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AntonymyinLanguageStructureandUse
Klaus-UwePanther&LindaL.Thornburg
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Na?onalWorkshoponCogni?veLinguis?csandLanguagesoftheNortheastTezpurUniversityFebruary4–5,2017
Oppositeness
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Areyoutheoppositesex,oramI?
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Contents1. Introduc?on 2. Theno?onofoppositeness(antonymy)3. Antonymyontheparadigma?caxis4. Antonymyonthesyntagma?caxis 5. Lexicaland“gramma?cal”oxymora6.Conclusion
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1.Introduc?on
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Lexicalmeanings:Networkofsenses
• Synonymy• Hyponymy• Meronymy• Antonymy
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Table1.Someexamplesforwordassocia?ons(adaptedfromClark&Clark1977)
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Graph1:S?mulus=‘man’
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767 65 31 18 17119
woman
boygirl
BinaryantonymMALE/FEMALE
Con?nuumADULT/NON-ADULT
MALE/FEMALEADULT/NONADULT
(N = 1,008)
Graph2:S?mulus=‘long’
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758 11 10 9 9211
shortPolarantonymSCALAR
fellowCOLLOCATION
2meCOLLOCATION
(N = 1,008)
Antonymyinlanguagestructureanduse
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AXIS LINGUISTIC PHENOMENON
Lexicogrammar Conceptual-pragmatic function
Paradigmatic Auto-antonymy in the lexicon Irony, sarcasm
Syntagmatic
Antonymous words in constructions
Oxymora
Clashes between lexical meaning and construction meaning (“grammatical oxymora”)
Performative paradoxes
2.Theno?onofoppositeness(antonymy)
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Antonymy:NarrowsenseI
1. binaryopposites/contradictoriessame–differentsingle–married
dead–alive
Theyareneitherbothtruenorbothfalseofathing.
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Antonymy:NarrowsenseII
1. binaryopposites/contradictoriessame–different,single–married,dead–alive
Theyareneitherbothtruenorbothfalseofathing.
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2.polaropposites/contraries
Theycannotbothbetrueofthesamething,
young–old,good–bad,wide–narrow
buttheymaybothbefalseofthesamething.
Antonymy:Broadsense
1. binaryopposites/contradictories same–different,single–married,dead–alive
2.polaropposites/contraries young–old,good–bad,wide–narrow
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3.mul?pleincompa?bili?esspring–summer–fall–winter
4.converseoppositesbuy–sell,parent–child
5.reverse opposites push–pull
Workingdefini?onofantonymy
Twolexicalitemsareantonymsif– theycorrespondtooneofthetypesofantonymyalreadymen?oned,and
– theyareformallysubs?tutableforeachotherinaconstruc?on(some?meswithminoradjustments)withoutresul?nginungramma?cality.
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3.Antonymyontheparadigma?caxis
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3.1.Auto-antonymyinthelexicon(deletedforthelecture)
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3.2.Antonymyforrhetoricalpurposes
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Dogtomaster:“Howironic.Sinceyouhadmeneutered,you’remybestfriend.”
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Rhetoricaleffects
Irony,sarcasm• Boy,thisfoodisterrific!(Akmajianetal.2001:378;italicsmine)
• Thatargumentisarealwinner.(Akmajianetal.2001:378;italicsmine)
• Youareafinefriend.→‘Youareabadfriend’
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Registerandsub-culture
• bad ‘good’ • wicked ‘excellent’ • pretty, e.g. pretty ear ‘deformed ear, cauliflower
ear’ • Voßhagen (1999) investigates such uses and
proposes treating them as metonymies.
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4.Antonymyonthesyntagma?caxis
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4.1.Antonymouslexemesinconstruc?ons
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Antonymsinsomeconstruc?ons(seee.g.Jones2002,2006;Jonesetal.2008;Murphy2006;Murphyetal.2008).
1. XandY,e.g.richandpoor2. bothXandY,e.g.bothRepublicansandDemocrats3. XandYalike,e.g.youngandoldalike4. whetherXorY,e.g.whethersingleormarried5. XaswellasY,e.g.buyersaswellassellers6. XbutnotY,e.g.menbutnotwomen
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COCAdata
TheXandYalikeconstruc;on:Favorslexicalitemsinantonymiccontrast
1. ?sparrowsandbirdsalike(hyponym–hypernym)
2. ?birdsandsparrowsalike(hypernym–hyponym)
3. ?nosesandfacesalike(meronymy)
4. *buyersandpurchasersalike(synonymy)
5. *boysandboysalike(repe??on)
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Quan?fiers1
1.*allandnonealike2.*someandnonealike3.*everybodyandnobodyalike4.*fewandmanyalike
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Quan?fiers2
However,quan?fiersworkiftheyarenotusedbutmen;oned:‘Some’and‘none’alikearequan?fiers.
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TheXandYalikeconstruc?on:Meaning
• X,Y:antonymic• Construc?onneutralizesconceptualcontrast
• Construc?onconveys:somepredicateappliesequallytoXandY(seealsoMurphy2006)
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rich poor
Whyareoppositequan?fiersnotpossibleintheXandYalikeconstruc?on?
Quan?fiersdonotworkintheXandYalikeconstruc?onbecauseitisconceptuallyimpossibletoneutralizethecontrastbetweene.g.allvs.noneorfewvs.many.
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Murphy’sgeneraliza?on
• Murphy(2006:69)formulatesanimportantgeneraliza?onaboutconjoinedantonyms:
• “[C]oordinatedantonymsareusedinordertoindicatethatwhatisbeingsaidistrueofboththeoppositestatesandallstatesinbetween.”
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4.2.Conceptualproper?esofcoordinatedbinaryopposites
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Binaryantonyms:XandYalike1.ThedeadandalivealikeofBrady’sAn?etambaule
picturesvisitusasghosts,whosehaun?ngimagesares?llcrisplypreservedforoureyesuponthesefinereproduc?onprints.
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Binaryantonyms:XandYalike1.ThedeadandalivealikeofBrady’sAn?etam
baulepicturesvisitusasghosts,whosehaun?ngimagesares?llcrisplypreservedforoureyesuponthesefinereproduc?onprints.
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Straighvorwardinterpreta?on:Somethingispredicatedofdeadandalivepar;cipantsinthebaulephotographs,namelythat“theyvisitusasghosts...”
Noaddi?onalpragma?cinferences!
4.2.Theinferen?alproper?esofcoordinatedpolaropposites
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Polarantonyms:XandYalike2.Therewassomethingforall,youngandoldalike.
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Polarantonyms:XandYalike
2.Therewassomethingforall,youngandoldalike.
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Pragma?cinference:
youngandoldalike ‘young,teen-aged,middle-aged,elderly,old’
Cf.Jones(2002);Murphy(2006:6):“[C]oordinatedantonymsareusedinordertoindicatethatwhatisbeingsaidistrueofboththeoppositestatesandallstatesinbetween.”
Figure3.Pragma?cinferencefrompolarantonymstoallvaluesonthescale
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Pragma?cinferencefrompolarantonymstoallvaluesonthescale
• Metonymic:SUBCATEGORYFORCATEGORY• 〈ant+,ant-〉⇒〈ant+,sv1,...,svn,ant-〉• PrincipleofInforma;veness:‘Saynomorethanyoumust’(Levinson2000,Huang2007):economicalcoding!
• Cancelable
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Non-polarscalarvalues
3. Buildingonfounda?onslaidinthelate1970s[...]alargenumberofauthors,youngandmiddle-agedalike,inthepastdecadehaveproducedanoutpouringofresearchwithintheKeynesiantradi?on[...].[hup://www.jstor.org/pss/2727103]
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Non-polarscalarvalues
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Pragma?cinferencetowholescaleisnotdrawn:
youngandmiddle-agedalike
‘young,middle-aged,elderly,old’
4.4.Inferen?alproper?esofmul;pleincompa;bles
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Mul?pleIncompa?bili?es:XandYalike4.Acar-freefamilyresortofferingawarmwelcome,
summerandwinteralike.
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Mul?pleIncompa?bili?es:XandYalike
4.Acar-freefamilyresortofferingawarmwelcome,summerandwinteralike.
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Pragma?cinference:summerandwinteralike
‘summer,winter,fall,spring’
Pragma?cinferencefromtwocohyponymstoallcohyponyms
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Multiple incompatibles (e.g. four seasons)
COHYP1 COHYP4
COHYP2 COHYP4COHYP1 COHYP3
Pragmatic inference:COHYP1 & COHYP3 ALIKE →COHYP1 & COHYP2 & COHYP3 & COHYP4 ALIKE
cohyponymic relationCOHYP cohyponyms→ pragmatic inference (possibly metonymic)
COHYP2 COHYP3
Pragma?cinferencefromtwoco-hyponymstoallcohyponyms
• Metonymic:SUBCATEGORYFORCATEGORY• 〈COHYP1,COHYPn〉⇒〈COHYP1,COHYP2,...,COHYPn〉• PrincipleofInforma;veness:‘Saynomorethanyoumust’
• Cancelable
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Cohyponyms:inferen?alpoten?alvaries
summerandwinteralike
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‘summer,winter,fall,spring’
fallandspringalike
‘summer,winter,fall,spring’
summerandwinteralike
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Cohyponyms:inferen?alpoten?alvaries
summerandwinteralike
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‘summer,winter,fall,spring’
• Summerandwintermaximallycontrast(incomparisontotheotherseasons),bothvisuallyandintermsoftemperature.
• Therefore,theycaneasilybeconceptualizedasoppositeendpointsonascale.
4.5.Contrastsinprototypicality
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Birdwatching
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Contrastsinprototypicality
ButI’mreasonabl[y]proudofit,becausemypointisthatthefuninwatchingbirdsandtheirbehaviour–sparrowsandshoebillsalike–istodiscovernewthingsandenjoynature,ratherthanthe?ckingspor?vecompe??on.Pragma?cinferencetoanopenlist,i.e.fromprototypicalmembers(sparrows)tomoreperipheralmembers(shoebills)
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Inferencefromprototypicalandperipheralmembertoallmembers
<PROTOTYPICALCLASSMEMBER&PERIPHERALCLASSMEMBER>
→<ALLCLASSMEMBERS>
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Pragma?callyconstruedantonymy
Iaspiretoafuturethats?llincludedstrongcohortsofBri?shacademics—returningArgonautsandhomebodiesalike![TheDistantFen:CambridgeintheWorld.AnnualAddresstotheRegentHouse,1October2007]Greekmythology:TheArgonautswereagroupofheroesinsearchoftheGoldenFleece.
Pragma?cinferencefromArgonautsandhomebodiestoallkindsofacademics.
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4.6.ThemeaningoftheXandYalikeconstruc?onrevisited
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TheXandYalikeconstruc?on:Meaning(ini?alproposal)
• X,Y:antonymic• Construc?onneutralizesconceptualcontrast
• Construc?onconveys:somepredicateappliesequallytoXandY(seealsoMurphy2006)
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rich poor
TheXandYalikeconstruc?on:Revisedgeneraliza?on
• X,Y:conceptuallydis?nct/dissimilar
• Construc;on:neutralizesconceptualcontrast
• Func;onofconstruc;on:tomakedissimilars(entrenchedorpragma?callyconstrued)similarinatleastonerespect(codedinthepredicate)
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sparrows shoebillsArgonautshomebodies
MeaninganduseoftheXandYalikeconstruc?on
• XandYareconceptuallyconstruedasdissimilarwithinaconceptualdimension.
• XandYalikeneutralizestheconceptualcontrastbetweenXandY.
• XandYalikemakesdissimilars(entrenchedorpragma?callyconstrued)similarinatleastonerespect(codedinthepredicate).
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Inferen?alpoten?aloftheXandYalikeconstruc?on
• IfXandYaremaximallycontrasted(e.g.intermsofpolarity,cohyponymy,prototypicality,etc.),anexhaus;ve/open-listinferenceistriggeredfromXandYtoclassmembers,forwhichthepredicateholds.
• IfXandYarenotmaximallycontras;ve,theexhaus?ve/open-listinferenceisblocked.
• IfXandYaregenuinebinaryantonyms,theXandYalikeconstruc?ondoesnotlicenseanexhaus?ve/open-listinference.
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Inferen?alstructureofXandYalikeconstruc?ons
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CLASS
MEMBER2MEMBER1
CLASS
MEMBER1 MEMBER2ALL OTHER MEMBERS
Metonymic inference
MEMBER1 & MEMBER2: maximally (non-binarily) contrastedmembers of a class→ : metonymic inference (implicature)
5.Lexicaland“gramma?cal”oxymora
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5.1.Lexicaloxymora
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What’sle|?
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Syntagma2caxis Antonymic“clashes”
-lexicalmeaningvs.construc;onmeaning
-oxymora
“WellIpersonallyfindtheword
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‘oxymoron’tobeanoxymoron.”
AnoxymoroninAssamese
prithbikhanghuraniāEARTH-FLATROUND
‘theflatEarthisround’=anoxymoron![Borah,Gautam.2012.ClassifiersinAssamese:Theirgrammarandmeaningchains.InHyslopetal.,Eds.,NortheastIndianLinguis;cs,vol.4,p.305.CambridgeUniversityPress.]
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Oxymora• NN:love-haterela?onship• AdjAdj:biKersweetlove• AdjN:happyagony• NPis/willbeNP:freedomisslavery,‘BoyswillbeGirls’(TVshow)
• theNofNP:TheSoundofSilence
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“Deepdown,I’mpreFysuperficial”–AvaGardner(actress)
“Ac;ngishappyagony”-AlecGuinness,actorOxymora• stereotypes• experien?albasis
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Stereotypeofthe“sufferingar?st”
PHYSICAL & MENTAL PAIN
HARD WORK CREATIVE ARTISTIC WORK
ELATION & SATISFACTION
cause-effect relation
antonymic conflict
GOOD ACTING
“Youdisgustme,butIlikeit.”
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5.2.Clashesbetweenconstruc?onalandlexicalmeaning
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Antonymicclashbetweenwordmeaningandconstruc?onmeaning
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IGNORE THIS
SIGN!
Oxymora:Antonymicclashesbetweenwordsandconstruc?ons
1. Ignorethissign!Anorderthatcannotbecompliedwith.2. Howtobespontaneous.3. Bespontaneousattheright;me...
Interpreta?onof(2)and(3)aseithernonsensicalormeaningfuldependsonH‘spsychologicalfolktheory(stereotype)
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Antonymicclash:construc?onalvs.lexicalmeaning, i.e.‘premeditated’vs.‘impulsive’
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‘SasksHtoactinaspontaneousmanner’
✸Bespontaneous
IMPULSIVEBEHAVIORH
PREMEDITATED
ACTIONH
Antonymicclash:construc?onalvs.lexicalmeaning, i.e.‘premeditated’vs.‘impulsive’
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‘SasksHtoactinaspontaneousmanner’
✔Bespontaneous
IMPULSIVEBEHAVIORH
PREMEDITATED
ACTIONH
RESULTANTIMPULSIVE
BEHAVIORH
Conclusion
Antonymy• isnotjustasta?clexicalrela?on;• dynamicallystructuresthelexicon,construc?ons,andspeechacts;
• providesstrongevidenceagainthatcogni?velinguis?csshouldintegratearichtheoryofpragma?c–includingmetonymic–reasoning.
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ReferencesAkmajian,Adrian,RichardA.Demers,AnnK.Farmer,andRobertM.Harnish.2001.Linguis;cs:AnIntroduc;ontoLanguageandCommunica;on.Cambridge,MA,andLondon:TheMITPress.Clark,HerbertH.,andEveV.Clark.1977.PsychologyandLanguage:AnIntroduc;ontoPsycholinguis;cs.NewYork,etc.:HarcourtBraceJovanovich.Jones,Steven.2002.Antonymy:ACorpus-basedPerspec;ve.London:Routledge.Murphy,LynneM.2006.Antonymyaslexicalconstruc?ons:or,whyparadigma;cconstruc;onisnotanoxymoron.InConstruc;onsAllOver:CaseStudiesandTheore;calImplica;ons.Construc;onsSV1–8,ed.DorisSchönefeld.(availableat:www.construc?ons-online.de).Postman,Leo,andGeoffreyKeppel.1970.NormsofWordAssocia;on.NewYork:AcademicPress.Voßhagen,Chris?an.1999.Opposi?onasametonymicprinciple.InMetonymyinLanguageandThought(HumanCogni?veProcessing4),eds.Klaus-UwePantherandGünterRadden,289–308.AmsterdamandPhiladelphia:Benjamins.
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