010, Page.36 261saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuri, wliuri angariSi, 2016, q.Tbilisi, gv.13

 

98 

ganagrZo sakonsultacio Sexvedrebis, treningebisa da seminarebis

organizeba. saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxurma saangariSo

wlis manZilze damoukideblad da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis

mxardaWeriT monitoringis ganmaxorcielebeli pirebisaTvis gamarTa

ramdenime trening-seminari. 2016 wlis manZilze saqarTvelos finansuri

monitoringis samsaxuris TanamSromlebi ganagrZobdnen monawileobas

sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso treningsa Tu seminarSi, aseve eswrebodnen

saerTaSoriso organizaciebis iniciativiT gamarTul Sesabamis

Sexvedrebs262. saqarTvelos mTavrobisaTvis fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg

brZola sakmaod mniSvnelovani sakiTxia. aRniSnuli problemis winaaRmdeg

brZolis samarTlebrivi sistema dafuZnebulia saerTaSoriso dokumentebisa

da gamocdilebis safuZvelze.

“ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSemwyobi“

saqarTvelos kanoni da mis safuZvelze saqarTvelos finansuri

monitoringis samsaxurisa da sazedamxedvelo organoebis mier gamocemuli

normatiuli aqtebi saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisad:

gansazRvraven monitoringis ganmaxorcielebeli pirebis

valdebulebebs ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis

dafinansebis aRkveTis sferoSi;

gansazRvraven monitoringis ganmaxorcielebeli pirebis mier

Sesabamisi informaciis saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis

samsaxurisTvis miwodebis wessa da pirobebs;

iTvaliswineben valdebulebebs informaciis dacvasa da

gacemasTan dakavSirebuli pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb da uzrunvelyofen

adgilobrivi da saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis meqanizmebs263.

“ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb“

saqarTvelos kanonSi 2011 wlis 25 noembers Setanili cvlilebebi

iTvaliswinebs calke debulebebs gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis

rezoluciebis Sesrulebis sakiTxebze momuSave samTavrobo komisiis

Taobaze. kanoni gansazRvravs komisiisa da samuSao jgufis

                                                            262saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuri, wliuri angariSi, 2016, q.Tbilisi, gv.16 263saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba N399, 2013, q.Tbilisi, sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris-saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris debulebis damtkicebis Taobaze, Tavi 3, muxli 4

 

99 

uflebamosilebebs. ”ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis

xelSewyobis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoniT gansazRvrulia ukanono

Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis aRkveTis sferoSi

moqmedi erovnuli institucionaluri sistema. kanoniT dadgenilia

monitoringis ganmaxorcielebeli pirebis mier Sesabamisi valdebulebebis

Sesrulebaze pasuxismgebeli sazedamxedvelo organoebi. kerZod:

saqarTvelos erovnuli banki-komerciuli bankebis, valutis

gadamcvleli punqtebis, kvalificiuri sakredito institutebis, arasabanko

sadepozito dawesebulebebisa da mikrosafinanso organizaciebisaTvis;

fuladi gzavnilebis ganmaxorcielebeli pirebisaTvis; sabrokero

kompaniebisa da fasiani qaRaldebis registratorebisaTvis;

sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri-saqarTvelos dazRvevis

saxelmwifo zedamxedvelobis samsaxuri-sadazRvevo kompaniebisa da

arasaxelmwifo sapensio sqemis damfuZneblebisaTvis;

saqarTvelos finansTa saministro–latariebisa da sxva

TamaSebis momwyobi pirebisaTvis; Zvirfas liTonebTan, Zvirfas qvebTan da

maT nawarmsa da antikvarul nivTebTan dakavSirebuli saqmianobis

ganmaxorcielebeli pirebisaTvis; ssip–Semosavlebis samsaxurisaTvis;

salizingo kompaniebisaTvis; grantebisa da saqvelmoqmedo daxmarebebis

gamcemi pirebisaTvis;

saqarTvelos iusticiis saministro-notariusebisaTvis; ssip-

sajaro reestris erovnuli saagentosaTvis;

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze Seqmnili buRalterTa

saerTaSoriso federaciis wevri organizacia im pirebisaTvis, romlebic

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT ewevian sabuRaltro an/da

auditorul saqmianobas;

sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri-saqarTvelos advokatTa

asociacia-advokatebisaTvis264.

moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, sazedamxedvelo organoebs

ekisrebaT pasuxismgebloba monitoringis ganmaxorcielebeli pirebis mier

kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebebis Sesrulebis

                                                            264saqarTvelos parlamenti, kanoni “ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb”, 2003, q.Tbilisi, muxli 4

 

100 

SemowmebisaTvis.

“saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi” axdens ukanono

Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis kriminalizacias.

aseve, masSi mocemulia ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis predikati

danaSaulebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis

kriminalizaciis miznebisaTvis, predikats warmoadgens saqarTvelos

sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli yvela danaSauli265.

miTiTebuli danaSaulebi srulad moicavs finansuri moqmedebis

specialuri jgufis mier gansazRvrul ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis

predikatebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom 2007 wlidan dRemde saqarTvelos sisxlis

samarTlis kodeqsis Sesabamis muxlebSi ganxorcielda rigi cvlilebebi,

romlebic miznad isaxavda ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis da

terorizmis dafinansebis farTo da srulyofil kriminalizacias.

aRniSnulis Sedegad, miTiTebuli danaSaulebis kriminalizacia dReisaTvis

srulad Seesabameba am sferoSi moqmed saerTaSoriso standartebs.

zemoxsenebuli danaSaulebis kriminalizaciasTan erTad, saqarTvelos

sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi adgens qonebis CamorTmevis sisxlis

samarTlebriv meqanizms, rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania ukanono Semosavlis

legalizaciis da fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolisTvis.

“operatiul-samZebro saqmianobis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoni

gansazRvravs operatiul RonisZiebebs da maTi Catarebis wesebs, romlebic

gamoiyeneba danaSaulebis, maT Soris, fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis

dafinansebis, gamovlenisa da aRkveTis mizniT266.

“saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis” Sesabamisi Tavi

(Tavi XLIV1) adgens-ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis

dafinansebis danaSaulebisaTvis msjavrdebuli piris, misi ojaxis wevris,

axlo naTesavis da dakavSirebuli piris ukanono da dausabuTebeli qonebis

CamorTmevis samoqalaqo-samarTlebriv meqanizms. aRniSnuli meqanizmis

arseboba mniSvnelovania ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis da terorizmis

dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, radgan am dros, qonebis CamorTmevis

                                                            265saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba #236, fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolis strategia (2014-2017ww), 2014, q.Tbilisi, gv. 4 266saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba #236, fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolis strategia (2014-2017ww), 2014, q.Tbilisi, gv. 4

 

101 

sisxlis samarTlebrivi meqanizmisgan gansxvavebiT, CamorTmevas

daqvemdebarebul qonebasTan mimarTebaSi xdeba mtkicebis tvirTis

cvlileba da uSualod mopasuxe mxares ekisreba qonebis kanonieri

warmomavlobis dasabuTebis valdebuleba267.

“sisxlis samarTlis sferoSi saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis

Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoni gansazRvravs sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze,

maT Soris, ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis

dafinansebis saqmeebze, samarTlebrivi daxmarebis aRmoCenis, eqstradiciis

da ganaCenis aRsrulebis procedurebs268.

“samarTaldacviT sferoSi saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis

Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoni aregulirebs samarTaldacviT sferoSi

saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis sakiTxebs, romlebic ukavSirdeba

operatiul-samZebro informaciisa da personaluri monacemebis gacvlas,

operatiul-samZebro RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebas da saqarTvelos

samarTaldamcavi organoebis kompetenciisaTvis mikuTvnebul sxva sferoebs,

romlebSic saqarTvelos samarTaldamcavi organoebi TanamSromloben

sazRvargareTis qveynis samarTaldamcav organoebTan an saerTaSoriso

organizaciis Sesabamis struqturebTan. aRniSnuli TanamSromloba

xorcieldeba, maT Soris, ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis Tavidan

acilebis, gamovlenis da aRkveTis mizniT. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis

Tanaxmad, ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis gamoZieba ganekuTvneba

saqarTvelos mTavari prokuraturis kompetencias, xolo saqarTvelos

Sinagan saqmeTa saministro iZiebs teroristul danaSaulebs da terorizmis

dafinansebis saqmeebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis

da terorizmis dafinansebis saqmeebis gamoZieba tardeba saqarTvelos

mTavari prokuraturisa da saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros

specializebuli danayofebis mier269.

“fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis strategiis” ZiriTadi

mizania saqarTveloSi saerTaSoriso standartebTan Tavsebadi ukanono

                                                            267saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba #236, fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolis strategia (2014-2017ww), 2014, q.Tbilisi, gv. 4-5 268saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba #236, fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolis strategia (2014-2017ww), 2014, q.Tbilisi, gv. 5 269saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba #236, fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolis strategia (2014-2017ww), 2014, q.Tbilisi, gv. 5

 

102 

Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg

brZolisa da prevenciis erovnuli sistemis formireba, rac, Tavis mxriv,

xels Seuwyobs ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis

dafinansebasTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulebis prevencias, maTi raodenobis

klebas da maT droul gamovlenas. strategiis aRniSnuli mimarTuleba

ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis da terorizmis dafinansebis kuTxiT

qveyanaSi arsebuli riskebis identificirebas da am danaSaulebis

prevenciis mizniT riskze damyarebuli politikis gansazRvras gulisxmobs.

kerZod, Sesabamisi uwyebebis monawileobiT muSavdeba zogadi, seqtoruli

da Tematuri riskebis amsaxveli dokumenti, romlis safuZvelze moxdeba

ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis da terorizmis dafinansebis sferoSi

saxelmwifo politikis prioritetebis gansazRvra da resursebis efeqtiani

ganawileba270. riskebis Sefasebis dokumentiT gamovlenili sirTuleebis

aRmofxvris mizniT, ganxorcieldeba sxvadasxva seqtorebSi saqarTvelos

kanonmdeblobiT da saxelmwifo zedamxedvelobis politikiT gansazRvruli

meqanizmebis gadasinjva an, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, axali meqanizmebis

danergva. SemuSavebuli strategiis erT-erTi mimarTulebaa ukanono

Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg

brZolis erovnuli sakanonmdeblo bazis saerTaSoriso standartebis

gaTvaliswinebiT Semdgomi srulyofa. saqarTvelos moqmedi kanonmdebloba

finansuri qmedebis specialuri jgufis (FATF) rekomendaciebs, evrokavSiris

Sesabamis direqtivebsa da Sesabamisi konvenciebis moTxovnebs eyrdnoba.

Tumca, mTeli rigi mimarTulebebiT aucilebelia zemoaRniSnuli

standartebis Semdgomi implementaciis procesis gagrZeleba, rasac miznad

isaxavs strategia da masze TandarTuli samoqmedo gegma. strategiis erT-

erTi mimarTulebaa aseve erovnuli institucionaluri sistemis gaZliereba.

am mimarTulebiT prioritetulia:

sazedamxedvelo organoebis Sesabamisi adamianuri, materialur-

teqnikuri resursebiT gaZliereba;

finansuri qmedebis specialuri jgufis (FATF) meTodologiisa

da mis safuZvelze SemuSavebuli kanonmdeblobis gacnobis mizniT,

                                                            270saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba #236, fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolis strategia (2014-2017ww), 2014, q.Tbilisi, gv. 6

 

103 

permanentuli treningebis organizeba sazedamxedvelo organoebis,

samarTaldamcavi struqturebisa da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis

warmomadgenelTaTvis;

Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis gziT

sazedamxedvelo organoebis, saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis

samsaxuris aRWurva yvela im meqanizmiT, romelic saerTaSoriso

standartebisa da saukeTeso praqtikis gaTvaliswinebiT, aucilebelia

maTze dakisrebuli amocanebis efeqturi realizaciisTvis271.

strategiis mimarTulebas warmoadgens ukanono Semosavlis

legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg moqmedi

saxelmwifo da TviTmaregulirebeli organizaciebis adgilobrivi

TanamSromlobis, aseve, maTi ucxoel kolegebTan saerTaSoriso

TanamSromlobis gaZliereba272. monitoringis ganmaxorcielebeli pirebis

mier ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis da terorizmis dafinansebis

winaaRmdeg brZolis sferoSi arsebuli valdebulebebis jerovani

Sesrulebis xelSewyoba, gansakuTrebiT, es Seexeba im sferoebs, sadac

maRalia ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis

riski. strategiis erT-erT mniSvnelovan mimarTulebas warmoadgens

monitoringis ganmaxorcielebeli pirebis mier ukanono Semosavlis

legalizaciis da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolis sferoSi

arsebuli sakanonmdeblo valdebulebebis saTanadod Sesrulebis

uzrunvelyofa273. 2015 wels miiRes cvlileba “ukanono Semosavlis

legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonSi

cvlilebis Setanis Taobaze“ kanonproeqti, romlis mizania “Semosavlebis

samsaxuris mier identificirebul iyos ara mxolod sazRvarze 30,000

larze-erovnuli da ucxouri valutebis, Cekebisa da sxva fasiani

qaRaldebis-gadamaadgilebeli fizikuri pirebi, aramed gadaadgilebuli

saqonlis gamgzavni da mimRebi, rogorc fizikuri, aseve, iuridiuli

                                                            271saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba #236, fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolis strategia (2014-2017ww), 2014, q.Tbilisi, gv. 7 272saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba #236, fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolis strategia (2014-2017ww), 2014, q.Tbilisi, gv. 7 273saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba #236, fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolis strategia (2014-2017ww), 2014, q.Tbilisi, gv. 8

 

104 

pirebi274“. ukanono Semosavlebis legalizaciaSi monawileobis mimRebi

isjeba jarimiT an Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT275. aRniSnuli rekomendaciebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi moqmedebs regulacia

evrokavSiris teritoriaze naRdi fulis Semotanisa da gatanisa Taobaze276.

regulaciis Tanaxmad, fizikuri piri, romelsac evrokavSiris wevr qveyanaSi

Sesvlisas an qveynis datovebisas-sazRvarze gadaaqvs 10,000 evro (an misi

ekvivalenti sxva valutaSi), agreTve, aRniSnul Tanxaze meti odenobis

naRdi fuli (SemdgomSi saqoneli), Cekebi da sxva fasiani qaRaldebi,

valdebulia, moaxdinos misi deklarireba wevri qveynis sazRvarze moqmed

uflebamosil sabaJo organoSi da Seavsos specialuri forma. specialuri

forma praqtikulad identuria TiToeuli evrokavSiris wevri qveynisTvis

da moicavs personalur informacias deklarantis, agreTve,

gadaadgilebuli saqonlis mflobelisa da gadaadgilebuli saqonlis

mimRebi, rogorc fizikuri aseve iuridiuli pirebis Sesaxeb.

cxrili 3. deklarirebis moTxovnebi qveynebis mixedviT

N qveyana normatiuli aqti savaldebulo sabaJo deklarirebas

daqvemdebarebuli Tanxis odenoba

deklaraciaSiCasaweri savaldebulo monacemebi

1.

aSS

federaluri normatiuli aqtebis kodeqsis finansTa departamentis regulacia

Tu aRemateba 10,000 aSS dolars.

saqonlis gadamaadgilebeli;

saqonlis gamgzavni;

saqonlis mimRebi.

2.

kanada

“fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg“ kanoni.

10,000 kanaduri dolari an meti (an misi ekvivalenti sxva valutaSi). 10,000 kanaduri dolari Seadgens daaxloebiT 7,951 aSS dolars.

saqonlis gadamaadgilebeli;

saqonlis gamgzavni.

3.

singapuri

korufciis, narkotikebis gadatana da sxva seriozuli danaSaulis Sesaxeb aqti

Tu aRemateba 20,000 singapurul dolars. 20,000 singapuruli dolari Seadgens daaxloebiT 14,841 aSS dolars.

saqonlis gadamaadgilebeli;

saqonlis gamgzavni;

saqonlis mimRebi.

4.

makedonia

kanoni “fulis gaTeTrebisa,sxva danaSaulebrivi qmdebebis da terorizmis dafinansebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb“

10,000 evrodan (an misi ekvivalenti sxva valutaSi)

saqonlis gadamaadgilebeli;

saqonlismflobeli;

saqonlis mimRebi.

                                                            274saqarTvelos kanoni “ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb”,gv.7 275gogberaSvili a., ukanono Semosavlis legalizacia, 2012, gv.1-2 276 Regulation (EC) No 1889/2005 on controls of cash entering or leaving the Community, Brussels, 2005

 

105 

5.

montenegro

kanoni “fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis dafinansebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb“

10,000 evrodan saqonlis gadamaadgilebeli;

saqonlis mimRebi.

6.

serbeTi

kanoni “fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmTan brZolis winaaRmdeg“

Tu aRemateba 10,000 evros(an misi ekvivalenti sxva valutaSi)

saqonlis gadamaadgilebeli;

saqonlismflobeli;

saqonlis mimRebi.

7.

yazaxeTi

“SeTanxmeba sabaJo kavSiris sabaJo sazRvarze fizikuri pirebis mier naRdi fulisa da fuladi instrumentebis gadaadgilebis wesis Sesaxeb“

-

saqonlis gadamaadgilebeli;

saqonlis mflobeli.

8. ukraina

sabaJo sazRvarze naRdi fulis gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb instruqcia

- saqonlis gadamaadgilebeli.

SeniSvna: Sedgenilia avtoris mier

ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis

winaaRmdeg brZolis strategiiT gansazRvruli miznebisa da ZiriTadi

mimarTulebebis implementaciis uzrunvelsayofad, strategias Tan erTvis

samoqmedo gegma, romelic iTvaliswinebs konkretul RonisZiebebs, maT

implementaciaze pasuxismgebel uwyebebsa da Sesrulebis vadebs277.

strategiis da samoqmedo gegmis Sesrulebis zedamxedvelobas

uzrunvelyofs ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis

dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolisa da prevenciis sferoSi moqmedi

Sesabamisi saxelmwifo uwyebebisa da organizaciebis warmomadgenelTa

monawileobiT formirebuli uwyebaTSorisi sakoordinacio sabWo, romlis

mTavar amocanas aseve warmoadgens strategiis, Sesabamisi samoqmedo gegmis

da ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis

winaaRmdeg brZolisa da misi prevenciis sferoSi moqmedi saerTaSoriso

organizaciebis rekomendaciebis Sesrulebis zedamxedveloba da am

mimarTulebiT saxelmwifo organoebis saqmianobis koordinacia278.

saerTaSoriso da adgilobrivi literaturis gacnobis Sedegad,

SesaZloa Semdegi rekomendaciebis Camoyalibeba, romelic daexmareba

saxelmwifos fulis gaTeTrebis donis SemcirebaSi.

                                                            277saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba #236, fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolis strategia (2014-2017ww), 2014, q.Tbilisi, gv.8 278saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba #236, fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolis strategia (2014-2017ww), 2014, q.Tbilisi, gv.8-9

 

106 

Tanamedrove msoflioSi dagrovili gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom

safinanso institutebs fulis gaTeTrebis miznebisaTvis gamoyenebis didi

riski axasiaTebs. amasTan safinanso institutis cneba garda bankebis,

sadazRvevo konpaniebis da fasini qaRladebis brokerebisa bevrad ufro

farToa da mraval iseT instituts moicavs, romelic kanonproeqtiT

dazustebuli ar aris, magaliTad: koleqtiuri sainvesticio

dawesebulebebi, safinanso salizingo kompaniebi, fuladi gzavnilebis

dawesebulebebi da mravali sxva instituti, romlis saqminobis ZiriTad

sagans esa Tu is finansuri momsaxureba warmoadgens. kanonproeqtis amgvari

vakuumi gasagebicaa, vinaidan saqarTvelos finansuri bazris ganviTareba ar

Seesabameba evropis finansuri bazris ganviTarebis dones, da kanonproeqti

ar moicavs bazris ararsebul subiqtebs. Tumca, axlo momavalSi

gamoricxuli ar aris bazarze aseTi subieqtebis gamoCena, xolo

kanonproeqtSi arsebulma vakuuma isini SesaZloa fulis gamTeTreblebis

`TavSesafrad” aqcios.

finansuri monitoringis ganmaxorcielebeli pirebis

CamonaTvals SeiZleba daematos auditorebi, damoukidebeli buRaltrebi,

sagadasaxado konsultantebi da iuridiuli profesiis damoukidebeli

pirebi, rodesac es ukanasknelni konsultacias uweven klientebs sxavdasxva

sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. isini daxmarebas uweven:

TavianT klientebs garigebaTa dagegmvasa da SesrulebaSi;

uZravi qonebis an samewarmeo sazogadoebis yidva-gayidvasTan

dakavSirebiT;

klientis fulis, fasiani qaRaldebis an sxva aqtivebis

marTvasTan dakavSirebiT; sabanko, Semnaxveli da fasiani qaRaldebis

angariSebis gaxsnasa da marTvasTan dakavSirebiT;

kompaniis dafuZnebis, funqcionirebisa da marTvisTvis

aucilebeli Senatanebis organizebasTan dakavSirebiT;

trastebis, kompaniebis an msgavsi struqturebis dafuZnebasTan,

funqcionirebasa da marTvasaTan dakavSirebiT;

klientis saxeliT da mis interesebSi monawileoben raime

finansur an uZrav qonebasTan dakavSirebul garigebaSi.

 

107 

fulis gaTeTrebis ukve Camoyalibebuli saerTaSoriso praqtika

cxadyofs, rom fulis gamTeTreblebi, finansuri konsultaciisaTvis

zemoaRniSnuli profesiis pirebs mimarTaven. SesaZloa, saqarTveloSi

dRevandel etapze aRniSnuli profesiuli saqmianoba fulis gaTeTrebis

kuTxiT maRali riskis matarebeli ar iyos, magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT

bazris swraf ganviTarebas, aRniSnuli problema SesaZloa sul male

dadges dRis wesrigSi.

kanoproeqtSi mkafiod unda iyos Camoyalibebuli moTxovna,

romlis Tanaxmadac monitoringis ganmaxorcielebelma dawesebulebam

klientis/xelSekrulebis mxaris identifikacia unda ganaxorcielos:

saqmiani urTierTobebis damyarebisas;

erTjeradi garigebis dadebisas im SemTxvevaSi Tu garigebis

Tanxa dadgenil zRvars aRemateba (15,000 evros).

aRniSnuli debulebis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom dawesebulebam

klientis identifikacia aucileblad unda moaxdinos masTan saqmiani

urTierTobebis damyarebisas, rac gulisxmobs grZelvadian, araerTjerad

urTierTobas279. es debuleba ganamtkicebs princips `icnobde sakuTar

klients”, romelsac unda icavdes monitoringis ganmaxorcielebeli

dawesebuleba.

rac Seexeba garigebis Tanxis odenobas, igi piris

identifikaciis valdebulebis warmoSobisaTvis ganmsazRvrelia mxolod

erTjeradi garigebis SemTxvevaSi, e.i. ara yvela erTjeradi garigeba

eqvemdebareba identifikacias, aramed mxolod did TanxasTan dakavSirebuli

(15,000 evros zeviT). identifikaciis valdebulebidan SeiZleba daSvebul

iqnes gamonaklisi sadazRvevo kompaniis mier gacemul sadazRvevo

polisebTan dakavSirebiT, rodesac nebismieri wlisaTvis periodulad

gadasaxdeli sadazRvevo premiis Tanxa an Tanxebi ar aRemateba 1,000 evros

an rodesac erTjeradi premiis odenoba ar aRemateba 2,500 evros. Tu

Sesabamisi wlisaTvis periodulad gadasaxdeli premiis Tanxa imdenad

gaizrdeba, rom gadaaWarbebs dadgenil zRvars-1,000 evros, identifikaciis

                                                            279Council Directive 91/308/EEC, On Prevention Of The Use Of The Financial System For The Purpose Of Money Laundering, Article 3(1)(2), 1991, Brussels

 

108 

valdebuleba gavrcelebul unda iqnes280. aRniSnuli gamonaklisi imiTaa

ganpirobebuli, rom am odenobis premiebi fulis gaTeTrebis TvalsazrisiT

metad dabali riskis matarebelia da vinaidan identifikaciis proceduris

Catareba garkveul xarjebsa da ZalisxmevasTanaa dakavSirebuli,

gamarTlebuli ar iqneba maTi sruli moculobiT gavrceleba aseT

dabalriskian garigebebze. identifikaciis valdebulebidan SeiZleba

daSvebul iqnes gamonaklisi agreTve sapensio sqemebis sadazRvevo

polisebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic gacemulia SromiTi xelSekrulebis an

dazRveulis dasaqmebis safuZvelze, im pirobiT rom aseTi polisebi ar

Seicavs damzRvevis mier xelSekrulebis vadamde Sewyvetis uflebas da ar

SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes, rogorc uzrunvelyofis saSualeba281.

amasTanave, kazinoebma unda moaxdinon yvela klientis

identifikacia, romelic yidulobs an yidis 1,000 evros (Sesabamisi

eqvivalentis larebSi) da meti Rirebulebis saTamaSo monetebs. kazino,

TamaSebis intensiuri, swrafi monitoringis ganmaxorcielebel pirebs

identifikaciis valdebuleba unda daekisroT im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac

garigebis Tanxa zemoT dadgenil zRvrebze naklebia, Tu arsebobs eWvi

fulis gaTeTrebis Sesaxeb. kanonproeqtis Tanaxmad monitoringis

ganmaxorcielebl pirebs klientis identifikaciis movaleoba ekisrebaT,

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Tu monitorings daqvemdebarebuli garigebis Tanxa

dadgenil zRvarze metia282. amdenad, miuxedavad imisa, rom garigeba

SeiZleba aSkarad atarebdes fulis gaTeTrebis niSnebs, monitoringis

ganmaxorcielebl pirebs ar evalebaT garigebis monawile pirTa

identifikacia da Sesabamisad finansuri monitoringis samsaxurisaTvis

Setyobinebis miwodeba, Tu garigebis Tanxa dadgenil zRvarze naklebia.

aRniSnuli debuleba mniSvnelovnad Seasustebs fulis gaTeTrebis

winaaRmdeg brZolis meqanizmebs, vinaidan saSualebas miscems fulis

gamTeTreblebs sxvadasxva xrikebis saSualebiT warmatebulad aaridon

Tavi identifikaciis da monitoringis RonisZiebebs.

                                                            280Council Directive 91/308/EEC of 10 June 1991 on prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering, article 3(3), Brussels 281Council Directive 91/308/EEC of 10 June 1991 on prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering, article 3(4), Brussels. 282Council Directive 91/308/EEC of 10 June 1991 on prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering, article 3(4), Brussels.

 

109 

monitoringis ganmaxorcielebeli pirebi ganTavisuflebul unda

iqnen iseTi klientis/xelSekrulebis mxaris identifikaciis

valdebulebisagan, romelic warmoadgens sabanko dawesebulebas. vinaidan

komerciuli bankebi eqvemdebarebian specilur regulirebasa da

zedamxedvelobas, rac moicavs maTze detaluri licenzirebis procedurisa

da fulis gaTeTrebis sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebis sruli moculobiT

gavrcelebas, mizanSewonilia, rom maT, rogorc klientTa/garigebis mxareTa

mimarT Sesabamisi identifikaciis procedurebi ar ganxorcieldes.

kanonproeqti unda uzrunvelyofdes, rom monitoringis

ganmaxorcilebeli pirebi gaatareben yvela saWiro da adekvatur

RonisZiebas, romelic aucilebelia im did riskis Tavidan asacileblad,

romelic dakavSirebulia klientis fizikuri daswrebis gareSe masTan

saqmiani urTierTobebis damyarebasa Tu garigebis dadebasTan. RonisZiebebma

unda uzrunvelyon vinaobis dadgena damatebiTi dokumenturi

mtkicebulebis moTxovnis gziT, damatebiTi RonisZiebebis gatarebiT,

romlebic uzrunvelyofs warmodgenili dokumentebis Semowmebas da

dadasturebas.

safinanso seqtoris swrafi ganviTareba, rasac Tan erTvis

mzardi teqnologiuri progresi, saSualebas aZlevs dawesebulebebs

gauwion momxmareblebs momsaxureba, maTi fizikuri daswrebis gareSe,

magaliTad, internetis, bankomatis, satelefono sabanko momsaxurebis

saSualebebiT. aRniSnuli saxis momsaxurebebi sul ufro da ufro

masStabur saxes iZens, da vinaidan aseT avtomatizirebul operaciebs

gansakuTrebuli siswrafe, nebismieri adgilidan xelmisawvdomoba da

naklebi gamWvirvaloba axasiaTebs, es fulis gaTeTrebis metad xelsayrel

saSualebad SeiZleba iqces. mniSvneloba eniWeba aseTi tipis garigebebs da

aucilebelia speciluri adekvaturi zomebis miReba. mag:

axali klientisaTvis, romelic gansazRvrul kategoriaSi eqceva

dawesdes identifikaciisaTvis maTi fizikuri daswrebis moTxovna;

SemuSavdes srulyofili kiTxvari angariSis gaxsnis gancxadebis

formiT.

erTmaneTisagan unda gaimijnos garigebasTan dakavSirebuli

mtkicebulebebis da klientis identifikaciasTan dakavSirebuli

 

110 

mtkicebulebebis Senaxvis vada da am ukanasknelis Senaxvis vadis aTvla

klientTan urTierTobis Sewyvetis momentidan ganisazRvros283.

Camoyalibebuli rekomendaciis gaTvaliwinebis SemTxvevaSi, romlis

Tanaxmadac dawesebulebas klientis identifikaciis valdebuleba

daekisreba grZelvadiani saqmiani urTierTobebis damyarebisas,

kanonproeqtSi avtomaturad unda ganisazRvros moTxovna, romlis

Tanaxmadac dokumentebis Senaxvis xuTwliani vada aiTvleba am

urTierTobis Sewyvetis momentidan.

notariusebi, iuridiuli profesiis damoukidebeli pirebi,

auditorebi da gare buRaltrebi SeiZleba ganTavisuflebul iqnan

finansuri monitoringis samsaxurisaTvis im informaciis miwodebis

valdebulebisagan, romelic maT miiRes klientisagan an klientis Sesaxeb

misi samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis gamyarebisas an dacvis an

warmomadgenlobis uflebis ganxorcielebisas sasamarTlo warmoebaSi an

warmoebasaTan dakavSirebiT, maT Soris rCevis micemisas sasamarTlo

warmoebis dawyebasa Tu Tavis aridebasTan dakavSirebiT, miuxedavad imisa,

informacia miRebul iqna warmoebis dawyebamde, misi msvlelobisas Tu

dasrulebis Semdgom284.

evrokavSiris mraval wevr-qveyanaSi damkvidrebuli profesiuli

eTikis normebis Tanaxmad notariusebis, advokatebis da sxva

konsultantebis mier klientis samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis gamyarebasa da

sasamrTlo warmoebaSi mis warmomadgenlobasTan dakavSirebiT miRebuli

infromacia warmoadgens profesiuli saidumloebis sagans. amdenad, am

pirTa profesiuli eTikis normebTan SeuTavsebelia maTTvis zemoaRniSnuli

informaciis miwodebis valdebulebis dakisreba, garda im SemTxvevisa,

rodesac maTTvis cnobilia, rom maTi momsaxureba fulis gaTeTrebis

miznebs emsaxureba. monitoringis ganmaxorcilebel pirebs unda daekisros

movaleoba, Tavi Seikavon garigebis ganxorcielebisagan, rodesac maTTvis

cnobilia, rom garigebas kavSiri aqvs ukanono Semosavlebis

legalizaciasTan an arsebobs amis eWvi manam, sanam isini Sesabamis

                                                            283Council Directive 91/308/EEC of 10 June 1991 on prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering, article 4, Brussels. 284Council Directive 91/308/EEC of 10 June 1991 on prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering, article 6(3), Brussels.

 

111 

informacias ar miawvdian finansuri monitoringis samsaxurs; aseve,

finansuri monitoringis samsaxurs unda mieniWos ufleba, miTiTeba misces

monitoringis ganmaxorcielebel pirs ar ganaxorcielos garigeba. Tu

garigebis ganxorcielebisagan, romelic fulis gaTeTrebis eWvs iwvevs,

Tavis Sekaveba SeuZlebelia an aman SeiZleba CaSalos garigebis monawileTa

dakavebis RonisZieba, monitoringis ganmaxorcilebelma pirebma Setyobineba

finansuri monitoringis samsaxurSi unda gaakeTos dauyovnebliv garigebis

ganxorcielebis Semdgom285. saeWvo garigebis ganxorcieleba Sesabamis

organos Setyobinebamde nebadarTul iqnes mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi.

kanonproeqtis Tanaxmad ki Setyobineba unda gakeTdes garigebis

ganxorcielebidan 48 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, rac sakmaod xangrZlivi

periodia da udavod xels SeuSlis danaSaulis aRkveTis RonisZiebebis

operatiul da efeqtian ganxorcielebas286. monitoringis ganmaxorcielebel

pirebs unda daekisros movaleoba ar gaamJRavnon saeWvo garigebasTan

dakavSirebiT finansuri monitoringis samsaxurisaTvis Setyobinebis

miwodeba ara marto garigebaSi monawile pirebTan, aramed nebismier mesame

pirTan287. kanonproeqtSi aRniSnuli debulebis gaTvaliswineba Tavidan

agvacilebs mesame pirTa meSveobiT informaciis arasasurvel gamJRavnebas

da Sesabamisad xels Seuwyobs fulis gaTeTrebis saqmis gamoZiebis

warmatebul ganxorcilebas.

kanonmdebloba unda iTvaliswinebdes danaSaulebrivi gziT

miRebuli Semosavlis an misi Rirebulebis eqvivalenturi qonebis

konfiskacias288. naTelia, rom fulis gaTeTrebis ZiriTadi arsi da mizani

danaSaulebrivi gziT SeZenili fuladi saxsrebis dagroveba da misi

dakanonebaa. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis monacemebiT msoflioSi

yovelwliurad 600 miliardidan 1.5 trilionamde aSS dolaris odenobis

Tanxebi TeTrdeba289. garda damnaSavis dakavebisa da dasjisa fulis

                                                            285Council Directive 91/308/EEC of 10 June 1991 on prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering, article 7, Brussels. 286Council Directive 91/308/EEC of 10 June 1991 on prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering, article 7, Brussels. 287Council Directive 91/308/EEC of 10 June 1991 on prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering, article 8, Brussels. 288Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure, and confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime, chapter 2, article 2.1, 1990, Strasbourg. 289International Monetary Fund statistics, Money Laundering, Washington.

 

112 

gaTeTrebis sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebi mniSvnelovan ekonomikur mizans

emsaxureba, kerZod, danaSaulebrivi gziT SeZenili qonebis CamorTmevas da

misi saxelmwifosaTvis gadacemas. Sesabamisad, fulis gaTeTrebis

sawinaaRmdego sistemis danergva konfiskaciis meqanizmis damkvidrebis

gareSe mniSvnelovnad Seasustebs aRniSnuli sistemis efeqtianobas. fulis

gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis srulyofis mizniT, aucilebelia

saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis gafarToeba da grZelvadiani ukanono

Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis kompleqsuri miznobrivi programis

SemuSaveba da realizeba.

3.2. fulis gaTeTrebaze moqmedi faqtorebi saqarTveloSi

mocemuli paragrafi miznad isaxavs saqarTveloSi fulis gaTeTrebis

gamomwvevi mizezebis garkvevas da fulis dabandebisaTvis mimzidveli

sferoebis gamovlenas. aseve, gaanalizebulia ukanonod miRebuli

Semosavlis legalizaciaze moqmedi faqtorebi, romlebic dajgufebulia

sxvadasxva niSnis mixedviT.

saqarTveloSi 80-iani wlebis bolomde ar iyo cnobili fulis

gaTeTrebis problema, Tumca, “perestroikis” dasawyisisaTvis sabWoTa

kavSirSi warmoiqmna mniSvnelovani moculobis kriminaluri da Crdilovani

kapitali. Crdilovani Semosavlebis masStaburi gaTeTreba “perestroikis”

wlebSi daiwyo, rodesac 1988 wels miiRes sabWoTa kavSiris kanoni

“kooperaciis Sesaxeb”. am kanoniT, nebadarTuli iyo kooperativebis Seqmna

Semosavlebis deklarirebis moTxovnis gareSe, rac Crdilovani kapitalis

gasaTeTreblad gzebis oficialurad gaxsnas niSnavda. efeqtianad ar

gamoiyeneboda sabWoTa kavSiris ministrTa sabWos 1986 wlis 15 maisis

dadgenileba “araSromiTi Semosavlebis winaaRmdeg brZolis gaZlierebis

zomebis Sesaxeb”290. 90-iani wlebis dasawyisidan daiwyo bankebis, sadazRvevo

kompaniebis, birJebis, kazinoebisa Tu sxva kerZo warmoebebis Seqmna, magram

kanonmdebloba, romliTac maTi saqmianoba unda daregulirebuliyo,

mogvianebiT Camoyalibda291. sakanonmdeblo xarvezebma, finansuri

                                                            290asaniZe s., ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis kriminologiuri daxasiaTeba, disertacia, Tbilisi, 2012, gv.16 291asaniZe s., ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis kriminologiuri daxasiaTeba, disertacia, Tbilisi, 2012, gv.16

 

113 

institutebis sabazro standartebisadmi moumzadeblobam damnaSaveebis mier

ukanono kapitalis dasagroveblad da gasaTeTreblad sabanko

dawesebulebebis gamoyeneba ganapiroba. ZiriTad faqtorebSi igulisxmeba,

mniSvnelovani movlenebi da procesebi, romlebic fulis gaTeTrebis

procesisaTvis xelSemwyob mizezebsa da pirobebs warmoadgens. yvela

faqtori, romelic gavlenas axdens ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciaze,

SeiZleba 2 ZiriTad jgufad davyoT:

1. zogadi xasiaTis faqtorebi, romlebic fulis gaTeTrebis

sferoze axdenen irib zemoqmedebas;

2. konkretuli xasiaTis faqtorebi, romlebic moqmedeben

uSualod ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis sferoSi.

fulis gaTeTrebaze moqmedi ZiriTadi mizezebi da pirobebi ki

SegviZlia, davajgufoT sxvadasxva niSnis mixedviT:

saerTo socialuri, ekonomikuri;

saxelmwifo-politikuri, samarTlebrivi, teqnologiuri, sxv.292

sqema 12. fulis gaTeTrebis xelSemwyobi faqtorebi saqarTveloSi

                                                            292asaniZe s., ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis kriminologiuri daxasiaTeba, Tbilisi, 2012, gv.82

 

114 

wyaro: a.n. litvinenko, e.u. kovaliova, ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis

legalizacia

saerTo socialur mizezebsa da xelSemwyob pirobebSi SeiZleba

gavaerTianoT Semdegi movlenebi:

jinis koeficientis maRali maCvenebeli

mosaxleobis dabal Semosavliani fenis nawili gasamrjelos

sanacvlod cdilobs dakargulis anazRaurebas, maT Soris, sxvadasxva saxis

ekonomikuri danaSaulis CadeniT. swored aseTi pirebis saidentifikacio

monacemebi, sabanko angariSebi gamoiyeneba tranzaqciebis Sesrulebisas.

cxrili 4. jinis koeficienti saqarTveloSi 2006-2016ww.

mTliani

Semosavlebis mixedviT

mTliani fuladi saxsrebis mixedviT

mTliani saxsrebis mixedviT

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mTliani fuladi xarjebis mixedviT

mTliani xarjebis mixedviT

2006 0.43 0.5 0.44 0.38 0.45 0.4 2007 0.44 0.5 0.45 0.4 0.46 0.42 2008 0.43 0.5 0.45 0.4 0.47 0.42 2009 0.43 0.5 0.45 0.4 0.47 0.43 2010 0.43 0.49 0.45 0.41 0.48 0.44 2011 0.43 0.49 0.45 0.42 0.49 0.45

faqtoreb

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biznesisa da mosaxleobis araoficialuri Semosavlebis wilis maRali maCvenebeli; paraleluri ekonomikis, Savi bazris arseboba

finansuri institutebis kontrolis da monitoringis arasrulyofileba; saerTaSoriso standartebis daucveloba finansur saqmianobebSi, SemuSavebuli specialuri saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier

korufciis maRali maCvenebeli saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebSi

qveynis farglebSi Tavisufali vaWrobis zonebis arseboba

sxv.

finansuri informaciis gavrcelebis SeuZlebloba an mcire SesaZlebloba

finansuri da arasafinanso organizaciebis araadekvaturi procedura, filialis qveynis gareT gaxsna da finansuri saqmianobis licenzireba klientebis realuri identificirebis gareSe

 

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116 

saqarTveloSi socialuri uTanasworobis indeqsi 2011-2015 ww-Si

mcirdeboda. miuxedavad klebis tendenciisa, jinis koeficienti

mniSvnelovnad ar Semcirebula, xolo 2016 wels 0.01 punqtiT gaizarda.

unda gvaxsovdes, rom jinis indeqsi zomavs Semosavlebis gadanawilebas

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amavdroulad Raribi nawilis Semosavlebis zrdiT iyos gamowveuli.

magaliTisTvis, yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSi Semosavlebi Tanabrad

iyo ganawilebuli. Tumca, es ar niSnavs, rom aRniSnuli qveynebis

ekonomikuri mdgomareoba da cxovrebis done maRali iyo. gaeros

monacemebiT, saqarTvelos, ruseTis federaciis Semdeg yofil sabWoTa

qveynebs Soris jinis yvelaze maRali koeficienti aqvs, rac niSnavs rom

socialuri uTanasworoba gacilebiT maRalia. saqarTvelos Semdeg

socialuri uTanasworobis maRali maCvenebliT mesame adgilze aris litva.

 

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118 

Tu mosaxleobas ar eqneba gaazrebuli is safrTxeebi, romelsac

fulis gaTeTreba iwvevs, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, martivad moxdes maTi

CarTva Semosavlebis legalizebasTan dakavSirebul saqmianobaSi298.

ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis procesze arsebiT

zegavlenas axdens ekonomikuri xasiaTis faqtorebi. am jgufis faqtorebs

Soris SeiZleba moviazroT:

Crdilovani ekonomikis arseboba

Crdilovani ekonomika moicavs aseve ukanono, farulsa da korufciul

ekonomikas299. Crdilovani ekonomika erovnuli meurneobis is nawilia,

romelic moqmedebs kanonis darRveviT, ver aRiricxeba saxelmwifo marTvis

organoebis mier da ar ixdis saxelmwifo gadasaxadebs. 1990-1993 wlebSi

saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri saqmianobis 43.6% Crdilovan ekonomikaze

modioda, 1994-1995 wlebSi 63%. bolo wlebisaTvis ki msoflio bankis

gamokvlevebiT, saqarTveloSi Crdilovani ekonomika qveynis mSp-is 68.8%

Seadgens. SedarebisTvis: ruseTSi 49%-s, belorusiaSi 49.6%-s, ukrainaSi ki

54.9%-s. pirvel sameulSia Sveicaria (8.6%), aSS (8.8%) da avstria (9.8%)

arian300. 1990 wlis bolos da 2000-ianebis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos

ekonomikuri problemebis ZiriTad mizezad Crdilovani ekonomikis zrda

miiCneoda. Tavis mxriv, aralegalur bizness sakanonmdeblo bazis

mouwesrigebloba, korufciis maRali done da gauaresebuli biznes-garemo

axalisebda. Crdilovani ekonomikis masStabi saqarTveloSi ukve saSiS

zRvars aRwevda. miuxedavad imisa, rom legaluri biznesi ar eqvemdebareba

aranair aRricxvas, damoukidebeli eqspertebi mis masStabebs mTeli

ekonomikis daaxloebiT 50 procentze metad afasebdnen. specialistTa

azriT 90-iani wlebis bolos saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi arsebuli

mdgomareobis, Crdilovani ekonomikis aseTi maRali procentis mizezia

korufcia da maRali sagadasaxado ganakveTebi. SeiZleba gamoiyos

faqtorebis sami qvejgufi, romlebic axdenen zegavlenas gaukontrolebel

ekonomikasa da Savi fulis gaTeTrebis motivaciaze.

ekonomikuri faqtorebi: sameurneo saqmianobis sferoebis

                                                            298The Law Society, Money Laundering Offences, 2016, P.1 299Corruption And The Shadow Economy: A Structural Equation Model Approach Iza Dp No. 4182 Andreas Buehn Friedrich Schneider, May, 2009, P.39-40 300msoflio bankis angariSi. organizaciis oficialuri veb-gverdi: http://www.worldbank.org/

 

119 

restruqturizacia, romlebic yovelTvis ar arian orientirebuli

legitimuri sameurneo struqturebis ganviTarebaze, Ffinansuri sistemis

krizisi, privatizaciis arasrulyofili procesi, araregistrirebuli

ekonomikuri subieqtebis saqmianoba;

socialuri faqtorebi: mosaxleobis cxovrebis dabali done, rac iwvevs

faruli saxis ekonomikur saqmianobas; umuSevrobis maRali done da

mosaxleobis erTi nawilis orientacia miiRos Semosavali nebismieri

gziT;

samarTlebrivi faqtorebi: samarTaldamcavi struqturebisaTvis

aucilebeli materialur-teqnikuri resursebiT uzunvelyofis dabali

done. samarTaldamcav struqturebSi momuSave kadrebis susti da

Seusabamo done axal ekonomikur pirobebSi saqmianobisaTvis.

mosaxleobaSi samarTlebrivi Segnebisa da kulturis dabali done.

Yyovelive zemoT CamoTvlilis sxva sityvebiT gadmocema

SesaZlebelia Semdegnairad: gansazRvrul periodSi Crdilovani ekonomika

qveyanaSi miT ufro didia rac ufro maRalia gadasaxadebisa da socialur

amkrebTa morali, ufro maRalia saxelmwifo reglamentirebis tvirTi da

ufro mcirea realurad arsebuli Semosavali mosaxleobis erT sulze.

danaSaulebrivi samyaros mier uzarmazari mogebis miRebis

SesaZlebloba

gaerosa da msoflio bankis monacemebiT narkobizness danaSaulebrivi

samyarosaTvis weliwadSi 150-mde miliardi dolari mogeba moaqvs.

narkotikebis brunvis daaxloebiT 65% naRdi fulis brunvaze modis, amitom

narkosaqmosnebi cdiloben, aseTi didi raodenobis naRdi fuli rogorme

moaqcion unaRdo brunvaSi, risTvisac fulis gaTeTrebis sxvadasxva

xerxebsa da meTodebs mimarTaven301.

sainvesticio SimSili

calkeuli saxelmwifoebi aralegaluri kapitalis mozidvis pirobebis

SeqmniT cdiloben ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dafinansebis kanonieri

wyaroebis ararsebobis kompensirebas. calkeul ekonomistTa mosazrebiT,

sabazro ekonomikisTvis ar aqvs mniSvneloba ekonomikur brunvaSi

legaluri kapitali erTveba Tu aralegaluri. erTi SexedviT, legalur                                                             301Statista; The Statistics portal, Casino and Gambling Industry, New York, 2016

 

120 

brunvaSi kriminaluri kapitalis gamoyenebas kanonieri mewarmeobis

ganviTarebis saqmeSi sazogadoebisTvis sargebloba moaqvs: muSaobs

sawarmoebi, saqmdeba mosaxleoba. Tumca, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom

legalur brunvaSi CarTuli fuli xSirad reinvestirdeba isev kriminalur

saqmianobaSi, samewarmeo sferoSi amkvidrebs danaSaulebrivi samyaros wes-

Cveulebebs, rac iwvevs sazogadoebis daZabulobis donis amaRlebas da

kanonmorCili subieqtebis investiciebis gadinebas. aprilis dasawyisSi

gamoqveynda “panamis dokumentebis“ saxeliT cnobili konfidencialuri

dokumentebis baza, romlis mixedviTac gairkva, rom asze meti politikosi,

maT Soris Tormeti amJamad moqmedi msoflio lideri da maTi ojaxebi,

iyenebdnen ofSorSi registrirebul kompaniebs fulis gasaTeTreblad da

gadasaxadebisgan Tavis asarideblad302. ”panamis dokumentebi“ Seicavs

ofSorSi registrirebuli msoflioSi erT-erTi udidesi iuridiuli

kompaniis Mosak Fonsekas (Mossack Fonseca)-s milionobiT dokuments, rac

anonimuri wyaroebiT aRmoCnda germanul gazeT Süddeutsche Zeitung-is xelSi303.

am ukanasknelma dokumentebi gauziara “sagamoZiebo Jurnalistebis

saerTaSoriso konsorciums“, saidanac informacia mTels msoflioSi

gavrcelda. dokumentebis raodenobiT igi gacilebiT aWarbebs rogorc

vikiliqsis mier 2010 wels gasajaroebul monacemebs, ise edvard snoudenis

mier gavrcelebul masalebs304. panamis dokumentebis gamoqveynebis Sedegad

gadadga islandiis premier-ministri da espaneTis transportis ministri,

Sveicariis da sxva evropuli qveynebis samarTaldamcavma struqturebma

daiwyes sagamoZiebo moqmedebebi, xolo 2016 wlis 14 aprils

evroparlamentis prezidiumis konferenciaze erTxmad miiRes

gadawyvetileba305 panamis dokumentebis saqmesTan dakavSirebiT specialuri

sagamoZiebo komisiis Seqmnis Taobaze306.

                                                            302panamis dokumentebi mokled da gasagebad, sainformacio portali NEWS.ON.GE, mopovebulia 12 aprili, 2016, http://bit.ly/25J6ftK 303Obermaier F., “About the Panama Papers”, Süddeutsche Zeitung, 2016 http://panamapapers.sueddeutsche.de/articles/56febff0a1bb8d3c3495adf4/ 304  Harding  L.,  “What  are  the  Panama  Papers?  A  guide  to  history's  biggest  data  leak”,  The  Guardian, 2016,http://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/apr/03/what‐you‐need‐to‐know‐about‐the‐panama‐papers 305  EP  inquiry  committee  into  Panama  Papers, European Parliament, 2016, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/news-room/20160414IPR23111/EP-inquiry-committee-into-Panama-Papers 306 http://www.euronews.ge/archives/4922 

 

121 

saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris veb-gverdze

gamoqveynebuli monacemebis analizi gvaCvenebs, wlebis ganmavlobaSi

ofSoruli zonebidan saqarTveloSi milionobiT aSS dolaris investiciebi

xorcieldeboda307. rogorc qvemoT moyvanili diagramidan Cans, 2003-2015

wlebSi ofSorebidan saqarTveloSi Semosuli yvelaze didi Tanxa

dafiqsirda 2007 wels-371,109,900 aTasi aSS dolari. Tumca, 2013 da 2015

wlebSi moxda ofSorebSi saqarTvelodan investiciebis gadineba, ramac

gamoiwvia mniSvnelovani uaryofiTi balansi.

diagrama 2. ofSorebidan ganxorcielebuli pirdapiri ucxouri

investiciebi saqarTveloSi 2002.-2016ww. (aSS dolari)

wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, www.geostat.ge

rogorc moyvanili cxrilidan Cans, 2003-2015 wlebSi ofSoruli

zonebidan saqarTveloSi investiciis yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli aqvs didi

britaneTis virjiniis kunZulebs-563,338,100 aSS dolari, meore adgilzea

kviprosi-253,677,900 aSS dolari, xolo mesameze panama-192,164,700 aSS

dolari308.

agreTve irkveva, rom 2003-2015 wlebSi saqarTveloSi

ganxorcielebulma pirdapirma ucxourma investiciebma Seadgina 13,611,225 100

aSS dolari, saidanac ofSorul zonebze jamurad modis 1,315,265,700 aSS

dolari, rac mTliani pirdapiri investiciebis daaxloebiT 10%-s Seadgens.

rasakvirvelia, saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebisTvis didi mniSvneloba

aqvs ucxouri investiciebis zrdas, Tumca, potenciurad safrTxis

Semcvelia is garemoeba, rodesac ofSoruli zonebis gamoyenebis gamo

                                                            307 http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=139&lang=geo 308saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2013 wlis 30 maisis №13225 dadgenilebiT ganisazRvra SeRavaTiani dabegvris mqone/ofSoruli qveynebis CamonaTvali, riTic Seicvala 2010 wlis dadgenileba 25. 2013 wlis dadgenilebiT, SeRavaTiani dabegvris mqone/ofSoruli qveynebis CamonaTvali Semcirda 79-dan 66-mde 

(100,000,000)

‐

100,000,000 

200,000,000 

300,000,000 

400,000,000 

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016

 

122 

ucnobi rCeba investiciebis daaxloebiT meaTedis realuri warmomavloba.

 

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2003  20panama prosi 675.7  213hamebi elizi 155.7 ulebi 6225.5  68ulebi ltari 115.1 libani 133.5  17Staini avriki ulebi pinebi elebi

7305.5  284

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tistikis ero

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tistikis ero

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2006  2007 

391.6 6177.7

071.2 148643.6

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264.2  10306.5 

586.2 187815.5 1

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955  6127.5 

869.9 135.9

2662.7 

197.7 1450.4

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ovnuli samsa

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axuri, 2006-2016

0.6

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apiri ucxour

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37822.5  3100.7 

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124 

dResdReobiT saqarTveloSi investiciebis mosazidad moqmedebs

Tavisufali industriuli zona, romelic aris specialuri ekonomikuri

zonis erT-erTi saxe, sadac kanonmdeblobis mixedviT moqmedebs

sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi da damatebiTi pirobebi. specialuri ekonomikuri

zonebis Seqmna miznad isaxavs investiciebis gazrdas biznesisTvis

maqsimalurad misaRebi ekonomikuri garemos SeqmniT. dResdReobiT,

specialuri ekonomikuri zonebis yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli saxeebia:

urbanuli ekonomikuri zona, industriuli zona, Tavisufali savaWro zona,

Tavisufali ekonomikuri zona da Tavisufali portebi. bolo wlebis

ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelom gamoxata mniSvnelovani daintereseba

Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebis mimarT. kerZod, biurokratiuli

procedurebis gamartivebis da liberaluri ekonomikuri kursis gatarebis

Semdeg, 2007 wlidan moyolebuli q.foTSi, q.quTaisSi da yulevSi Seiqmna

Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis erT-erTi saxeoba Tavisufali industriuli

zona xolo, 2010 wels qobuleTSi, anakliaSi da ganmuxurSi Tavisufali

turistuli zona. amasTan, 2010 wels qveynis teritoria gamocxadda

sainformacio teqnologiur zonad310. ganisazRvra sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi

da sxva damatebiTi ekonomikuri wamaxalisebeli pirobebi Tavisufal

industriul zonaSi daregistrirebuli kompaniebisa da Tavisufali

industriuli zonebis organizatorebisaTvis, romelic SeiZleba iyos

sawarmo, gadasaxadis gadamxdelad aRricxuli. organizatorma unda

uzrunvelyos Tavisufali industriuli zonis kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad

aRWurva da funqcionireba. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad,

Tavisufali industriuli zonis Seqmnis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRebs

saqarTvelos mTavroba. Tumca, industriuli zonis Sesaqmneli

dokumentaciis SemowmebaSi da am industriuli zonis funqcionirebis

dawyebaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs ekonomikisa da mdgradi

ganviTarebis saministro da Semosavlebis samsaxuri311. uSualod

Tavisufali ekonomikuri zona warmoadgens qveynis teritoriul nawils,

gansakuTrebuli ekonomikuri, samarTlebrivi, administraciuli da

sagadasaxado reJimiT. misi funqcionirebisTvis aucilebel faqtorebs

                                                            310informaciis Tavisuflebis ganviTarebis instituti, Tbilisi, 2016, gv.1 311saqarTvelos kanoni “Tavisufali industriuli zonis Sesaxeb”, muxli 4.3, 2007, Tbilisi

 

125 

warmoadgens sakanonmdeblo da saSeRavaTo pirobebis arseboba, masTan

damakavSirebeli sagzao, satransporto da sakomunikacio infrastruqturis

mowesrigeba, mis siaxloves finansuri institutebis xelmisawvdomoba da

met-naklebad kvalificiuri adgilobrivi kadrebis arseboba312.

saqarTveloSi Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis sxvadasxva saxeobis Seqmna

miznad isaxavda sagareo politikuri kavSirebis gafarToebas, ucxouri da

adgilobrivi investiciebis mozidvas, dasaqmebis xelSewyobas da axali

teqnologiebis ganviTarebas. Tumca, am mizniT sakanonmdeblo da

saSeRavaTo pirobebis uzrunvelyofa da infraqtruqturis mowyoba ar

warmoadgens zonis warmatebuli funqcionirebis upirobo garants.

mniSvnelovania qvemoT mocemuli potenciuri riskebis da safrTxeebis

gansazRvra da analizi:

Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis Seqmnis Semdeg aRniSnuli

teritoria rCeba qveynis ekonomikuri kontrolis gareT da saxelmwifo da

adgilobriv biujets umcirdebaT Semosavali;

msoflio praqtikis gaTvaliswinebiT Tavisufal ekonomikur

zonaSi arsebobs aralegaluri saqmianobis, fulis gaTeTrebis da

korufciuli garigebebis warmoebis maRali albaToba.

cxadia, maRali donis saSeRavaTo pirobebi, infraqtruqturis

mowesrigeba, saxelmwifos mxridan zonis saqmianobaSi Caurevloba da

maqsimaluri mxardaWera aris Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis warmatebis da

ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi winapiroba. Tumca, ar warmoadgens misi

warmatebis upirobo garants. saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia, moxdes

zemoT aRniSnuli potenciuri riskebis da saSiSroebebis gansazRvra da

maTi minimumade dayvanis an/da aRmofxvris mizniT gatardes Sesabamisi

RonisZiebebi. kompleqsuri RonisZiebebis gatarebis gziT iqneba

SesaZlebeli saqarTveloSi Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis sxvadasxva

saxeobis warmatebuli Seqmna da funqcionireba.

fulis gaTeTrebis mastimulirebel saxelmwifo-politikur

mizezebsa da xelSemwyob pirobebSi SeiZleba moviazroT

saxelmwifo nebis ararseboba ebrZolos am movlenas

                                                            312saqarTvelos kanoni “Tavisufali industriuli zonis Sesaxeb”, 2007, Tbilisi

 

126 

sakanonmdeblo xarvezebi

fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTis TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovania, rom normatiuli baza pasuxobdes ukanono Semosavlis

legalizaciis winaaRmdeg efeqtiani brZolis moTxovnebs.

korufcia

ar SeiZleba ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis problemis gadaWra

korufciisgan izolirebulad. fulis gaTeTrebis TemiT dainteresebuli

mecnieri d. Caikini fiqrobs, rom: “fulis gaTeTrebasa da korufcias Soris

aris mWidro kavSiri. politika, mimarTuli korufciis donis Semcirebaze,

dadebiTad moqmedebs fulis gaTeTrebis problemis prevenciaze”. aRniSnul

mosazrebas aseve emxroba j.s.Sarmani: “normativebi da regulaciebi Seqmnili

korufciasTan sabrZolvelad aseve, ebrZvis fulis gaTeTrebis

problemasac”313. saqarTveloSi Catarebuli rigi kvleva bolo aTwleulis

ganmavlobaSi korufciis kuTxiT SesamCnev gaumjobesebas asaxavs,

gansakuTrebiT sajaro samsaxurSi meqrTameobis faqtebis aRmofxvris mxriv.

amave dros, arsebobs niSnebi imisa, rom korufciis zogierTi, ufro

kompleqsuri gamovlinebebi problemas warmoadgens. korufciis sxvadasxva

saxeobasTan dakavSirebiT mwiri empiriuli monacemebi moipoveba.

ukanaskneli wlebis “korufciis aRqmis“ indeqsSi, saqarTvelom 175 qveyanas

Soris 50-e adgili daikava da maqsimaluri 100 qulidan 52 qula miiRo314.

saqarTvelos monacemebi yvelaze maRalia aRmosavleT evropisa da

centraluri aziis regionSi, reitingiT is evrokavSiris wevr ramdenime

qveyanasac uswrebs: CexeTis respublikas, slovakeTs, xorvatias, bulgareTs,

saberZneTs, italiasa da rumineTs. “korufciis aRqmis“ indeqsSi saqarTvelo

bolo wlebSi stabilur mdgomareobas inarCunebs: 2012 wels 52-e adgilze

iyo, xolo 2013 wels-49-ze. aRniSnuli Sedegia 2003 wlidan saqarTveloSi

gatarebuli antikorufciuli politikisa.

mTavrobis antikorufciuli RonisZiebebis mniSvnelovan elements

warmoadgenda samarTaldamcavi uwyebebis, maT Soris Sinagan saqmeTa

saministrosa da prokuraturis reforma. antikorufciuli reformis

pirvel wlebSi antikorufciuli politikis TvalsaCino maxasiaTebeli iyo                                                             313Группа разработки финансовых мер борьбы с отмыванием денег, отмывание доходов от коррупции, Франция, 2008 314Transparency International, The global coalition against curruption, Global Corruption Report, Berlin, 2014

 

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128 

ZiriTadi faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen ukanono Semosavlis

legalizaciis procesze, droTa manZilze viTardeba. maTi sistema mudmiv

Seswavlas saWiroebs, vinaidan, ekonomikuri urTierTobis swrafi

cvlilebebis gamo, es faqtorebic swrafad icvleba. socialuri

RonisZiebebis adekvaturi sistemis SemuSavebis TvalsazrisiT, saWiroa

ganxiluli zogadi xasiaTis faqtorebis erTobliobis analizi, rac

mimarTuli iqneba fulis gaTeTrebis procesze. ”Savi bazris” arseboba,

finansuri institutebis saqmianobaze kontrolisa da monitoringis

meqanizmebis arasrulyofileba, safinanso da arasafinanso institutebis

daarsebis araadekvaturi procedura, anonimuri angariSebisa da finansuri

instrumentebis arseboba, fuladi saxsrebis moZraobaze kontrolis

meqnizmebis ararseboba, organizaciebisa da bankebis mier operaciebis

warmoebisas ofSoruli kompaniebis farTo gamoyeneba, qveynis SigniT

“Tavisufali savaWro zonis arseboba,” danaSaulis maRali latenturoba,

arasakmarisi sasamarTlo da sagamoZiebo praqtika, korufciis arseboba da

ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis xelSemwyob sxva faqtorebs esaWiroeba

detaluri analizi, vinaidan mxolod am gziT aris SesaZlebeli ukanono

Semosavlis legalizaciis sferoSi Seqmnil situaciaze reagirebis

mosaxdenad Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis da zomebis SemuSaveba.

3.3. saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli ukanono Semosavlis

legalizaciisa da masTan dakavSirebuli faqtebis mimoxilva

aRniSnuli paragrafis mizania saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli

ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da masTan dakavSirebuli faqtebis

analizi.

fulis gaTeTrebis kuTxiT bolo wlebis dinamikis sailustraciod

da saxelmwifo politikis efeqtianobis Sesafaseblad mogvyavs ukanono

Semosavlis legalizaciis saqmeebTan dakavSirebiT arsebuli statistikuri

monacemebi. informacias aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT agrovebs 2017

wlis 1 ianvris mdgomareobiT, “ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis

xelSewyobis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad, monitoringis

ganmaxorcielebeli pirebi, romlebsac warmoadgendnen:

finansuri institutebi:

 

129 

komerciuli bankebi, valutis gadamcvleli punqtebi,

arasabanko sadepozito dawesebulebebi da mikrosafinanso organizaciebi;

fuladi gzavnilebis ganmaxorcielebeli pirebi,

kvalificiuri sakredito institutebi, sabrokero kompaniebi da fasiani

qaRaldebis registratorebi, sadazRvevo kompaniebi, arasaxelmwifo

sapensio sqemis damfuZneblebi, sagadaxdo momsaxurebis provaiderebi,

salizingo kompaniebi318.

arafinansuri institutebi:

latariis, azartuli da momgebiani TamaSobebis mowyobis

organizatorebi, samorineebi (agreTve, internet samorineebi), Zvirfas

liTonebTan, Zvirfas qvebTan da maT nawarmTan da antikvarul nivTebTan

dakavSirebuli saqmianobis ganmaxorcielebeli pirebi;

saqarTvelos finansTa saministros mmarTvelobis sferoSi

Semavali sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri–Semosavlebis samsaxuri,

grantebisa da saqvelmoqmedo daxmarebebis gamcemi pirebi, notariusebi,

sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri–sajaro reestris erovnuli saagento:

pirebi, romlebic saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT ewevian

sabuRaltro an/da auditorul saqmianobas da advokatebi319.

“ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb“

saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad, monitoringis ganmaxorcielebeli pirebi

valdebulni arian saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxurs

miawodon angariSgebis formebi monitorings daqvemdebarebul garigebebTan

dakavSirebiT. monitorings daqvemdebarebuli garigebebis saxeebi

gansazRvrulia “ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis

Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis me-5 muxliT, romlis Tanaxmad monitorings

eqvemdebareba garkveuli saxis garigebebi 30,000 lars zRvars zemoT da sxva

saeWvo garigebebi. bolo monacemebis Tanaxmad, samsaxurSi Sevida 175,346

angariSgebis forma, maT Soris, 993 forma saeWvo garigebis, operaciis

                                                            318saqarTvelos kanoni “ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSeyobis Sesaxeb”, muxli 3, q.Tbilisi, 2003 319saqarTvelos kanoni “ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSeyobis Sesaxeb”, muxli 3, q.Tbilisi, 2003

 

130 

Taobaze, xolo 174,353 angariSgebis forma kanonmdeblobiT

gaTvaliswinebul zRvars zemoT ganxorcielebuli operaciis Sesaxeb.

gasuli wlebis analogiurad, informaciis ZiriTadi moculoba

warmodgenilia komerciuli bankebis mier 92,406 angariSgebis forma, maT

Soris, 549 saeWvo garigebis angariSgebis forma. rac Seexeba monitoringis

ganmaxorcielebel sxva pirebs, aRsaniSnavia, rom mikrosafinanso

organizaciebis mier warmodgenilia 30,499 angariSgebis forma, maT Soris,

65 saeWvo garigebis angariSgebis forma.320 grafikulad 2016 wlis manZilze

samsaxuris mier miRebuli angariSgebis formebis raodenoba Semdegnairad

gamoiyureba:

cxrili 6. miRebul angariSgebaTa statistikuri monacemebi 2016w.

z/z saeWvo

komerciuli bankebi 91,857  549

savaluto punqtebi 30,843  0

mikrosafinanso organizaciebi 30,434  65

registratorebi 336  5

sakredio kavSirebi 49  0

sadazRvevo kompaniebi 75  0

sabrokero kompaniebi 396  1

fuladi gzavnilis ganm.piri 5  1

salizindo kompaniebi 856  46

sagadaxdo moms.provaiderebi 115  1

samorine 133  0

azartuli TamaSis momwyobi 122  27

buRaltrebi da auditorebi 0  0

sabaJo 5,105  0

notariusebi 5,104  1

advokatebi 0  1

sajaro reestri 8,923  296

wyaro: ssip saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris, 2016 wlis

angariSi

Sesabamisad, statistikuri monacemebis analizis Sedegad finansuri

(maT Soris, komerciuli bankebidan) da arafinansuri institutebidan

miRebuli angariSgebis raodenobis maCveneblebi Semdegnairad gamoiyureba:

                                                            320saqarTvelos kanoni “ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSeyobis Sesaxeb”, muxli 5, q.Tbilisi, 2003

 

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134 

angariSis mflobelis mimalva. 2016 wlis manZilze aseve SenarCunda

ucxoeTidan savaraudod TaRliTuri gziT mopovebuli Tanxebis

saqarTvelos bankebSi arsebul angariSebze Caricxvis tendencia. rig

SemTxvevebSi aRniSnuli Caricxvebi xorcieldeboda iseTi saerTaSoriso

sagadaxdo platformebis saSualebiT, rogorebicaa PayPal da WebMoney,

aseve swrafi fuladi gzavnilebis sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso sistemebiT.

angariSebze Caricxuli Tanxebis udidesi nawili maleve gadairicxeboda

mesame qveynis sabanko dawesebulebebSi, xolo saqarTvelos finansuri

institutebis saxelze gadmomricxavisgan modioda moTxovna Tanxis

dabrunebis Taobaze. 2016 wels samarTaldamcav organoebSi gadacemuli iqna

ramdenime saqme, romelic moicavda sxvadasxva fizikuri piris

saidentifikacio monacemebis savaraudod ukanono gamoyenebis gziT onlain-

sesxebis aRebasa da Semdgom Tanxis ganaRdebas, ris Sedegadac

samarTaldamrRvevebis mier miTvisebuli sesxis dafarva uwevda

saidentifikacio monacemebis realur mflobels. aRsaniSnavia, rom

saangariSo wlis manZilze samarTaldamcav organoebTan gadaigzavna

ramdenime saqme, romlebic Seicavda SesaZlo korufciis niSnebs.

ukanono saqmianobidan miRebuli fuladi saxsrebis legalizaciis

meTodebi dRevandelobaSi sakmaod mravalferovania. rogorc vnaxeT, 2016

wels samsaxurSi Sesuli 993 saeWvo garigebis Taobaze angariSi,

warmodgenilia komerciuli bankebis mier 549 saeWvo garigebis angariSgebis

forma, mikrosafinanso organizaciebis mier 65, sadazRvevo kompaniebisa da

arasaxelmwifo sapensio sqemebis mier 75, sabrokero kompaniebis mier 1,

fasiani qaRaldebis registratorebis mier 5, xolo latariebis, azartuli

da sxva momgebiani TamaSebis momwyobi pirebis mier 27 saeWvo garigeba,

xolo salizingo kompaniebis mier 46 saeWvo an Semosavlebis samsaxuris da

sajaro reestris erovnuli saagentos mier 296 saeWvo garigebis Sesaxeb

angariSgebis forma. teqnologiuri cvlilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ukanono

Semosavlis legalizaciis faqtebTan dakavSirebuli procesze zemoqmedebis

mizniT Catarebuli kvleva iZleva saqarTveloSi aqtualuri sferoebis

gamovlenis SesaZleblobas, romelic xels Seuwyobs praqtikuli

rekomendaciebis SemuSavebis SesaZleblobas aRniSnul problemasTan

efeqturad sabrZolvelad.

 

135 

Tavi IV. kvlevis meTodologia da monacemTa analizi

4.1. kvlevis meTodologia

am paragrafis mizania, SeimuSaos is meTodebi, romlebic safuZvlad

daedeba Semdgom kvlevas. mocemul nawilSi axsnilia yvela procedura,

romelTa meSveobiTac Camoyalibda kvlevis instrumenti.

kvlevis farglebSi ganxorcielda Teoriuli da empiriuli-

raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi meTodebis kombinireba, maTi upiratesobebis

maqsimizacia da SezRudvebis minimizacia. kvlevis sawyis etapze mopovebul

iqna Sesabamisi literatura, statistikuri monacemebi saqarTvelos

statistikis erovnuli samsaxuridan da sxva saxelmwifo dawesebulebebidan

Tu saerTaSoriso organizaciebisagan. internetiT moZiebul iqna sxva

qveynebis sajaro dawesebulebebis da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis

kvlevebis monacemebi, ris safuZvelzec ganxorcielda literaturisa Tu

dokumentis da meoreuli informaciis analizi. konkretulad ki Segrovda

samecniero naSromebi, samarTlebrivi aqtebi, samTavrobo da saerTaSoriso

organizaciebis angariSebi, statistikuri informacia.

dokumentebis analizis meTodi gamoyenebulia rogorc damoukidebeli

meTodi, romlis saSualebiTac mopovebuli iqna sakvlev sakiTxze

mniSvnelovani informacia. dokumentebis SegrovebisTvis gamoviyeneT

interneti. Zebna ZiriTadad ganxorcielda eleqtronuli samecniero bazebis

Researchgate, Academia.edu da sxva bazebis safuZvelze. calkeul SemTxvevaSi

moxda popularuli saZiebo sistemis http://www.google.com-is gamoyeneba.

monacemebis Sesagroveblad visargebleT sakvanZo sityvebis sxvadasxva

kombinaciiT. saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris da msoflio

bankis oficialur eleqtronul misamarTebze: www.geostat.ge da

https://data.worldbank.org  ganTavsebuli monacemebi gaanalizda orcvladiani da

mravalcvladiani analizis meTodebis gamoyenebiT.

kvlevis obieqtad SevarCieT 17 post-socialisturi qveyana,

saqarTvelosTan msgavsi rigi faqtorebis, maT Soris, saerTo warsulis

gamo. saqarTvelom iseve, rogorc sxva yofilma socialisturma

respublikebma, damoukidebloba sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg moipoves

 

136 

da am qveynebSi bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi gegmuridan sabazro

urTierTobebze gadasvlis mtkivneuli procesi mimdinareobda. vvaraudobT,

rom fulis gaTeTrebis problema da ekonomikur cvladebTan misi kavSiri

msgavsi iqneba saerTo warsulis da msgavsi ekonomikuri sistemis mqone

qveynebisaTvis, da aseTi kavSirebis xasiaTi gansxvavebulia tradiciuli

sabazro ekonomikis mqone qveynebisagan. mniSvnelovania, rom am

mimarTulebiT empiriuli kvleva jer ar ganxorcielebula da aRniSnuli

kvlevis Sedegebi erTgvari siaxlea post-socialistur qveynebSi fulis

gaTeTrebasa da ekonomikur cvladebs Soris kavSiris dadgenaSi. 

kvlevis Teoriuli CarCo. kvlevis pirvel etapze miRebuli empiriuli

monacemebis asaxsnelad gamoyenebul iqna fulis gaTeTrebis problemiT

dainteresebuli sxvadasxva mecnieris Teoriebi Semdegi sakiTxebis Sesaxeb:

Savi fuli da ekonomikuri zrda

Savi fulis winaaRmdeg brZolis eqspertma a. idovum gamoikvlia, rom

fulis gaTeTreba negatiurad zemoqmedebs investiciebis moculobis

zrdaze, rac gavlenas axdens ekonomikur zrdaze. aRniSnuli safrTxis qveS

ayenebs saxelmwifos Semosavlebs, politikur stabilurobas da

mosaxleobis usafrTxoebas323. mravalwliani kvlevebis Sedegad man daaskvna,

rom fulis gaTeTreba uaryofiTad moqmedebs ekonomikur zrdasa da

finansur stabilurobaze. FATF-is mixedviT, fulis gaTeTreba miCneulia

realur safrTxed da finansuri institutebis ukontroloba iwvevs qveynis

ganviTarebis risks324. s. brijitma gamoikvlia, rom fulis gaTeTreba da

sxva finansuri danaSauli negatiurad zemoqmedebs ekonomikur zrdasa Tu

ganviTarebaze325. aRniSnul pozicias aseve amyarebs ucxoel mecnierTa

gamokvlevebi, romelTa mixedviT, fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg arsebuli

susti politika amcirebs ekonomikuri zrdis SesaZleblobebs da zrdis

Semosavlebis gadanawilebis uTanabrobas, rac safrTxes uqmnis ekonomikur

zrdas bevr qveyanaSi.

Savi fuli da adgilobrivi Tu pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi

                                                            323Idowu A. Anti-Money Laundering Policy and Its Effects on Bank Performance in Nigeria. Business Intelligence Journal, 6, 2012, 367-373 324Aluko A., The Impact of Money Laundering on Economic and Financial Stability and on Political Development of Developing Countries, University of London, London, 2011, P.107 325Yikona S., Slot B., Geller M., Hansen B., El Kadiri F., Ill-Gotten Money And The Economy, Experiences From Malawi And Namibia, 2011, P.16

 

137 

i. razim aRmoaCina, rom fulis gaTeTrebas aqvs efeqti erovnul

Semosavalze da aseve ucxour investiciebze. fulis gaTeTreba finansuri

danaSaulia, romelic negatiurad aisaxeba ekonomikis stabilurobaze,

gansakuTrebiT investiciebze326. Savi fulis gaTeTrebis problemiT

dainteresbulma mecnierma a. alukom Seiswavla fulis gaTeTrebis efeqti

investiciebze da daaskvna, rom fulis gaTeTreba sxva finansuri

danaSaulebis msgavsad negatiurad zemoqmedebs ekonomikur zrdasa da

finansur stabilurobaze sxvadasxva qveynis gamocdilebidan gamomdinare327.

Savi fuli da korufcia

Savi fulis gaTeTrebis problemiT dainteresebulma mecnierma a.

alukom aRmoaCina pozitiuri damokidebuleba korufciasa da fulis

gaTeTrebas Soris. misi azriT, korufcia da fulis gaTeTreba erTi medlis

ori mxarea. warmoudgenelia aRniSnuli problemis arseboba korufciisgan

damoukideblad, vinaidan korufcia amaxinjebs saxelmwifos rols

resursebis gadanawilebaSi da qmnis Savi fulis rezervs. saerTaSoriso

kvlevebSi dafiqsirebulia korufciis efeqti fulis gaTeTrebis

masStabebis zrdaze, romelic, saboloo jamSi, iwvevs ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis donis Semcirebas. samecniero literaturaSi xazgasmulia

korufciis simZime, romelic aisaxeba ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis

legalizaciis masStabebis zrdiT da saxelmwifos keTildReobis

SemcirebiT. p. mauros mier Catarebuli kvleva aCvenebs, rom arsebobs

kavSiri korufciasa da ekonomikur zrdas Soris328. im SemTvevaSic ki,

rodesac qveyana Riaa saerTaSoriso vaWrobisadmi, investiciis done dabali

darCeba, Tu korufciis done maRalia. ucxour literaturaSi moiZebneba

damatebiTi kvlevebi korufciis efeqtebis Sesaxeb fulis gaTeTrebaze. s.

akermanis samecniero statiis mixedviT, korufciis maRali done gavlenas

axdens ama Tu im qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebasa da ekonomikur zrdaze329.

ganxiluli literaturis safuZvelze SevZeliT, Camogveyalibebina Semdegi

hipoTezebi:

                                                            326Ihsan I., & Razi A., Money Laundering-A Negative Impact on Economy, 2012, P.2-8 327Aluko A., The Impact of Money Laundering on Economic and Financial Stability and on Political Development of Developing Countries, University of London, London, 2011, P.107 328riskulovi u., Savi zRvis saerTaSoriso universiteti biznesis marTvis fakulteti korufciis faqtorebis raodenobrivi analizi, 2012, gv.8 329The Political Economy of Corruption, S. Ackerman, 1996, P.32,33

 

138 

h1: post-socialistur qveynebSi Savi fulis gaTeTreba uaryofiTad

aisaxeba ekonomikur zrdaze;

h2: post-socialistur qveynebSi Savi fulis gaTeTreba uaryofiTad

aisaxeba investiciebze;

h3: post-socialistur qveynebSi Savi fulis gaTeTreba uaryofiTad

aisaxeba pirdapir ucxour investiciebze;

h4: post-socialistur qveynebSi fulis gaTeTreba da korufcia

uaryofiTad aisaxeba mTlian Sida produqtze;

h5: post-socialistur qveynebSi fulis gaTeTreba da korufcia

uaryofiTad aisaxeba investiciebze;

h6: post-socialistur qveynebSi fulis gaTeTreba da korufcia

uaryofiTad aisaxeba pirdapir ucxour investiciebze.

 

4.2. hipoTezebis Semowmeba

fulis gaTeTreba da ekonomikuri zrda

H0: post-socialistur qveynebSi fulis gaTeTreba uaryofiTad

aisaxeba ekonomikur zrdaze.

H1: fulis gaTeTreba dadebiTad aisaxeba ekonomikur zrdaze.

aRniSnuli hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad kvleva iTvaliswinebs fulis

gaTeTrebasa da mTlian Sida produqts Soris kavSiris gamovlenas,

romelic modelirebulia minimaluri kvadratebis funqciiT. Cvens kvlevaSi

asaxulia post-socialisturi 17 qveynis oficialuri statistikuri

monacemi da xazs usvams wrfiv regresiul models. aRniSnuli hipoTezis

Sesamowmeblad viyenebT msoflio bankisa da bazelis gamoqveynebul Savi

fulis zrdis indeqsur maCvenebels.

 

139 

cxrili 7. Savi fulis gaTeTrebisa da mSp-s indeqsirebuli maCvenebeli post-socialisturi qveynebisaTvis

2012.-2016ww.330 331

fulis gaTeTreba (x) mSp (y)

2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 1 albaneTi -1.074 2.203 0.279 -9.416 1.001 1.774 2.227 3.370 2 belorusia -0.134 0.134 -0.134 0.134 1.024 1.723 -3.830 -2.649 3 bulgareTi -2.664 -7.255 -0.960 1.027 0.862 1.329 3.617 3.941 4 estoneTi 1.002 -1.180 -2.438 19.831 1.937 2.891 1.674 2.063 5 latvia -8.117 2.178 -1.054 -1.475 2.430 1.858 2.972 2.213 6 litva -3.809 -4.338 0.812 -1.472 3.499 3.538 2.035 2.345 7 moldova -14.672 0.754 1.088 1.656 9.400 4.800 -0.400 4.100 8 poloneTi -0.128 -16.704 1.133 10.333 1.392 3.283 3.845 2.864 9 rumineTi 0.023 -1.459 -0.741 -2.669 3.532 3.076 3.974 4.589 10 ruseTi 1.708 9.329 -0.480 -0.585 1.785 0.739 -2.828 -0.225 11 saqarTvelo -14.798 0.601 -0.664 -1.936 3.387 4.623 2.880 2.849 12 somxeTi -4.472 -0.755 0.632 -5.412 3.300 3.600 3.200 0.200 13 uzbekeTi -0.494 0.015 -5.328 -0.292 8.000 7.793 8.000 7.800 14 ukraina -2.156 1.211 0.137 0.212 -0.027 -6.553 -9.773 2.308 15 ungreTi -5.222 -1.589 1.481 2.209 2.096 4.228 3.367 2.213 16 yirgizeTi 0.779 -0.980 -0.380 -0.993 10.915 4.024 3.876 3.826 17 CexeTi -1.441 -3.893 -0.128 2.381 -0.484 2.715 5.309 2.593

                                                            330https://index.baselgovernance.org 331https://data.worldbank.org/indicator

 

140 

ekonomikur zrdaze fulis gaTeTrebis gavlenis dasadgenad Cven

viyenebT wrfiv regresiul models. modeli iTvaliswinebs fulis

gaTeTrebis zemoqmedebas ekonomikur zrdaze, romelic gamoxatulia

realuri mSp-s zrdiT. qveynis ekonomikuri zrda gamoiTvleba realuri mSp-

is zrdis maCvenebliT. mTliani Sida produqti (mSp) warmoadgens

ekonomikuri saqmianobis sazoms, romelic ganisazRvreba ekonomikis

farglebSi warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saerTo RirebulebiT.

mSp-is wliuri zrdis tempis gaangariSeba miznad isaxavs ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis dinamikis Sedarebas, rogorc droiT, aseve sxvadasxva qveynis

WrilSi. mTliani Sida produqtis moculobis zrdis gazomvis mizniT,

mimdinare fasebSi gamoxatuli mSp Sefasebulia wina wlis fasebSi,

romelic gavlenas axdens fasebis moZraobaze. Savi fulis gaTeTreba

mocemuli ekonomikuri modelis damoukidebel cvlads warmoadgens.

ekonomikuri zrdisa da fulis gaTeTrebis korelaciis dasadgenad Cven

SemovitaneT modeli, romelic Seafasebs fulis gaTeTrebis dones sawyis

etapze. kavSiri damyarebulia TiToeuli faqtoris wliuri zrdis

maCvenebelze. mniSvnelobis doned aRebulia 0.05.

2013:  regresia: =-0.158x+2.6619. wyviluri korelaciis koeficienti:

rx,y=-0.243, rac gulisxmobs cvladebs Soris sust da ukuproporciul

damokidebulebas. elastikurobis koeficienti: E=0.163, rac gveubneba, rom

x–is 1%-iani zrda iwvevs y–is 16.3%-ian zrdas. beta koeficientiT vadgenT,

Tu ra gavlena aqvs amxsnel cvlads axsnil cvladze: =-0.243, rac niSnavs,

rom regresoris gazrda Tavisi saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris sididiT

gamoiwvevs axsnili cvladis Semcirebas saSualod 24.3%-iT. determinaciis

koeficientia: R2=0.05903, anu, y –is cvalebadobis saerTo SemTxvevebis

5.903% gamowveulia x–is cvlilebiT. danarCeni 94.097% gamowveulia

modelSi gauTvaliswinebeli faqtorebiTa da specifikaciis SecdomiT.

regresiis standartuli Secdomaa: S=3.26, romlis safuZvelzec

gaangariSebuli koeficientebis standartuli gadaxrebia: Sa=0.953, Sb=0.163.

koeficientebis Sesafaseblad gamoviyeneT stiudentis kriteriumi. kerZod,

mniSvnelovnebis donisa da Tavisuflebis xarisxis gamoyenebiT, stiudentis

ganawilebis cxrilSi davadgineT misi kritikuli mniSvneloba,

 

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gamovTvaleT koeficientebis statistikuri mniSvnelobebi: tkrit(15;0.025)=2.131,

ta=2.79, tb=0.97. 2.79>2.131; 0.97<2.131, amitom, a koeficientis statistikuri

mniSvnelovneba dadasturda, b koeficientis ki-ara. a da b koeficientebis

ndobis intervalebia: a (0.631;4.692), b (-0.505;0.189). regresiis gantolebis

mniSvnelovneba SevamowmeT determinaciis koeficientis safuZvelze

gaangariSebuli fiSeris kriteriumiT: R2=0.05903, saidanac F=0.94. fiSeris

ganawilebis cxrilidan (1;15) Tavisuflebis xarisxebiT davadgineT misi

kritikuli mniSvneloba: Fkrit(1;15)=4.54, 0.94<4.54, amitom determinaciis

koeficienti statistikurad araa mniSvnelovani da Sedegad, regresiis

modelic araa sando. gamovikvlieT axsnili cvladis damokidebuleba

amxsnel cvladze. specifikaciis etapze gamoviyeneT wrfivi wyviluri

regresia, romlis parametrebic ganvsazRvreT umcires kvadratTa meTodiT,

xolo modelis vargisianoba SevamowmeT determinaciis koeficientiTa da

fiSeris kriteriumiT. dadginda, rom y–is zogadi cvalebadobis 5.903%

SemTxveva gamowveulia x-is cvlilebiT. aRmoCnda, rom modelis parametrebi

statistikurad aramniSvnelovania. modelis ekonomikuri interpretaciaa: x-

is 1 erTeuliT gazrda gamoiwvevs y-is saSualod 0.158 erTeuliT

Semcirebas.

2014:  regresiisGgantoleba: =-0.08986x+2.5582. wyviluri korelaciis

koeficienti: rx,y=-0,164, romelic cvladebs Soris sust da ukuproporciul

damokidebulebas gulisxmobs. elastikurobis koeficienti: E=0.043, rac

gveubneba, rom x–is 1%-iani zrda iwvevs y–is 4.3%-ian zrdas. beta

koeficientiT vadgenT, Tu ra gavlena aqvs amxsnel cvlads axsnil

cvladze: β=-0.164, rac niSnavs, rom regresoris gazrda Tavisi saSualo

kvadratuli gadaxris sididiT gamoiwvevs axsnili cvladis Semcirebas

saSualod 16.4%-iT. gamoTvlili mniSvnelobebi faqtobrivi

mniSvnelobebisgan gadaxrilia 33.6%-iT. determinaciis koeficientia:

R2=0.02678 , anu, y –is cvalebadobis saerTo SemTxvevebis 2.678% gamowveulia

x–is cvlilebiT. danarCeni 97.322% gamowveulia modelSi gauTvaliswinebeli

faqtorebiTa da specifikaciis SecdomiT. regresiis standartuli Secdomaa:

S=2.95, romlis safuZvelzec gaangariSebuli koeficientebis standartuli

 

142 

gadaxrebia: Sa=0.737, Sb=0.14. koeficientebis Sesafaseblad gamoviyeneT

stiudentis kriteriumi. kerZod, mniSvnelovnebis donisa da Tavisuflebis

xarisxis gamoyenebiT, stiudentis ganawilebis cxrilSi davadgineT misi

kritikuli mniSvneloba, gamovTvaleT koeficientebis statistikuri

mniSvnelobebi: tkrit(15;0.025)=2.131, ta=3.47, tb=0.64. 3.47>2.131, 0.64<2.131, amitom, a

koeficientis statistikuri mniSvnelovneba dadasturda, b koeficientis ki–

ara. a da b koeficientebis ndobis intervalebia: a (0.987, 4.129), b (-0.388, 0.208).

regresiis gantolebis mniSvnelovneba SevamowmeT determinaciis

koeficientis safuZvelze gaangariSebuli fiSeris kriteriumiT: R2=0.02678,

saidanac F=0.41. fiSeris ganawilebis cxrilidan (1;15) Tavisuflebis

xarisxebiT davadgineT misi kritikuli mniSvneloba: Fkrit(1;15)=4.54, 0.41<4.54,

amitom determinaciis koeficienti statistikurad araa mniSvnelovani.

gamovikvlieT axsnili cvladis damokidebuleba amxsnel cvladze.

specifikaciis etapze gamoviyeneT wrfivi wyviluri regresia, romlis

parametrebic ganvsazRvreT umcires kvadratTa meTodiT, xolo modelis

vargisianoba SevamowmeT determinaciis koeficientiTa da fiSeris

kriteriumiT. dadginda, rom y-is zogadi cvalebadobis 2,678% SemTxveva

gamowveulia x-is cvlilebiT. aRmoCnda, rom modelis parametrebi

statistikurad aramniSvnelovania. modelis ekonomikuri interpretaciaa: x-

is 1 erTeuliT gazrda gamoiwvevs y-is saSualod 0.0899 erTeuliT

Semcirebas.

2015: regresia: =-0.8465x+1.4374. wyviluri korelaciis koeficienti:

rx,y=-0.332, rac gulisxmobs cvladebs Soris saSualo da ukuproporciul

damokidebulebas. elastikurobis koeficienti: E=0.189, rac gveubneba, rom x-

is 1%-iani zrda iwvevs y-is 18.9%-ian zrdas. beta koeficientiT vadgenT, Tu

ra gavlena aqvs amxsnel cvlads axsnil cvladze: β=-0.332, rac niSnavs,

rom regresoris gazrda Tavisi saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris sididiT

gamoiwvevs axsnili cvladis Semcirebas saSualod 33.2%-iT. aproqsimaciis

Secdomaa: A=6.65%. gamoTvlili mniSvnelobebi faqtobrivi

mniSvnelobebisgan gadaxrilia 6.65%-iT. determinaciis koeficientia:

R2=0.11, anu, y–is cvalebadobis saerTo SemTxvevebis 11% gamowveulia x–is

 

143 

cvlilebiT. danarCeni 89% gamowveulia modelSi gauTvaliswinebeli

faqtorebiTa da specifikaciis SecdomiT. regresiis standartuli

Secdomaa: S=0.995, romlis safuZvelzec gaangariSebuli koeficientebis

standartuli gadaxrebia: Sa=0.995, Sb=0.622. koeficientebis Sesafaseblad

gamoviyeneT stiudentis kriteriumi. kerZod, mniSvnelovnebis donisa da

Tavisuflebis xarisxis gamoyenebiT, studentis ganawilebis cxrilSi

davadgineT misi kritikuli mniSvneloba, gamovTvaleT koeficientebis

statistikuri mniSvnelobebi: tkrit(15;0.025)=2.131, ta=1.44, tb=1.36. 1.44<2.131,

1.36<2.131, amitom, a da b koeficientebis statistikuri mniSvnelovneba ar

dadasturda. a da b koeficientebis ndobis intervalebia: a (-0.683, 3.558), b (-

2.171, 0.478). regresiis gantolebis mniSvnelovneba SevamowmeT determinaciis

koeficientis safuZvelze gaangariSebuli fiSeris kriteriumiT: R2=0.11,

saidanac, F=1.85, fiSeris ganawilebis cxrilidan (1;15) Tavisuflebis

xarisxebiT davadgineT misi kritikuli mniSvneloba: Fkrit(1;15)=4.54,

1.85<4.54. determinaciis koeficienti statistikurad araa mniSvnelovani da

Sedegad, regresiis modelic araa sando. gamovikvlieT axsnili cvladis

damokidebuleba amxsnel cvladze. specifikaciis etapze gamoviyeneT wrfivi

wyviluri regresia, romlis parametrebic ganvsazRvreT umcires kvadratTa

meTodiT, xolo modelis vargisianoba SevamowmeT determinaciis

koeficientiTa da fiSeris kriteriumiT. dadginda, rom y–is zogadi

cvalebadobis 11% SemTxveva gamowveulia x-is cvlilebiT. aRmoCnda, rom

modelis parametrebi statistikurad aramniSvnelovania. modelis

ekonomikuri interpretaciaa: x-is 1 erTeuliT gazrda gamoiwvevs y-is

saSualod 0.846 erTeuliT Semcirebas.

2016:  regresia: =-0.00947x+2.6193. wyviluri korelaciis koeficienti:

rx,y=‐0.0269,  rac gulisxmobs cvladebs Soris sust da ukuproporciul

damokidebulebas. elastikurobis koeficienti:  E=‐0.00289, rac gveubneba, rom

x-is 1%-iani zrda iwvevs y-is 0.289%-ian Semcirebas. beta koeficientiT

vadgenT, Tu ra gavlena aqvs amxsnel cvlads axsnil cvladze: β=‐0.0269,

rac niSnavs, rom regresoris gazrda Tavisi saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris

sididiT gamoiwvevs axsnili cvladis Semcirebas saSualod  2.69%‐iT. 

aproqsimaciis Secdomaa:  A=5.84%.  Sedegad, gamoTvlili mniSvnelobebi

 

144 

faqtobrivi mniSvnelobebisgan gadaxrilia 5.84%-iT. determinaciis

koeficientia: R2=0.000722, anu, y–is cvalebadobis saerTo SemTxvevebis 0.0722%

gamowveulia x–is cvlilebiT. danarCeni 99.9278% gamowveulia modelSi

gauTvaliswinebeli faqtorebiTa da specifikaciis SecdomiT. regresiis

standartuli Secdomaa:  S=2.3, romlis safuZvelzec gaangariSebuli

koeficientebis standartuli gadaxrebia:  Sa=0.562,  Sb=0.091.  koeficientebis

Sesafaseblad gamoviyeneT stiudentis kriteriumi. kerZod, mniSvnelovnebis

donisa da Tavisuflebis xarisxis gamoyenebiT, studentis ganawilebis

cxrilSi davadgineT misi kritikuli mniSvneloba, gamovTvaleT

koeficientebis statistikuri mniSvnelobebi: tkrit(15;0.025)=2.131,  ta=4.66,  tb=0.1. 

4.66>2.131,  0.1<2.131,  amitom, a koeficienti statistikurad mniSvnelovania, b-

ara. a da  b  koeficientebis ndobis intervalebia:  a  (1.421;3.817),  b  (‐0.203;0.184). 

regresiis gantolebis mniSvnelovneba SevamowmeT determinaciis

koeficientis safuZvelze gaangariSebuli fiSeris kriteriumiT:  R2=0.000722, 

saidanac  F=0.0108.  fiSeris ganawilebis cxrilidan (1;15) Tavisuflebis

xarisxebiT davadgineT misi kritikuli mniSvneloba: Fkrit(1;15)=4.54, 0.0108<4.54, 

amitom determinaciis koeficienti statistikurad araa mniSvnelovani da

Sedegad, regresiis modelic araa sando. gamovikvlieT axsnili cvladis

damokidebuleba amxsnel cvladze. specifikaciis etapze gamoviyeneT wrfivi

wyviluri regresia, romlis parametrebic ganvsazRvreT umcires kvadratTa

meTodiT, xolo modelis vargisianoba SevamowmeT determinaciis

koeficientiTa da fiSeris kriteriumiT. dadginda, rom  y‐is zogadi

cvalebadobis  0.0722% SemTxveva gamowveulia  x‐is cvlilebiT. aRmoCnda, rom

modelis parametrebi statistikurad aramniSvnelovania. modelis

ekonomikuri interpretaciaa:  x‐is 1 erTeuliT gazrda gamoiwvevs  y‐is

saSualod 0.00947 erTeuliT Semcirebas.

gamovikvlieT axsnili cvladis damokidebuleba amxsnel cvladze.

specifikaciis etapze gamoviyeneT wrfivi wyviluri regresia, romlis

parametrebic ganvsazRvreT umcires kvadratTa meTodiT, xolo modelis

vargisianoba SevamowmeT determinaciis koeficientiTa da fiSeris

kriteriumiT. dadginda, modelis ekonomikuri interpretacia: Savi fulis

gaTeTrebis tempis 1 erTeuliT gazrda gamoiwvevs mSp-s zrdis saSualod

 

145 

0.2758425 erTeuliT Semcirebas. aRniSnulis safuZvelze nulovani hipoTeza,

romlis Tanaxmad Savi fulis gaTeTreba uaryofiTad aisaxeba ekonomikur

zrdaze, miRebulia.

fulis gaTeTreba da investiciebi

H0: post-socialistur qveynebSi fulis gaTeTreba uaryofiTad

aisaxeba investiciebze.

H1: fulis gaTeTreba dadebiTad aisaxeba investiciebze.

aRniSnuli hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad kvleva iTvaliswinebs fulis

gaTeTrebasa da investiciebs Soris kavSiris gamovlenas, romelic

modelirebulia minimaluri kvadratebis funqciiT. angariSSi asaxulia

post-socialisturi 17 qveynis oficialuri statistikuri monacemi da xazs

usvams wrfiv regresiul models. aRniSnuli hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad

viyenebT msoflio bankis statistikur monacemebs.

 

146 

cxrili 8. Savi fulis gaTeTrebisa da investiciebis indeqsirebuli maCvenebeli post-socialisturi

qveynebisaTvis 2012.-2016ww.332 333

fulis gaTeTreba (x) investiciebi (y) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1 albaneTi 5.4839 5.4250 5.5445 5.5600 5.0365 28.4461 27.6076 25.8928 26.3512 27.0166 2 belorusia 5.4173 5.4100 5.4173 5.4100 5.4173 38.1480 41.2732 38.5447 32.7522 29.1867 3 bulgareTi 4.2390 4.1260 3.8267 3.7900 3.8289 21.9518 21.0502 21.6873 21.3549 19.5948 4 estoneTi 3.2759 3.3088 3.2697 3.1900 3.8226 29.3154 27.7750 28.3068 25.8013 25.6829 5 latvia 5.3609 4.9258 5.0331 4.9800 4.9065 25.9049 23.9837 21.4475 21.3895 20.9640 6 litva 3.9562 3.8055 3.6405 3.6700 3.6160 17.0485 16.4701 16.5803 20.2843 18.9528 7 moldova 5.9258 5.0564 5.0945 5.1500 5.2353 24.3878 24.9897 25.4666 22.3727 23.0605 8 poloneTi 4.7425 4.7365 3.9453 3.9900 4.4023 21.6498 20.1195 21.9754 22.2057 21.1678 9 rumineTi 4.6814 4.6825 4.6142 4.5800 4.4578 25.6210 24.8596 24.5338 25.2495 24.1617 10 ruseTi 5.6569 5.7535 6.2902 6.2600 6.2234 27.9991 25.9810 24.2273 21.5919 21.9722 11 saqarTvelo 5.6374 4.8032 4.8321 4.8000 4.7071 25.7277 21.9678 26.6482 28.3231 29.7707 12 somxeTi 5.1255 4.8963 4.8593 4.8900 4.6254 27.9012 24.5520 22.9878 22.0077 20.0530 13 uzbekeTi 5.4235 5.3968 5.3976 5.1100 5.0951 25.2648 25.6858 26.3778 26.7686 27.1907 14 ukraina 6.6153 6.4726 6.5510 6.5600 6.5739 21.2877 18.6634 13.0789 16.2348 22.3379 15 ungreTi 4.2893 4.0653 4.0007 4.0600 4.1497 18.5767 19.2553 20.7803 19.3364 18.2184 16 yirgizeTi 6.3071 6.3562 6.2939 6.2700 6.2077 39.1989 37.1357 41.3015 38.8452 37.5725 17 CexeTi 4.8097 4.7404 4.5558 4.5500 4.6583 26.2629 25.0459 26.4713 28.3955 27.0487

                                                            332https://index.baselgovernance.org 333https://data.worldbank.org/indicator

 

147 

vinaidan fulis gaTeTrebis maCvenebeli dakavSirebulia mSp-sTan,

investiciebis indeqsirebuli maCveneblis misaRebad absoluturi

maCvenebeli SevafardeT realuri mSp-s moculobas da movaxdineT wliuri

regresiis modelis ageba post-socialisturi qveynebisaTvis.

2012 weli: regresiis modeli: =2,3835x+13.968. korelaciis koeficienti

ryx=0.353, romelic asaxavs cvladebs Soris saSualo siZlieris

pirdapirproporciul damokidebulebas. a da b koeficientebis

standartuli gadaxrebia: Sa=8.461, Sb=1.633, koeficientebis statistikuri

wertilebi ki ta=1.65, tb=1.46, tkrit=2.131. vinaidan 1.65<2.131 da 1.46<2.131, vaskvniT,

rom a da b koeficientebi statistikurad aramniSvnelovania. a–s ndobis

intervalia: (-4.061; 31.997), xolo b–si: (-1.096; 5.862). determinaciis

koeficientisa da fiSeris kriteriumis gamoyenebiT, SevamowmoT modelis

vargisianoba: R2=0.1244 da Sesabamisad, Fstat=2.131. Tavisuflebis (1;15)

xarisxebisaTvis, fiSeris Sesabamisi statistikuri maCvenebelia: Fkrit=4.54,

vinaidan 2.131<4.54, amitom vambobT, rom modeli ar aris validuri.

davadgineT β koeficienti, romelic gansazRvravs, axsnili (y–investiciebi)

faqtoris cvlilebis sidides Tavisi saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris

farglebSi, amxsneli (x–fulis gaTeTrebis maCvenebeli) faqtoris saSualo

kvadratuli gadaxris sididis toli cvlilebisas, roca sxva yvela

faqtori fiqsirebulia. β=0.353, rac niSnavs, rom fulis gaTeTrebis

maCveneblis Tavisi saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris sididiT zrda iwvevs

investiciebis maCveneblis 35.3%-is toli sididiT zrdas. SeviswavleT y

faqtoris damokidebuleba x faqtorze. gamoviyeneT wyviluri wrfivi

regresiis modeli da koeficientebi SevafaseT umcires kvadratTa meTodiT.

koeficientebis statistikuri mniSvnelovneba Semowmebulia stiudentis

kriteriumis safuZvelze, mniSvnelovnebis 0.05 donisa da Tavisuflebis

xarisxi 15-is safuZvelze, xolo modelis statistikuri mniSvnelovneba

Semowmebulia determinaciis koeficientisa da fiSeris kriteriumis

safuZvelze. gamokvleul situaciaSi (2012w), zogadi cvalebadobis 12.44%

SemTxvevaSi, y–is cvlileba axsnilia x–is cvlilebiT. modelis

 

148 

parametrebis ekonomikuri interpretaciiT ki vaskvniT, rom Savi fulis

gaTeTrebis 1 erTeuliT zrda iwvevs investiciebis 2.383 erTeuliT zrdas.

2013 weli: modeli: =2.8793x+10.8626. korelaciis koeficienti ryx=0.387,

rac gulisxmobs cvladebs Soris saSualo siZlieris pirdapirproporciul

damokidebulebas. a da b koeficientebis standartuli gadaxrebia: Sa=8.879,

Sb=1.774, koeficientebis statistikuri wertilebi ki ta=1.22, tb=1.62, tkrit=2.131.

vinaidan, 1.22<2.131 da 1.62<2.131, vaskvniT, rom orive a da b koeficientebi

statistikurad aramniSvnelovania. a–s ndobis intervalia: (-8.059; 29.785),

xolo b–si: (-0.901; 6.66). determinaciis koeficientisa da fiSeris kriteriumis

gamoyenebiT, SevamowmoT modelis vargisianoba: R2=0.1494 da Sesabamisad,

Fstat=2.63. Tavisuflebis (1;15) xarisxebisaTvis, fiSeris Sesabamisi

statistikuri maCvenebelia: Fkrit=4.54. vinaidan, 2.63<4.54, vambobT, rom modeli

ar aris validuri. davadgineT β koeficienti, romelic gansazRvravs,

axsnili (y–investiciebi) faqtoris cvlilebis sidides Tavisi saSualo

kvadratuli gadaxris farglebSi, amxsneli (x–fulis gaTeTrebis

maCvenebeli) faqtoris saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris sididis toli

cvlilebisas, roca sxva yvela faqtori fiqsirebulia, β=0.387. fulis

gaTeTrebis maCveneblis Tavisi saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris sididiT

zrda iwvevs investiciebis maCveneblis 38.7%-is toli sididiT zrdas.

SeviswavleT y faqtoris damokidebuleba x faqtorze. gamoviyeneT wyviluri

wrfivi regresiis modeli da koeficientebi SevafaseT umcires kvadratTa

meTodiT. koeficientebis statistikuri mniSvnelovneba Semowmebulia

stiudentis kriteriumis safuZvelze mniSvnelovnebis 0.05 donisa da

Tavisuflebis xarisxi 15-is safuZvelze, xolo modelis statistikuri

mniSvnelovneba Semowmebulia determinaciis koeficientisa da fiSeris

kriteriumis safuZvelze. gamokvleul situaciaSi (2013w) zogadi

cvalebadobis 14.94% SemTxvevaSi, y–is cvlileba axsnilia x–is cvlilebiT.

modelis parametrebis ekonomikuri interpretaciiT, vaskvniT, rom x–is 1

erTeuliT zrda iwvevs y–is saSualod, 2.879 erTeuliT zrdas.

2014 weli: regresia: =1.6708x+16.9031. korelaciis koeficienti ryx=0.238,

rac gulisxmobs cvladebs Soris susti siZlieris pirdapirproporciul

 

149 

damokidebulebas. a da b koeficientebis standartuli gadaxrebia: Sa=8.778,

Sb=1.762, xolo statistikuri wertilebi: ta=1.93, tb=0.95, tkrit=2.131. vinaidan,

1.93<2.131 da 0.95<2.131, vaskvniT, rom orive, a da b koeficientebi

statistikurad aramniSvnelovania. a-s ndobis intervalia: (-1.804; 35.61), xolo

b–si: (-2.085; 5.426). determinaciis koeficientisa da fiSeris kriteriumis

gamoyenebiT, SevamowmoT modelis vargisianoba: R2=0.05653 da Sesabamisad,

Fstat=0.899. Tavisuflebis (1;15) xarisxebisaTvis, fiSeris Sesabamisi

statistikuri maCvenebelia: Fkrit=4.54. vinaidan, 2.63<4.54, vambobT, rom modeli

ar aris validuri. davadgineT β koeficienti, romelic gansazRvravs

axsnili (y–investiciebi) faqtoris cvlilebis sidides Tavisi saSualo

kvadratuli gadaxris farglebSi, amxsneli (x–fulis gaTeTrebis

maCvenebeli) faqtoris saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris sididis toli

cvlilebisas, roca sxva yvela faqtori fiqsirebulia. β=0.238, anu, fulis

gaTeTrebis maCveneblis Tavisi saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris sididiT

zrda iwvevs investiciebis maCveneblis 23.8%-is toli sididiT zrdas.

gamokvleul situaciaSi (2014w), zogadi cvalebadobis 5.65% SemTxvevaSi, y–

is cvlileba axsnilia x–is cvlilebiT. modelis parametrebis ekonomikuri

interpretaciiT, vaskvniT, rom x–is 1 erTeuliT zrda iwvevs y–is 1.671

erTeuliT zrdas.

2015 weli: regresia: =1.2299x+18.671. korelaciis koeficienti ryx=0.217,

rac gulisxmobs cvladebs Soris susti siZlieris pirdapirproporciul

damokidebulebas. a da b koeficientebis standartuli gadaxrebia: Sa=7.071,

Sb=1.426. koeficientebis statistikuri wertilebia: ta=2.64, tb=0.86, tkrit=2.131.

vinaidan, 2.64>2.131, a koeficienti statistikurad mniSvnelovania. 0.86<2.131,

amitom b koeficientebi statistikurad aramniSvnelovania. a–s ndobis

intervalia: (3.604; 33.738), xolo b–si: (-1.808; 4.268). determinaciis

koeficientisa da fiSeris kriteriumis gamoyenebiT SevamowmoT modelis

vargisianoba: R2=0.04727 da Sesabamisad, Fstat=0.74. Tavisuflebis (1;15)

xarisxebisaTvis, fiSeris Sesabamisi statistikuri maCvenebelia: Fkrit=4.54.

vinaidan, 0.74<4.54, vambobT, rom modeli ar aris validuri. davadgineT β

 

150 

koeficienti, romelic gansazRvravs, axsnili (y-investiciebi) faqtoris

cvlilebis sidides Tavisi saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris farglebSi,

amxsneli (x–fulis gaTeTrebis maCvenebeli) faqtoris saSualo kvadratuli

gadaxris sididis toli cvlilebisas, roca sxva yvela faqtori

fiqsirebulia. β=0.217, rac gulisxmobs, rom fulis gaTeTrebis maCveneblis

Tavisi saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris sididiT zrda iwvevs investiciebis

maCveneblis 21.7%-is toli sididiT zrdas. gamokvleul situaciaSi (2015w),

zogadi cvalebadobis 4.73% SemTxvevaSi, y-is cvlileba axsnilia x-is

cvlilebiT. modelis parametrebis ekonomikuri interpretaciiT vaskvniT,

rom Savi fulis gaTeTrebis 1 erTeuliT zrda iwvevs investiciebis

saSualod 1.23 erTeuliT zrdas.

2016 weli: regresia: =2.5431x+11.939. korelaciis koeficienti ryx=0.441,

rac gulisxmobs cvladebs Soris saSualo siZlieris pirdapirproporciul

damokidebulebas. a da b koeficientebis standartuli gadaxrebia: Sa=6.609,

Sb=1.335. koeficientebis statistikuri wertilebia: ta=1.81, tb=1.91, tkrit=2.131.

vinaidan, 1.81<2.131, a koeficienti statistikurad aramniSvnelovania. 1.91<2.131,

amitom b koeficienti statistikurad aramniSvnelovania. a-s ndobis

intervalia: (-2.145; 26.023), xolo b–si: (-0.302; 5.388). determinaciis

koeficientisa da fiSeris kriteriumis gamoyenebiT, SevamowmoT modelis

vargisianoba: R2=0.1948 da Sesabamisad, Fstat=3.63. Tavisuflebis (1;15)

xarisxebisaTvis, fiSeris Sesabamisi statistikuri maCvenebelia: Fkrit=4.54.

vinaidan 3.63<4.54, amitom vambobT, rom modeli ar aris validuri.

davadgineT β koeficienti, romelic gansazRvravs axsnili (y–investiciebi)

faqtoris cvlilebis sidides Tavisi saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris

farglebSi, amxsneli (x–fulis gaTeTrebis maCvenebeli) faqtoris saSualo

kvadratuli gadaxris sididis toli cvlilebisas, roca sxva yvela

faqtori fiqsirebulia. β=0.441, rac aRniSnavs, rom fulis gaTeTrebis

maCveneblis Tavisi saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris sididiT zrda iwvevs

investiciebis maCveneblis 44.1%-is toli sididiT zrdas. gamokvleul

situaciaSi (2016w), zogadi cvalebadobis 19.48% SemTxvevaSi, y–is cvlileba

axsnilia x–is cvlilebiT. modelis parametrebis ekonomikuri

 

151 

interpretaciiT vaskvniT, rom x–is 1 erTeuliT zrda iwvevs y–is 2.543

erTeuliT zrdas.

SeviswavleT investiciebis damokidebuleba Savi fulis gaTeTrebis

faqtorze. gamoviyeneT wyviluri wrfivi regresiis modeli da

koeficientebi SevafaseT umcires kvadratTa meTodiT. koeficientebis

statistikuri mniSvnelovneba Semowmebulia stiudentis kriteriumis

safuZvelze, mniSvnelovnebis 0.05 donisa da Tavisuflebis xarisxi 15-is

safuZvelze, xolo modelis statistikuri mniSvnelovneba Semowmebulia

determinaciis koeficientisa da fiSeris kriteriumis safuZvelze.

gamokvleul situaciaSi 2012w-2016w. modelis parametrebis ekonomikuri

interpretaciiT, vaskvniT, rom Savi fulis gaTeTrebis 1 erTeuliT zrda

iwvevs investiciebis saSualod, 2.1412 erTeuliT zrdas. aRniSnuli gvaZlevs

saSualebas, uarvyoT nulovani hipoTeza da vaRiaroT alternatiuli

hipoTeza, romlis Tanaxmad post-socialistur qveynebSi Savi fulis

gaTeTrebis zrda dadebiTad moqmedebs investiciebze. 

fulis gaTeTreba da pui

H0: post-socialistur qveynebSi fulis gaTeTreba uaryofiTad

aisaxeba pui-ze.

H1: fulis gaTeTreba dadebiTad aisaxeba pui-ze.

aRniSnuli hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad kvleva iTvaliswinebs fulis

gaTeTrebisa da pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis kavSiris gamovlenas,

romelic modelirebulia minimaluri kvadratebis funqciiT. angariSSi

asaxulia post-socialisturi qveynebis oficialuri statistikuri

monacemebi, romelic mocemulia msoflio bankis da bazelis mier.

saqarTvelosTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba pirdapiri

ucxouri investiciebis mozidvas. qveyanaSi arsebuli liberaluri

sainvesticio garemo da Tanabari pirobebi adgilobrivi da ucxouri

investiciebisaTvis, saqarTvelos mimzidvels xdis ucxoeli

investorebisTvis. fulis gaTeTrebis maCvenebli dakavSirebulia mSp-sTan.

analogiurad pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis maCvenebeli aRebulia

realuri mSp-sTan SefardebiT.

 

152 

cxrili 9. Savi fulisa da pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis indeqsirebuli maCvenebeli post-socialisturi

qveynebisaTvis 2012.-2016ww.334 335

fulis gaTeTreba (x) pui (y)

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

1 albaneTi 5.4839 5.4250 5.5445 5.5600 5.0365 7.4172 10.0072 9.0139 7.6045 7.7494

2 belorusia 5.4173 5.4100 5.4173 5.4100 5.4173 2.3821 3.6187 2.9490 2.7211 2.1094

3 bulgareTi 4.2390 4.1260 3.8267 3.7900 3.8289 3.4657 3.8221 3.9209 4.9538 2.0761

4 estoneTi 3.2759 3.3088 3.2697 3.1900 3.8226 8.1739 4.9270 7.6323 -3.0975 3.1149

5 latvia 5.3609 4.9258 5.0331 4.9800 4.9065 4.1025 3.6741 3.4260 2.9688 0.8434

6 litva 3.9562 3.8055 3.6405 3.6700 3.6160 1.4085 1.6744 1.1519 2.1707 2.1041

7 moldova 5.9258 5.0564 5.0945 5.1500 5.2353 4.0687 3.5873 4.8377 3.0710 1.2416

8 poloneTi 4.7425 4.7365 3.9453 3.9900 4.4023 1.4388 0.1533 3.6927 2.7089 2.9294

9 rumineTi 4.6814 4.6825 4.6142 4.5800 4.4578 1.7837 2.1792 2.1220 2.2775 2.7097

10 ruseTi 5.6569 5.7535 6.2902 6.2600 6.2234 3.0397 4.0863 1.2911 0.4133 1.9668

11 saqarTvelo 5.6374 4.8032 4.8321 4.8000 4.7071 6.2635 6.9769 12.2807 10.7152 10.4575

12 somxeTi 5.1255 4.8963 4.8593 4.8900 4.6254 4.7783 3.2235 3.6312 1.5532 2.9396

13 uzbekeTi 5.4235 5.3968 5.3976 5.1100 5.0951 1.2216 1.2634 1.1775 0.1129 0.1065

14 ukraina 6.6153 6.4726 6.5510 6.5600 6.5739 5.6854 3.1367 0.6305 2.5164 2.7750

15 ungreTi 4.2893 4.0653 4.0007 4.0600 4.1497 8.1116 -2.8223 9.2504 -3.6822 46.6865

16 yirgizeTi 6.3071 6.3562 6.2939 6.2700 6.2077 5.1410 10.8717 5.8574 18.8075 9.8044

17 CexeTi 4.8097 4.7404 4.5558 4.5500 4.6583 4.5032 3.5294 3.7776 0.7539 2.8086

                                                            334https://index.baselgovernance.org 335https://data.worldbank.org/indicator

 

153 

gaTeTrebuli fulis aRniSnuli monacemebi qvemoT mocemuli

ekonomikuri modelis damoukidebel cvladebs warmoadgenen, xolo

pirdapiri ucxouri investicia damokidebul cvlads.

2012 weli: regresiis gantoleba: =-0.108x+4.8456. x da y

koeficientebisaTvis kavSiris siZlierisa da damokidebulebis dasadgenad,

gamoviyeneT korelaciuri analizi da moZiebuli maCveneblebis safuZvelze

ganvsazRvreT korelaciis koeficienti: ryx=-0.0405, rac gviCvenebs amxsnel da

axsnil faqtorebs Soris sust da ukuproporciul damokidebulebas. aseve,

ganvsazRvreT regresiis standartuli Secdoma (Se) da a da b koeficientebis

standartuli gadaxrebi, romlebsac viyenebT koeficientebis validurobis

dasadgenad. a da b koeficientebis standartuli gadaxrebia: Sa=3.565, Sb=0.688.

gamoTvlili monacemebis safuZvelze, miRebuli koeficientebis

statistikuri wertilebia: ta=1.36, tb=0.16. Tavisuflebis xarisxi 15-isa da 0.05

mniSvnelovnebis donis mixedviT, stiudentis ganawilebis cxrilSi

movZebneT Sesabamisi kriteriumis kritikuli mniSvneloba: tkrit=2.131,

vinaidan 1.36<2.131 da 0.16<2.131, vaskvniT, rom orive, a da b koeficientebi

statistikurad aramniSvnelovania. determinaciis koeficientisa da fiSeris

kriteriumis gamoyenebiT, SevamowmoT modelis vargisianoba: R2=0.00164 da

Sesabamisad, Fstat=0.0246. Tavisuflebis (1;15) xarisxebisaTvis, fiSeris

Sesabamisi statistikuri maCvenebelia: Fkrit=4.54. vinaidan, 0.0246<4.54, amitom

vambobT, rom modeli ar aris validuri. davadgineT koeficienti,

romelic gansazRvravs, axsnili (y–pui) faqtoris cvlilebis sidides

Tavisi saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris farglebSi, amxsneli (x–fulis

gaTeTrebis maCvenebeli) faqtoris saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris sididis

toli cvlilebisas, roca sxva yvela faqtori fiqsirebulia. =-0.0405, rac

gvaZlevs saSualebas, davaskvnaT, rom fulis gaTeTrebis maCveneblis Tavisi

saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris sididiT zrda iwvevs pirdapiri ucxouri

investiciebis maCveneblis 4.05%-is toli sididiT Semcirebas. SeviswavleT y

faqtoris damokidebuleba x faqtorze. gamoviyeneT wyviluri wrfivi

regresiis modeli da koeficientebi SevafaseT umcires kvadratTa meTodiT.

koeficientebis statistikuri mniSvnelovneba Semowmebulia stiudentis

 

154 

kriteriumis safuZvelze, mniSvnelovnebis 0.05 donisa da Tavisuflebis

xarisxi 15-is safuZvelze, xolo modelis statistikuri mniSvnelovneba

Semowmebulia determinaciis koeficientisa da fiSeris kriteriumis

safuZvelze. gamokvleul situaciaSi (2012w), zogadi cvalebadobis 0.16%

SemTxvevaSi, y–is cvlileba axsnilia x–is cvlilebiT. modelis

parametrebis ekonomikuri interpretaciiT ki vaskvniT, rom x–is 1

erTeuliT zrda iwvevs y–is saSualod 0.108 erTeuliT Semcirebas.

2013 weli: modeli: =1.6128x–4.2062. korelaciis koeficienti ryx=0.413,

rac gviCvenebs amxsnel da axsnil faqtorebs Soris saSualo da

pirdapirproporciul damokidebulebas. ada b koeficientebis standartuli

gadaxrebia: Sa=4.6, Sb=0.919. koeficientebis statistikuri wertilebia: ta=0.91,

tb=1.75, tkrit=2.131. vinaidan, 0.91<2.131 da 1.75<2.131, a da b koeficientebi

aramniSvnelovania. determinaciis koeficientisa da fiSeris kriteriumis

gamoyenebiT, SevamowmoT modelis vargisianoba: R2=0.170, xolo Fstat=3.08.

cxrilis Tanaxmad, Fkrit=4.54.3.08<4.54, amitom agebuli regresiis modeli

araa validuri. koeficienti =0.413, rac gviCvenebs, rom fulis gaTeTrebis

maCveneblis Tavisi saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris sididiT zrda iwvevs

pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis maCveneblis 41.3%-is toli sididiT

zrdas. gamokvleul situaciaSi (2013w), zogadi cvalebadobis 17.03%

SemTxvevaSi, y–is cvlileba axsnilia x–is cvlilebiT. modelis

parametrebis ekonomikuri interpretaciiT ki vaskvniT, rom x–is 1

erTeuliT zrda iwvevs y–is saSualod, 1.613 erTeuliT zrdas.

2014 weli: modeli: =-0.7991x+8.4177. korelaciis koeficienti ryx=-0.234,

rac miuTuTebs cvladebis sust da ukuproporciul damokidebulebaze. a da

b koeficientebis standartuli gadaxrebia: Sa=4.275, Sb=0.858. koeficientebis

statistikuri wertilebia: ta=1.97, tb=0.93, tkrit=2.131. radgan, 1.97<2.131 da

0.93<2.131, amitom orive koeficienti statistikurad aramniSvnelovania.

determinaciis koeficientisa da fiSeris kriteriumis gamoyenebiT,

SevamowmoT modelis vargisianoba: R2=0.05464, Fstat=0.867, Fkrit=4.54. 0.867<4.54,

amitom, regresiis modeli ar aris validuri. koeficienti =-0.234 , rac

gulisxmobs, rom fulis gaTeTrebis maCveneblis Tavisi saSualo

 

155 

kvadratuli gadaxris sididiT zrda iwvevs pirdapiri ucxouri

investiciebis maCveneblis 23.4%-is toli sididiT Semcirebas. gamokvleul

situaciaSi (2014w), zogadi cvalebadobis 5.46% SemTxvevaSi, y–is cvlileba

axsnilia x–is cvlilebiT. modelis parametrebis ekonomikuri

interpretaciiT ki vaskvniT, rom x–is 1 erTeuliT zrda iwvevs y–is

saSualod 0.799 erTeuliT Semcirebas.

2015 weli: regresiis modeli: =2.3931x–8.3311. korelaciis koeficienti

ryx=0.439, rac asaxavs cvladebs Soris saSualo siZlieris

pirdapirproporciul damokidebulebas. a da b koeficientebis standartuli

gadaxrebia: Sa=6.281, Sb=1.266. koeficientebis statistikuri wertilebia: ta=1.33,

tb=1.89, tkrit=2.131. 1.33<2.131 da 1.89<2.131, amitom, koeficientebi statistikurad

aramniSvnelovania. determinaciis koeficientisa da fiSeris kriteriumis

gamoyenebiT, SevamowmoT modelis vargisianoba: R2=0.1923, Fstat=3.571,

Fkrit=4.54. 3.571<4.54, ris gamoc, regresiis modeli aravaliduria.

koeficienti =0.439, rac gulisxmobs, fulis gaTeTrebis maCveneblis Tavisi

saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris sididiT zrda iwvevs pirdapiri ucxouri

investiciebis maCveneblis 43.9%-is toli sididiT zrdas. gamokvleul

situaciaSi (2015w), zogadi cvalebadobis 19.23% SemTxvevaSi, y–is cvlileba

axsnilia x–is cvlilebiT. modelis parametrebis ekonomikuri

interpretaciiT ki vaskvniT, rom x–is 1 erTeuliT zrda iwvevs y–is

saSualod, 2.393 erTeuliT zrdas.

2016 weli: modeli: =-2.0954x+16.251. korelaciis koeficienti ryx=-0.165,

rac migvaniSnebs cvladebis sust da ukuproporciul damokidebulebaze. a

da b koeficientebis standartuli gadaxrebia: Sa=15.968, Sb=3.225.

koeficientebis statistikuri wertilebia: ta=1.02, tb=0.65, tkrit=2.131. 1.02<2.131,

0.65<2.131, rac gulisxmobs, rom koeficientebi statistikurad

aramniSvnelovania. determinaciis koeficientisa da fiSeris kriteriumis

gamoyenebiT, SevamowmoT modelis vargisianoba: R2=0.1923, Fstat=0.42, Fkrit=4.54.

0.42<4.54, ris gamoc, regresiis modeli aravaliduria. koeficienti β=-0.165,

rac gulisxmobs, rom fulis gaTeTrebis maCveneblis Tavisi saSualo

kvadratuli gadaxris sididiT zrda iwvevs pirdapiri ucxouri

 

156 

investiciebis maCveneblis 16.5%-is toli sididiT Semcirebas. gamokvleul

situaciaSi (2016w), zogadi cvalebadobis 2.74% SemTxvevaSi, y–is cvlileba

axsnilia x–is cvlilebiT. modelis parametrebis ekonomikuri

interpretaciiT vaskvniT, rom x–is 1 erTeuliT zrda iwvevs y–is 2.095

erTeuliT Semcirebas.

gamokvleul situaciaSi (2012ww.-2016ww.), zogadi cvalebadobis 2.74%

SemTxvevaSi, pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis cvlileba axsnilia Savi

fulis gaTeTrebis cvlilebiT. modelis parametrebis ekonomikuri

interpretaciiT vaskvniT, rom Savi fulis gaTeTrebis 1 erTeuliT zrda

iwvevs pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis saSualod, 0.2008 erTeuliT zrdas.

aRniSnuli gvaZlevs saSualebas, uarvyoT nulovani hipoTeza da vaRiaroT

alternatiuli hipoTeza, romlis Tanaxmad Savi fulis gaTeTrebis zrda

dadebiTad moqmedebs puize.

fulis gaTeTreba, korufcia da mSp

H0: post-socialistur qveynebSi fulis gaTeTreba da korufcia

uaryofiTad aisaxeba ekonomikur zrdaze.

H1-: fulis gaTeTreba da korufcia dadebiTad aisaxeba mSp-ze.

 

157 

cxrili 10. Savi fulis, korufciis da mSp-s zrdis indeqsirebuli maCvenebeli post-socialisturi

qveynebisaTvis 2012.-2016ww.336 337 338.

fulis gaTeTreba (x1) korufcia (x2) mSp (y)

2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 1 albaneTi -1.074 2.203 0.279 -9.416 -6.061 6.452 9.091 8.333 1.001 1.774 2.227 3.370 2 belorusia -0.134 0.134 -0.134 0.134 -6.452 6.897 3.226 25.000 1.024 1.723 -3.830 -2.649 3 bulgareTi -2.664 -7.255 -0.960 1.027 0.000 4.878 -4.651 0.000 0.862 1.329 3.617 3.941 4 estoneTi 1.002 -1.180 -2.438 19.831 6.250 1.471 1.449 0.000 1.937 2.891 1.674 2.063 5 latvia -8.117 2.178 -1.054 -1.475 8.163 3.774 0.000 3.636 2.430 1.858 2.972 2.213 6 litva -3.809 -4.338 0.812 -1.472 5.556 1.754 5.172 -3.279 3.499 3.538 2.035 2.345 7 moldova -14.672 0.754 1.088 1.656 -2.778 0.000 -5.714 -9.091 9.400 4.800 -0.400 4.100 8 poloneTi -0.128 -16.704 1.133 10.333 3.448 1.667 1.639 0.000 1.392 3.283 3.845 2.864 9 rumineTi 0.023 -1.459 -0.741 -2.669 -2.273 0.000 6.977 4.348 3.532 3.076 3.974 4.589

10 ruseTi 1.708 9.329 -0.480 -0.585 0.000 -3.571 7.407 0.000 1.785 0.739 -2.828 -0.225 11 saqarTvelo -14.798 0.601 -0.664 -1.936 -5.769 6.122 0.000 9.615 3.387 4.623 2.880 2.849 12 somxeTi -4.472 -0.755 0.632 -5.412 5.882 2.778 -5.405 -5.714 3.300 3.600 3.200 0.200 13 uzbekeTi -0.494 0.015 -5.328 -0.292 0.000 5.882 5.556 10.526 8.000 7.793 8.000 7.800 14 ukraina -2.156 1.211 0.137 0.212 -3.846 4.000 3.846 7.407 -0.027 -6.553 -9.773 2.308 15 ungreTi -5.222 -1.589 1.481 2.209 -1.818 0.000 -5.556 -5.882 2.096 4.228 3.367 2.213 16 yirgizeTi 0.779 -0.980 -0.380 -0.993 0.000 12.500 3.704 0.000 10.915 4.024 3.876 3.826 17 CexeTi -1.441 -3.893 -0.128 2.381 -2.041 6.250 9.804 -1.786 -0.484 2.715 5.309 2.593

                                                            336https://index.baselgovernance.org 337https://data.worldbank.org/indicator 338https://www.transparency.org/research/cpi/overview

 

158 

ekonomikuri modelis asagebad fulis gaTeTreba da korufcia

gamoviyeneT amxsnel cvladad, Sesabamisad, x1 da x2. xolo mSp asaxsnel

cvladad-y.

2013: regresiis gantoleba: =2.6488–0.1638x1+0.0567x2. wyviluri

korelaciis koeficientebia: ryx1=-0.243, ryx2=0.051, rx1x2=0.112. farar-globeris

algoriTmiT davadginoT cvladebs Soris multikoliniarobis arseboba/ar-

arseboba: (fiSeris kriteriumi). F1=0.56, F2=0.64, F3=0.16, Fkrit(16;2)=19.4. radgan

0.56<19.4, y aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT. vinaidan, 0.64<19.4,

x1 aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT da 0.16<19.4, x2

aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT. parametrebis Sesabamisi

dispersiebia: Sb0=0.984, Sb1=0.169. Sb2=0.186, elastikurobis koeficientebia:

E1=0.169, x1–is 1%-iani cvlileba y zrdis 16.9%-iT. E2=-0.0018, x2–is 1%-iani

cvlileba y amcirebs 0.18%-iT. 1=-0.252< 2=0.0792, e.i. meore cvladis

zemoqmedeba metia. mravlobiTi korelaciis koeficientia R=0.2554, xolo

determinaciis koeficientia: R2=0.06523. ufro zusti Semfasebelia

koreqtirebuli determinaciis koeficienti 2=-0.0683. modelis

mniSvnelovneba SevamowmoT fiSeris kriteriumiT: F=0.49, Fkrit(2;14)=3.74

(gaangariSebulia koreqtirebuli determinaciis koeficientis safuZvelze)

0.49<3.74, rac niSnavs, rom determinaciis koeficienti statistikurad

aramniSvnelovania. parametrebis ekonomikuri interpretaciaa: x1-is 1

erTeuliT gazrda gamoiwvevs y-is Semcirebas saSualod 0.164 erTeuliT,

aseve, x2-is 1 erTeuliT zrda gamoiwvevs y-is zrdas 0.0567 erTeuliT.

maqsimaluri koeficientis 2=0.0792 Tanaxmad, vaskvniT, rom y-ze gacilebiT

meti gavlena aqvs x2 faqtors. y-is zogadi cvalebadobis 6.52% gamowveulia

faqtorebis cvlilebiT. dadginda, rom modelis parametrebi

mniSvnelovania. modelSi heteroskedasturobis arseboba gamoiricxa.

2014: regresiis gantoleba:  =2.4065-0.08644X1+0.04359X2. wyviluri

korelaciis koeficientebia: ryx1=-0.164, ryx2=0.0735, rx1x2=-0.111. farar-globeris

algoriTmiT davadginoT cvladebs Soris multikoliniarobis arseboba/ar-

arseboba: (fiSeris kriteriumi). F1=0.25, F2=0.3, F3=0.13, Fkrit(16;2)=19.4, radgan

0.25<19.4, amitom y aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT, radgan

0.3<19.4, x1 aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT. 0.13<19.4, amitom  x2 

 

159 

aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT.  parametrebis Sesabamisi

dispersiebia: Sb0=1.046,  Sb1=0.145,  Sb2=0.206.  elastikurobis koeficientebia:

E1=0.0413,  x1–is  1%-iani cvlileba y  zrdis 4.13%‐iT.  E2=0.0583,  x2–is  1%‐iani

cvlileba y zrdis 5.83%‐iT.  1=‐0.157< 2=0.056. e.i. meore cvladis zemoqmedeba

metia. mravlobiTi korelaciis koeficientia  R=0.1729,  xolo determinaciis

koeficientia:  R2=0.0299. ufro zusti Semfasebelia koreqtirebuli

determinaciis koeficienti: 2=‐0.109.  modelis mniSvnelovneba SevamowmoT

fiSeris kriteriumiT: F=0.22,  Fkrit(2;14)=3.74  (gaangariSebulia koreqtirebuli

determinaciis koeficientis safuZvelze). 0.22<3.74,  amitom, determinaciis

koeficienti statistikurad aramniSvnelovania. parametrebis ekonomikuri

interpretaciaa:  x1‐is 1  erTeuliT gazrda gamoiwvevs y‐is Semcirebas

saSualod 0.0864 erTeuliT, aseve, x2‐is 1  erTeuliT zrda gamoiwvevs y‐is

zrdas 0.0436 erTeuliT. maqsimaluri koeficientis 2=0.056  Tanaxmad,

vaskvniT, rom y‐ze gacilebiT meti gavlena aqvs x2 faqtors. dadginda, rom y‐

is zogadi cvalebadobis 2.99% gamowveulia faqtorebis cvlilebiT. 

dadginda, rom modelis parametrebi mniSvnelovania. modelSi

heteroskedasturobis arseboba gamoiricxa.

2015: regresiis gantoleba: =1.612–0.9282X1-0.09631X2. wyviluri

korelaciis koeficientebia: ryx1=-0.332, ryx2=-0.0244, rx1x2=-0.265. farar-

globeris algoriTmiT davadginoT cvladebs Soris multikoliniarobis

arseboba/ar-arseboba: (fiSeriskriteriumi), F1=1.13, F2=1.81, F3=0.74,

Fkrit(16;2)=19.4. vinaidan, 1.13<19.4, y aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis

mimarT. 1.81<19.4, rac niSnavs, x1 aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis

mimarT. Radgan, 0.74<19.4, x2 aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT.

parametrebis Sesabamisi dispersiebia: Sb0=1.089, Sb1=0.662, Sb2=0.207.

elastikurobis koeficientebia: E1=0.208, x1–is 1%-iani cvlileba y zrdis

20.8%-iT. E2=-0.117, x2–is 1%-iani cvlileba y amcirebs 11.7%-iT. 1=-0.364< 2=-

0.121, e.i. meore cvladis zemoqmedeba metia. mravlobiTi korelaciis

koeficientia R=0.3516, xolo determinaciis koeficientia: R2=0.1236. ufro

zusti Semfasebelia koreqtirebuli determinaciis koeficienti 2=-0.00159.

modelis mniSvnelovneba SevamowmoT fiSeris kriteriumiT: F=0.99,

 

160 

Fkrit(2;14)=3.74 (gaangariSebulia koreqtirebuli determinaciis koeficientis

safuZvelze). 0.99<3.74, amitom determinaciis koeficienti statistikurad

aramniSvnelovania. parametrebis ekonomikuri interpretaciaa: x1-is 1

erTeuliT gazrda gamoiwvevs y-is Semcirebas saSualod 0.928 erTeuliT,

aseve, x2-is 1 erTeuliT zrda gamoiwvevs y-is Semcirebas 0.0963 erTeuliT.

maqsimaluri koeficientis 2=-0.121 Tanaxmad, vaskvniT, rom y-ze gacilebiT

meti gavlena aqvs x2 faqtors. dadginda, rom y-is zogadi cvalebadobis

12.36% gamowveulia faqtorebis cvlilebiT. dadginda, rom modelis

parametrebi mniSvnelovania. modelSi heteroskedasturobis arseboba

gamoiricxa.

2016: regresia: =2.7844-0.02311X1-0.06083X2. wyviluri korelaciis

koeficientebia:  ryx1=-0.0269, ryx2=-0.209, rx1x2=-0.176. farar-globeris

algoriTmiT davadginoT cvladebs Soris multikoliniarobis arseboba/ar-

arseboba: (fiSeris kriteriumi). F1=0.4, F2=0.29, F3=0.66, Fkrit(16;2)=19.4, radgan

0.4<19.4, y  aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT. radgan, 0.29<19.4,

amitom x1 aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT. radgan 0.66<19.4, x2 

aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT. parametrebis Sesabamisi

dispersiebia: Sb0=0.602, Sb1=0.0934, Sb2=0.0732. elastikurobis koeficientebia: E1=‐

0.0070,  x1–is  1%‐iani cvlileba  y  amcirebs  0.7%‐iT.  E2=‐0.0590,  x2–is  1%‐iani

cvlileba  y  amcirebs  5.9%‐iT. 1=‐0.0656> 2=‐0.22,  e.i. pirveli cvladis

zemoqmedeba metia. mravlobiTi korelaciis koeficientia  R=0.2184,  xolo

determinaciis koeficientia:  R2=0.04771. ufro zusti Semfasebelia

koreqtirebuli determinaciis koeficienti 2=‐0.0883.  modelis

mniSvnelovneba SevamowmoT fiSeris kriteriumiT: F=0.35,  Fkrit(2;14)=3.74 

(gaangariSebulia koreqtirebuli determinaciis koeficientis safuZvelze).

0.35<3.74.  amitom, determinaciis koeficienti statistikurad

aramniSvnelovania. parametrebis ekonomikuri interpretaciaa:  x1‐is  1 

erTeuliT gazrda gamoiwvevs y‐is Semcirebas saSualod 0.0231 erTeuliT,

aseve, x2‐is 1 erTeuliT zrda gamoiwvevs y‐is Semcirebas 0.0608 erTeuliT. 

maqsimaluri koeficientis 1=‐0.0656 Tanaxmad, vaskvniT, rom y-ze gacilebiT

meti gavlena aqvs x1 faqtors. dadginda, rom y‐is zogadi cvalebadobis 4.77%

 

161 

gamowveulia faqtorebis cvlilebiT. dadginda, rom modelis parametrebi

mniSvnelovania. modelSi heteroskedasturobis arseboba gamoiricxa.

parametrebis ekonomikuri interpretaciaa: Savi fulis gaTeTrebis

faqtoris 1 erTeuliT gazrda gamoiwvevs mSp-s Semcirebas saSualod

0.300375 erTeuliT. zemoT mocemul modelebSi heteroskedasturobis

arseboba gamoiricxa. aRniSnulis safuZvelze Cven miviReT nulovani

hipoTeza, romlis Tanaxmad, Savi fulis gaTeTreba da korufcia

uaryofiTad aisaxeba mSp-ze da uarvyaviT alternatiuli hipoTeza, romlis

Tanaxmad, Savi fulis gaTeTreba da korufcia dadebiTad aisaxeba mSp-ze.

fulis gaTeTreba, korufcia da investiciebi

H0: post-socialistur qveynebSi fulis gaTeTreba da korufcia

uaryofiTad aisaxeba investiciebze.

H1: fulis gaTeTreba da korufcia dadebiTad aisaxeba investiciebze.

 

162 

cxrili 11. Savi fulis, korufciis da investiciebis indeqsirebuli maCvenebeli post-socialisturi

qveynebisaTvis 2012.-2016ww.339 340 341

fulis gaTeTreba (x1) korufcia (x2) investiciebi (y)

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

1 albaneTi 5.5 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.0 33.0 31.0 33.0 36.0 39.0 28.4 27.6 25.9 26.4 27.0

2 belorusia 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 31.0 29.0 31.0 32.0 40.0 38.1 41.3 38.5 32.8 29.2

3 bulgareTi 4.2 4.1 3.8 3.8 3.8 41.0 41.0 43.0 41.0 41.0 22.0 21.1 21.7 21.4 19.6

4 estoneTi 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.8 64.0 68.0 69.0 70.0 70.0 29.3 27.8 28.3 25.8 25.7

5 latvia 5.4 4.9 5.0 5.0 4.9 49.0 53.0 55.0 55.0 57.0 25.9 24.0 21.4 21.4 21.0

6 litva 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.7 3.6 54.0 57.0 58.0 61.0 59.0 17.0 16.5 16.6 20.3 19.0

7 moldova 5.9 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.2 36.0 35.0 35.0 33.0 30.0 24.4 25.0 25.5 22.4 23.1

8 poloneTi 4.7 4.7 3.9 4.0 4.4 58.0 60.0 61.0 62.0 62.0 21.6 20.1 22.0 22.2 21.2

9 rumineTi 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.5 44.0 43.0 43.0 46.0 48.0 25.6 24.9 24.5 25.2 24.2

10 ruseTi 5.7 5.8 6.3 6.3 6.2 28.0 28.0 27.0 29.0 29.0 28.0 26.0 24.2 21.6 22.0

11 saqarTvelo 5.6 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.7 52.0 49.0 52.0 52.0 57.0 25.7 22.0 26.6 28.3 29.8

12 somxeTi 5.1 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.6 34.0 36.0 37.0 35.0 33.0 27.9 24.6 23.0 22.0 20.1

13 uzbekeTi 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.1 5.1 17.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 21.0 25.3 25.7 26.4 26.8 27.2

14 ukraina 6.6 6.5 6.6 6.6 6.6 26.0 25.0 26.0 27.0 29.0 21.3 18.7 13.1 16.2 22.3

15 ungreTi 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.1 55.0 54.0 54.0 51.0 48.0 18.6 19.3 20.8 19.3 18.2

16 yirgizeTi 6.3 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.2 24.0 24.0 27.0 28.0 28.0 39.2 37.1 41.3 38.8 37.6

17 CexeTi 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.7 49.0 48.0 51.0 56.0 55.0 26.3 25.0 26.5 28.4 27.0

                                                            339https://index.baselgovernance.org 340https://data.worldbank.org/indicator 341https://www.transparency.org/research/cpi/overview 

 

163 

2012: regresiis gantoleba: =29.0931+0.6281X1-0.1505X2. dakvirvebaTa

ricxvi n=17. modelSi damoukidebeli cvladebis raodenobaa 2, erTeulovani

veqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT ki regresorTa raodenoba udris ucnobi

koeficientebis raodenobas. wyviluri korelaciis koeficientebia: ryx1=0.353,

ryx2=-0.419, rx1x2=-0.742. vinaidan, farar-globeris algoriTmi yvelaze srulad

ikvlevs multikoliniarobas, amitom gamoviyeneT igi, raTa dagvedgina, aris

Tu ara sxva danarCen cvladebsa da TiToeul konkretul cvlads Soris

multikoliniaroba. (fiSeris kriteriumi). fiSeris ganawilebis cxrilSi,

(16;2) Tavisuflebis xarisxebis gaTvaliswinebiT movZebneT Fkrit(16;2)=19.4 da

SevadareT gamoTvlil Sesabamis F statistikebs: F1=1.75, radgan, F1≤Fkrit,

amitom y-sa da sxva cvladebs Soris multikoliniaroba ar aris. F2=9.89,

radgan F2≤Fkrit, amitom, x1 aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebTan

mimarTebaSi. F3=11, vinaidan, F3≤Fkrit, amitom, x2 aramultikoliniarulia sxva

cvladebTan mimarTebaSi. gaviangariSeT aproqsimaciis saSualo Secdoma,

romelic gansazRvravs gadaxrebs faqtobrivi mniSvnelobebidan.

aproqsimaciis 15%-mde mniSvneloba gansazRvravs kargad SerCeul models.

Cvens SemTxvevaSi: A=15.07%. modelis parametrebis Sesabamisi dispersiebia:

Sb0=17.762, Sb1=2.441, Sb2=0.155. gamovTvaleT elastikurobis kerZo koeficientebi,

raTa dagvedgina, Tu ra gavlena aqvs axsnil cvladze (y) TiToeul

regresors (x1;x2), rac gulisxmobs, Tu ramdeni procentiT icvleba axsnili

cvladi amxsneli cvladis 1%-iT cvlilebisas. E1=0.123, x1 cvladis 1%-iani

cvlileba y–s zrdis 12.3%-iT. E2=-0.235, x2 cvladis 1%-iani cvlileba ki y–s

amcirebs 23.5%-iT. davadgineT koeficientebi, raTa gangvesazRvra, Tu

romeli regresoris zemoqmedebaa ufro Zlieri axsnil cvladze:

1=0.093> 2=-0.35, e.i. pirveli cvladis zemoqmedeba metia. ganvsazRvreT

mravlobiTi korelaciis maCvenebeli, romelic asaxavs, Tu ra gavlena aqvT

amxsnel cvladebs erTad axsnilze. R=0.4236. aqedanve, gamovTvaloT

determinaciis koeficienti: R2=0.179, Tumca, vinaidan ufro zusti

Semfasebelia koreqtirebuli determinaciis koeficienti, aucilebelia misi

gansazRvra da gamoyeneba: 2=0.0622. rac ufro axlosaa es koeficienti

erTTan, miT ufro metad xsnis regresiis gantoleba y-is cvlilebas.

 

164 

miRebuli mravlobiTi regresiis gantolebis validurobis dasadgenad

gamoviyeneT determinaciis koeficienti dafiSeris testi. R2=0.1795, F=1.53.

Tavisuflebis xarisxebis (2;14) mixedviT, fiSeris cxrilidan davadgineT

kriteriumis kritikuli mniSvneloba Fkrit=3.74. modelis parametrebis

ekonomikuri interpretaciaa: x1 cvladis 1 erTeuliT gazrda y cvlads

saSualod 0.628 erTeuliT zrdis; x2 cvladis 1 erTeuliT gazrda y-s

saSualod 0.15 erTeuliT amcirebs. maqsimaluri koeficientis 1=0.093

mixedviT vaskvniT, rom axsnil cvladze meti gavlena aqvs x1 faqtors.

gantolebis statistikuri mniSvneloba Semowmebulia determinaciis

koeficientisa da fiSeris kriteriumis gamoyenebiT. davadgineT, rom

gamokvleul SemTxvevaSi, saerTo cvalebadobis 17.95% SemTxvevaSi, y–s

cvlis x1 da x2 regresorebi. aseve dadginda, rom modelis parametrebi

statistikurad mniSvnelovanni arian. aseve, uaryofilia modelSi

heteroskedasturoba.

2013: regresiis gantoleba: =27.2966+0.7703X1-0.1466X2. wyviluri

korelaciis koeficientebia: ryx1=0.387, ryx2=-0.427, rx1x2=-0.831. farar-globeris

algoriTmiT davadginoT cvladebs Soris multikoliniarobis

arseboba/ararseboba: (fiSeris kriteriumi) F1=1.82, F2=17.94, F3=18.97,

Fkrit(16;2)=19.4. vinaidan 1.82<19.4, amitom y aramultikoliniarulia sxva

cvladebis mimarT. amasTanave, 17.94<19.4, amitom x1 aramultikoliniarulia

sxva cvladebis mimarT da 18.97<19.4, rac niSnavs, rom x2

aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT. aproqsimaciis saSualo

Secdomaa: A=15.42%, parametrebis Sesabamisi dispersiebia: Sb0=22.758, Sb1=3.229,

Sb2=0.186. elastikurobis koeficientebia: E1=0.152, x1–is 1%-iani zrda y-is

15.2%-iT. E2=0.24, x2–is 1%-iani zrda y-is 24%-iT. 1=0.103> 2=-0.341, e.i. pirveli

cvladis zemoqmedeba metia. amasTanave, mravlobiTi korelaciis

koeficientia R=0.4305, xolo determinaciis koeficientia: R2=0.1854. ufro

zusti Semfasebelia koreqtirebuli determinaciis koeficienti 2=0.069.

modelis mniSvnelovneba SevamowmoT fiSeris kriteriumiT: F=1.59,

Fkrit(2;14)=3.74 (gaangariSebulia koreqtirebuli determinaciis koeficientis

 

165 

safuZvelze). parametrebis ekonomikuri interpretaciaa: x1-is 1 erTeuliT

gazrda gamoiwvevs y-is zrdas saSualod 0.77 erTeuliT, aseve, x2-is 1

erTeuliT zrda gamoiwvevs y-is Semcirebas 0.147 erTeuliT. maqsimaluri

koeficientis 1=0.103 Tanaxmad, vaskvniT, rom y-ze gacilebiT meti gavlena

aqvs x1 faqtors. dadginda, rom y-is zogadi cvalebadobis 18.54%

gamowveulia faqtorebis cvlilebiT. dadginda, rom modelis parametrebi

mniSvnelovania. modelSi heteroskedasturobis arseboba gamoiricxa.

2014: regresia: =25.6638+0.6062X1-0.08401X2. kerZo korelaciis

koeficientebi: ryx1=0.238, ryx2=-0.253, rx1x2=-0.841. farar-globeris algoriTmis

saSualebiT gamovikvlieT modelSi TiToeuli cvladis sxva cvladebTan

multikoliniarobis sakiTxi: (fiSeris kriteriumi). fiSeris cxrilis

mixedviT, davadgineT misi kritikuli mniSvneloba: Fkrit(16;2)=19.4. F1=0.57<19.4,

y aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT. F2=19.35<19.4, x1

aramultikoliniarulia sxva cladebis mimarT. F3=19.59>19.4, x2

multikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT. aproqcimaciis saSualo

Secdomaa A=19.34%. parametrebis dispersiebia: Sb0=24.891, Sb1=3.352, Sb2=0.222.

elastikurobis koeficientebia: E1=0.118 x1–is 1%-iani zrda iwvevs y-is 11.8%-

ian zrdas. E2=-0.142, x2–is 1%-iani zrda iwvevs y-is 14.2%-ian

Semcirebas. 1=0.0863> 2=-0.18, rac gulisxmobs, rom pirveli cvladis

zemoqmedeba metia. mravlobiTi korelaciis koeficientia: R=0.257, xolo

determinaciis koeficienti R2=0.0661. Tumca, koreqtirebuli determinaciis

koeficienti ufro zusti Semfasebelia, amitom: 2=-0.0674. koreqtirebuli

determinaciis koeficientze dafuZnebuli fiSeris testiT SevafasoT

modelis mniSvnelovneba: F=0.5, F(2;14)=3.74. modelis parametrebis

ekonomikuri interpretaciaa: x1-is 1 erTeuliT gazrda gamoiwvevs y-is

zrdas saSualod 0.606 erTeuliT, aseve, x2-is 1 erTeuliT zrda gamoiwvevs

y-is Semcirebas 0.084 erTeuliT. maqsimaluri koeficientis β1=0.0863

Tanaxmad, vaskvniT, rom y-ze gacilebiT meti gavlena aqvs x1 faqtors.

dadginda, rom y-is zogadi cvalebadobis 6.61% gamowveulia faqtorebis

cvlilebiT. dadginda, rom modelis parametrebi mniSvnelovania. modelSi

heteroskedasturobis arseboba gamoiricxa.

 

166 

2015: regresia: =19.3358+1.1508X1-0.00663X2. kerZo korelaciis

koeficientebi: ryx1=0.217, ryx2=-0.179, rx1x2=-0.793. farar-globeris algoriTmis

saSualebiT gamovikvlieT modelSi TiToeuli cvladis sxva cvladebTan

multikoliniarobis sakiTxi: (fiSeris kriteriumi). fiSeris cxrilis

mixedviT, davadgineT misi kritikuli mniSvneloba: Fkrit(16;2)=19.4. F1=0.4<19.4. y

aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT, F2=13.94<19.4, x1

aramultikoliniarulia sxva cladebis mimarT, F3=13.6<19.4, x2

aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT. aproqsimaciis saSualo

Secdomaa A=16.9%. parametrebis dispersiebia: Sb0=17.754, Sb1=2.424, Sb2=0.158.

elastikurobis koeficientebia: E1=0.227, x1–is 1%-iani zrda iwvevs y-is 22.7%-

ian zrdas. E2=-0.0115, x2–is 1%-iani zrda iwvevs y-is 1.15%-ian Semcirebas,

1=0.203> 2=-0.0176, e.i. pirveli cvladis zemoqmedeba metia. mravlobiTi

korelaciis koeficientia: R=0.2177, xolo determinaciis koeficienti

R2=0.0474. Tumca, koreqtirebuli determinaciis koeficienti ufro zusti

Semfasebelia, amitom: 2=-0.0887. koreqtirebuli determinaciis koeficientze

dafuZnebuli fiSeris testiT SevafasoT modelis mniSvnelovneba: F=0.35,

F(2;14)=3.74. modelis parametrebis ekonomikuri interpretaciaa: x1-is 1

erTeuliT gazrda gamoiwvevs y-is zrdas saSualod 1.151 erTeuliT, aseve,

x2-is 1 erTeuliT zrda gamoiwvevs y-is Semcirebas 0.00663 erTeuliT.

maqsimaluri koeficientis β1=0.203 Tanaxmad, vaskvniT, rom y-ze gacilebiT

meti gavlena aqvs x1 faqtors. dadginda, rom y-is zogadi cvalebadobis

4.74% gamowveulia faqtorebis cvlilebiT. dadginda, rom modelis

parametrebi mniSvnelovania. modelSi heteroskedasturobis arseboba

gamoiricxa.

2016: regresiis gantoleba: =5.2821+3.3128X1+0.06592X2. kerZo

korelaciis koeficientebi: ryx1=0.441, ryx2=-0.208, rx1x2=-0.695. farar-globeris

algoriTmis saSualebiT gamovikvlieT modelSi TiToeuli cvladis sxva

cvladebTan multikoliniarobis sakiTxi: (fiSeris kriteriumi). fiSeris

cxrilis mixedviT, davadgineT misi kritikuli mniSvneloba: Fkrit(16;2)=19.4,

F1=2.18<19.4, y aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT, F2=10.85<19.4,

x1 aramultikoliniarulia sxva cladebis mimarT, F3=7.86<19.4, x2

aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT. aproqcimaciis saSualo

 

167 

Secdomaa A=14.88%. parametrebis dispersiebia: Sb0=13.27, Sb1=1.899, Sb2=0.113.

elastikurobis koeficientebia: E1=0.664, x1–is 1%-iani zrda iwvevs y-is

66.4%-ian zrdas, E2=-0.119, x2–is 1%-iani zrda iwvevs y-is 11.9%-ian

Semcirebas. 1=0.575> 2=0.192, e.i. pirveli cvladis zemoqmedeba

metia.mravlobiTi korelaciis koeficientia: R=0.4625, xolo determinaciis

koeficienti R2=0.214, Tumca, koreqtirebuli determinaciis koeficienti

ufro zusti Semfasebelia, amitom: 2=-0.102. koreqtirebuli determinaciis

koeficientze dafuZnebuli fiSeris testiT SevafasoT modelis

mniSvnelovneba: F=1.9;F(2;14)=3.74. modelis parametrebis ekonomikuri

interpretaciaa: x1-is 1 erTeuliT gazrda gamoiwvevs y-is zrdas saSualod

3.313 erTeuliT, aseve, x2-is 1 erTeuliT zrda gamoiwvevs y-is Semcirebas

0.0659 erTeuliT. maqsimaluri koeficientis β1=0.575 Tanaxmad, vaskvniT, rom

y-ze gacilebiT meti gavlena aqvs x1 faqtors. dadginda, rom y-is zogadi

cvalebadobis 21.39% gamowveulia faqtorebis cvlilebiT. amasTanave,

modelSi heteroskedasturobis arseboba gamoiricxa, xolo misi

parametrebi mniSvnelovania.

aRniSnul kvlevaze dafuZnebiT SegviZlia, vTqvaT, rom Savi fulis

gaTeTrebis cvladis 1 erTeuliT zrda iwvevs investiciebis moculobis

1.2936 erTeuliT zrdas. investiciebze meti gavlena aqvs Savi fulis

gaTeTrebas, gantolebis statistikuri mniSvneloba Semowmebulia

determinaciis koeficientisa da fiSeris kriteriumis gamoyenebiT.

davadgineT, rom gamokvleul SemTxvevaSi, saerTo cvalebadobis saSualod

13.85% SemTxvevaSi, investiciebis maCvenebels cvlis Savi fulis gaTeTrebis

da korufciis regresorebi. aseve dadginda, rom modelis parametrebi

statistikurad mniSvnelovanni arian. aseve, uaryofilia modelSi

heteroskedasturoba. aRniSnulis safuZvelze, SegviZlia, uarvyoT nulovani

hipoTeza da miviRoT alternatiuli hipoTeza 1, romlis Tanaxmad, fulis

gaTeTreba da korufcia dadebiTad aisaxeba investiciebze.

fulis gaTeTreba, korufcia da pui

H0: post-socialistur qveynebSi fulis gaTeTreba da korufcia

uaryofiTad aisaxeba pui-ze

H1: fulis gaTeTreba da korufcia dadebiTad aisaxeba pui-ze;

 

168 

 

169 

cxrili 12. Savi fulis gaTeTrebis, korufciis da pui-s indeqsirebuli maCvenebeli post-socialisturi

qveynebisaTvis 2012.-2016ww.342 343 344

fulis gaTeTreba (x1) korufcia (x2) pui (y) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

1 albaneTi 5.5 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.0 33.0 31.0 33.0 36.0 39.0 7.4 10.0 9.0 7.6 7.7 2 belorusia 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 31.0 29.0 31.0 32.0 40.0 2.4 3.6 2.9 2.7 2.1 3 bulgareTi 4.2 4.1 3.8 3.8 3.8 41.0 41.0 43.0 41.0 41.0 3.5 3.8 3.9 5.0 2.1 4 estoneTi 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.8 64.0 68.0 69.0 70.0 70.0 8.2 4.9 7.6 -3.1 3.1 5 latvia 5.4 4.9 5.0 5.0 4.9 49.0 53.0 55.0 55.0 57.0 4.1 3.7 3.4 3.0 0.8 6 litva 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.7 3.6 54.0 57.0 58.0 61.0 59.0 1.4 1.7 1.2 2.2 2.1 7 moldova 5.9 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.2 36.0 35.0 35.0 33.0 30.0 4.1 3.6 4.8 3.1 1.2 8 poloneTi 4.7 4.7 3.9 4.0 4.4 58.0 60.0 61.0 62.0 62.0 1.4 0.2 3.7 2.7 2.9 9 rumineTi 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.5 44.0 43.0 43.0 46.0 48.0 1.8 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.7 10 ruseTi 5.7 5.8 6.3 6.3 6.2 28.0 28.0 27.0 29.0 29.0 3.0 4.1 1.3 0.4 2.0 11 saqarTvelo 5.6 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.7 52.0 49.0 52.0 52.0 57.0 6.3 7.0 12.3 10.7 10.5 12 somxeTi 5.1 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.6 34.0 36.0 37.0 35.0 33.0 4.8 3.2 3.6 1.6 2.9 13 uzbekeTi 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.1 5.1 17.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 21.0 1.2 1.3 1.2 0.1 0.1 14 ukraina 6.6 6.5 6.6 6.6 6.6 26.0 25.0 26.0 27.0 29.0 5.7 3.1 0.6 2.5 2.8 15 ungreTi 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.1 55.0 54.0 54.0 51.0 48.0 8.1 -2.8 9.3 -3.7 46.7 16 yirgizeTi 6.3 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.2 24.0 24.0 27.0 28.0 28.0 5.1 10.9 5.9 18.8 9.8 17 CexeTi 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.7 49.0 48.0 51.0 56.0 55.0 4.5 3.5 3.8 0.8 2.8

                                                            342https://data.worldbank.org/indicator 343https://www.transparency.org/research/cpi/overview 344https://index.baselgovernance.org

  

170  

2012: regresiis gantoleba: =-2.9734+0.7994X1+0.07771X2. kerZo

korelaciis koeficientebi: ryx1=-0.0405, ryx2=0.236,  rx1x2=‐0.742.  farar-globeris

algoriTmis saSualebiT gamovikvlieT modelSi TiToeuli cvladis sxva

cvladebTan multikoliniarobis sakiTxi: (fiSeris kriteriumi). fiSeris

cxrilis mixedviT, davadgineT misi kritikuli mniSvneloba: Fkrit(16;2)=19.4. 

F1=0.85<19.4, y aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT, F2=10.6<19.4, x1

aramultikoliniarulia sxva cladebis mimarT, F3=11.67<19.4,  x2

aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT. parametrebis dispersiebia:

Sb0=7.356, Sb1=1.011, Sb2=0.0643, elastikurobis koeficientebia: E1=0.952, x1-is 1%-

iani zrda iwvevs y‐is  95.2%‐ian zrdas,  E2=0.74,  x2–is  1%‐iani zrda iwvevs y‐is 

74%‐ian zrdas. 1=0.3< 2=0.459, e.i. meore cvladis zemoqmedeba metia.

mravlobiTi korelaciis koeficientia:  R=0.31,  xolo determinaciis

koeficienti R2=0.0961.  Tumca, koreqtirebuli determinaciis koeficienti

ufro zusti Semfasebelia, amitom: 2=‐0.033.  koreqtirebuli determinaciis

koeficientze dafuZnebuli fiSeris testiT SevafasoT modelis

mniSvnelovneba:  F=074,  F(2;14)=3.74.  modelis parametrebis ekonomikuri

interpretaciaa:  x1-is  1  erTeuliT gazrda gamoiwvevs  y‐is zrdas saSualod

0.799 erTeuliT, aseve,  x2‐is  1  erTeuliT zrda gamoiwvevs  y‐is zrdas 0.0777

erTeuliT. maqsimaluri koeficientis  β2=0.459  Tanaxmad, vaskvniT, rom  y‐ze

gacilebiT meti gavlena aqvs  x2  faqtors. dadginda, rom  y‐is zogadi

cvalebadobis  9.61%  gamowveulia faqtorebis cvlilebiT da modelis

parametrebi mniSvnelovania. modelSi heteroskedasturobis arseboba

gamoiricxa.

2013:regresia: =-5.5464+1.7848X1+0.01194X2, kerZo korelaciis

koeficientebi: ryx1=0.413, ryx2=-0.326, rx1x2=-0.831. farar-globeris algoriTmis

saSualebiT gamovikvlieT modelSi TiToeuli cvladis sxva cvladebTan

multikoliniarobis sakiTxi: (fiSeris kriteriumi). fiSeris cxrilis

mixedviT, davadgineT misi kritikuli mniSvneloba: Fkrit(16;2)=19.4,

F1=1.65<19.4, y aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT, F2=19.84>19.4,

x1 multikoliniarulia sxva cladebis mimarT, F3=17.86<19.4, x2

aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT. parametrebis dispersiebia:

Sb0=12.042, Sb1=1.709, Sb2=0.0987. elastikurobis koeficientebia: E1=2.345, x1–is

  

171  

1%-iani zrda iwvevs y-is 234.5%-ian zrdas, E2=0.13, x2 –is 1%-iani zrda

iwvevs y-is 13%-ian zrdas. 1=0.457> 2=0.053, e.i. pirveli cvladis zemoqmedeba

metia. mravlobiTi korelaciis koeficientia: R=0.4138, xolo determinaciis

koeficienti R2=0.1712. Tumca, koreqtirebuli determinaciis koeficienti

ufro zusti Semfasebelia, amitom: 2=-0.0528. koreqtirebuli determinaciis

koeficientze dafuZnebuli fiSeris testiT SevafasoT modelis

mniSvnelovneba: F=1.45, F(2;14)=3.74. modelis parametrebis ekonomikuri

interpretaciaa: x1-is 1 erTeuliT gazrda gamoiwvevs y-is zrdas saSualod

1.785 erTeuliT, aseve, x2-is 1 erTeuliT zrda gamoiwvevs y-is zrdas 0.0119

erTeuliT. maqsimaluri koeficientis β1=0.457 Tanaxmad, vaskvniT, rom y-ze

gacilebiT meti gavlena aqvs x1 faqtors. dadginda, rom y-is zogadi

cvalebadobis 17.12% gamowveulia faqtorebis cvlilebiT da modelis

parametrebi mniSvnelovania. modelSi heteroskedasturobis arseboba

gamoiricxa.

2014: regresia: =-4.544+0.776x1+0.1241x2. kerZo korelaciis

koeficientebi: ryx1=-0.234, ryx2=0.357, rx1x2=-0.841. farar-globeris algoriTmis

saSualebiT gamovikvlieT modelSi TiToeuli cvladis sxva cvladebTan

multikoliniarobis sakiTxi: (fiSeris kriteriumi). fiSeris cxrilis

mixedviT, davadgineT misi kritikuli mniSvneloba: Fkrit(16;2)=19.4.

F1=1.33<19.4, y aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT, F2=19.77>19.4,

x1 multikoliniarulia sxva cladebis mimarT, aseve, F3=22.09>19.4, x2

multikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT. parametrebis dispersiebia:

Sb0=11.601, Sb1=1.562, Sb2=0.103. elastikurobis koeficientebia: E1=0.842, x1–is

1%-iani zrda iwvevs y-is 84.2%-ian zrdas, E2=1.166, x2–is 1%-iani zrda iwvevs

y-is 116.6%-ian zrdas. 1=0.227< 2=0.548, e.i. meore cvladis zemoqmedeba metia.

mravlobiTi korelaciis koeficientia: R=0.3777, xolo determinaciis

koeficienti R2=0.1427. Tumca, koreqtirebuli determinaciis koeficienti

ufro zusti Semfasebelia, amitom: 2=-0.0202. koreqtirebuli determinaciis

koeficientze dafuZnebuli fiSeris testiT SevafasoT modelis

mniSvnelovneba: F=1.17, F(2;14)=3.74. modelis parametrebis ekonomikuri

interpretaciaa: x1-is 1 erTeuliT gazrda gamoiwvevs y-is zrdas saSualod

0.776 erTeuliT, aseve, x2-is 1 erTeuliT zrda gamoiwvevs y-is zrdas 0.124

  

172  

erTeuliT. maqsimaluri koeficientis β2=0.548 Tanaxmad, vaskvniT, rom y-ze

gacilebiT meti gavlena aqvs x2 faqtors. dadginda, rom y-is zogadi

cvalebadobis 14.27% gamowveulia faqtorebis cvlilebiT da modelis

parametrebi mniSvnelovania. amasTanave, modelSi heteroskedasturobis

arseboba gamoiricxa.

2015: regresiis gantoleba: =-14.8317+3.1661x1+0.06341x2, kerZo

korelaciis koeficientebi: ryx1=0.439, ryx2=-0.282, rx1x2=-0.793. farar-globeris

algoriTmis saSualebiT gamovikvlieT modelSi TiToeuli cvladis sxva

cvladebTan multikoliniarobis sakiTxi: (fiSeris kriteriumi). fiSeris

cxrilis mixedviT davadgineT misi kritikuli mniSvneloba: Fkrit(16;2)=19.4,

F1=2.05<19.4, y aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT, F2=16.98<19.4,

x1 aramultikoliniarulia sxva cladebis mimarT, F3=13.91<19.4, x2

aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis mimarT. parametrebis dispersiebia:

Sb0=15.655, Sb1=2.138, Sb2=0.139. elastikurobis koeficientebia: E1=4.635, x1–is

1%-iani zrda iwvevs y-is 463.5%-ian zrdas. E2=0.822, x2–is 1%-iani zrda

iwvevs y-is 82.2%-ian zrdas, 1=0.58> 2=0.179, e.i. pirveli cvladis zemoqmedeba

metia. mravlobiTi korelaciis koeficientia: R=0.4518, xolo determinaciis

koeficienti R2=0.2041. Tumca, koreqtirebuli determinaciis koeficienti

ufro zusti Semfasebelia, amitom: 2=-0.0904. koreqtirebuli determinaciis

koeficientze dafuZnebuli fiSeris testiT SevafasoT modelis

mniSvnelovneba: F=1.8, F(2;14)=3.74. modelis parametrebis ekonomikuri

interpretaciaa: x1-is 1 erTeuliT gazrda gamoiwvevs y-is zrdas saSualod

3.166 erTeuliT, aseve, x2-is 1 erTeuliT zrda gamoiwvevs y-is Semcirebas

0.0634 erTeuliT. Maqsimaluri koeficientis β1=0.58 Tanaxmad, vaskvniT, rom y-

ze gacilebiT meti gavlena aqvs x1 faqtors. dadginda, rom y-is zogadi

cvalebadobis 20.41% gamowveulia faqtorebis cvlilebiT da modelis

parametrebi mniSvnelovania. modelSi heteroskedasturobis arseboba

gamoiricxa.

2016: regresia: =20.3277–2.5668x1–0.04053x2. kerZo korelaciis

koeficientebi: ryx1=-0.165, ryx2=0.0873, rx1x2=-0.695. farar-globeris algoriTmis

saSualebiT gamovikvlieT modelSi TiToeuli cvladis sxva cvladebTan

multikoliniarobis sakiTxi. fiSeris cxrilis mixedviT, davadgineT misi

  

173  

kritikuli mniSvneloba: Fkrit(16;2)=19.4, F1=0.24<19.4, y aramultikoliniarulia

sxva cvladebis mimarT, F2=7.82<19.4, x1 aramultikoliniarulia sxva

cladebis mimarT, F3=7.5<19.4, x2 aramultikoliniarulia sxva cvladebis

mimarT. parametrebis dispersiebia: Sb0=32.422, Sb1=4.64, Sb2=0.277.

elastikurobis koeficientebia: E1=-2.079, x1–is 1%-iani zrda iwvevs y-is

207.9%-ian Semcirebas, E2=-0.295, x2–is 1%-iani zrda iwvevs y-is 29.5%-ian

Semcirebas, 1=-0.203< 2=-0.0535. e.i. meore cvladis zemoqmedeba metia.

mravlobiTi korelaciis koeficientia: R=0.1699, xolo determinaciis

koeficienti R2=0.02885. Tumca, koreqtirebuli determinaciis koeficienti

ufro zusti Semfasebelia, amitom: 2=-0.11. koreqtirebuli determinaciis

koeficientze dafuZnebuli fiSeris testiT SevafasoT modelis

mniSvnelovneba: F=0.21, F(2;14)=3.74. modelis parametrebis ekonomikuri

interpretaciaa: x1-is 1 erTeuliT gazrda gamoiwvevs y-is Semcirebas

saSualod 2.567 erTeuliT, aseve, x2-is 1 erTeuliT zrda gamoiwvevs y-is

Semcirebas 0.0405 erTeuliT. maqsimaluri koeficientis β2=0.0535 Tanaxmad,

vaskvniT, rom y-ze gacilebiT meti gavlena aqvs x2 faqtors. dadginda, rom y-

is zogadi cvalebadobis 2.89% gamowveulia faqtorebis cvlilebiT.

dadginda, rom modelis parametrebi mniSvnelovania. modelSi

heteroskedasturobis arseboba gamoiricxa.

aRniSnuli kvlevis safuZvelze SegviZlia, vTqvaT, rom modelis

parametrebis ekonomikuri interpretaciaa: Savi fulis gaTeTrebis faqtoris

erTi erTeuliT zrda iwvevs puis saSualod 0.7898 erTeuliT zrdas, xolo

korufciis zrda-0.02194-iT. kvlevis safuZvelze aseve vaskvniT, rom

korufcias aqvs gacilebiT meti gavlena pirdapir ucxour investiciebze,

vidre Savi fulis gaTeTrebas. aseve, dadginda, rom pui-s zogadi

cvalebadobis 12.86% gamowveulia faqtorebis cvlilebiT. dadginda, rom

modelis parametrebi mniSvnelovania. modelSi heteroskedasturobis

arseboba gamoiricxa. aRniSnulis safuZvelze, SegviZlia, uarvyoT nulovani

hipoTeza da miviRoT alternatiuli hipoTeza 1, romlis Tanaxmad, fulis

gaTeTreba da korufcia dadebiTad aisaxeba pui-ze.

  

174  

daskvna

naSromSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia fulis gaTeTrebis globalur

problemaze da saqarTvelos gamowvevebze. kvlevis farglebSi,

gavaanalizeT ukanonod miRebuli Semosavlebis legalizaciaze arsebuli

literatura, ris Sedegadac CamovayalibeT hipoTezebi, romlebic Semowmda

empiriuli kvleviT msoflio bankis da bazelis mier gamoqveynebuli Savi

fulis gaTeTrebis indeqsis monacemebis safuZvelze.

gasul wlebSi bevri daiwera Savi fulis gaTeTrebis Sesaxeb, vinaidan

fulis gaTeTreba XXI saukunisaTvis axali movlena ar aris da biznesis

operatorebis nawili yovelTvis cdilobda Semosavlebis WeSmariti wyaros

damalvas. Tumca, aRniSnuli problemis interpretacias mecnierebebi

gansxvavebulad axdenen. zogierTi Savi fulis gaTeTrebis gansazRvrebisas

orientirdeba gaTeTrebis Sedegze, zogierTic-procesze.

problemis arsis ukeT aRsaqmelad rekomendirebulia, yuradReba

daeTmos rogorc ukanonod miRebuli SemosavlebisaTvis kanonieri saxis

micemis process, aseve mis Sedegs. dResdReobiT arsebobs sxvadasxva

saerTaSoriso dokumenti da organizacia Tu gaerTianeba, romelic

aqtiurad gamoiyeneba ukanonod miRebuli saxsrebisaTvis legaluri saxis

micemis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. droTa ganmavlobaSi, aRniSnuli

dokumentebisa Tu organizaciebis ricxvi matulobs, rac xazs usvams

problemis aqtualobas XXI saukuneSi.

xsenebulma garemoebam ganapiroba fulis gaTeTrebis sakiTxis, masze

moqmedi ZiriTadi faqtorebis da gaTeTrebis meTodebis, fazebis kvlevis

aucilebloba. Savi fulis gaTeTrebis determinantebis dadgenis

safuZvelze gamovlinda, rom araoficialuri saqmianobidan miRebuli

Semosavlebis maRali xvedriTi wili, Crdilovani ekonomikis, finansuri

institutebis saqmianobaze kontrolisa da monitoringis meqanizmebis

arasrulyofileba, finansuri saqmianobis regulirebis saerTaSoriso

standartebis Seusrulebloba, gamWvirvalobis arasakmarisi moTxovnebi

finansur operaciebsa da qonebis sakuTrebasTan dakavSirebiT, anonimuri

angariSebis, qveynis SigniT Tavisufali savaWro zonebis arseboba xels

  

175  

uwyobs fulis gaTeTrebis masStabebis zrdas. amasTanave, ZiriTadi

faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis

procesze, droTa manZilze viTardeba, rac ganapirobebs maTi Seswavlis

mudmiv saWiroebas.

marTalia, dResdReobiT, arsebobs Savi fulis gaTeTrebis ZiriTadi

erTi unificirebuli midgoma, romelic gulisxmobs ganTavsebas,

danawevrebasa da gaerTianebas, Tumca, realobaSi mravali xerxi da meTodi

gamoiyeneba kriminalistebis mier ukanono SemosavlebisaTvis kanonieri

saxis misacemad.

aSkaraa, rom ukanono saqmianobidan miRebuli fuladi saxsrebis

legalizaciis meTodebi dRevandelobaSi sakmaod mravalferovania. ukanono

Semosavlis legalizaciis faqtebTan dakavSirebuli procesze zemoqmedebis

mizniT Catarebuli kvleva iZleva saqarTveloSi aqtualuri sferoebis

gamovlenis SesaZleblobas. rogorc kvlevam gvaCvena, 2016 wels finansuri

monitoringis samsaxurSi Sesulia 993 saeWvo garigeba, romelTagan

komerciuli bankebis mier warmodgenilia 549;

mikrosafinanso organizaciebis mier 65;

sadazRvevo kompaniebisa da arasaxelmwifo sapensio sqemebis

mier 75;

fasiani qaRaldebis registratorebis mier 5;

sabrokero kompaniebis mier 1;

latariebis, azartuli da sxva momgebiani TamaSebis momwyobi

pirebis mier 27;

salizingo kompaniebis mier 46;

Semosavlebis samsaxuris da sajaro reestris erovnuli

saagentos mier 296 saeWvo garigebis Sesaxeb angariSgebis forma.

TiToeuli saWiroebs detalur analizs pasuxismgebeli organoebis

mier, raTa Tavidan iqnas acilebuli riskebi, dakavSirebuli qveynis

ekonomikur ganviTarebasTan.

fulis gaTeTrebis samyaroSi kriminalebs, finansur institutebsa da

samarTaldamcav organoebs Soris brZola inteleqtualur Serkinebas hgavs,

sadac fulis gamTeTreblebi mudmivad eZeben gaTeTrebis axal gzebs. im

  

176  

dros, rodesac finansuri institutebi iseve, rogorc saxelmwifo

struqturebi, axorcieleben didi moculobis investiciebs Tanamedrove

teqnologiebSi, raTa moxerxdes klientebis Sesaxeb utyuari informaciis

miReba. damnaSaveebi maqsimalurad cdiloben alternatiuli gzebis

moZiebas, ris sapasuxodac saxelmwifo Tu saerTaSoriso samarTaldamcavi

da adgilobrivi organoebi imuSaveben sxvadasxva teqnologiebs, romelic

saSualebas miscems maT dainaxon kavSirebi moTamaSeebs Soris da

gamoavlinon saeWvo tipis SemTxvevebi, dakavSirebuli fulis gaTeTrebasTan

da sxva danaSaulebriv saqmianobasTan. Tu finansuri sistemebi kvlavac

ganagrZoben axali kontrolis meqanizmebis danergvas, kriminalebi kvlav

Seecdebian axali alternatiuli gzis moZiebas fuladi saxsrebisaTvis

WeSmariti wyaros dasafarad.

Cven CavatareT empiriuli kvleva post-socialisturi 17 qveynis

oficialuri statistikuri monacemis safuZvelze. kvlevis sawyis etapze

mimovixileT fulis gaTeTrebis problemiT dainteresebuli sxvadasxva

mecnieris Teoriebi Savi fulis, korufciisa da ekonomikuri zrdis,

pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebisa da investiciebis Sesaxeb, raTa

gamovleniliyo Savi fulis gaTeTrebis zemoqmedeba ekonomikur

maCveneblebze. kvlevis mixedviT davaskveniT, rom fulis gaTeTrebasa da

ekonomikur zrdas Soris aris uaryofiTi damokidebuleba. aseve,

aRsaniSnavia, rom Savi fulis gaTeTreba korufciasTan erTad dadebiTad

aisaxeba investiciebisa da pui-s moculobis zrdaze. aRniSnuli kavSiris

arseboba gamowveulia imiT, rom post-socialisturi qveynebis didi nawili

jer kidev arademokratiuli qveynebia, sadac arsebobs biurokratiuli

samarTali, saxelmwifo moxeleebi Tavad arian CarTulni korufciul

aqtivobebSi, ukanono gzebiT miRebuli Semosavlebi gaaqvT ofSorebSi da

Semdgom pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis saxiT axorcieleben investicias

qveyanaSi.

aRniSnulze miuTiTebs saqarTvelos magaliTic, sadac pui-s

garkveuli nawili ofSorebidan moedineba, rac safrTxes warmoadgens

saqarTvelos momavlisaTvis, vinaidan Savi fulis gaTeTrebas aqvs

sxvadasxva negatiuri efeqti qveynis mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis, romelic

moicavs da ar Semoifargleba mxolod kerZo seqtorisaTvis legitimuri

  

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Ziris gamoTxriT, finansuri bazrebisTvis zianis miyenebiT, ekonomikuri

stabilurobis rRveviT, Tu sxv.

kvlevis mixedviT dadginda, rom dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi

mniSvnelovan problemas warmoadgens Savi fulis gaTeTreba, xolo

korufciis maRali done erT-erTi yuradsaRebi problemaa saqarTvelos

realobisaTvis. orive faqtori gansakuTrebiT saSiSi xdeba, roca ukanono

Semosavlebi qveynis politikuri da ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg

mimarTuli RonisZiebebis, maT Soris terorizmis, narkotikebiT da iaraRiT

ukanono vaWrobis, ekonomikuri da sxva saxis danaSaulebebis dafinansebas

xmardeba.

amasTan, politikuri nebis arsebobis pirobebSi sruliad

SesaZlebelia, rom qveyanaSi dausjelobis sindromi dasjis SiSiT

Seicvalos da fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTis mimarTulebiT mkacri zomebi

gatardes. literaturuli analizi gviCvenebs, rom korufciis maRali

zrdis tempi iwvevs qveynis ekonomikuri zrdisa Tu ganviTarebis donis

Semcirebas, iseve, rogorc vnebs saxelmwifos mier socialuri tipis

danaxarjebis efeqtianobas da adamianuri kapitalis formirebas.

saqarTvelosTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba investiciebis

maCvenebels iseve, rogorc pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis mozidvas.

qveyanaSi arsebuli liberaluri sainvesticio garemo da Tanabari pirobebi

adgilobrivi da ucxouri investiciebisaTvis, saqarTvelos mimzidvels

xdis ucxoeli investorebisTvis. Tumca, aRniSnuli ar niSnavs, rom

mTavroba ar unda ebrZolos korufcias an fulis gaTeTrebis problemas.

miCneulia, rom fulis gaTeTrebis Semdeg, umetesi nawili kvlav miemarTeba

kriminaluri aqtivobebis dasafinanseblad. aucilebelia, gvaxsovdes, rom

saqarTvelos nakisri aqvs valdebuleba moaxdinos sakuTari

kanonmdeblobis harmonizacia evropis qveynebis kanonmdeblobasTan da

miiRos kanonmdebloba, romelic iTvaliswinebs Sesabamis dawesebulebebTan

saqmiani urTierTobis dawyebisas momxmarebelTa vinaobis dadgenas,

calkeuli garigebebis an erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli garigebebis seriis

damwyebi momxmareblebis identificirebas, momxmarebelTan saqmiani

SeTanxmebis dasrulebis Semdegac ki gansazRvruli periodiT Sesabamisi

cnobebis Senaxvas, Sida kontrolisa da kavSiris adekvaturi procedurebis

  

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dawyebas, Sesabamisi dawesebulebebis mier Tavisi TanamSromlebisaTvis

treningis programebis SemuSavebas da sxv.

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi did yuradRebas uTmoben saqarTvelos

mier nakisri im valdebulebebis Sesrulebas, romlebic mimarTulia

trefikingiT, narkotikebiT Tu iaraRis vaWrobiT naSovni fulis

legalizebis winaaRmdeg. fulis gaTeTrebis da terorizmis dafinansebis,

rogorc transnacionaluri danaSaulebis, winaaRmdeg brZola da maTi

prevencia saqarTvelos mTavrobis erT-erTi umTavresi prioritetia.

saqarTveloSi ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis

dafinansebis aRkveTis sistema arsebobis 15 wels iTvlis. amJamad moqmedi

“ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb“

saqarTvelos kanoni 2003 wlis 6 ivniss iqna miRebuli da ZalaSia 2004 wlis

1 ianvridan. swored aRniSnuli kanoni warmoadgens ukanono Semosavlis

legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis prevenciis erovnuli sistemis

mTavar samarTlebriv instruments.

kanoni aregulirebs saqarTveloSi ukanono Semosavlis

legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis gamovlenasa da aRkveTis

xelSewyobasTan dakavSirebul urTierTobebs, aseve, saqarTvelosa da sxva

saxelmwifoTa uflebamosil organoebsa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebs

Soris TanamSromlobis formebs. fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis

ZiriTadi mizania saqarTveloSi saerTaSoriso standartebTan Tavsebadi

ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis

winaaRmdeg brZolisa da aRkveTis erovnuli sistemis formireba, rac, Tavis

mxriv, xels Seuwyobs ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciasTan dakavSirebuli

danaSaulebis prevencias, maTi raodenobis klebas da aseve, maT droul

gamovlenas. ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis winaaRmdeg ki brZolis

ZiriTadi mimarTuleba qveyanaSi arsebuli riskebis identificirebas da am

danaSaulebis prevenciis mizniT riskze damyarebuli politikis

gansazRvras gulisxmobs.

mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelo gaxda evropis sabWosa da gaeros wevri,

is SeuerTda aRniSnuli organizaciebis konvenciebs, romlebic aweseben

garkveul standartebs. aucilebelia, saqarTvelomac gaiTvaliswinos es

standartebi, radgan yvela qveynis kanonmdebloba adaptirebuli unda iyos

  

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aRniSnul problemasTan sabrZolvelad. jerjerobiT saqarTvelo

saerTaSoriso moTxovnebs imiT akmayofilebs, rom Seqmnilia finansuri

monitoringis samsaxuri. am samsaxurSi aqtiurad mimdinareobs sxvadasxva

Cinovnikebis swavlebis procesi, radgan swored maT kompetenciazea

damokidebuli ama Tu im saeWvo tranzaqciis Tu finansuri garigebis

aRmoCena.

ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis winaaRmdeg brZolis

efeqtianobisaTvis aucilebelia samoqmedo gegmis SemuSaveba, romelic

gaiTvaliswinebs konkretul RonisZiebebs, maT implementaciaze

pasuxismgebel uwyebebsa da Sesrulebis vadebs. strategiis da samoqmedo

gegmis Sesrulebis zedamxedvelobam unda uzrunvelyos ukanono Semosavlis

legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolisa da

prevenciis sferoSi moqmedi Sesabamisi saxelmwifo uwyebebi da

organizaciebis warmomadgenelTa monawileobiT formirebuli

uwyebaTSorisi sakoordinacio sabWo, romlis mTavar amocanas aseve

warmoadgens strategiis, Sesabamisi samoqmedo gegmis da ukanono

Semosavlis legalizaciis winaaRmdeg brZolisa da misi prevenciis

sferoSi moqmedi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis rekomendaciebis

Sesrulebis zedamxedveloba da am mimarTulebiT saxelmwifo organoebis

saqmianobis koordinacia.

naTelia, rom fulis gaTeTrebis ZiriTadi arsi da mizani

danaSaulebrivi gziT SeZenili fuladi saxsrebis dagroveba da misi

dakanonebaa. garda damnaSavis dakavebisa da dasjisa, fulis gaTeTrebis

sawinaaRmdebo RonisZiebebi mniSvnelovan ekonomikur mizans emsaxureba,

kerZod, danaSaulebrivi gziT SeZenili qonebis CamorTmevas da misi

saxelmwifosaTvis gadacemas. Sesabamisad, fulis gaTeTrebis sawinaaRmdego

sistemis danergva konfiskaciis meqanizmis damkvidrebis gareSe

mniSvnelovnad Seasustebs aRniSnuli sistemis efeqtianobas. fulis

gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis srulyofis mizniT, aucilebelia

saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis gafarToeba da grZelvadiani ukanono

Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis kompleqsuri miznobrivi programis

SemuSaveba da realizeba.

  

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gasaTvaliswinebelia, naRdi fulis brunva, romelic erT-erTi susti

wertilia fulis gaTeTrebis efeqturi aRkveTis TvalsazrisiT. xSirad,

naRdi fuli emsaxureba Crdilovan ekonomikas, romlis zrdac naRdi fulis

brunvis stimulirebas axdens. sainteresroa, rom bolo dros yuradRebas

ipyrobs erTi idea, romelic naRdi fulis ramdenime kupiuris mospobaSi

mdgomareobs. gacxadebuli mizezi isaa, rom es, viTomda, dagvexmareba

teroristebTan, narkodilerebsa da gadasaxadebisgan Tavis amrideblebTan

brZolaSi. ase, TiTqos, damnaSaveebs gadaadgilebasa da ukanonod miRebuli

fuladi tipis Semosavlebis SenaxvaSi problemebi Seeqmneba.

ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis winaaRmdeg efeqturi

brZolisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba politikuri xasiaTis

RonisZiebebs. mizanSewonilia, dainergos ucxouri gamocdilebis

gaTvaliswinebiT Tanamedrove teqnologiebi, programebi da sxvadasxva

struqturebis monacemebis safuZvelze Seiqmnas erTiani baza, romelic

inteleqtualuri kompiuteruli saZiebo programebis gamoyenebiT

SesaZlebels gaxdis gamoavlinos saeWvo garigebebi.

fulis gaTeTrebis efeqtis zemoqmedebis Sesamcireblad

rekomendirebulia mxedvelobaSi miviRoT gadawyvetilebebi dakavSirebuli

kontrolTan, romelic moicavs:

risk-menejments;

saeWvo aqtivobebis monitorings;

“icnobde Sens klients” politikis danergvas;

SemTxvevis menejments da dakvirvebis obieqtebis siis

filtracias.

aqve, yuradsaRebia is faqti, rom bolo wlebSi mTels msoflioSi

sagrZnoblad gaizarda sxvadasxva organizaciebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli

eleqtronuli Tavdasxmebis raodenoba. kompiuteruli danaSaulis zrdasTan

erTad, saWiro gaxda axali maregulirebeli kanonebis SemuSaveba. swored

am periodSi miiRes ramdenime siaxle sxvadasxva qveynebma sakuTar

kanonmdeblobebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom msoflio aRiarebs kompiuteruli

danaSaulis maRal saSiSroebas, jer kidev ar arsebobs calsaxad

gamokveTili saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba aseTi tipis danaSaulTan

sabrZolvelad. safinanso seqtoris swrafi ganviTareba, saSualebas aZlevs

  

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dawesebulebebs gauwion momxmareblebs momsaxureba fizikuri daswrebis

gareSe, magaliTad, internetis, satelefono sabanko momsaxurebis

saSualebebiT. aRniSnuli saxis momsaxurebebi sul ufro masStabur saxes

iZens, da vinaidan aseT avtomatizirebul operaciebs nebismieri adgilidan

xelmisawvdomoba da naklebi gamWvirvaloba axasiaTebs, es fulis

gaTeTrebis metad xelsayrel saSualebad SeiZleba iqces. mniSvneloba

eniWeba aseTi tipis garigebebs da aucilebelia speciluri adekvaturi

zomebis miReba. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, aucilebeli xdeba Semdegi

punqtebis kontroli:

angariSis gaxsna, fulis depozitze miReba;

sesxis gacema;

sadebeto baraTis gamoSveba;

samogzauro Cekis gamoSveba;

eleqtronuli transferis miReba-gagzavna.

Tanamedrove msoflioSi dagrovili gamocdileba, gviCvenebs, rom

safinanso institutebs fulis gaTeTrebis miznebisaTvis gamoyenebis didi

riski axasiaTebs. amasTan safinanso institutis cneba garda bankebis,

sadazRvevo konpaniebis da fasini qaRladebis brokerebisa ufro farToa da

iseT instituts moicavs, romelic dazustebuli ar aris, magaliTad:

safinanso salizingo kompaniebi, fuladi gzavnilebis dawesebulebebi, Tu

sxv. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sasurvelia, Tu finansuri monitoringis

ganmaxorcielebeli pirebs auditorebi, damoukidebeli buRaltrebi,

sagadasaxado konsultantebi da iuridiuli profesiis damoukidebeli

pirebi SeuerTdebian. amasTanave, gasaTvaliwinebelia, rom fulis

gamTeTreblebi, finansuri konsultaciisaTvis profesional buRaltrebs,

iuristebs da sxv. pirebs mimarTaven. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT bazris swraf

ganviTarebas, aRniSnuli profesiuli saqmianoba fulis gaTeTrebis kuTxiT

SesaZlebelia maleve gaxdes maRali riskis matarebeli.

amasTanave, mniSvnelovania, rom kanoproeqtSi mkafiod Camoyalibdes

moTxovnebi, romlis Tanaxmadac monitoringis ganmaxorcielebeli

dawesebulebebi klientis/xelSekrulebis mxaris identifikacias

ganaxorcieleben rogorc grZevadiani saqmiani urTierTobebis damyarebisas,

aseve, erTjeradi garigebis dadebisas im SemTxvevaSi Tu garigebis Tanxa

  

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dadgenil zRvars aRemateba. aRniSnuli debulebis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs,

rom dawesebulebam klientis identifikacia aucileblad unda moaxdinos

masTan saqmiani urTierTobebis damyarebisas. es debuleba ganamtkicebs

princips `icnobde sakuTar klients”, romelsac unda icavdes monitoringis

ganmaxorcielebeli dawesebuleba. rac Seexeba garigebis Tanxis odenobas,

igi piris identifikaciis valdebulebis warmoSobisaTvis ganmsazRvrelia

periodulad gadasaxdeli premiis Tanxa, romelic gadaaWarbebs dadgenil

zRvars-1,000 evros. identifikaciis gamonaklisi SeiZleba, Seexos sapensio

sqemebis sadazRvevo polisebs, romlebic gacemulia SromiTi

xelSekrulebis an dazRveulis dasaqmebis safuZvelze, im pirobiT rom

aseTi polisebi ar Seicavs damzRvevis mier xelSekrulebis vadamde

Sewyvetis uflebas.

amasTanave, kazinoebma unda moaxdinon klientebis identifikacia,

romlebic yiduloben an yidian 1,000 evros Sesabamisi eqvivalentis larebSi

da meti Rirebulebis saTamaSo monetebs. monitoringis ganmaxorcielebel

pirebs identifikaciis valdebuleba unda daekisroT im SemTxvevaSic,

rodesac garigebis Tanxa zemoT dadgenil zRvrebze naklebia, Tu arsebobs

eWvi fulis gaTeTrebis Sesaxeb. kanonproeqtis Tanaxmad monitoringis

ganmaxorcielebl pirebs klientis identifikaciis movaleoba ekisrebaT,

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Tu monitorings daqvemdebarebuli garigebis Tanxa

dadgenil zRvarze metia. monitoringis ganmaxorcilebelma pirebma unda

gaataron yvela saWiro da adekvaturi RonisZieba, romelic aucilebelia im

didi riskis Tavidan asacileblad, romelic dakavSirebulia klientis

fizikuri daswrebis gareSe masTan saqmiani urTierTobebis damyarebasa Tu

garigebis dadebasTan. RonisZiebebma unda uzrunvelyon vinaobis dadgena

damatebiTi dokumenturi mtkicebulebis moTxovnis gziT. amasTanave,

erTmaneTisagan unda gaimijnos garigebasTan dakavSirebuli

mtkicebulebebis da klientis identifikaciasTan dakavSirebuli

mtkicebulebebis Senaxvis vada. kanonproeqtSi avtomaturad unda

ganisazRvros moTxovna, romlis Tanaxmadac dokumentebis Senaxvis vada

aiTvleba am urTierTobis Sewyvetis momentidan.

fulis gaTeTrebis erT-erT mastimulirebeli faqtori teqnologiuri

progresia, ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRmkveTi kanonmdebloba ki

  

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ar unda CamorCes finansuri institutebis mier bazrisTvis axali

produqtebis SeTavazebis temps da es axali produqtebi ar unda iqnas

gamoyenebuli kriminalebis mier danaSaulebrivi miznebis

gansaxorcieleblad. gaeros narkotikebTan da danaSaulTan samdivnom

danaSaulobis prevenciisa da kriminaluri iusticiis gaeros me-12

kongresisTvis moamzada eleqtronul danaSaulTan dakavSirebuli proeqti.

konvenciis proeqtSi aRiniSna, rom “eleqtronuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg

globaluri konvenciis SemuSaveba saWiroebs sakiTxisadmi frTxil da

gaazrebul midgomas“. amasTanave, kriptovalutebis momavali jer naTlad

ar aris gansazRvruli. ase, rom mizanSewonilia Zalebis gaerTianeba fulis

gaTeTrebis sawinaaRmdegod, romelic moicavs rogorc specialuri

organoebis warmomadgenelTa, aseve sabanko da sxva finansuri institutebis

TanamSromelTa trenings, romlebic erToblivad Seecdebian rogorc

fulis gaTeTrebis, ise korufciis problemis prevencias da mis Semdgom

aRmofxvras.

sxva qveynebis gamocdileba adasturebs, rom informaciis

organizebuli gacvla mkveTrad zrdis fulis gaTeTrebis aRmkveTi

samuSaoebis efeqturobas. Tanamedrove teqnologiebi, sxvadasxva

sainformacio cnobari Tu saerTaSoriso publikacia da informaciis didi

nakadis gadamamuSavebeli analitikur programebi xels uwyoben ukanonod

miRebuli Semosavlebis legalizaciis faqtebis gamovlenasa da maT

Semdgom prevencias. aseve, sasurvelia informaciis didi nakadis

gadamamuSavebeli mowinave sagamoZiebo, analitikuri programebis, maT

Soris, “12” e.w. “analitikosis wignakis” gamoyeneba. “12’’-is garda aseve

arsebobs kompiuteruli programebi, maT Soris NetMiner, UCInet, Pajek, sxv,

romelic iZleva monacemebis informaciad gardaqmnis saSualebas da

kompaniebis saxelwodebebs, mowileTa raodenobas, vinaobas, misamarTebs,

dabadebis TariRebs ise gardaqmnis, rom saerTo saxelwodebebs Soris

xilul kavSirs adgens. programebi saSualebas aZleven mkvlevars rTuli,

kompleqsuri bazebidan mopovebuli informacia martivad daakavSiros

erTmaneTTan da Seqmnas e.w. logikuri scenarebi. amgvarad, kavSirebis

dadgena, romelic analitikoss gauWirdeboda monacemTa bazebis

raodenobis gamo, ukve SesaZlebelia kompiuteruli programis meSveobiT.

  

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kompiuteruli programebis SesaZleblobebi izrdeba, rodesac mas

gamoiyeneben analitikosTa mier Seqmnil monacemTa bazebSi. aseTi baza

funqcionirebs, rogorc damakavSirebeli xidi da uzrunvelyofs

gacvlisTvis dacul samuSao sivrces. amasTanave, fulis gaTeTrebis Sesaxeb

raime eWvis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, Sesabamis dawesebulebas unda daevalos,

ar ganaxorcielos konkretuli garigeba da Seatyobinos policias an sxva

makontrolebel organos informacia. Tu informaciis gacema xdeba

keTilsindisieri gziT, maSin igi ar warmoadgens saidumloebis principis

darRvevas.

kvlevis SezRudvebi: winamdebare naSromSi gamoyenebulia

raodenobrivi kvlevis meTodebi, romelic eyrdnoba msoflio bankis da

bazelis Savi fulis gaTeTrebis indeqsis monacemTa bazas. Teoriebisa da

wamyvani mecnierebis naSromebis analizis da sinTezis Sedegad Camoyalibda

hipoTezebi, romlebic Semowmda empiriuli kvlevis gamoyenebiT.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, midgoma, romelsac efuZneba naSromi

gulisxmobs Camoyalibebuli hipoTezebis empiriuli kvlevis saSualebiT

Semowmebas. Tumca, aRniSnuli naSromis erT-erTi udidesi SezRudva aris is

faqti, rom Savi fulis gaTeTrebis indeqsis gamoTvla warmoebs 2012

wlidan. miRebuli Sedegebis saimedoobis da sizustis gaumjobesebisaTvis

aucilebelia meti informacia, romelic moicavs minimum 10 an 15 wels. 

 

  

185  

gamoyenebuli literatura

asaniZe s., ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis (fulis gaTeTrebis)

kriminologiuri daxasiaTeba, Tbilisi, 2012, gv.16, 22, 82

danelia b., Crdilovani ekonomika 60 procents aWarbebs, statia, 2018, gv.1

http://for.ge/view.php?for_id=52242&cat=1

gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia, Human development Reports, Income Gini Coefficient.

hdr.undp.org/en/content/income-gini-coefficient

gogberaSvili a., ukanono Semosavlis legalizacia, Tbilisi, 2012, gv.1-2

informaciis Tavisuflebis ganviTarebis instituti, Tbilisi, 2016, gv.1

janaSia j., XXI saukunis gamowveva, Tbilisi, 2002, gv.5-6, 229-231

kepulaZe n., sulamaniZe r., ukanono Semosavlebis legalizacia-Savi fulis

gaTeTreba, Tbilisi, 2015, gv.4-5

kvleviTi departamenti, kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis sainformacio

uzrunvelyofis ganyofileba, Tbilisi, 2015, gv.1-4

msoflio bankis angariSi. organizaciis oficialuri veb-gverdi:

http://www.worldbank.org/

niauri n., kvleviTi departamenti. kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis sainformacio

uzrunvelyofis ganyofileba, Tbilisi, 2015 

panamis dokumentebi, mokled da gasagebad, sainformacio portali NEWS.ON.GE,

mopovebulia 12 aprili, 2016, http://bit.ly/25J6ftK 

pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi, saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli

samsaxuri, mopovebulia 13 aprili, 2016, http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=139&lang=geo

radu p., fulis kvaldakval, cifruli gzamkvlevi korufciis gamosavlenad,

Tbilisi, gv.22-25

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