ants at work fres 1010, fall 2005 complex adaptive systems lecture 2 eileen kraemer
TRANSCRIPT
Ants At Work
Fres 1010, Fall 2005Complex Adaptive Systems
Lecture 2Eileen Kraemer
Why study ants?
How are these related? Behavior of individual ants (microbehavior) Overall behavior of colony
An emergent, self-organizing system
Deborah Gordon
Researcher at Stanford University Tracks life cycles of ant colonies,
following them year after year as they Look for food Compete with other colonies Mate with other colonies
Author of Ants at Work: How an Insect Colony is Organized
Various Networks of Ants
Networks and connections within the ant colony.
Networks of trails and paths to food outside the colony.
Networking and connections with neighboring ant colonies.
3 Distinct Levels of Ants
Queen Ants
Worker Ants Sterile Females
Male Ants
Queen Ants
Not an authority figure; doesn’t decide which worker does what
Lays eggs Fed and cared for by “interior”
workers
The “Escape Hatch”
In case of disturbance, interior workers carry the Queen Ant down a passageway that leads two feet underground
Why? Queen Ant “orders” them to? Their genes “tell them to” – it is in the best
interest of the colony (and the colony’s gene pool) because the Queen is responsible for giving birth to members of the colony
Working Ants and Daily Chores
Interior Workers Tend to the Queen and brood (eggs, larvae, and
pupae) Nest Maintenance
Open and close entrances to the nest Maintain all structures and pathways within the
colony Patrollers
Designate the foraging paths for the day Foragers
Follow paths designated for them to gather food for the colony
Midden Workers Manage the refuse pile, also known as the Midden
The Midden also seems to have a significant relation to how the ants find their colony.
Allocation of Tasks No source of leadership
Queen is only there to reproduce, not to control the colony
As conditions change emphasis on certain jobs change Workers are moved from one task to
another depending on the need for workers Ex. If there are serious issues with nest
maintenance, some foragers will switch to nest maintenance until the problem is solved.
Foraging is the most important task and will call for workers before any other task
Foraging Paths and Trails
Mature colonies can have up to 8 customary foraging trails
However, patrolling ants generally do not send foraging ants to the same trail as the day before
Younger colonies are more likely to send their foraging ants to a rich food source they had once found
Foraging Paths (continued) Larger colonies don’t
necessarily cover larger areas, but get more food because they have more workers
Paths are very adaptable They grow into more
intricate paths with the growth of the workforce
A small workforce changes the paths to a more standard construct to cover area more effectively
Ants partition their living space
Ants take trash from food they’ve collected and deposit it in the midden (garbage dump)
Ant carcasses piled into a “cemetery” In closed environment:
Cemetery is farthest point from colony Midden is half-way between cemetery and
colony
Ants also …
Find the shortest distance to a food source
Prioritize food sources Switch from nest-building to foraging to
raising ant pupae
How ???
How do they know to do that???
How do they accomplish it?
How do they do that?
Swarm logic: “thousands of ants, each limited to a meager vocabulary of pheromones and minimal cognitive skills collectively engage in nuanced and improvisational problem-solving.”
Individual ants assess local conditions and respond, interactions among ants result in global (colony) behavior
Foraging <-> colony size
Number of ants foraging for food is constantly adjusted, based on: Overall colony size Food available in surrounding area Presence of other colonies in vicinity
How do ants know to change jobs?
Ants communicate
Pheromones (semiochemicals) Secreted from sternal and rectal glands Play the central role in the organization of
colonies (Wilson & Holldobler)
Also regurgitate recently digested food Tactile
Pheromones can signal:
Task-recognition “I’m on foraging duty.”
Trail attraction “There’s food over here!”
Alarm behavior “Run away!”
Necrophoric behavior “Let’s get rid of these dead ants.”
Seems too simple ….
Can also detect gradients in pheromones Essential for forming food delivery lines Provides directional information
Can also detect frequency of detection Encounter 10 other foraging ants/hour -> keep at it Encounter 100 other foraging ants/hour -> change
jobs Estimate size of colony by statistical sampling of
encounters???
Principles for deriving global intelligence from local interactions
More is different Ignorance is useful Encourage random encounters Look for patterns in the signs Pay attention to your neighbors
More is different
Must have a critical mass of ants for colony to make intelligent assessments of local state 10 ants – not enough for interactions to happen frequently
enough for organized behavior to emerge 2000 ants – that’s enough!
Ants don’t “know” they’re prioritizing pathways between different food sources by laying down pheromones … and we wouldn’t know either if we only studied individual
ants …it is only by observing entire system that behavior becomes apparent.
Ignorance is useful
Each ant follows simple rules Complex analysis not required of
individual ants; don’t become too finely tuned ….
Variations in response among ants helps to smooth transitions of colony behavior
Encourage random encounters
Colonies rely on random interaction of ants exploring space without any predefined orders.
Arbitrary pair-wise encounters; large number of encounters allows individuals to gauge system state
Response of individuals combine to alter system state
Supports adaptation to new environmental conditions
Look for patterns in the signs
Ants have small vocabulary Rely on patterns in semiochemicals
they detect Gradient in pheromone trail -> leads to
food source High ratio of nest-builders to foragers in
other ants they encounter -> switch to foraging
Pay attention to your neighbors
Local information can lead to global wisdom.
Primary mechanism of swarm logic is the interaction of neighboring ants in the field.
Life Cycles Colony Life Cycles
Form when a New Queen mates with a Male from another parent colony, and then forms her own colony
Generally last about 15 years Can exist as long as the Queen can continue
reproducing female workers Individual Ant Life Cycles
Queen: 15- 20 years Males: A few weeks (long enough to reproduce) Female Workers: About 1 year
Stages in Colony Development
Infancy Adolescence Maturity
Differences among life stages
Younger colonies are more fickle than older colonies – may respond differently from week to week.
Encounters with other colonies: Older colonies avoid interaction. Younger colonies more aggressive.
Are the ants older too?
Male ants live only one day. Worker ants live about 12 months. Queen ant lives for years. So, if the ants are just as young, why
does an older colony behave differently from a younger colony?
Connections with Other Colonies
Workers can recognize ants from their own colony by a colony specific scent
When foragers from different colonies meet, those foraging trails will be used less and less, and seen as space lost to competition
Certain foragers specialize in fighting, and do not usually go out unless large number of foragers are out
Older Colonies vs. Younger Colonies
Older colonies are more likely to interact with other colonies Colonies remain about the same size
Once colonies reach the 2-year mark they are likely to keep the size of their nest the same
More ants are sent out from the older colony
Older colonies also send their foragers out farther distance
Natural Response to Strangers Ants respond to the rate of interaction
with non-nestmates Sight not good, use contact rate to
determine the density of non-nestmates Ants will try to maintain density through
clustering when they feel contact rate is low
Contact rate directly correlates with density of nestmates Low contact rates indicates high numbers of
mates present High contact rates indicate low number of
mates present
Sources Used Gordon, D. (1999). Ants at work.
New York, NY: The Free Press. Foster, D. (2001) An ant’s life.
Retrieved from the World Wide Web on November 13, 2002.
Library.Thinkquest.org. (?). Insects. Retrieved from the World Wide Web on November 13, 2002.
The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. (2000). Managing imported fire ants in urban areas. Retrieved from the World Wide Web on November 13, 2002.