ao utrition - bio accentmonitor the health school children, growth rate is one of the most simple,...

BAOJ Nutrition Aradhana Dixit, BAOJ Nutrition 2018 4: 1

4: 048

BAOJ Nutrition, an open access journal Volume 4; Issue 1; 048

Research

Effect of “Spirulina” On Children Aged 8-12 yearsAradhana Dixit*

Department of Home Science New Girls Degree College, Indore, India.

*Corresponding Author: Aradhana Dixit, Department of Home Science, New Girls Degree College, Indore, India, E-mail: [email protected]

Sub Date: November 30th, 2017, Acc Date: December 25th, 2017, Pub Date: January 1st 2018.

Citation: Aradhana Dixit (2018) Effect of “Spirulina” On Children Aged 8-12 years. BAOJ Nutrition 4: 048.

Copyright: © 2018 Aradhana Dixit. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Introduction

School going years is a time when child is growing. Antia [1]. Says that “meals should be regular and nibbling between should be discouraged.”

Once child starts going to school, the attention of parents is diverted towards studies and food becomes secondary. As a result nutritional status of child goes down. To overlook all these problems ‘Spirulina is being introduced as a” new source of healthcare.” And promotes growth.

Spirulina, the micro algae was a popular food among the early men. The historic documents Speak about the use of spirulina as food by humans, which dates back to several centuries.

Interest in food application of microalgae has its origin on two counts. Firstly, in certain countries a small section of the population has been eating naturally green algae harvested from lakes etc. Without ill effects.-Farrar (1996)

Secondly, the focus on protein calorie malnutrition in third world countries was drawn by FAO in Sixties which lead to the identification of newer protein sources particularly the single cell protein which includes algae.-Food and agricultural organization (1963) Micro algae by virtue of the high protein content and good photosynthetic efficiency have attracted worldwide attention.-Richmond [2]. Initially it was green algae chlorella and Scenedesmus which received attention and is eighties, a cyanbacterium, spirulina had over taken the lucrative.Klausner (1986)

Spirulina grows in some Mexican, African alkaline lakes. Since the organism grows well in lakes and also in other subjected to waste from mining operations, Culture of this organism has attracted attention in U.S., Mexico, Japan, Israel and some countries of Europe.

Nutritive Quality and Therapeutic Applications

Source of complete protein: Spirulina has the highest protein content among the natural foods (65%) : far more than animals and fish flesh (15-25 %) soya bean (35%), whole milk (3%), dried milk (35%) eggs (121%) and grains (8-14%) or peanuts (25%)-Henrikson [3].

A protein is said to be complete if it contains all the essential amino acids

in the required proportion. Spirulina is a source of complete protein, as it contains all the eight essential amino acids and ten non-essential amino acids. Feeding tests rank proteins by the net protein Utilization (NPU) value determined by amino acid quality and its digestibility (Proportion retained by the body). The following table gives the NPU and usable protein values of spirulina and some other foods.

Source of Natural Vitamins: Vitamins and minerals are the essential components of our diet. With the changing food habits, very often our normal diet is found depleted in the essential vitamins, which in turn manifest in various types of health disorders. To overcome this deficiency problem, synthetic vitamins are administered, which have their own advantages and disadvantages. Hence for safety one may have to depend on the natural foods containing adequate vitamins.

In the words of internationally acclaimed nutritionist, Dr. Paavo Airola(N.D), “It is wise to take vitamins and minerals in the form of food supplements, where they occur in their natural form, strength and in combination with all other nutritive factors such as enzymes and trace elements, for optimum assimilation and biological activity.


of 14Citation: Aradhana Dixit (2018) Effect of “Spirulina” On Children Aged 8-12 years. BAOJ Nutrition 4: 048.

Vitamins in the natural foods, such as vegetables and spirulina are chelated with natural components of food, like protein, carbohydrates and lipids. The human body recognizes the entire complex as food and completely assimilates the same.-Henrikson [4].

Spirulina is a rich source of natural bio-chelated vitamins, containing all the vitamins in carotene, the pro vitamin A. The beta-carotene content in spirulina is several times higher than that of carrots. Spirulina contains the 9-CIS-isomeric form of beta-carotene.-Amtoz (1987)

Spirulina is a whole food source of B-complex vitamins and is the only vegetarian source of vitamin B-12. Spirulina also contains vitamin B1, Vitamin B2, Vitamin B3, and Vitamin B6. Spirulina also contains vitamin E, folic acid, biotin, inositol and pantothenic acid.-Weisbyrges [5].

Source of Organic Minerals: Spirulina is a good source of bio chelated iron. It is believed that the natural pigment phytocyanin found in spirulina forms a soluble complex with iron and other minerals making them easily absorbable and resulting in a higher bioavailability studies show that iron from spirulina is 60% better absorbed than ferrous sulphate. -Johnson (1986)

Spirulina also contains good amount of bio-chelated calcium, magnesium, manganese, potassium, copper, zinc, thromium and selenium.

Source of Essential Fatty Acids: Humans require a dietary source of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Spirulina has only 4 to 7% lipids or fats and most of these are essential fatty acids as listed in the table below.

Spirulina’s Essential Fatty Acid Composition

A Rainbow of Colourful Natural Pigments : Spirulina has several important natural pigments of which three are of major importance to the human being. Caroteroids make upto 0.37% of spirulina biomass. Spirulina is 1.1% of chlorophyll level than any other plants. Chlorophyll is referred to as green blood, because it is similar to the haemoglobin molecule in human blood, chlorophyll contains a magnesium ion at core, which give it a green colour, while hemoglobin contains iron, which gives it a red color. A theory suggests if chlorophyll has sufficient iron then it can displace magnesium to yield hemoglobin molecule. Joseph [6]. Phycocyanin comprises upto 20% of the total dry weight of the spirulina bio-mass. Phycocyanin has both magnesium and iron in its molecular ring, and therefore phycocyanin might be parental molecule of both chlorophyll and hemoglobin.-Shimamatsu (1989)

Glycolipids and Sulpholipids

Spirulina is known to contain glycolipids and sulpholipids. Kataoka and Miskai [28].

Spirulina Contains 5-8% lipids and out of this 40% is glycolipids and 2-5% is sulpholipids.-Venkatraman and Becker [7] In 1986 National Cancer Institute announced that certain chemicals such as sulpholipids and glycolipids found in blue green algae were found to be “Remarkably active” against the AIDS virus. -Gustaafson [8].

Carbohydrates and Starch

Spirulina contains 15-20% starch and sugars. The primary form of carbohydrates such as rhamnose and glycogen, the two poly-saccharides,

TABLE 1.3.5.2 (a) PROTEIN QUALITY OF SPIRULINA AND OTHER PROTEIN FOOD SOURCES – Switzer (1982) The whole Food Revolution.

Spirulina Protein is 85 to 95% digestible.

Table : 1.3.5.3

Fatty acids %

Myrestic acid 0.2

Palmitic acid 4.5

Palmitolinic acid 5.6

Heptadenoic acid 0.3

Stearic acid 1.4

Oleic acid 2.2

Linolenic acid 17.9

Gamma Linolenic acid 24.9

Others 2.52

Spirulina’s Essential Fatty Acid Composition

FOOD PROTEIN % NPU % USABLE PROTEIN %Spirulina 65 62 40Dried Eggs 47 94 44Brewer Yeast 45 50 23Soya Flour 37 61 23Dried milk, skims 36 87 30Cheese 36 87 25Wheat germ 27 67 18Chicken 24 67 16



which are easily absorbed by the body with minimum insulin interventions. Spirulina offers energy, without taxing the pancreas or precipitating hypoglycemia.-Joseph [9].

Scope of the study It is must to introduce material which is rich and nutrient dense; at the same time it is easily available and cheap too. To fulfill this objective “Spirulina” is being introduced. In the present study effect of spirulina was seen on growth.

Public health screening –Assessment of growth and development is the most powerful epidemiological tool for early identification of children who may not look apparently sick but who have suboptimal health and malnutrition.

To assess growth and development is not only enough but to find its solution is important i.e. how to improve nutritional status [10].

In this study I tried to get easy cheap source in form of spirulina.

When we assess growth it is indicator of general health of nutrition of community.

Review of Literature

Review related to anthropometric measurements of children, according to Verma [11]. In India 42% of the total population are children below 15 years. These are only from a large part of the population but are also vulnerable and considered to be a special risk group. The outstanding feature of childhood is growth and development which is influenced by nutrition to a great extent. The physical dimensions, such as height, weight, thus can be good indicators of nutritional status particularly in rapidly growing periods of early childhood and adolescence.

Devadas and Easwaran [12]. Found that school age is a dynamic period of physical growth and development along with mental, emotional and social changes. Survey data in India show that considerable proportions of school children are malnourished and have a diseased growth rate. Parathvi and Devadas [13]. States that to monitor the health of school children, growth rate is one of the most simple, reliable and important parameters.

Indira Bai et al [14]. Says those children between 5 years and 12 years from an important segment of the population, comprising about 25% of the entire population of India. Easwarn and Devadas (1984) says that to monitor the health school children, growth rate is one of the most simple, reliable and important parameters.

Secane and Latham [15]. stated that it provides the best and simple tool for the assessment of malnutrition. According to Wakhils [16]. Nutritional anthropometry is one of the most important method of assessment of growth and development because physical dimensions of the body are much affected by the state of nutrition especially in rapidly growing

children. Water low 1976 keller (1983) studied that it is generally considered that low weight for height indicates recent nutritional experience where as stunting or low height for age is the best indicator of the deviation under nutrition. In addition low height for age is the commonest from of under nutrition in developing countries.

According to Sikri (1972) Height and weight are the best soma tropic traits to determine the growth pattern of a subject particularly of a group. Malhotra (1920) school age children are the most neglected group in development countries FAO and UNICEF experts have also reported that school children are no longer as nutritionally vulnerable as preschools. But due to poor nutrition and health the children will remain physically and mentally underdeveloped.

Anthropometric Measurements and Socio-Economic Status

Gopaln ( 1985 ) and Datta ( 1970 ) et at found that in many countries children of elite and better socioeconomic group were having height and weight closer to international standards. Easwarn and Devadas (1984) studying on height and weight measurements found that children from the high income group had higher measurements than those from the low income group.

Verma (1983) The children from the higher income groups were found to be taller and heavier than the children from lower income group. The girls of income group I ( Rs ˃ 2501/ month ) and 13-14 years respectively as against 14-15 years in group III ( Rs 500-1500/ month ) and IV ( Rs ˂ 500/month ).Verma ( 1983 ) found that children.

From the higher income groups were found to be taller and heavier than the children from lower income group.Cravioto, Delicardie and Birch [17]. Found that children in poor areas of developing countries are small because of poor diets and infections. Rao et al [18]. Pointed out growth attainable under satisfactory socioeconomic environment, optimum nutrition and adeqate health care could be considered as representing full expression of genetical potential for growth.

Vijay lakshmi and Rao [19]. Studied nutritional status of tribal children of 0-12 years and found that nutritional status is also affected by social-economic factors. It was observed that the non tribal were shorter than tribal children within the age 6-12 years with the regards to weight also the non tribal children were lighter than the tribal children of the same age group i.e. 6-12 year. Nutritional status of these children as assessed by weight for age revealed t hat 25.3% of boys and 60.4% girls in group B were malnourished. In better socio-economic group although the incidence of malnutrition was comparatively less, it was far from satisfactory with 34.8% boys and 31.7% girls being undernourished. While grade II and grade III malnutrition was common in group B, grade I malnutrition was equally common in both groups [20].

Anthropomentis Measurements and Sex



Verma (1983) found that the girls grew faster up to 13-15 years whereas growth spurt in boys occurred during 14-15 years and they surpassed the growth of the girls.

Technical report series no.18 (1972) states that between the ages of 10 and 18 years, the average Indian girl gains 23.3cms. In height and 18.8Kgs in weight. Much of this is gained between the age of 10 and 15 years and the increase thereafter is small, particularly with respect t to height.

Anthropometric Measurements and Family Size

Devadas and Easwaran [21]. Found that children of small sized families had higher values for height and weight measurements with significant difference compared to those from larger families.

Anthropomentric Measurements and Nutritional Status: Goyal and chavan [22]. Found that heights & weights of children were less than ICMR figures indicating state of chronic malnutrition only 15.6% of the children had normal status [23].

Reviews Related To Haemoglobin Levels of Children: Chwang et al [24].Expansion of red-cell mass and growing tissues requires considerable energy and increases the demand for iron during the periods of rapid growth the deficiency has on the other hand been associated with reduced immunocompetence as indicated by impaired cell medicated immunity and reduced microbiological capacity of leucocytes Periera (1971) did a survey in Tamil Nadu in which 40% of the children had haemoglobin values than 10.8 gm% [25].

Anne and Begun (1985) found that children with severe ascaris species infection and multiple parasites had low haemoglobin levels but not children with other parasites such as Hymenolepsis and Endamoeba histolytica.

Chwang et al. (1988) in their experiment found that children with iron deficiency anemia weighed less and were shorter than children classified as normal. Several explanations, not exclusive of each other, can be postulated one is the possible coexistence of PEM and iron deficiency Baker and John [26].

Pai and Theophillus [27]. Found that girls belonging to higher socio-economic levels had higher mean haemoglobin levels. Malhotra and Rao [28]. Found about third pf the children were having normal levels of haemoglobin (˃= 12gms%) According to a report of NIN (1975-1980) the major cause of iron deficiency anemia among our population appear to be inadequate intake and/or poor absorption of iron.

Odeeye and Odeeye [29]. Studied the effect of children supplementation on some haematological values, sixty four children with moderate PEM were fed diets supplemented with calorie or starch ( control ) for 14 days following which iron status as packed cell volume ( PCV ), haemoglobin ( Hb), serium iron, total iron binding capacity ( TIBC ) etc. Was determined

calorie supplementation significantly increased ( p˂ 0.05 ) PCV, serum iron and serum ferrites and decreased ( P ˂0.05 ) TIBC. It is concluded that calorie supplementation to PEM children increases body iron status.

Hemoglobin Level and Anemia

Pai and Theophilus [30]. States that anemia exists in many human beings throughout the world, particularly in poorer countries. The who has pointed out that a great deal of ill health sapping energy and productiveness in many countries and causing tragedies in child birth is due to anemia. Venkatchalan (1968) Nutritional anemias are known to be widely prevalent in the Indian sub-continent, and of these iron deficiency anemia appears to be the most common [22].

Review Related To Deficiency Signs of Nutrients and Other Related Health Problems: Verma (1983) found that children higher income group drank milk 2-3 times a day while poor families’ milk consumption was low. Likewise fruits, egg and meat were more frequently included in the diet in the children from higher income group. But the cereal consumption was found to increase with decreasing level [31].

Malhotra and Rao (1984) fount that in respect of calories the position was below the recommended level. The deficiency ranged from 32.9% in 6 years old children to 39.4% in 13-15< year old boys.

Singh ,Rao Nayar and Chaudhary [32]. Working on children of Vidharbha region found that major nutritional deficiency sighns observed in the children were those of vitamin a deficiency like conjunctiva xerosis and bitot’s spots and vitamin B deficiencies like angular stomatiti and cheilosis. Other signs like spongy and bleeding gums, pallor, phrynoderna through encountered were much less [33].

Results from study of Singh et al (1987) indicated that the children of villages had lower prevalence of nutritional deficiency sigh in respect of vitamin A, bleeding gums(vitamin C) and iron deficiency while vitamin D complex deficiency signs were a little higher as compared to their counterparts. Goyal and Chavan (1993) says vitamin A deficiency was observed in 30.0% of school children with earlier students were it ranged between 1.8% to 21.3 %. Malhotra and Ras (1984) found that the intake of proteins was adequate in lower age group up to a year. However the deficiency was noticed in older children with range from 4.2% in ten year old children to 23.2% in 13 to 15 year old girls. Anne and Begun [34]. Found that about 17% of the study children showed commonly occurring deficiency signs. These children were having angular stomatitis is discoloured hairs, papillae atrophic and conjunction xerosis and mottled enamel about 9,4,2 and 1 % respectively. About 14% among them were suffering from dental caries.

Singh et al (1987) found that dental carries, significance of which as nutritional deficiency sigh is not clearly understood was the most common clinical condition observed in children of Vidharbha region.



Justification of study: In the present study affect if spirulina (a material) was seen on growth pattern of children aged 8 to 10 years. This is the age when food needs are increased in keeping with the child’s growth rate and activity. Thus at this time amount of foods, thus nutrients will be increased spirulina is best method to do so.

The utilization of algae as a human food is a new concept. Spirulina is a new hope to feed millions of undernourished people around the world. Consumption pattern of spirulina in from of tablet is easy and convenient.

The farming of algae for food and pharmaceutical use is a revolutionary step in agriculture. Cultivation of algae for food and pharmaceutical use is carried out under stringent hygienic conditions. Applying bio technical methods several algae cultivating grow algae onj a very large scales. Cultivation of algae is very convenient and very easy method. Cultivation may be done on free gift of nature- ponds or in large tanks-which do not need costly maintenance. Detoxication of algae is also cheap as it only sun drying hence spirulina is of great benefit.

Methodology

Present study, scientific methodology was used to reduce the possibility of any type of errors. The steps climbed to reach the goal was-

The objectives of study:

-To study the effect of Spirulina on the physical growth pattern of children.

-To study the effect of Spirulina on haemoglobin levels of blood in experimental and control group.

-To study the effect of dietary intake on growth.

-To study the effect of socioeconomic status on the growth.

The Hypothesis of the Study: The following hypothesis was laid in the present experiment-

-There shall be difference in physical growth in children of experimental and control group i.e. in height and weight

-There shall be difference in deficiency signs of nutrients and food and other health problems in children of experimental and control group.

Table 1 Distribution of Samples According To Age and Sex.

The Volunteers: A Chinese proverb says” A young branch takes all the

blends. “The study was done on such unmolded clays i.e. children aged 8-12 years for to present study random sampling was done so that every item of the population had an equal chance of being selected.

The Sampling Technique: The present study was conducted in the month of October and November 1995.

Before starting experiment a volunteers were selected from the population.

While selecting volunteers it was kept in mind that, every volunteer may appear to be different i.e. in health, body, habits, personality etc. But fundamentally they are similar in many respects so that study of some will throw light upon the whole second assumption was based on the law of statistical regularity that states that every unit has equal chance of being selected, as selection was done on purely random basis.

Thirdly it was kept in mind that accuracy is not essential for ex. If average weight of volunteer is 30 kg, but the volunteer study discloses it to be 28 or 30 kg. The generalization would not be significantly affected.

Keeping above assumption in mind study was started. The initial step in procedure was taking permission from concerned authority-

1. Permission from the principals of govt. Schools.

2. Permission from block development officer.

AGE 8 9 10 11 12 TOTAL

MALE 5 6 19 30

FEMALE 1 1 7 8 13 30

Total number of selected samples was 60, which included both male and female. They were selected from government school, kila maidan

S.No. Name Of Locale Control Group Experiment Group1. Govt. girls school 15 15 Kilamaian, Indore. 2. Govt. Boys school 15 15 Total 30 30

DISTRIBUTION OF VOLUNTEERS ACCODING TO LOCALE

Finally by random sampling, volunteers were grouped in the following way-

60 volunteers

/--------------------------ˡ-----------------------\

30 Females 30 Males

ˡ ˡ

/------------------------\ /-------------------\

15 volunteers 15 volunteers 15 volunteers 15 volunteers

(control group) (experimental (control group) (experimental Group) group )



The above permission was taken after showing doctor’s certificate that indicated that tablets of spirulina are harmless and safe.

3. Permission from the parents of volunteers was taken. Finally random sampling was done

According to Paten (N.D) “Random sampling is the form applied when the method of selection assures each individual or element in universe has an equal of being selected.”Random sampling was done because it has many advantages like-it is free from bias, simple, economical and time saving method. Before drawing sample, unit of volunteers i.e. Government schools, were decided because they were nearer to college and hence were easy to locate. Next step was making of “source list”. “The list which contains the names of the units of universe from which the sample is to be selected is technically known as source list.. Bajpai [35].

School attendance register was used. As it was maintained by an authority, hence it was reliable.

Information about volunteers was taken – this included information about TOOLS AND TECHNIQUE

General Information: For the present study general information about sample was taken- this included information about family members etc. (Refer appendix -) this information were taken so that their affect on child could be found out.

Nutritional Status: “ Evaluation of nutritional status involved examination of the individual’s physical conditions, growth & development behavior, the urinary, blood or tissue level of nutrients and quality and quantity of nutrient intake” – Krause & Mahan [36].

In the present study nutritional status was assessed by following methods-

Anthropometric Measurements

Anthropometry, the study of human body measurements, comprises a valuable part of nutritional assessment profile. Frankle owen [37]

The pattern of growth and the physical status of the body though genetically determined are profoundly influenced by diet and nutrition; hence, anthropometric measurements are useful criterion for assessing nutritional status.

Height and weight measurements are most suitable anthropometric measurements for school going children. Therefore for present study these measurements were taken [38].

AGE – Age was assessed from school records according to their birth certificates.

WEIGHT – It reflects more recent nutrition of the child or adult than does height.

Weight was taken twice. Once before giving spirulina supplements and second time after period of a month i.e. after experiment.

According to pass more and Davidson- “weighing machine is useful and accurate tool for investigating nutritional status”.

For present study “ Krupps weighing machine” was used, Reproducibility of the machine was checked prior to the starting of procedure. This was done by keeping the known weight on the machine and taken the measurements in the machine depicts whether the machine is correct or not.

Several precautions were taken, while taking weight sample should not bend, sample was asked to be minimum clothing and barefooted, weight was taken midway between breakfast and lunch as weights are assessed after meal or urination. Samples were measured nearest to 500 gms.

Height

Measurement of height is used for assessment of skeletal linear growth. Height was taken prior to experiment i.e. before giving spirulina supplements and after one month, when spirulina supplements were stopped. According to Krause and Mann [39]. In older children and adult the measurement is subject to considerable daily variation and is usually in morning than in evening because of fatigue and faulty posture. Hence height was taken during mid-way time.

Following procedure was adopted-

a) Volunteer was asked to stand barefooted.

b) Volunteer was kept straight without jumping.

c) Volunteer’s head, shoulder and buttocks were touching wall.

d) Do not measure height with movable measuring rod of platform scales.

e) Fix measuring stick or tape to a true vertical flat surface such as wall.

f) Volunteer was kept in only underclothes so that stance can be seen clearly.

g) Height was read up to ¼ th inch or 1/10 th of cms.

Biochemical Measurements: Hemoglobin Estimation

For this cyanmethaemoglobin method using finger prick procedure for qualitative estimation of blood haemoglobin was used. This method has been recommended by the 10th international Hematologic congress and WHO expert committee on nutritional anemia.

Principle of this method- potassium ferricyanide converts hemoglobin ion from ferrous to ferric state to form methamoglobin.



The resulting methamoglobin then combine with 8potassium cyanide to produce the stable pigment cyanmethaemoglobin. (Haemoglobin – cyanide method). Cyanmethaemoglobin represents the sum of oxyharmoglobin, corboxyhaemoglobin and methaemoglobin.

The procedure adopted was as follows-prepared Drabkins solution ( Aciculate reagent ) was used, 5ml of Drabkins reagent was filled in sterilized glass vials by using a pipette, as the reagent is poisonous. Sterilization was done by washing in soap solution and then keeping in incubator for 6 to 7 hours.

For sample collection disposable needles were used, cotton swab was given to samples before pricking, they were instructed that they have to keep this swab but not to press at that point after pricking. The blood sample was then transferred into the glass vial containing the reagent; precautions like rinsing the pipette with reagent and lightly shaking of vials after injecting the samples were used.

Each vial was given different number and the corresponding numbers were noted on the perform to avoid mistakes.

Then the samples were brought to the pathological laboratory. Optical density was measured for every batch of samples against the blank at 540no. Optical density of blank was noted for every batch. Concentration of hemoglobin in gms/d1 was noted by the optical density of the reading of the test specimen from the calibration curve for the sample collection assistance of a lab. Technician was availed. This method was used as it is more scientific procedure as results are noted by calorimeter, thus chances of manual errors are very few. Haemoglobin estimation is an essential method of assessing the nutritional status as it gives the exact status of body fluids.

Food Consumption: To assess the food consumption of the volunteer dietary recall method was used to begin with standardization of food was done.

Raw foods commonly used were taken in utensils of different size (like bowl can be small medium or large size ). This amount was cooked and weighed again and as per serving calculated. These utensils were shown to the samples and were asked – what is the size of their utensils.

Three days dietary recall method was used prior to the experiment. General idea of food consumption was seen during spruilina feeding also. To cross check notebooks were distributed to the volunteers.

Volunteers were asked to fill whatever they ate throughout the 8 day. On the next day notebook was checked on and the next notebook was distributed checked with whatever sample say they eaten.

Nutrient Intake: Average of total food consumed was taken out i.e. converted to food consumed per day per consumption unit.

Then nutrient intake of volunteers was calculated on the basis of the table “Average nutritive value of foodstuff per hundred grams”, from the book “Some Thereupatic diets” of ICMR pib. By C. Gopalan (1994).

Clinical Assessment: The clinical examination is the most important part of nutritional assessment, as we get direct information of the signs and symptom of dietary deficiencies prevalent among people.

Feeding Spiruliya Supplements

Spirulina in market is available in form of spirulina cake, spirulina cookies, spirulina drinks etc. In present study spirutina was given in form of tablets.

First volunteers were not ready to take spirulina supplements. This may be because of the large size of tablets, they were difficult to swallow. Some volunteers were throwing them on the very first day. Somehow volunteers were motivated, some by affection and some by scolding. From the day supplements were given in front of researchers for a period of one month.

Supplements were given during mid-day after the samples have taken their lunch. In present study, some volunteers couldn’t digest, one tablet i.e. of 750gms hence doses were reduced to half as directed by physician.

Statistical Analysis

Consultation was made with the satiation and then the collected data was analyzed for the statistical references by using’t’ test. Application of these that on the related data are discussed in details in the next chapter.

Result and Discussion

Systematic analysis of various data collected led to certain results. This chapter deals with the meaningful interpretations of the finding. The results and discussion are described under following heads-

-Results related to anthropometric measurements of control and experimental groups.

- Results related to Hb level among control and experiment groups.

-Results related to food and nutrient intake among control and experimental groups.

-Results related to health problems.

Results related to anthropometric measurements of control and experimental groups-

The collected data regarding the hypothesis i.e. there shall be difference in physical growth patterns of children of controlled group and experiment group was analyzed statistically by using ‘t test ‘ . Results are retated in table.



Table.3: A. Initial Height of Children of Control and Experimental Groups.

Initially there was no difference between height of volunteers of experimental and control groups. The method adopted was correct method that is random sampling. “Random “word here does not mean haphazard, careless, unplanned or hit and miss. The importance of random sampling is that every effort is made to will have the same probability of being included in the sample. In experiment also it was that all conditions like nutritional and physical were similar initially.

Table 3 : B. Final Height of Children of Experiment and Control Group.

Again there was no significant difference between height of experiment group and control group. Height of person is much more influenced by hereditary then their environment

The yearly increase in height is very less i.e. that is the yearly increase varies from 4.0 to 7.7 cms in boys (5-14 years ) and 4.97 cms to 7.2 cms in girls ( 5-12 years ). The increase in height declines after 12 years in girls. – Swami Nathan (1993) as this study was conducted for short period i.e. for a month no significant increase in height was seen.

Table 4. A. Initial Weight of Children of Experiment and Control Group.

Table 4. B .Final Weight of Children of Experiment And Control Group.

There was significant difference between the weights of experiment and control group (after giving spirulina supplements) refer table (b). Weight of person is indicator of nutritional status. According to francis D moore (1963) the weight of man can be divided into three compartments.

Weight = cm + water + fat

55% 30% 15%

Where cm = cellular mass,

Fat = energy reserves held in supporting tissues,

EST/water – Extra cellular supporting tissue is again divided in to (1 extra cellular fluid ) and ( 2 mineral and protein fire in the skeleton ).

There is effect of nutrition on body composition, which further effects weight.

In Romania spirulina tables were given to 21 patients with nutritional deficiency at Bucharest municipal clinic to patients who had suffer to weight loss in conjunction with chronic pancreatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, anemia, diabetic and other disorders. The patients gained weight and showed an improvement in their status.Fica (1984)

In terms of protein, one kg of spirulina is equivalent to 5 kg of meat or nice liters of milk and it is 2.5 times greater in vitamin B constant then that of lever extracts. (Recline report) Table 4.1.3 gives nutrient composition of milk and egg in comparison to spirulina.

Table 5 : Mean Increments In Weight Os Children In Three Groups TABLE

Source: Devdas, Chandrasekhar and Bhooma (1984)

Dotta [40]. Found that absolute increments were also influenced by socio economic status but the difference was much less marked than in case of weights.

Statistical analysis reveals that nutrient intake of experimental and control groups was equal before giving spirulina supplements and increments in weight of experimental group tells that this increment was due to spirulina supplements which are nutrient dense material [41].

S.No. Groups Mean(cms) Df Sd ‘T’Value1. Experiment 135.0 28 22.5 1.07 *2. Control 137.75 24 13.0

*Not significant.

S.No Groups Mean(Cms) Df Sd ‘ T’ Value1. Experiment 138.2 28 11.6 0.15*

2. Control 138.5 24 16.9

*Not significant.

S.NO GROUPS MEAN(KG) DF SD ‘t’VALUE 1. Experiment 25.8 29 15.7 0.54*2. Control 25.2 29 20.3

* Not significant. Initially there was so significant difference between weights of experimental and control groups.

S.NO. GROUPS MEANS(KG) DF SD ‘T’VALUE1. Experiment 26.6 29 15.9 3.84**2. Control 25.6 29 14.7

** Significant p ˂ 0.01

WEIGHTS IN KGGROUP INITIAL FINAL INCRASES T VALUERagi based 13.90+-17.07+- 3.7+- ragi vs. Rice 0.79Diet 1.23 1.3 0.59 ragi vs control 10.83Rice based 14.03 +-17.04+- rice vs control 9.42*Diet Control 14.22+- 15.3+- 1.08+-Diet 1.67 1.71 0.6



Thus the hypothesis i.e. there shall be difference in growth pattern of children of experimental and control groups was partially accepted in case of weight.

Result Related To Hb Level Of Sample Of Control And Experimental And Control Groups.

(A) Initial Hemoglobin of Children of Experimental and Control Group

There was no significant difference between hemoglobin of experimental and control group. Nutrient intake of both experimental and control group was same.

This prove that method adopted i.e. random sampling was correct method

(A) Finial Hemoglobin of Children of Experimental and Control Group

This prove that method adopted i.e. random sampling was correct methoThere was no difference between final haemoglobin of experimental and control group.

Through spirulina contain iron, but most of it it in unavailable from this was further because 1.2 % of total iron is ionisable. Affect of vitamin c on bioavailability of iron from spirulina was seen. Spirulina algae are very rich in iron. Earlier studies have shown that total iron content is around 89mg/100 mg but most of it is in an unavailable form, since only 1.2 % of the total iron is ionisable. Ascorbic acid is known to enhance acid the bioavailability was examined.

The bio availability of the spirulina iron which was only 1% could be increased to 66% with addition of ascorbic acid at 10% level this effect was dose dependent. Thus spirulina cannot be regarded as a good source of iron unless ascorbic acid is providing simultaneously.rsiggha Rao (1983) reports that although habitual diets contain seemingly adequate amount of iron, less the 5 % of it is absorbed, this is the major reason for the wide spread deficiency.

Narsingh Rao (1983) said that the dietary iron absorption from habitual diet consumed in India is quiet low being only 2 to 3%.

At this level of absorption of iron balance is not possible in a large proportion of our population when iron intake goes below 20mg/day. These diets, particularly of those of poor people are rich prompter like ascorbic acid and meat hence have low iron availability.

Result Related To Nutrient Intake

(A) Calorie Intake of Experimental and Control Group.

Shows that there was no significant difference between calorie intake of control and experimental groups.

The main source of calorie was rice and wheat ceral intake was lesser then recommended by ICMR (1999) i.e. 446 ceral per day. As stored our calories are the major source of calories. According to Gopalan (1994) rise are the cheapest widely available source of energy their contribution to energy intake is the highest among the poor families and it decrease with increasing income. Calories rich foods are animal food, sugar, oil. All these food groups were taken in fewer amounts and in repeatable no 4.3.1 and 4.3.7 mean on take of some energy rice food groups taken by sample is given below.

(B) Mean Intake of Calorie Rich Foods of Experimental And Control Group.

Malhotra and Rao (1984) Result of survey revealed that details of children were mainly based on millets and pulse. They usually ate three meals n a day. The average intake of calories of millets ranged from 219gms in 6 year children to 347 gms % child per day for boys.

S.No Group Mean(gm.l) df SD ‘t’ value1 Experimental 11.41 29 1.12 0.76 **2 Control 11.71 27 1.29

** Non signification

S No. Group Mean df SD “t” value1 Experimental 11.3 29 1.19 0**2 Control 11.3 27 0.8

* Non Signification

S.No Groups Mean df SD ‘t’ value1 Experimental 1229 29 243 0.452 Control 1196 29 335.2

* Non significant

S.No. Food group Recommended Amount consumed / Amount amt. By ICMR /day by consumed (1994)/day experimental group / day by control group

1 Cereals 446 gms 272.3 gms 253.5 gms2. Meat & Egg 11 gms 3.3 gms 0 gms3. Milk 70 ml 77.1 ml 75.7 ml4. Sugar & Jaggery 18 gms 12.5 20.5 gms5. Fats & oils 9 gms 9.7 10.6 gms

* Non Significant



Table No:7 A Protein Intake of Experimental and Control Group

Malhotra and Rao (1984) found that in respect of calories the protein was below the recommended level the deficiency ranged from 32.9 % in year old children to 39 % in 13 to 15 year old boys.

It was found that there was no significant difference between protein intake of control and experimental group.

The principal function of protein in body is building new tissues on growth stage of life. – Mundanbi m Rajgopal [42].

According to ICMR 1994 the recommended daily is allowance for proteins is 59gms per day and 57gms per days and girls resp. The mean tells that average protein intake in less the required amounts thenthere was increase in weigh which was due to spirulina supplements with protein content of over 60%.

Table 7 (B) Mean Intake of Proteins Fich Food by Experiment and Control Group

Malhotra and Rao (1984) found that the intake of protein was adequate in lower age groups up to 9 years. However the deficiency noticed in older children which ranged from 4.2% in ten year old children to 23.2% in 13 to 15 year old girls.

Table 8: 1. Fat Intake of Experiment and Control Group

2. Iron Intake of Experiment and Control Group-

There was no significant difference between control and experiment groups.

All facts are concentrated source of energy providing 9 kilo calorie gm. Vegetable contains polyussative fatty acid like linolenenic and linolenenic acid which are need to meet the EFA requirements. Fat is required diet for:

(a) to provide essential fatty acid.

(b) to impove palatability of diet.

(c) to provide energy density to ensure adequate intake of energy particularly among young children visible fat requirements are fixed currently taking in to account the contribution from invisible fat should not exceed 20%. - Gopalan

22gms of fat are recommended by ICMR-[43].

In experimental sufficient amount of fats and oils were consumed by experiment and control group

(B) Mean Intake Of Iron Foods By Experiment And Control Groups.

The table above shows that there was no significant difference between iron intake of control group and experiment groups [44].

The reduction of iron from ferric ( Fe+++) to ferous ( Fe+++) form improved absorption.

Vitamin c and amino acid which reduces Fe+++ to Fe+++ from improves absorption- Mudambi and Rajgopal [47]. Vitamin c was taken in normal amount by samples (Refer table 4.3.5 and table no 4.3.7).

Secondly, persons taking iron gets tired easily or feel fatigue due to inability of the body to carry sufficient oxygen to the cells for respiration – Mudambi and Rajgopal [45]. This was found in experiment initially ( refer table no 4.5 – Health problems ) before spirulina supplement, spirulina

S.No. Group MEAN(gms) df SD ‘t’ value1 Experimental 39.21 29 8.21 1.482 Control 35.50 29 11

* Non Significant . 1s2

S .No. Food Recommended Amount Consumed Amount Consumed

Group Amt.by Icmr /Day By Exerimental /Day By Control

( 1994 )/Day Group Group

1. Pulse 32 gms 17.0 gms 18.4 gms 2. Meat & Egg 11 gms 3.3 gms 0 gms3. Milk 70 gms 77.1 gms 75.7 ml

S.No. Group MEAN(gms) df SD ‘t’ value1 Experimental 23.5 29 16.6 0.75*2 Control 26.7 29 17.4

* Non Significant

S .No. Food Recommended Amount Consumed Amount Consumed

Group Amt.by Icmr /Day By Exerimental /Day By Control

( 1994 )/Day Group Group

1. Oil 9gms 9.7 gms 10.6gms

S.No. Group MEAN(gms) df SD ‘t’ value1 Experimental 19.63 29 14.24 0.9 *2 Control 22.14 29 5.68

* Non Significant

S.No. Food group Recommended Amount consumed / Amount Amount. By ICMR consumed by consumed by experimental control

1 Jaggery 18 gms 0 0 2. Pulses ( given before table 4..3.2( ) 7.3 cms 29 cms.3. Leafy vegetables 10 gms. 7.3 cms. 29 cms.

* Non Significant



is god source for iron and weakness and fatigue, felt while playing, was cured.

24 gms. Of iron is recommended for boys aged between 10-12 years and 19 gms. For girls. In experiment iron intake was found to be than recommended values, refer table 4.3.4 (a) it was due to lower intake of iron rich foods refer table 4.3.4(b).

Due to lower intake of iron foods

Malhotra and Rao (1984) says that the single most important cause for the wide-spread iron deficiency anemia in our country is inadequate iron intake in the habitual diets, coupled with poor bioavailability of dietary iron.

Table 9 (A)Vitamin C Intake of Experiment and Control Groups-

The table shows not significant difference in intake of vitamin c in experimental and control groups. The mean value vitamin c was 48.63 and 39 mgs per day. The ICMR standards are equal to normal values.

Ascorbic acid that is vitamin c is an essential nutrient for man as it lacks the capacity to synthesize it like many other species. - Gopalan (1994)

(B) Mean Intake Of Foods Rich In Vitamin C By Experiment And Control Groups.

Fruits were not taken by volunteers that are rich source of vitamin c.

In experiment it was found that there was no significant difference in consumption of cereals, pulses, milk and milk products, fruits, egg and meat.

Children of Lower income group were taken so the consumption was less milk was taken in approximately normal amount than the recommended value.

Consumption of meat and egg depends upon the food habits, liking of the individual and purchasing power of the family. As children of low socio economic status were taken in to study consumption of meat was very less.

Fruits were not consumed by the children due to lower socio economic status.

There are significant difference in consumption of other vegetables, fruits and tubers, fats and oil, sugar and jiggery.

Along vegetables, in roots and tubers mainly potatoes were more consumed than other vegetables. Among group of other vegetables ladyfingers was consumed maximum.

Consumption of fats and oil was more than recommended amount as fried foods like ‘pakoda’ were eaten most. Consumption of sugar and jiggery depends upon likes and dislike. Mostly sugar was used in tea.

Amount of leafy vegetables used was little in experiment groups but was consider in high in control as it is cheap food.

Significant difference in consumption of other vegetables, fruits, and tubers, fats and oil, sugar and jiggery and leafy vegetables was due to personal likes and dislikes. Thus the hypothesis i.e. there shall be difference in nutrient intake and food consumption in children of experiment and control groups was rejected.

H1- Results Related To Health Problems.

During sixties there was a world alarm concerning the global protein storage. The ‘third world food survey’ published by food and agriculture organization (FAO) draw attention to the problem of protein supply especially in developing countries.

According to FAO report 16% of the world’s population suffered from severe under nourishment and 30-50% suffered from malnutrition.

India like other developing countries is sufferer of protein – calorie malnutrition. In experiment maximum health problems were related to protein deficiency that included discoloured hairs, pluck able hairs, sparse hairs etc. After feeding spirulina 100% of these problems were cured in experiment group. Spirulina has the highest protein content among the natural food (65%).

Bittot’s Spots

Vitamin A deficiency was on second number 13.3% was found in control group out of which 3.3% was cured. In experiment group out of 10% 3.3% was cured.

Vitamins in the natural food like spirulina are cheated with natural components of food like protein carbohydrates and lipids. The human body recognizes this entire complex and completely assimilated the same. - Herrikson [46].

S.No. Group MEAN(gms) df SD ‘t’ value1 EXPERIMENT 19.63 29 14.24 0.91*2 CONTROL 22.14 29 5.69

* Non Significant

S.No. Food group Recommended Amount consumed / Amount Amount. By ICMR consumed by consumed by experimental control

1 Leafy vegetables 10 gms. 7.3 cms. 29 cms.2. Others 48 gms. 62.9 gms 40.4 gms3. Fruits 15 gms 0 gms o gms

* Non Significant



According to the study of Devadas and saroja (1980) on prevalence of vitamin A deficiency among rural children the serum vitamin A levels were classificated as deficient, low acceptable and high. Table below represents the % distribution of the target children as per ICNND standard of vitamin A nutritive. The determination of serum vitamin A is used to measure vitamin A nutrition.

Table 10: Vitamin A * Nutriture of the Target Children

The third maximum % of health problem was headache weakness, fatigue and constipation. Hundred present of headache, weakness, fatigue and constipation was cured in experimental group. “Fitness voluntaries consumed 2.5 gms of spirulina in form of tablet 200mg twice a day over a period of four weeks.

The voluntaries reported relief from some of the symptoms such as headache, weakness and constipation etc. With spriulina treatment. No adverse effects were observed in them throughout the period of clinical studies”. - Baker [47].

Dental caries was not cured during experiment. Mukharjee et a1 found that dental caries was the leading cause of morbidity presented in 24% of children as against the earlier reported figures from 5.48% to 78. 3% [4].

Reference dictionary by Laughs and the lie defines caries as tooth decay, dematerialization of in organic portion and dissolution of organic of teeth. These factors are involved in development of dental caries [5].

1. Host and Teeth.2. Micro Flora.3. Substrate in mouth.

Dental caries will not develop if teeth are carrier resistant and mouth is kept clean and free of particles that will sustain growth of cryogenic experiment. In the experiment lower socio economic group was taken hence health and hygiene was not proper.

Koilonychia – 3.3 % of koilonychias was found in experimental group but it was not cured. This occurs due to sever anemia in rural areas.

Thus the hypothesis i.e. there shall be difference in deficiency signs of nutrients and other health problems in

Group was taken hence health and hygiene was not proper.

2. Final height of volunteers of experiment and control groups was not significant, there is no significant change in height in such a short time.

3. There was significant difference between weight of samples of

experimental and control group. This was due to nutrient dense material- ‘Spirulina’. Thus the hypothesis H1 i.e. there shall be difference in anthropometric

Measurements i.e. height and weight of volunteers of experiment and control groups was partially accepted in relation to height.

H2 – Results related to haemoglobin levels of samples of control and experimental groups:

1. Initial haemoglobin level of samples of experiment and control groups was not significant. This again show that the methodology adopted i.e. from random sampling was correct.

2. There was no significant difference between initial and final haemoglobin level of control and experiment groups.

In spirulina iron is not present in ion sable form and additional supplements of vitamin ‘c’ is necessary or better absorption of iron present in spirulina.

Thus the hypothesis H2 i.e. there shall be difference in haemoglobin level of volunteers of experiment and control groups rejected.

H3 – (a) Results related to measurements nutrients intakes of samples of control and experimental groups:”

1. There was no significant difference between major nutrients intake experiments groups. This was because socio economic status i.e. lowers income groups, was same.

(b) Results related to food consumption pattern.

There was significant difference in consumption of vegetables, fats and oils, sugar and jiggery only this was due to personal likes and dislikes.

Thus the hypothesis H3 i.e. there shall be difference in nutrient intake and food consumption pattern in volunteers of experiments and control groups was rejected [48].

H4- Results related to health problems:

Deficiency signs and other health problems were analyzed on percentage basis before and after experiment. Major problems like pluckable hairs, sparse hairs and discoloured hairs (protein deficiency) weakness, fatigue etc. Were cured after giving spirulina supplements. Thus the hypothesis H4 i.e. there shall be difference in deficiency signs of nutrients and health problems in children of control and experimental groups as accepted [49].

Limitations of Study

The present study had following limitations.

1. As time was limited effect of spirulina could not be seen on height, as increase in height could not be noticed significant in one month [50].

2. Intense study would have been done if finance and time would have not

Children Number of Serum

Vitamin A

level (mg/100 ml)

0 to 9 10 to 19 20 to 49 >= 50 (high)288

39.2 29.9 30 Nil



been the limiting factor [51].

Suggestion for Further Study

1. For accurate results longitudinal study should be done.

2. Intense study should be done regarding parameters used for assessing nutrient status.

3. Size of the volunteers should be large.

4. Volunteers should be selected for different locality wise-various socio economic socio economic status from urban and rural areas [52].

5. Comparative study should be done by supplementing different foods, containing similar nutrients.

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3348161






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